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CN112525997A - Isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method - Google Patents

Isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method Download PDF

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CN112525997A
CN112525997A CN202011420778.XA CN202011420778A CN112525997A CN 112525997 A CN112525997 A CN 112525997A CN 202011420778 A CN202011420778 A CN 202011420778A CN 112525997 A CN112525997 A CN 112525997A
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廉德良
李莹
白朔
朱振国
华浩然
李通
张绪胜
魏天阳
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Institute of Metal Research of CAS
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/06—Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy
    • G01N29/0609—Display arrangements, e.g. colour displays
    • G01N29/0645—Display representation or displayed parameters, e.g. A-, B- or C-Scan
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
    • G01N29/11—Analysing solids by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
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    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for carrying out nondestructive detection and quality grading evaluation on isotropic inclusion defects in isotropic pyrolytic graphite workpieces by using ultrasonic waves, which provides a reference block for quality grading evaluation, wherein nine groups of artificial defects with unequal numbers of vertical through holes are processed on the reference block, the vertical through holes with unequal numbers are used for simulating the loosening degrees of different degrees, and the reference block is used for making a loosening degree change characterization curve and testing the mechanical property indexes of samples with different loosening degrees, so that the corresponding relation between the reference block, the loosening degree and the product quality is established. Finally, different quality levels can be divided from isotropic inclusion defects by referring to a reference block, so that the application requirements can be met, and the utilization rate of products can be improved.

Description

Isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ultrasonic nondestructive detection, and provides a defect grading evaluation method for ultrasonic detection, which is used for isotropic inclusion defect detection and quality grading evaluation in isotropic pyrolytic graphite.
Background
The isotropic pyrolytic graphite is an excellent high-performance mechanical sealing material and a structural material, and has important application in the fields of aerospace, ships and the like due to the advantages of good mechanical property, self-lubricating property, sealing property, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance and the like. In the preparation process of products, defects such as inclusions, pores and the like may occur in local areas of materials due to fluctuation of process conditions, wherein the most common defect type is an isotropic inclusion defect, and the isotropic inclusion defect is a loose structure and can cause reduction of mechanical properties of the products to a certain extent, so that the service life is influenced. Ultrasonic inspection is the most effective method for detecting such defects, and the principle is to utilize the waveform display of attenuation of bottom surface reflected echo caused by scattering of loose structure encountered by ultrasonic in the propagation process.
Not all isotropic inclusion defects, however, render isotropic pyrolytic graphite parts unusable. The main performance index for evaluating the isotropic pyrolytic graphite product is mechanical property, and for some important application fields, such as aerospace and weaponry fields, the requirement on the mechanical property index of the isotropic pyrolytic graphite product is higher, but for some civil fields, the requirement on the mechanical property index is lower. If the same quality division standard is adopted, the utilization rate of the product is reduced to a great extent.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides an ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method of an isotropic pyrolytic graphite product, which provides a reference block for quality grading evaluation, wherein nine groups of artificial defects with unequal numbers of vertical through holes are processed on the test block, the vertical through holes with unequal numbers are used for simulating the loosening degrees of different degrees, and the reference block is utilized to manufacture a loosening degree change characterization curve and test the mechanical property indexes of samples with different loosening degrees, thereby establishing the corresponding relation between the reference block, the loosening degree and the product quality. Finally, different quality levels can be divided from isotropic inclusion defects by referring to a reference block, so that the application requirements can be met, and the utilization rate of products can be improved.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
connecting a detection probe with a water immersion automatic scanning mechanism with a C scanning imaging detection function, placing a manual contrast test block in a water tank, adjusting the levelness of the probe to enable the axial direction of an acoustic beam of the probe to be vertical to the surface of the manual contrast test block, moving the probe up and down, and adjusting the detection water distance to be within the range of 10-15 mm;
