CN112254596A - Underwater rock plug blasting method with pilot tunnel - Google Patents
Underwater rock plug blasting method with pilot tunnel Download PDFInfo
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- CN112254596A CN112254596A CN202011147968.9A CN202011147968A CN112254596A CN 112254596 A CN112254596 A CN 112254596A CN 202011147968 A CN202011147968 A CN 202011147968A CN 112254596 A CN112254596 A CN 112254596A
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- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 197
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003631 expected effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006855 networking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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Abstract
The invention provides an underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel, which comprises the following steps: digging a round middle pilot tunnel at the center of the rock plug body to form a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body; respectively determining blasting parameters of the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour holes; the blasting parameters comprise blast hole arrangement and charging design; and after the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole are charged according to the blasting parameters, sequentially detonating explosives in the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole. In the blasting method provided by the invention, as the middle pilot tunnel is dug in the middle of the rock plug body, a better blasting free face is formed, the clamping effect of rock is reduced, the blasting reliability is greatly improved, the explosive consumption is reduced, the forming quality of the tunnel at the rock plug section is better, and the blasting efficiency is higher.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of blasting, in particular to an underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel.
Background
The underwater rock plug blasting is an underwater control blasting technology in resource development and utilization, flood control and disaster reduction engineering in the field of water conservancy and hydropower, is mainly applied to built reservoirs or natural lakes, and is used for economically and safely building water inlets/outlets of various tunnel water channels under the condition of not emptying the reservoirs or building cofferdams.
At present, the traditional underwater rock plug blasting method mostly adopts a powder chamber charging underwater rock plug blasting method or a full-discharge-hole underwater rock plug blasting method. When the full-row-hole underwater rock plug blasting method is adopted, the traditional method is to arrange a hollow hole in a central hole without charging, and then arrange blasting blastholes with small distance and row distance for charging in a row from the central hole to the outside in sequence. When the traditional method is adopted for blasting, the problems of large rock bulkiness and poor forming quality of a rock plug tunnel after part of rock plugs are blasted exist, and the blasting efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel, which aims to solve the problem of low blasting efficiency of the existing blasting method.
The invention provides an underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel, which comprises the following steps:
digging a round middle pilot tunnel at the center of the rock plug body to form a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body;
determining the blasting parameters of the small rock plug body according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section, the total length of the rock plug section, the water depth and the geological conditions of the adjacent water surface of the rock plug section and the size of the large rock plug body; the blasting parameters comprise blast hole arrangement and charging design;
determining blasting parameters of the large rock plug body according to geological conditions of a rock plug section tunnel;
determining blasting parameters of the peripheral contour holes according to geological conditions of the rock plug section tunnel and the size of the rock plug body;
and after the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole are charged according to the blasting parameters, sequentially detonating explosives in the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole.
Preferably, the blasting parameters of the small plug body include:
the central position E of the small rock plug body is provided with 1 blast hole;
uniformly arranging 6 blast holes on a ring F with the r being 0.2m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 8 blast holes on a ring G with the r being 0.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 8 blast holes on a ring H with the r being 0.9m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 15 blast holes on a ring J with the r being 1.75m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
and each blast hole on the circular ring F is only filled with powder within the length range of 1.0m at the bottom of the hole, and the waterproof emulsion explosive with the diameter of 60mm is arranged in the central position E, the circular ring G, the circular ring H and the blast holes on the circular ring J.
Preferably, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the small rock plug body and the upstream face is 1-2 m.
Preferably, the water-resistant emulsion explosive with the length of 1.0m and the diameter of 60mm is arranged at the bottom of the blast hole on the ring F with the r being 0.2m, and the explosive in the blast hole on the ring F with the r being 0.2m and the explosive in the blast hole at the central position E are detonated simultaneously.
Preferably, the blasting parameters of the large plug body comprise:
uniformly arranging 15 blast holes on a ring K with the r being 2.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 20 blast holes on a ring L with the r being 3.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 30 blast holes on a ring M with the r being 4.3M by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
deepwater emulsion explosives with the diameter of phi 60mm are arranged in the blast holes of the circular ring K, the circular ring L and the circular ring M.
Preferably, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the large rock plug body and the upstream face is 1.5 m.
Preferably, the blasting parameters of the peripheral contour hole include:
uniformly arranging 48 blast holes on a ring N with the r being 5m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center; the distance between the orifices of the blast holes is 0.65m, and the distance between the bottoms of the holes is 0.91 m; deep water emulsion explosives with phi 60mm and phi 32mm are arranged in the blast holes.
