CN112246569B - Surface treatment method for aluminum ring of bicycle - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of firstly carrying out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum ring, then carrying out pretreatment on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after cleaning, simultaneously spraying anticorrosive paint and an elastomer on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring, carrying out rapid heating on the surface of the elastomer to melt the elastomer, bonding an annular air bag ring on the outer ring of the bicycle aluminum ring after the elastomer is solidified, and sleeving a nickel-titanium ring on the outer part of the annular air bag ring. The surface treatment method for the bicycle aluminum ring, provided by the invention, has the advantages that firstly, the temperature control drying is adopted after the spraying of the anticorrosive paint is finished, so that the anticorrosive paint can uniformly cover the outer part of the bicycle aluminum ring; secondly, the elastic body is arranged outside the bicycle, so that impact on the outside of the aluminum ring can be damped, and the aluminum ring is prevented from being damaged; thirdly, the annular air bag is bonded on the outer ring of the bicycle aluminum ring, so that the bicycle inner tube can be fixed, and the coincidence of the outer ring and the inner tube of the bicycle is improved.

Description

A kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method

technical field

The invention relates to the field of bicycle aluminum rings, in particular to a surface treatment method for bicycle aluminum rings.

Background technique

The bicycle aluminum rim is the hub that fixes the inner tube and the outer tire of the bicycle. However, with the development of technology, people have higher and higher requirements for the bicycle aluminum rim. As a result, the traditional bicycle aluminum rim can no longer meet people's needs, and the bicycle aluminum rim The most important thing in ring production is the surface treatment of aluminum rings;

At present, the existing bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method is only to polish and paint the outside of the aluminum ring when in use, but because the bicycle aluminum ring and the painting position are all exposed outside, so the bicycle aluminum ring is easy to be hit or damaged when the bicycle is in use. It is friction, which will cause wear and tear on the exterior of the bicycle aluminum rim, resulting in horizontal damage, deformation, or peeling off of the exterior paint of the aluminum rim, which will affect the normal use of the bicycle aluminum rim. Therefore, we propose a bicycle aluminum rim Ring surface treatment method.

Contents of the invention

The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a surface treatment method for the aluminum ring of a bicycle, which can effectively solve the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is:

A method for surface treatment of a bicycle aluminum ring, the method comprising the following steps:

Step 1: Ultrasonic cleaning of the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and removal of the film on the surface of the aluminum ring, and preliminary drying of the aluminum ring of the bicycle after completion;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the aluminum ring of the bicycle after spraying anti-corrosion coating in step 2, and then spray elastic paint on the surface of the aluminum ring of straight driving;

Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it, and after it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring;

Step 5: Glue an annular airbag ring on the outer ring of the basic bicycle aluminum ring, and set a nickel-titanium ring on the outside of the annular airbag ring.

Preferably, in step 1, before ultrasonic cleaning, the excess material on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring is first cut off, and after cutting, the bicycle aluminum ring is roughly ground. During the rough grinding, the bicycle aluminum ring is polished by an oscillating grinder.

Preferably, in step 2, the pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring is rinsed.

Preferably, in step 2, after the pretreatment, the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring is fed with pure oxygen for 5-6 minutes, and then the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring is sprayed with anti-corrosion paint.

Preferably, in step 3, during temperature-controlled drying, the temperature of the anti-corrosion coating is controlled to drop at a rate of 2-3°C/min, and at the same time, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is continuously turned and shaken, and stopped when the temperature of the anti-corrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature.

Preferably, in step three, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-12 parts of wetting agent, 7-8 parts of calcium carbonate, 50-63 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, 5-8 parts of water-based paint, deionized 15-20 parts of water, 12-14 parts of wood quality fiber.

Preferably, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First, mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50-53°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50-60r/min, stir for 20-35min, and let it stand for 12-15min to obtain an elastic paint.

Preferably, in step 4, during rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250-280°C. After heating for 0.2-0.6 minutes, stop heating, let it stand for 3-4 minutes, and heat again. Repeat the above steps in turn until the elastomer The digging completely melts to stop.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

One is that the aluminum ring can be quickly oxidized by quickly introducing oxygen after pretreatment to form structurally stable alumina, and at the same time avoid the combination of aluminum and other components in the air;

The second is to use temperature-controlled drying after the anti-corrosion coating is sprayed, so that the anti-corrosion coating can be evenly covered on the outside of the bicycle aluminum ring, so as to avoid the situation where local protection is not in place;

The third is that by setting the elastic body on the outside of the bicycle, it can absorb the impact on the outside of the aluminum ring and avoid damage to the aluminum ring. Secondly, it can also protect the anti-corrosion coating to avoid scratches on the anti-corrosion coating;

Fourth, by bonding protective particles on the outside of the aluminum ring, it can reduce the wear and tear of the aluminum ring of the bicycle while avoiding the deformation of the aluminum ring;

Fifth, by bonding the annular airbag to the outer ring of the bicycle aluminum ring, the inner tube of the bicycle can be fixed, thereby improving the conformity between the outer ring of the bicycle and the inner tube;

Sixth, by setting the nickel-titanium mesh on the outside of the airbag belt, the position of the inner tube of the bicycle can be limited, and the stability of the inner tube of the bicycle can be improved.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a flow chart of the overall structure of a method for surface treatment of a bicycle aluminum ring according to the present invention.

