CN112521082A - Method for preparing ECC (error correction code) by adopting recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material - Google Patents
Method for preparing ECC (error correction code) by adopting recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material Download PDFInfo
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- CN112521082A CN112521082A CN201910889565.2A CN201910889565A CN112521082A CN 112521082 A CN112521082 A CN 112521082A CN 201910889565 A CN201910889565 A CN 201910889565A CN 112521082 A CN112521082 A CN 112521082A
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- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009775 high-speed stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012258 stirred mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001479 Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008030 superplasticizer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003733 fiber-reinforced composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006253 high performance fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/22—Glass ; Devitrified glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/30—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation in transportation, e.g. on roads, waterways or railways
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
本发明归属建筑材料技术范畴，涉及以再生玻璃作为辅助胶凝材料制备高延性水泥基复合材料ECC的方法。上述ECC的组成成分：水泥、再生玻璃粉、石英砂、水、减水剂、增稠剂和PVA纤维。制备流程如下：将再生玻璃粉、水泥、石英砂投入搅拌锅，低速干拌2分钟；将减水剂和增稠剂溶于水中，形成悬浊液后投入搅拌锅，低速湿拌1分钟；待拌合物变成浆体后，高速搅拌2分钟；当拌合物具备一定流动性和均匀性后，投入PVA纤维，高速搅拌5分钟；注模成型，在标准养护环境下，养护至28天。本发明将再生玻璃运用到高性能建筑材料中，拓展了再生玻璃的运用范围，极大地改善了其脆性和碱骨料反应的弊端，同时实现了建筑材料资源的回收再利用。The invention belongs to the technical category of building materials, and relates to a method for preparing a high-ductility cement-based composite material ECC by using recycled glass as an auxiliary cementing material. The above-mentioned components of ECC: cement, recycled glass powder, quartz sand, water, water reducing agent, thickening agent and PVA fiber. The preparation process is as follows: put the regenerated glass powder, cement, and quartz sand into the stirring pot, and dry-mix at low speed for 2 minutes; dissolve the water reducing agent and thickener in water to form a suspension, and then put it into the stirring pot, and wet-mix at low speed for 1 minute; After the mixture becomes a slurry, stir at high speed for 2 minutes; when the mixture has a certain fluidity and uniformity, put in PVA fiber and stir at high speed for 5 minutes; injection molding, under standard curing environment, curing to 28 sky. The invention applies the recycled glass to high-performance building materials, expands the application range of the recycled glass, greatly improves its brittleness and the disadvantages of alkali-aggregate reaction, and simultaneously realizes the recycling and reuse of building material resources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of building materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based material ECC by using superfine regenerated glass powder as an auxiliary cementing material.
Background
Traditional concrete is used as a part of building materials, and the excellent compression resistance of the traditional concrete is mainly utilized, but plain concrete is poor in deformation capability all the time, low in tensile strength and capable of having the quasi-brittleness characteristic, and the durability and the anti-seismic performance of the whole structure are affected. In order to overcome the defects of poor deformability, easy cracking and the like of concrete, a great deal of research is carried out on fiber reinforced cement-based composite materials with the deformability improved by doping fibers by various scholars at home and abroad.
The fiber reinforced cement-based composite material mainly comprises a steel fiber reinforced cement-based composite material, a synthetic organic fiber reinforced cement-based composite material (PE fiber, PVA fiber and PP fiber), a carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composite material and the like. The high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based composite material ECC is a disorderly oriented short fiber reinforced cement-based composite material obtained by reasonably adjusting the interface characteristics between a matrix and fibers by using a micromechanics design method. The PVA-ECC is widely researched at present, has good economical efficiency, and is mainly applied to the fields of bridge deck expansion joints, building dampers, structural reinforcement and the like.
At present, PVA fibers for preparing high-ductility fiber-reinforced cement-based composite material ECC are mainly produced by Nippon Korea company, and the import cost is higher. The quality and production scale of the PVA fiber made in China gradually catch up with the advanced international level, and the cost is greatly reduced. However, the home-made PVA fiber is difficult to configure ECC with excellent performance according to the existing matching, and the main reason is that the bonding effect of the PVA fiber and a matrix is too strong, and the fiber is easy to be broken in the loading process, so that the quasi-strain hardening phenomenon cannot be met. Through the material design theory of ECC, optimize from the mix proportion, improve ECC's mechanical properties.
Although the recycled glass has been studied by many scholars at home and abroad, the recycled glass is mainly used as building decoration materials and is rarely studied as a stress member in consideration of the alkali aggregate reaction. According to the latest research, when the particle size of the recycled glass is less than or equal to 300 mu m after being ground, the fine glass particles can not cause alkali aggregate reaction. If the grain size of the glass is less than or equal to 100 mu m, the recycled glass powder can reduce the alkali aggregate reaction. When the regenerated glass is used as an auxiliary cementing material or fine aggregate and added into concrete, the mechanical property and the fire resistance of the concrete can be improved. However, few studies have been made on the mechanical properties of ECC prepared by using recycled glass as an auxiliary cementing material and PVA fiber.