moving the probe to a non-defect position on an artificial reference test block, and calibrating the sound velocity of the material by using the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo of the test block and the known thickness of the reference test block;
setting automatic scanning parameters including scanning and stepping ranges, speeds and scanning and stepping resolutions;
step four, keeping the water distance unchanged, scanning an artificial comparison test block, finding the bottom echo of the artificial defect at a single through hole in the test block, moving the probe forwards, backwards, leftwards and rightwards to find the lowest bottom echo, adjusting the height of the echo to 80% of the full screen of the waveform display, and using the height of the echo as the sensitivity for detecting the isotropic inclusion defect;
step five, keeping the detection sensitivity unchanged, scanning the manual reference block again, and storing the detection data of the reference block;
moving the probe above the detected workpiece, adjusting the levelness between the probe and the detected workpiece, and adjusting the water distance to be the detection water distance;
seventhly, arranging gates, enabling one gate to monitor the interfacial waves, and enabling the other gate to be in an interfacial wave following mode to monitor the bottom wave change;
step eight, adjusting scanning and stepping ranges, scanning the workpiece according to the calibrated sensitivity, and storing the detection data of the workpiece;
step nine, opening the detection data of the manual comparison test block in analysis software (such as Tomoview), and measuring the bottom wave amplitude B of the hole corresponding to the quality grade on the comparison test block according to the quality grade accepted1，B2，B3……；
Step ten, opening the detection data of the detected workpiece in analysis software (such as Tomoview), setting the color level displayed by the imaging result as a threshold mode, wherein the numerical value of each threshold is equal to the required acceptance level, namely the bottom wave amplitude B of the corresponding hole1，B2，B3… …, displaying different quality grades as different colors, and determining whether the user can accept the product;
in the method, the frequency of a used detection probe is 5-15 MHz, and the probe is a flat probe, a point focusing probe or a line focusing probe;
the isotropic inclusion defect is a loose structure formed by carbon black inclusion and coarse pores, and can cause attenuation of echo reflected by ultrasound on the bottom surface of a workpiece;
in the method, nine groups of mutually parallel vertical through hole artificial defects are processed on the artificial reference block, the number of each group of holes is 1-9, wherein the 1 st group is provided with one through hole, and each group in the backward direction is provided with one more through hole than the previous group; the distribution rule of each group of holes is as follows: one hole is arranged at the central position, and the other holes are equidistantly distributed on a concentric circle with the diameter of 1-4 mm.
As a preferred technical scheme: the diameter of the single through hole is
Figure BDA0002822246740000021
Most preferably: the diameter of a single through hole is 0.3mm, and the diameter of a concentric circle is 2 mm.
In the method, when the probes are respectively placed above each group of holes of the artificial reference block, the generated bottom waves have different attenuation degrees, and the attenuation degree is larger when the number of the group of holes is larger; drawing a porosity characterization curve by taking the number of holes as an abscissa and the bottom wave attenuation as an ordinate, wherein the curve has a linear change rule;
the quality grades are A, B, C and unqualified four grades, respectively correspond to the 1 st group, the 3 rd group and the 5 th group of holes on the manual comparison test block, and when the bottom wave attenuation is less than or equal to the 1 st group of holes, the quality grade is A grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the 1 st group of holes but less than or equal to the 3 rd group of holes, the quality grade is B grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the 3 rd group of holes but less than or equal to the 5 th group of holes, the quality grade is C grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the 5 th group of holes, the quality grade is not good.
The invention has the advantages that:
the invention utilizes an ultrasonic imaging detection method to detect the isotropic inclusion defect in the isotropic pyrolytic graphite product, and establishes a grading evaluation method for the isotropic inclusion defect by referring to a reference block capable of simulating the loosening degree of the isotropic inclusion defect. According to different requirements of different application fields on the performance of the graphite product, different quality grades can be adopted respectively, so that the strict quality requirements of the graphite product in important application fields such as aerospace, weaponry and the like can be guaranteed, and the use requirements in some civil fields can be met, so that the utilization rate of the product can be improved, and the economic benefit is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a manual reference block for quality grading evaluation.
FIG. 2 top view of a manual reference block for quality grading assessment.