Preferably, the opening error of the small rock plug body, the blast holes arranged on the large rock plug body and each peripheral contour hole is less than 5cm, the hole bottom error is less than 10cm, and the hole depth error is less than 10 cm.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention can have the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides an underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel, which comprises the following steps: digging a round middle pilot tunnel at the center of the rock plug body to form a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body; determining the blasting parameters of the small rock plug body according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section, the total length of the rock plug section, the water depth and the geological conditions of the adjacent water surface of the rock plug section and the size of the large rock plug body; the blasting parameters comprise blast hole arrangement and charging design; determining blasting parameters of the large rock plug body according to geological conditions of a rock plug section tunnel; determining blasting parameters of the peripheral contour holes according to geological conditions of the rock plug section tunnel and the size of the rock plug body; and after the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole are charged according to the blasting parameters, sequentially detonating explosives in the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole. In the blasting method provided by the invention, as the middle pilot tunnel is dug in the middle of the rock plug body, a better blasting free face is formed, the clamping effect of rock is reduced, the blasting reliability is greatly improved, the explosive consumption is reduced, the forming quality of the tunnel at the rock plug section is better, and the blasting efficiency is higher.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
Drawings
In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without any creative effort.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a rock plug body zone provided by an embodiment of the invention;
figure 2 is a diagram of a rock plug hole array provided by an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a plug body partition in an embodiment of the present application. As shown in the attached figure 1, the underwater rock plug with the middle pilot tunnel is characterized in that a middle pilot tunnel is firstly dug at the central position of a rock plug body, the rock mass of the rest rock plug sections at the rear part of the middle pilot tunnel is called a small rock plug body, and the rock mass of the rest rock plug sections except the middle pilot tunnel and the small rock plug body is called a large rock plug body. The underwater rock plug blasting method with the middle pilot tunnel in the embodiment of the application has the main ideas that the middle pilot tunnel is firstly excavated at the central position of a rock plug body, after the blasting holes of the rock plug body are arranged, the blasting holes are respectively arranged on a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body, and blasting is carried out after charging and networking. The blasting method for the small rock plug body is characterized in that a blasting hole is arranged in the center of the small rock plug body, and explosives are filled in the blasting hole. Meanwhile, a circle of blasting holes adjacent to the center position only charges within the length range of 1.0m of the hole bottom, and other blasting holes all charge. The charging mode has better blasting efficiency.
Specifically, the underwater rock plug blasting method with the pilot tunnel provided by the embodiment of the application comprises the following steps:
s01: a circular middle pilot tunnel is dug at the center of the rock plug body to form a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body.
And after the rock plug body needing blasting is determined, determining the central position of the rock plug body. And excavating inwards along the operation surface at the central position of the rock plug body to form a circular middle pilot tunnel. The rear part of the round middle pilot tunnel forms a small rock plug body, and the periphery of the small rock plug body and the round middle pilot tunnel is a large rock plug body, as shown in figure 1.
Taking a long county power station modification project water diversion system project of a right bank of a Dulvjiang river facing a boundary in a wide county in Dandong City of Liaoning province as an example, the modification project is a water diversion type hydropower station. The engineering water inlet is positioned at about 650m upstream of the right bank of the Feng dam, the elevation of the bottom of the water inlet is 60m, the rock plug body is 35m below the designed dead water level of the reservoir, and the water inlet is formed by rock plug blasting. The rock plug water inlet consists of a rock plug body, a connecting section and a slag collecting pit. The rock plug body has a thickness of 12.5m, is in a circular truncated cone shape with a large upstream end and a small downstream end, the diameter of the downstream end is 10m, and the upstream divergence angle is 10 degrees. The connecting section is arranged at the downstream of the rock plug body, the length of the connecting section is 7.0m, the connecting section is excavated into a circular section with the radius of 5.6m, and the thickness of the concrete lining is 60 cm. The length of the bottom plate of the slag collection pit is 68.0m, the width of the bottom plate of the slag collection pit is 10.0m, the height of the upstream section is 26.71m, the height of the downstream end of the slag collection pit is 11.2 m, an angle of 10 degrees is formed between a top arch and the horizontal plane, and the thickness of a concrete lining is 60 cm. A circular middle pilot tunnel with the diameter of 3.5 meters and the length of 4.0 meters is excavated inwards from the operation surface by taking the central position of the rock plug body as a reference, and a small rock plug body with the diameter of 3.5 meters and the thickness of 6.5 meters is formed at the rear part of the middle pilot tunnel. The periphery of the small rock plug body is a large rock plug body.
S02: determining the blasting parameters of the small rock plug body according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section, the total length of the rock plug section, the water depth and the geological conditions of the adjacent water surface of the rock plug section and the size of the large rock plug body; the blasting parameters include blast hole arrangement and charging design.
According to the actual geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section, the total length of the rock plug section, the water depth and the geological conditions of the adjacent water surface of the rock plug section and the size of the large rock plug body, the blasting parameters of the small rock plug body are determined by using the existing theory and through repeated theoretical analysis, calculation and simulation experiments on the premise of determining the excavation safety of the pilot tunnel in order to obtain the best blasting effect. Wherein the blasting parameters comprise blast hole arrangement and charging design.