The basic mechanical property of the high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based material ECC prepared by using the superfine regenerated glass powder as an auxiliary cementing material is researched by a mechanical property test method of JC/T2461-2018 high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based composite material.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the technical problems in the prior art and provides a method for preparing high-ductility fiber-reinforced cement-based material ECC by using regenerated glass as an auxiliary cementing material.
In order to solve the problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the mass ratio of each material component of the high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based composite material ECC prepared by adopting the regenerated glass as the auxiliary cementing material is as follows: cement, glass powder, quartz sand, water reducing agent, thickening agent and PVA fiber in the weight ratio of 1 to 0.8 to 0.024 to 0.005 to 0.043.
Preferably, the cement is a commercially available 42.5 grade Portland cement.
Preferably, the glass powder is a commercial 1200-mesh superfine regenerated glass powder.
Preferably, the particle size of the quartz sand is 100 to 200 meshes.
Preferably, the water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid high-efficiency water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is more than 25%.
Preferably, the thickener is hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose MHEC with a viscosity of 2 ten thousand.
Preferably, the PVA fiber is a domestic PVA fiber, the fiber length is 12mm, the diameter is 39-40 μm, the tensile strength is more than 1200MPa, the initial elastic modulus is more than 17Gpa, and the elongation at break is about 7.1%.
The method for preparing the high-ductility fiber reinforced cement-based composite material ECC by using the regenerated glass as the auxiliary cementing material comprises the following steps:
firstly, putting all powder into a stirring pot, wherein the feeding sequence comprises superfine regenerated glass powder, cement and quartz sand, and dry-stirring the mixture for 2 minutes in a low-speed state by a stirrer;
and step two, dissolving the weighed water reducer and the weighed thickener in water, and uniformly stirring the mixture by using a glass rod to form a turbid liquid form. Then putting the turbid liquid into a mixing pot, and wet-mixing the turbid liquid for 1 minute by a stirrer in a low-speed state;
thirdly, in order to exert the effect of the additive as soon as possible, after the mixture of the stirring pot is changed into slurry, stirring at a high speed for 2 minutes;
fourthly, observing the mixture in the stirring pot, keeping high-speed stirring after ensuring certain fluidity and uniformity, and adding the PVA fiber for 5 minutes until the fiber is uniformly dispersed;
and fifthly, pouring the stirred mixture into a mold for molding, and curing for 28 days under a standard curing environment.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
firstly, the compressive strength of ECC prepared by adopting the recycled glass as the auxiliary cementing material is 55.4Mpa, and the flexural strength is 22.8Mpa, which is higher than that of common concrete.
Secondly, the ECC prepared by adopting the recycled glass as the auxiliary cementing material has better strain hardening performance and multi-slit cracking characteristic, the ultimate tensile strain is 3.5-3.85% in a uniaxial tensile test, the ECC is far better than common concrete, and the residual bearing capacity, the ductility and the high temperature resistance are better.
Thirdly, the regenerated glass is adopted as the auxiliary cementing material to prepare the ECC, more regenerated glass powder is designed and mixed in the mixing proportion, the highest cement and the regenerated glass powder can reach 1: 1, and the secondary utilization of construction waste resources is realized.
Fourthly, the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, uniaxial tensile property and bending toughness) of ECC prepared by adopting the regenerated glass as an auxiliary cementing material and domestic PVA fibers can meet the actual application requirements of engineering members.
Detailed Description
In the examples, the home-made PVA fibers were TY-PVA-40-12 type fibers.
Example 1
The mixing proportion of ECC prepared by adopting the recycled glass as the auxiliary cementing material is as follows: cement, glass powder, quartz sand, water reducing agent, thickening agent and PVA fiber in the weight ratio of 1 to 0.8 to 0.024 to 0.005 to 0.043
The length of the polyvinyl alcohol fiber is 12mm, the diameter of the polyvinyl alcohol fiber is 39-40 mu m, the elongation at break is about 7.1%, the tensile strength is larger than 1200Mpa, and the initial elastic modulus is larger than 17 Gpa.
The cement is 42.5-grade ordinary portland cement.
The glass powder is a commercial 1200-mesh superfine regenerated glass powder.
The particle size of the quartz sand is 100-200 meshes.
The water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid high-efficiency water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is more than 25%.
The method for preparing the ECC by using the recycled glass as the auxiliary cementing material comprises the following steps:
firstly, putting all powder into a stirring pot, wherein the feeding sequence comprises superfine regenerated glass powder, cement and quartz sand, and dry-stirring the mixture for 2 minutes in a low-speed state by a stirrer;
and step two, dissolving the weighed water reducer and the weighed thickener in water, and uniformly stirring the mixture by using a glass rod to form a turbid liquid form. Then putting the turbid liquid into a mixing pot, and wet-mixing the turbid liquid for 1 minute by a stirrer in a low-speed state;
thirdly, in order to exert the effect of the additive as soon as possible, after the mixture of the stirring pot is changed into slurry, stirring at a high speed for 2 minutes;
fourthly, observing the mixture in the stirring pot, keeping high-speed stirring after ensuring certain fluidity and uniformity, and adding the PVA fiber for 5 minutes until the fiber is uniformly dispersed;
and fifthly, pouring the stirred mixture into a mold for molding, and curing for 28 days under a standard curing environment.
