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CN112432758A - Method for measuring long-time variable working condition heat flow of plug block type calorimeter and application - Google Patents

Method for measuring long-time variable working condition heat flow of plug block type calorimeter and application Download PDF

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CN112432758A
CN112432758A CN202011192013.5A CN202011192013A CN112432758A CN 112432758 A CN112432758 A CN 112432758A CN 202011192013 A CN202011192013 A CN 202011192013A CN 112432758 A CN112432758 A CN 112432758A
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heat flow
time
type calorimeter
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CN112432758B (en
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李文浩
赵玲
邹样辉
张凯
曹知红
李彦良
姜一通
岳晖
夏吝时
周越梅
韩梦阳
费一尘
毕琛
徐秀明
宋文潇
王彪
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Beijing Aerospace Changzheng Aircraft Institute
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
    • G01M9/06—Measuring arrangements specially adapted for aerodynamic testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K17/00—Measuring quantity of heat
    • G01K17/06—Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing media, e.g. in heating systems e.g. the quantity of heat in a transporting medium, delivered to or consumed in an expenditure device
    • G01K17/08—Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing media, e.g. in heating systems e.g. the quantity of heat in a transporting medium, delivered to or consumed in an expenditure device based upon measurement of temperature difference or of a temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for measuring heat flow of a plug block type calorimeter under a long-time variable working condition and application thereof, wherein the plug block type calorimeter is applied to long-time surface heat flow measurement of a gas flow wind tunnel test piece, and the surface heat flow values of the test piece under a plurality of steady-state working conditions are obtained through a wind tunnel test, so that the running cost of the wind tunnel is saved; in order to accurately obtain heat flow values under different working conditions, the deviation of a measurement result is analyzed by adopting a heat flow input boundary condition in the process of simulating wind tunnel operation, and a correction method for long-time measurement of the low heat flow change working condition of the plug type calorimeter is provided.

Description

Method for measuring long-time variable working condition heat flow of plug block type calorimeter and application
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of heat flow measurement, and particularly relates to a method for measuring heat flow of a chock type calorimeter under a long-time variable working condition and application of the method.
Background
The plug block type calorimeter is commonly used for measuring the surface heat flow of a model in a thermal environment ground simulation test, and when the plug block type calorimeter is used, a test model provided with the calorimeter is quickly fed into a specific position of a flow field through a quick feeding device, stays for about 0.5-1 s for a short time, and then is quickly fed out. In one test, the test time of the calorimeter in a flow field is generally not more than 2s, and only a heat flow value under a constant heat flow test condition can be obtained. The main reasons are as follows: the theoretical basis of the calculation method of the heat flow value is a one-dimensional heat conduction equation under the conditions of steady-state heat flow and heat insulation, and the calculation method (the traditional calculation method) assumes that the side surface and the bottom surface of the chock are under the heat insulation condition, and does not consider the influence of the heat insulation sleeve and a base body (a test piece). However, when the measurement time is longer, the adiabatic condition is no longer satisfied, and the conventional calculation method may introduce a large error.