Taking the diversion system engineering of the transformation engineering of the Changdan power station as an example, after the construction of the middle pilot tunnel is completed, a small rock plug with the diameter of 3.5m and the thickness of 6.5m is formed, and the rock plug has the characteristics of small volume and large restriction and needs to be blasted in a mode of large unit consumption and concentrated dosage. Based on this, the blasting parameters of the small plugs include:
1) 1 blast hole is arranged at the central position E of the small rock plug body; the blast hole is a charging hole.
2) Uniformly arranging blast holes every 60 degrees on a ring F with the r being 0.2m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as the center of a circle, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 6; the 6 blast holes are empty holes.
3) Uniformly arranging blast holes every 45 degrees on a ring G with the r being 0.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as the center of a circle, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 8; the 8 blast holes are cut holes.
4) Uniformly arranging blast holes every 45 degrees on a ring H with the r being 0.9m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as the center of a circle, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 8; the 8 blast holes are auxiliary cut holes.
5) Uniformly arranging blast holes every 24 degrees on a ring J with the r being 1.75m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 15; the 15 blast holes are small rock plug body ring holes.
When the blast hole is drilled, a YQ100B type down-the-hole drill is adopted for drilling, the diameter of the drilled hole is phi 90mm, and therefore, the diameter of the blast hole is 90 mm. And each blast hole on the circular ring F is only filled with powder within the length range of 1.0m at the bottom of the hole, and ORCIA water-resistant emulsion explosive with the diameter of 60mm is arranged in the central position E, the circular ring G, the circular ring H and the blast holes on the circular ring J.
Further, under the condition of ensuring no water leakage, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole and the upstream face is smaller as well as better, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole and the upstream face is adjusted according to the later-stage hole probing condition, and the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the small rock plug body and the upstream face is 1-2 m. More preferably, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the small rock plug body and the upstream face is 1.5 m.
Furthermore, in order to ensure the small rock plug body to be communicated, the rock covered in the central area can be completely uncovered, the water-resistant emulsion explosive with the length of 1.0m and the diameter of 60mm is arranged at the bottom of the blast hole on the circular ring F with the r being 0.2m, and the explosive in the blast hole on the circular ring F with the r being 0.2m is simultaneously detonated with the explosive in the blast hole at the central position E.
S03: and determining the blasting parameters of the large rock plug body according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section.
The arrangement of the large rock plug body is mainly determined according to the section condition of the rock plug section tunnel and the operation safety of the rock plug section. After the small rock plug body is blasted, the blasting holes on the large rock plug body are blasted sequentially from inside to outside by taking the space formed by blasting the small rock plug body and the pilot tunnel as the free face. Wherein, the blasting parameter of big rock cock body is:
1) uniformly arranging blast holes every 24 degrees on a ring K with the r being 2.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 15;
2) uniformly arranging blast holes every 18 degrees on a ring L with the r being 3.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 20;
3) uniformly arranging blast holes every 12 degrees on a ring M with the r being 4.3M by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as the center of a circle, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 30;
the large rock plug body is provided with 65 main blast holes in total, and when the 65 main blast holes are drilled, a YQ100B type down-the-hole drill is adopted for drilling, the diameter of the drilled hole is phi 90mm, and therefore, the diameter of the blast hole is 90 mm. Deepwater emulsion explosives with the diameter of phi 60mm are arranged in the blast holes of the circular ring K, the circular ring L and the circular ring M. Further, the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the large rock plug body and the upstream face is 1.5 m.
S04: and determining blasting parameters of the peripheral contour holes according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section and the size of the rock plug body.
The blasting parameters of the peripheral contour hole are mainly designed according to the geological conditions of the rock plug section tunnel and the size of the rock plug body. In terms of the forming effect of the profile surface, the presplitting blasting is theoretically superior to the smooth blasting. However, under the condition of high head pressure, the restriction on the rock plug contour hole is large, and the seam forming effect of the presplitting blasting under the high confining pressure condition is not ideal. For the diversion system project of the transformation project of the Changdan power station, the influence of confining pressure on the pre-splitting effect cannot be evaluated at present, so that the pre-splitting blasting is proved to hardly achieve the expected effect under the condition according to the rock plug blasting test condition. Based on this, in the embodiment of the present application, the peripheral contour hole adopts a smooth blasting method.
The blasting parameters of the peripheral contour hole are as follows: and uniformly arranging blast holes every 7.5 degrees on a ring N with the r being 5m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center, wherein the total number of the blast holes is 48. The distance between the openings of the blast holes is 0.65m, and the distance between the bottoms of the holes is 0.91 m. The minimum circle distance between the contour hole and the nearest blast hole is 0.7 m. Deep water emulsion explosives with phi of 60mm and 32mm are arranged in the blast holes. The distance between the hole bottom of the peripheral contour hole and the upstream face is 1.5 m.