Detailed Description
An isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect grading evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, in a detection preparation stage, the horizontal plane between the plane of the probe and the surface of the workpiece needs to be adjusted, and the consistent detection sensitivity of the ultrasonic sound beam at each position of the surface of the workpiece is ensured. Connecting a detection probe with a water immersion automatic scanning mechanism with a C-scan imaging detection function, placing a manual contrast test block in a water tank, adjusting the levelness of the probe to ensure that the axial direction of a sound beam of the probe is vertical to the surface of the manual contrast test block, moving the probe up and down, and adjusting the detection water distance to be within the range of 10-15 mm;
moving the probe to a non-defect position on the manual comparison test block, using the calibration function of an ultrasonic detection instrument, firstly selecting a primary bottom echo of the test block by using a gate frame and inputting the thickness of the test block, then moving the position of the gate, framing a secondary bottom echo of the test block, inputting double thickness, and automatically calibrating the sound velocity of the material;
setting automatic scanning parameters including scanning and stepping ranges, speeds and scanning and stepping resolutions;
step four, keeping the water distance unchanged, scanning an artificial comparison test block, finding the bottom echo of the artificial defect at a single through hole in the test block, moving the probe forwards, backwards, leftwards and rightwards to find the lowest bottom echo, adjusting the height of the echo to 80% of the full screen of the waveform display, and using the height of the echo as the sensitivity for detecting the isotropic inclusion defect;
step five, keeping the detection sensitivity unchanged, scanning the manual reference block again, and storing the detection data of the reference block;
moving the probe above the detected workpiece, adjusting the levelness between the probe and the detected workpiece, and adjusting the water distance to be the detection water distance;
seventhly, arranging gates, enabling one gate to monitor the interfacial waves, and enabling the other gate to be in an interfacial wave following mode to monitor the bottom wave change;
step eight, adjusting scanning and stepping ranges, detecting the workpiece according to the calibrated sensitivity, and storing detection data, wherein the scanning and stepping ranges are determined by the size of the detected workpiece, and the scanning speed is adapted to the pulse repetition frequency and the scanning resolution of the instrument;
step nine, opening the detection data of the manual comparison test block in the analysis software Tomoview, and measuring the bottom wave amplitude B of the hole corresponding to the quality grade on the comparison test block according to the quality grade accepted1，B2，B3……；
Step ten, opening the detection data of the detected workpiece in analysis software Tomovieview, setting the color level displayed by the imaging result into a threshold mode, wherein the setting of each threshold corresponds to the required acceptance grade, and different display colors correspond to different quality grades;
in the method, the frequency of the used detection probe is 10MHz, and the probe is a flat probe, a point focusing probe or a line focusing probe;
as shown in figures 1 and 2, nine groups of vertical through hole artificial defects are processed on an artificial reference block, the number of each group of holes is 1-9 respectively, wherein the 1 st group is provided with one through hole, each group in the backward direction is respectively provided with one more through hole than the previous group, and the diameter of each through hole is
Figure BDA0002822246740000031
The distribution rule of each group of holes is as follows: a hole is arranged at the central position, and the other holes are equidistantly distributed on a concentric circle with the diameter of 2 mm;
in the method, when the probes are respectively placed above each group of holes of the artificial reference block, the generated bottom waves have different attenuation degrees, and the attenuation degree is larger when the number of the group of holes is larger; drawing a porosity characterization curve by taking the number of holes as an abscissa and the bottom wave attenuation as an ordinate, wherein the curve has a linear change rule;
the quality grades are A, B, C and unqualified four grades, respectively correspond to the 1 st group, the 3 rd group and the 5 th group of holes on the manual comparison test block, and when the bottom wave attenuation is less than or equal to the 1 st group of holes, the quality grade is A grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the 1 st group of holes but less than or equal to the 3 rd group of holes, the quality grade is B grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the 3 rd group of holes but less than or equal to the 5 th group of holes, the quality grade is C grade; when the bottom wave attenuation is larger than that of the 5 th group of holesWhen the quality grade is unqualified. The quality grade is divided according to the indexes of compression resistance and rupture resistance mechanical properties, the larger the bottom wave attenuation is, the larger the loose degree of the material structure is, and the worse the mechanical properties are; the compression resistance is 290N/mm2Above and the fracture resistance is 160N/mm2In the above, the quality grade is grade A; the compression resistance is 280-290N/mm2The bending resistance is 140-160N/mm2In between, the quality grade is grade B; the compression resistance is 260-280N/mm2And the bending resistance is 95-140N/mm2In between, the quality grade is grade C; the compression resistance is lower than 260N/mm2Or the bending resistance is lower than 95N/mm2When the quality grade is unqualified.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical ideas and features of the present invention, and the purpose thereof is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the contents of the present invention and implement the present invention, and not to limit the protection scope of the present invention. All equivalent changes and modifications made according to the spirit of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.