In the process of testing the thermal environment of a large test piece, the design of a quick feeding mechanism is often difficult to realize; in addition, when the rapid feeding device is used for measuring the heat flow, the heat flow value under a single test condition can be obtained, and the wind tunnel needs to be restarted to obtain the heat flow values under different conditions, so that the operation cost of the wind tunnel is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the inventor of the invention carries out keen research and provides a method for measuring the heat flow of a plug block type calorimeter under the long-time variable working condition, the plug block type calorimeter is applied to the long-time surface heat flow measurement of a gas flow wind tunnel test piece, the surface heat flow values of the test piece under a plurality of steady-state working conditions are obtained through one wind tunnel test, and the operation cost of the wind tunnel is saved; in order to accurately obtain heat flow values under different working conditions, the deviation of a measurement result is analyzed by simulating heat flow input boundary conditions in the wind tunnel operation process, and a correction method for the variable working condition long-time measurement time of the plug block type calorimeter is provided.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
in a first aspect, a method for measuring heat flow of a plug block type calorimeter under a long-time variable working condition is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1), calibrating the plug type calorimeter and determining a certain constant heat flow qinThe variation curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under the condition; then obtaining back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q according to the formula (1)bA curve of variation with time t;
Figure BDA0002753006120000021
wherein T is time, T is a measured value of the temperature of the bottom of the chock at the time T, rho is the density of the chock, CpIs the specific heat of the plug; back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q at different time tbWith constant heat flow qinIs a correction value deltaq, and the final real surface heat flow measurement value is obtained according to the formula (3)
Δq＝qin-qb (2)
q＝qb+Δq (3)
Step (2), according to the linear proportional relation between the back temperature rise curve shown in the formula (4) and the input constant heat flow, determining a certain constant heat flow q in the step (1)inUnder the condition, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T can be obtained, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under other constant heat flows can be obtained, the step (1) is repeated, and then other constant heat flows q can be obtained according to the formula (1) and the formula (2)inA correction value Δ q under the condition;
Figure BDA0002753006120000022
wherein q isin1And q isin2For two different constant heat flows, T1(T) and T2(t) are each qin1And q isin2Temperature rise at back temperature under conditions, T1(t0) And T2(t0) Are respectively T1(T) and T2(t) a temperature value at an initial time;
step (3), the constant heat flow q is obtained in step (1)inUnder the condition, the change of the correction value delta q along with the time T is obtained according to the corresponding relation of the back temperature T and the time T, and then the correction value delta q and the correction value q are established in a chart form by combining the step (2)bAnd the corresponding relation of T;
Δq＝f(qb,T) (5)
step (4), during testing, the plug block type calorimeter is installed in a test piece, the heated end face of the plug block is ensured to be consistent with the plane of the test piece, and the back temperature of the plug block is obtained;
step (5), obtaining each working condition strip through the formula (1)Back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow q under partbCalculating the surface heat flow q from the back temperature T and the back temperature according to equation (5)bAnd determining a correction value delta q, and obtaining the real surface heat flow q of the test piece according to the formula (3).
In a second aspect, the method for measuring the heat flow of the plug block type calorimeter in the long-time variable working condition is applied to the measurement of the surface heat flow of a test piece in a gas flow wind tunnel test.
According to the method for measuring the long-time variable working condition heat flow of the chock type calorimeter and the application thereof, the method has the following beneficial effects that:
the heat flow measuring method can be suitable for a long-time variable working condition heat flow measuring environment, the plug type calorimeter is adopted to measure the surface heat flow of a test piece of the air flow wind tunnel, and the plug type calorimeter traverses the stages of starting, changing the attack angle of a model, stopping and the like of the wind tunnel in the test process. In order to accurately obtain the surface heat flow values of models under different attack angles, the heat transfer characteristics of the plug block type calorimeter are analyzed by adopting numerical simulation, the difference between the back temperature back-calculated heat flow value and the input heat flow condition is researched, a correction method for long-time use of the plug block type calorimeter is provided, and the correction method can obtain results under other heat flow conditions through calibration of a steady-state heat flow source once, so that the calibration process is simplified. By adopting the heat flow measuring method provided by the invention, the deviation is less than 2%, the application range of the plug block type calorimeter is increased, the surface heat flow values of the test pieces under a plurality of steady-state working conditions are obtained through a wind tunnel test, and the wind tunnel operation cost is saved. In addition, the correction method can also be used for correcting the high-heat-flow instantaneous measurement result.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a plug-type calorimeter configuration;
FIG. 2 shows a constant heat flow qin＝800kw·m-2Lower back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow qbA time-dependent profile;
FIG. 3 shows bottom temperature rise curves for different magnitude steady state heat flow boundary conditions;
FIG. 4 shows back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow qbA variation curve with the back temperature T;
FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of a method for correcting a long time measurement of a stopper-type calorimeter;
FIG. 6 shows a comparison of constant heat flow versus varying step heat flow boundary back-calculated heat flow curves;
FIG. 7 shows temperature test curves for different train numbers at the same test point;
FIG. 8 shows the heat flow test curves for different vehicle numbers at the same test point.
Detailed Description
The features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent and apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
The plug type calorimeter structure is shown in figure 1 and comprises a plug block, a heat insulation sleeve, a thermocouple and the like, wherein the plug block is made of a material with good heat conductivity such as oxygen-free copper TU2, and the heat insulation sleeve is made of a heat insulation material such as high silica/phenolic composite material. When the plug block type calorimeter is used, the plug block type calorimeter is arranged in a test piece, and the heated end face (hot air flow scouring face) of the plug block is ensured to be consistent with the plane where the test piece is located.