In the embodiment of the application, the opening errors of the blast holes arranged on the small rock plug body and the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour holes are less than 5cm, the hole bottom error is less than 10cm, and the hole depth error is less than 10 cm. The center position E, the ring F, the ring G, the ring H, the ring J, the ring K, the ring L, the ring M, and the ring N form a blast hole position distribution diagram as shown in fig. 2.
S05: and after the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole are charged according to the blasting parameters, sequentially detonating explosives in the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole.
In the blasting method provided by the embodiment of the invention, the construction of the pilot tunnel and the construction of each blast hole on the rock plug body can adopt the existing construction process, and the detailed description is omitted in the embodiment of the application. In the blasting method provided by the embodiment of the invention, the middle pilot tunnel is dug in the middle of the rock plug body, so that a better blasting free face is formed, the clamping effect of rock is reduced, the blasting reliability is greatly improved, the explosive consumption is reduced, the forming quality of the tunnel at the rock plug section is better, and the blasting efficiency is higher.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosure herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
It is to be understood that relational terms such as "first" and "second," and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The invention is not limited to the precise arrangements described above and shown in the drawings, and various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. An underwater rock plug blasting method with a pilot tunnel, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
digging a round middle pilot tunnel at the center of the rock plug body to form a small rock plug body and a large rock plug body;
determining the blasting parameters of the small rock plug body according to the geological conditions of the tunnel of the rock plug section, the total length of the rock plug section, the water depth and the geological conditions of the adjacent water surface of the rock plug section and the size of the large rock plug body; the blasting parameters comprise blast hole arrangement and charging design;
determining blasting parameters of the large rock plug body according to geological conditions of a rock plug section tunnel;
determining blasting parameters of the peripheral contour holes according to geological conditions of the rock plug section tunnel and the size of the rock plug body;
and after the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole are charged according to the blasting parameters, sequentially detonating explosives in the small rock plug body, the large rock plug body and the peripheral contour hole.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters of blasting of the small plugs comprise:
the central position E of the small rock plug body is provided with 1 blast hole;
uniformly arranging 6 blast holes on a ring F with the r being 0.2m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 8 blast holes on a ring G with the r being 0.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 8 blast holes on a ring H with the r being 0.9m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 15 blast holes on a ring J with the r being 1.75m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
and each blast hole on the circular ring F is only filled with powder within the length range of 1.0m at the bottom of the hole, and the waterproof emulsion explosive with the diameter of 60mm is arranged in the central position E, the circular ring G, the circular ring H and the blast holes on the circular ring J.
3. The method for blasting underwater rock plugs with the pilot tunnel according to claim 2, wherein the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the small rock plug body and the upstream face is 1-2 m.
4. The method for blasting underwater rock plugs with the pilot tunnel according to claim 2, wherein the water-resistant emulsion explosive with the length of 1.0m and the diameter of 60mm is arranged at the bottom of the blast hole on the ring F with the r being 0.2m, and the explosive in the blast hole on the ring F with the r being 0.2m is detonated simultaneously with the explosive in the blast hole at the central position E.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters of blasting the large plug body comprise:
uniformly arranging 15 blast holes on a ring K with the r being 2.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 20 blast holes on a ring L with the r being 3.4m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
uniformly arranging 30 blast holes on a ring M with the r being 4.3M by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center;
deepwater emulsion explosives with the diameter of phi 60mm are arranged in the blast holes of the circular ring K, the circular ring L and the circular ring M.
6. The method for blasting underwater rock plugs with the pilot tunnel according to claim 5, wherein the distance between the bottom of the blast hole on the large rock plug body and the upstream face is 1.5 m.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the parameters of the blasting of the peripheral contour holes comprise:
uniformly arranging 48 blast holes on a ring N with the r being 5m by taking the central position E of the small rock plug body as a circle center; the distance between the orifices of the blast holes is 0.65m, and the distance between the bottoms of the holes is 0.91 m; deep water emulsion explosives with phi 60mm and phi 32mm are arranged in the blast holes.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the errors of the openings of the small plug body, the big plug body, the blast holes formed in the big plug body, and each of the peripheral contour holes are less than 5cm, the hole bottom error is less than 10cm, and the hole depth error is less than 10 cm.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113916076A (en) * | 2021-10-31 | 2022-01-11 | 中国能源建设集团广西水电工程局有限公司 | Single-face empty face rock plug through blasting test method |
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| US20100044107A1 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2010-02-25 | Martti Keskinen | Designing drilling pattern for excavating rock cavern |
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