Moreover, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1.一种各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：1. an isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect classification evaluation method, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps: 步骤一、将检测探头与具备C扫描成像检测功能的水浸自动扫查机构相连，并将人工对比试块放置在水槽内，调节探头的水平度，使探头的声束轴线方向与人工对比试块表面垂直，上下移动探头，将检测水距调节到10mm～15mm范围内；Step 1. Connect the detection probe to the water immersion automatic scanning mechanism with C-scan imaging detection function, place the manual comparison test block in the water tank, and adjust the level of the probe so that the axis direction of the sound beam of the probe is the same as that of the manual comparison test. The surface of the block is vertical, move the probe up and down, and adjust the detection water distance within the range of 10mm to 15mm; 步骤二、将探头移动到人工对比试块上无缺陷位置，利用试块的一次底面回波和二次底面回波以及已知的对比试块厚度，校准材料声速；Step 2: Move the probe to the defect-free position on the artificial comparison test block, and use the primary bottom echo and secondary bottom echo of the test block and the known thickness of the comparison test block to calibrate the sound velocity of the material; 步骤三、设置自动扫查参数，包括扫查和步进范围、速度，以及扫查和步进分辨率；Step 3. Set automatic scanning parameters, including scanning and stepping range, speed, and scanning and stepping resolution; 步骤四、保持水距不变，扫查人工对比试块，找到试块中单个通孔处的人工缺陷底面回波，前后左右移动探头，找到最低的底面回波，将此时的回波高度调节到波形显示满屏幕的80％，作为检测各向同性夹杂缺陷的灵敏度；Step 4. Keep the water distance unchanged, scan the artificial comparison test block, find the bottom echo of the artificial defect at a single through hole in the test block, move the probe back and forth, left and right, find the lowest bottom echo, and set the echo height at this time. Adjust to 80% of the full screen of the waveform display, as the sensitivity to detect isotropic inclusion defects; 步骤五、保持检测灵敏度不变，重新扫查人工对比试块，并保存对比试块的检测数据；Step 5: Keep the detection sensitivity unchanged, re-scan the manual comparison test block, and save the detection data of the comparison test block; 步骤六、将探头移动到被检工件上方，调节探头与被检工件之间的水平度，并将水距调整为检测水距；Step 6. Move the probe to the top of the workpiece to be inspected, adjust the level between the probe and the workpiece to be inspected, and adjust the water distance to the detection water distance; 步骤七、设置闸门，使一闸门监测界面波，另一闸门设为界面波跟随模式，监测底波变化；Step 7. Set gates so that one gate monitors the interface wave, and the other gate is set to the interface wave follow mode to monitor the change of the bottom wave; 步骤八、调整扫查和步进范围，按照标定的灵敏度扫查工件，并保存工件的检测数据；Step 8. Adjust the scanning and stepping range, scan the workpiece according to the calibrated sensitivity, and save the detection data of the workpiece; 步骤九、在分析软件中打开人工对比试块的检测数据，根据验收的质量等级，测量出对比试块上该质量等级所对应孔的底波幅度B1，B2，B3……；Step 9: Open the detection data of the manual comparison test block in the analysis software, and measure the bottom wave amplitudes B 1 , B 2 , B 3 ...... of the holes corresponding to the quality level on the comparison test block according to the accepted quality level; 步骤十、在分析软件中打开所检测工件的检测数据，将成像结果显示的色阶设置为阈值模式，每个阈值的数值与所要求的验收等级，也就是所对应孔的底波幅度B1，B2，B3……相对应，使不同的质量等级显示为不同的颜色，最终由用户决定是否能够验收。Step 10. Open the detection data of the detected workpiece in the analysis software, and set the color level displayed by the imaging result to the threshold mode. The value of each threshold is the required acceptance level, that is, the bottom wave amplitude B 1 of the corresponding hole. , B 2 , B 3 ...... Correspondingly, different quality levels are displayed in different colors, and it is ultimately up to the user to decide whether it can be accepted or not. 2.按照权利要求1所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，所使用的检测探头频率为5～15MHz，探头类型为平探头、点聚焦探头或线聚焦探头。