When the plug block type calorimeter is used for measuring heat flow for a long time, the adiabatic conditions of the side surface and the bottom surface of the plug block are not satisfied any more, and the heat transfer process among the plug block, the heat insulation sleeve and a test piece needs to be considered. The heat transfer calculation is carried out by establishing a three-dimensional finite element analysis model to obtain the back temperature back calculation surface heat flow qbTime profile (as shown in FIG. 2), wherein q isbThe expression is as follows:
Figure BDA0002753006120000041
wherein T is time, T is a temperature measurement value (back temperature measurement value) of the bottom of the chock at the time T, rho is the density of the chock, CpIs the specific heat of the plug. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow q is calculated by using the conventional calculation methodbWith constant heat flow q of inputinGradually increases with time.
In order to solve the above technical problem, the present inventors provide the following method:
back temperature back calculation of surface heat flow qbWith constant heat flow qinIs a correction value deltaq, and the final real surface heat flow measurement value is obtained according to the formula (3)
Δq＝qin-qb (2)
q＝qb+Δq (3)
Wherein the back temperature is inversely calculated to the surface heat flow qbThe correction value Δ q is obtained by calibration according to equation (1).
For a certain constructional form of a plug-type calorimeter, a constant heat flow q can be usedinCalibrating to obtain the change curve of the back temperature along with the time, and obtaining the back temperature back-calculation surface heat flow q by combining the formula (1)bBy constant heat flow qinBack temperature inverse calculation of surface heat flow qbAnd obtaining a correction value delta q by subtracting.
In order to obtain the delta q conveniently, the inventor conducts numerical heat transfer analysis on the plug type calorimeter with determined structure size to obtain a back temperature rise curve (figure 3) of the plug type calorimeter with a determined form under different constant heat flow conditions, and finds that the back temperature rise curve and the constant heat flow q under different constant heat flow conditionsinIs proportional to the magnitude of (c), i.e.:
Figure BDA0002753006120000051
wherein q isin1And q isin2For two different constant heat flows, T1(T) and T2(t) are each qin1And q isin2Temperature rise at back temperature under conditions, T1(t0) And T2(t0) Are respectively T1(T) and T2(t) a temperature value at an initial time.
According to the formula (4), during calibration, back temperature rise curves under different sizes of constant heat flows can be obtained through calibration under a constant heat flow once, and then the change of the correction value delta q along with the time t under different constant heat flows is obtained according to the formula (1) and the formula (2).
For convenience of application, and under variable working conditions, applying the correction method to establish qbCurve q of variation with back temperature TbF (t), as shown in fig. 4. Under the condition of heat flow sources with different sizes, the back temperature back calculation surface heat flow values at different moments are possibly the same, but the back temperatures corresponding to the moments are different, namely the correction value delta q is formed by qbAnd T is uniquely determined. For example, for the actual measured value qb＝613kw·m-2And when the calibration is carried out, intersection points are formed between the calibration and the calibration curves, and the final correction value delta q or true value q is obtained through the back temperature value T at the moment. (for purposes of illustration, only q is shown in FIG. 5in＝600kw·m-2、800kw·m-2When the curve (c) is actually used, the interval may be 50 kw.m to reduce the error-2). In addition, when the plug type calorimeter is used for instantaneous measurement of large heat flow, the heat transfer to the substrate is not small any more due to the large temperature rise of the heat measuring element, and the plug type calorimeter can also be corrected by adopting the method.