Example 2
The test of the compressive strength and the breaking strength is carried out according to the cement mortar strength test method (GB/T17671-1999), the test piece size is 40 mm-160 mm, and the curing is carried out for 28 days under the standard curing condition.
A uniaxial tension test has no perfect standard in China, and a dumbbell type test piece is designed according to Recommendations for Design and Construction of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Composites with Multiple Fiber channels (HPFRCC), wherein the length of a middle measuring area is 80mm, the width is 30mm, the displacement is controlled, and the loading rate is 0.5mm/minute until the test piece is damaged.
The four-point bending test adopts a rectangular thin plate test piece, the size of the test piece is 400mm x 100mm x 15mm, the test span is 300mm, the displacement is controlled, and the loading rate is 0.5mm/minute until the test piece is damaged.
TABLE 1
| Item | Example 1 |
| Flexural strength (MPa) | 22.8 |
| Compressive strength (MPa) | 55.4 |
TABLE 2
| Uniaxial tensile test | Example 1 |
| Initial crack strength/MPa | 1.99 |
| Initial cracking tensile strain/%) | 0.88 |
| Ultimate tensile strengthdegree/MPa | 2.38 |
| Ultimate tensile strain/%) | 2.8 |
TABLE 3
| Four-point bending test of thin plate | Example 1 |
| Flexural incipient crack Strength/MPa | 4.06 |
| Initial crack displacement/mm | 1.56 |
| Ultimate bending strength/MPa | 6.57 |
| Ultimate displacement/mmm | 14.92 |
As can be seen from the above table, the compressive strength of ECC prepared by using recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material in example 1 prepared by the invention reaches 55.4MPa, the breaking strength is 22.8MPa, the ultimate tensile strength is 2.38MPa, the ultimate tensile strain is 2.8%, and the ultimate bending strength is 6.57 MPa. Compared with the limit tensile strain of common concrete, the limit tensile strain of ECC prepared by adopting the recycled glass as the auxiliary cementing material is 200-300 times of that of the common concrete, and the ECC has excellent ductility and bending toughness.
It should be noted that the embodiment 1 is only a representative embodiment of the present invention, and does not limit the protection scope of the present invention, and equivalents or substitutions made on the basis of the above are included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910889565.2A CN112521082A (en) | 2019-09-19 | 2019-09-19 | Method for preparing ECC (error correction code) by adopting recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910889565.2A CN112521082A (en) | 2019-09-19 | 2019-09-19 | Method for preparing ECC (error correction code) by adopting recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN112521082A true CN112521082A (en) | 2021-03-19 |
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| CN201910889565.2A Pending CN112521082A (en) | 2019-09-19 | 2019-09-19 | Method for preparing ECC (error correction code) by adopting recycled glass as auxiliary cementing material |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114835457A (en) * | 2022-06-01 | 2022-08-02 | 郑州大学 | Waste combined micro powder regenerated ultrahigh-toughness mixture and preparation method thereof |
| CN117342833A (en) * | 2023-12-05 | 2024-01-05 | 石家庄铁道大学 | Ultra-high ductility geopolymer recycled concrete and preparation method thereof |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT7851967A0 (en) * | 1977-11-21 | 1978-11-20 | Inventa Ag | FIBER REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION PROCEDURE |
| US20150251952A1 (en) * | 2014-03-09 | 2015-09-10 | Sebastos Technologies Inc. | Low-density high-strength concrete and related methods |
| CN107500646A (en) * | 2017-08-16 | 2017-12-22 | 同济大学 | A kind of Ultralight superelevation ductility concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN108569873A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-09-25 | 东南大学 | A kind of ECC concrete of high impact-resistant toughness and preparation method thereof |
-
2019
- 2019-09-19 CN CN201910889565.2A patent/CN112521082A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT7851967A0 (en) * | 1977-11-21 | 1978-11-20 | Inventa Ag | FIBER REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION PROCEDURE |
| US20150251952A1 (en) * | 2014-03-09 | 2015-09-10 | Sebastos Technologies Inc. | Low-density high-strength concrete and related methods |
| CN107500646A (en) * | 2017-08-16 | 2017-12-22 | 同济大学 | A kind of Ultralight superelevation ductility concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN108569873A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-09-25 | 东南大学 | A kind of ECC concrete of high impact-resistant toughness and preparation method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 蔡新江等: "再生玻璃细骨料制备 ECC 的强度和延性研究" * |
| 谭林;高晨皓;张林冲;: "利用PVA纤维和玻璃微珠制备轻质高强混凝土的研究" * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114835457A (en) * | 2022-06-01 | 2022-08-02 | 郑州大学 | Waste combined micro powder regenerated ultrahigh-toughness mixture and preparation method thereof |
| CN117342833A (en) * | 2023-12-05 | 2024-01-05 | 石家庄铁道大学 | Ultra-high ductility geopolymer recycled concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN117342833B (en) * | 2023-12-05 | 2024-01-30 | 石家庄铁道大学 | Ultra-high ductility geopolymer recycled concrete and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20210319 |