2. According to the method for grading and evaluating defects of isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection according to claim 1, the frequency of the used detection probe is 5-15MHz, and the probe type is a flat probe, a point focus probe or a line focus probe. 3.按照权利要求1所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于：所参照的人工对比试块上加工有九组相互平行的竖通孔人工缺陷，每组孔的数量分别为1～9个不等，其中第1组设有一个通孔，往后每组分别比前一组多设置一个通孔；每组孔的分布规律为：在中心位置有一个孔，其余孔在直径为1-4mm的同心圆上等距分布。3. according to the described isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect classification evaluation method of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the artificial contrast test block referred to is processed with nine groups of parallel vertical through-hole artificial defects, and the artificial defects of each group of holes are processed. The number varies from 1 to 9, of which the first group is provided with one through hole, and each subsequent group is provided with one more through hole than the previous group; the distribution law of each group of holes is: there is a hole in the center, The remaining holes are equally spaced on concentric circles with a diameter of 1-4mm. 4.按照权利要求3所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于：单个通孔的直径为
Figure FDA0002822246730000011
4. according to the described isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect classification evaluation method of claim 3, it is characterized in that: the diameter of a single through hole is
Figure FDA0002822246730000011
 5.按照权利要求3所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于：单个通孔的直径为0.3mm，同心圆直径为2mm。5. According to the method for grading and evaluating defects by ultrasonic detection of isotropic pyrolytic graphite according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: the diameter of a single through hole is 0.3 mm, and the diameter of the concentric circles is 2 mm. 6.按照权利要求3所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于：当探头分别放置在人工对比试块每组孔的上方时，所产生的底波衰减程度不同，该组孔的数量越多，衰减程度越大；将孔的数量作为横坐标、底波衰减作为纵坐标绘制出疏松度表征曲线，则该曲线存在线性变化规律。6. according to the described isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect classification evaluation method of claim 3, it is characterized in that: when the probe is placed on the top of each group of holes of the artificial contrast test block respectively, the resulting bottom wave attenuation degrees are different, The greater the number of holes in this group, the greater the attenuation; the porosity characteristic curve is drawn by taking the number of holes as the abscissa and the bottom wave attenuation as the ordinate, and the curve has a linear variation law. 7.按照权利要求1所述各向同性热解石墨超声检测缺陷分级评定方法，其特征在于：步骤9)所述质量等级共分为A、B、C和不合格四个等级，分别与人工对比试块上的第1、3、5组孔对应，当底波衰减小于等于第1组孔时，质量等级为A级；当底波衰减大于第1组孔但小于等于第3组孔时，质量等级为B级；当底波衰减大于第3组孔但小于等于第5组孔时，质量等级为C级；当底波衰减大于第5组孔时，质量等级为不合格。7. according to the described isotropic pyrolytic graphite ultrasonic detection defect classification evaluation method of claim 1, it is characterized in that: step 9) described quality grade is divided into four grades of A, B, C and unqualified altogether, respectively with artificial. The 1st, 3rd, and 5th groups of holes on the comparison test block correspond. When the bottom wave attenuation is less than or equal to the first group of holes, the quality grade is A; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the first group of holes but less than or equal to the third group of holes , the quality level is B; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the third group of holes but less than or equal to the fifth group of holes, the quality level is C; when the bottom wave attenuation is greater than the fifth group of holes, the quality level is unqualified.
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