Based on the research, the inventor determines the method for measuring the long-time variable working condition heat flow of the plug block type calorimeter, and the method comprises the following steps:
step (1), calibrating the plug type calorimeter and determining a certain constant heat flow qinThe variation curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under the condition; then obtaining back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q according to the formula (1)bA curve of variation with time t;
Figure BDA0002753006120000061
wherein T is time, T is a measured value of the temperature at the bottom of the chock at the time T, namely a measured value of the back temperature, rho is the density of the chock, CpIs the specific heat of the plug. Back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q at different time tbWith constant heat flow qinThe final true surface heat flow measurement is obtained according to equation (3) as the corrected value Δ q:
Δq＝qin-qb (2)
q＝qb+Δq (3)
step (2), according to the back temperature rise curve shown in the formula (4) and the input constantThe constant heat flow is in linear proportion, and a certain constant heat flow q is determined in the step (1)inUnder the condition, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T can be obtained, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under other constant heat flows can be obtained, the step (1) is repeated, and other constant heat flows q can be obtained according to the formula (1) and the formula (2)inA correction value Δ q under the condition;
Figure BDA0002753006120000062
wherein q isin1And q isin2For two different constant heat flows, T1(T) and T2(t) are each qin1And q isin2Temperature rise at back temperature under conditions, T1(t0) And T2(t0) Are respectively T1(T) and T2(t) a temperature value at an initial time;
step (3), the constant heat flow q is obtained in step (1)inUnder the condition, the change of the correction value delta q along with the time T is obtained according to the corresponding relation of the back temperature T and the time T, and then the correction value delta q and the correction value q are established in a chart form by combining the step (2)bAnd the corresponding relation of T;
Δq＝f(qb,T) (5)
step (4), during testing, the plug block type calorimeter is installed in a test piece, the heated end face of the plug block is ensured to be consistent with the plane of the test piece, and the back temperature of the plug block is obtained;
step (5), obtaining back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow q under various working conditions through the formula (1)bCalculating the surface heat flow q from the back temperature T and the back temperature according to equation (5)bAnd determining a correction value delta q, and obtaining the real surface heat flow q of the test piece according to the formula (3).
In the present invention, the materials and specifications of the plug calorimeter in steps (1) to (4) are kept consistent.
In the present invention, the material and thickness of the test piece in steps (1) to (4) were kept uniform.
The inventor researches and discovers that the back temperature rise curves of the plug type calorimeter and the test piece with different structural sizes under the same heat flow condition are different, so that the plug type calorimeter and the test piece in the steps (1) to (4) need to be kept consistent as much as possible.
In the invention, the test time in the step (4) is 2-10 s.
In the present invention, in step (4), the test piece can experience a plurality of constant heat flow condition conditions in a single test; for a primary wind tunnel test, in the measuring process, the plug block type calorimeter traverses stages of starting, changing the attack angle of a model, stopping and the like of the wind tunnel, and obtains the surface heat flow values of a plurality of (2-4) test pieces under the working condition of constant heat flow, so that the efficiency is improved, and the operation cost of the wind tunnel is reduced.
In the present invention, the experimental thermal environment in step (4) is less than 2MW/m2。
The inventor also finds that the long-time heat flow measuring method of the plug block type calorimeter can be applied to surface heat flow measurement under variable working conditions, such as surface heat flow measurement of a test piece in a gas flow wind tunnel test.
FIG. 6 illustrates a constant heat flow boundary condition (q) for a given structure-sized plug calorimeterin＝800kw/m2) And varying step heat flow boundary condition (q)inFor changing the step heat flow, the flow is 200, 400, 600 and 800kw/m in sequence2Back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow q at each heat flow step duration of 4s)bCompared with the prior art, the time axis of the curve is shifted in the graph, so that the back temperature of the plug type calorimeter is equal and the input heat flow is equal under the conditions of a constant heat flow boundary and a variable step heat flow boundary at the time 0, and in addition, the input heat flow is equal after the time 0. As can be seen from fig. 6, the curve fits better after 0s, indicating that the heating history has less effect on the back temperature back-calculated heat flow value.
And correcting the measurement result under the variable-step heat flow boundary condition by adopting the correction value delta q under the steady-state condition, wherein the deviation of the result and a true value (heat flow input boundary condition) is 1.2%, and the error is less than 2%. Therefore, the same plug type calorimeter experiences different heating states, if the temperature of the bottom of the copper column at a certain moment is equal and the heat flow loading conditions are equal thereafter, the back-calculated heat flow values are basically consistent, and the influence of the previous heating process on the back-temperature back-calculated heat flow value is small.
In order to further analyze the influence of the heating process on the heat flow value of the back temperature back calculation, a test result of the thermal environment of a certain flat plate test piece is selected for verification. FIGS. 7 and 8 show the temperature curve and the back-calculated heat flow curve of the flat plate test piece plug-block type calorimeter under the condition of two wind tunnel test runs respectively (EXP-01: the model attack angle is changed from 3 degrees to 25 degrees; EXP-02: the model attack angle is changed from 25 degrees to 16 degrees). In the graph, the time axes of the temperature curves measured twice are translated, the temperatures of the bottoms of the chocks at the time 0 are guaranteed to be equal, the temperature curves with equal attack angles (both 25 degrees, namely the same thermal environment) of two train numbers are well overlapped within the time 0-2 s, and the reverse-calculation heat flow results are basically identical. The test result verifies the correctness of the conclusion and further illustrates the consistency of the heat flow result inversely calculated from the back temperature when the plug type calorimeter is used under variable working conditions. Thereby, the back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow qbThe heat flow results after correction also remain the same.
The invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments and illustrative examples, but the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various equivalent substitutions, modifications or improvements may be made to the technical solution of the present invention and its embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that those matters not described in detail in the present specification are well known in the art.

Claims (7)

1. A method for measuring heat flow of a plug block type calorimeter under a long-time variable working condition is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1), calibrating the plug type calorimeter and determining a certain constant heat flow qinThe variation curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under the condition; then obtaining back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q according to the formula (1)bA curve of variation with time t;
Figure FDA0002753006110000011
wherein T is time, T is a measured value of the temperature at the bottom of the chock at the time T, namely a measured value of the back temperature, rho is the density of the chock, CpIs the specific heat of the plug; back temperature back calculation surface heat flow q at different time tbWith constant heat flow qinThe final true surface heat flow measurement is obtained according to equation (3) as the corrected value Δ q:
Δq＝qin-qb (2)
q＝qb+Δq (3)
step (2), according to the linear proportional relation between the back temperature rise curve shown in the formula (4) and the input constant heat flow, determining a certain constant heat flow q in the step (1)inUnder the condition, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T can be obtained, the change curve of the back temperature T along with the time T under other constant heat flows can be obtained, the step (1) is repeated, and then other constant heat flows q can be obtained according to the formula (1) and the formula (2)inA correction value Δ q under the condition;
Figure FDA0002753006110000012
wherein q isin1And q isin2For two different constant heat flows, T1(T) and T2(t) are each qin1And q isin2Temperature rise at back temperature under conditions, T1(t0) And T2(t0) Are respectively T1(T) and T2(t) a temperature value at an initial time;
step (3), the constant heat flow q is obtained in step (1)inUnder the condition, the change of the correction value delta q along with the time T is obtained according to the corresponding relation of the back temperature T and the time T, and then the correction value delta q and the correction value q are established in a chart form by combining the step (2)bAnd the corresponding relation of T;
Δq＝f(qb,T) (5)
step (4), during testing, the plug block type calorimeter is installed in a test piece, the heated end face of the plug block is ensured to be consistent with the plane of the test piece, and the back temperature of the plug block is obtained;
step (5), obtaining back temperature back-calculated surface heat flow q under various working conditions through the formula (1)bCalculating the surface heat flow q from the back temperature T and the back temperature according to equation (5)bAnd determining a correction value delta q, and obtaining the real surface heat flow q of the test piece according to the formula (3).
2. The method for measuring the long-time variable-condition heat flow of the plug type calorimeter according to claim 1, wherein the materials and specifications of the plug type calorimeter in the steps (1) to (4) are kept consistent.
3. The method for measuring the long-term variable-condition heat flow of the plug block type calorimeter according to claim 1, wherein the material and the thickness of the test piece in the steps (1) to (4) are kept consistent.
4. The method for measuring the long-time variable-condition heat flow of the plug block type calorimeter according to claim 1, wherein the test time in the step (4) is 2-10 s.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (4), the test piece can be subjected to a plurality of constant heat flow conditions in a single test.
6. The method for measuring the long-term variable-condition heat flow of the plug-type calorimeter according to claim 1, wherein the test thermal environment in step (4) is less than 2MW/m2。
7. Use of the method for measuring the heat flow of a plug-type calorimeter according to any one of claims 1 to 6 for measuring the surface heat flow of a test piece in a gas flow tunnel test.
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