Detailed ways

In order to make the technical means, creative features, goals and effects achieved by the present invention easy to understand, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

Comparative example one

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: Carry out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum rim and remove the film on the surface of the aluminum rim. After the completion, preliminarily dry the bicycle aluminum rim. Roughly grind the aluminum ring, during rough grinding, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is polished by an oscillating grinder;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time. The pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the bicycle aluminum ring Rinse the surface, and after pretreatment, inject pure oxygen into the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring, and then spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after 5 minutes;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the bicycle aluminum rims sprayed with anti-corrosion coatings in Step 2, and then spray elastic coatings on the surface of the straight-driving aluminum rims. During temperature-controlled drying, control the temperature of the anti-corrosion coatings at a rate of 2°C/min Descending, while constantly flipping and shaking the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and stopping when the temperature of the anticorrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 11 parts by weight of wetting agent, 7 parts of calcium carbonate, 55 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based 6 parts of paint, 15 parts of deionized water, 12 parts of wood quality fiber, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50r/min, stir for 20 minutes, and let it stand for 12 minutes to obtain an elastic paint.

Comparative example two

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: Carry out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum rim and remove the film on the surface of the aluminum rim. After the completion, preliminarily dry the bicycle aluminum rim. Roughly grind the aluminum ring, during rough grinding, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is polished by an oscillating grinder;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time. The pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the bicycle aluminum ring Rinse the surface, and after pretreatment, inject pure oxygen into the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring, and then spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after 5 minutes;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the bicycle aluminum rims sprayed with anti-corrosion coatings in Step 2, and then spray elastic coatings on the surface of the straight-driving aluminum rims. During temperature-controlled drying, control the temperature of the anti-corrosion coatings at a rate of 2°C/min Descending, while constantly flipping and shaking the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and stopping when the temperature of the anticorrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 11 parts by weight of wetting agent, 7 parts of calcium carbonate, 55 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based 6 parts of paint, 15 parts of deionized water, 12 parts of wood quality fiber, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50r/min, stir for 20 minutes, and let it stand for 12 minutes to obtain an elastic paint;

Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it. After it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring. During rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250°C Heating, after heating for 0.2min, stop heating, let it stand for 3min, then heat again, repeat the above steps in turn, until the elastomer filling is completely melted and stop.

Embodiment one

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: Carry out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum rim and remove the film on the surface of the aluminum rim. After the completion, preliminarily dry the bicycle aluminum rim. Roughly grind the aluminum ring, during rough grinding, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is polished by an oscillating grinder;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time. The pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the bicycle aluminum ring Rinse the surface, and after pretreatment, inject pure oxygen into the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring, and then spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after 5 minutes;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the bicycle aluminum rims sprayed with anti-corrosion coatings in Step 2, and then spray elastic coatings on the surface of the straight-driving aluminum rims. During temperature-controlled drying, control the temperature of the anti-corrosion coatings at a rate of 2°C/min Descending, while constantly flipping and shaking the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and stopping when the temperature of the anticorrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 11 parts by weight of wetting agent, 7 parts of calcium carbonate, 55 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based 6 parts of paint, 15 parts of deionized water, 12 parts of wood quality fiber, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50r/min, stir for 20 minutes, and let it stand for 12 minutes to obtain an elastic paint;

Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it. After it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring. During rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250°C Heating, after heating for 0.2min, stop heating, let it stand for 3min, then heat again, repeat the above steps in turn, until the elastic body is completely melted and stopped;

Step 5: Glue an annular airbag ring on the outer ring of the basic bicycle aluminum ring, and set a nickel-titanium ring on the outside of the annular airbag ring.

Embodiment two

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: Carry out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum rim and remove the film on the surface of the aluminum rim. After the completion, preliminarily dry the bicycle aluminum rim. Roughly grind the aluminum ring, during rough grinding, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is polished by an oscillating grinder;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time. The pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the bicycle aluminum ring Rinse the surface, and after pretreatment, inject pure oxygen into the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring, and then spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after 5 minutes;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the bicycle aluminum rims sprayed with anti-corrosion coatings in Step 2, and then spray elastic coatings on the surface of the straight-driving aluminum rims. During temperature-controlled drying, control the temperature of the anti-corrosion coatings at a rate of 2°C/min Descending, while constantly flipping and shaking the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and stopping when the temperature of the anticorrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 11 parts by weight of wetting agent, 7 parts of calcium carbonate, 55 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based 6 parts of paint, 15 parts of deionized water, 12 parts of wood quality fiber, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50r/min, stir for 20 minutes, and let it stand for 12 minutes to obtain an elastic paint;

Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it. After it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring. During rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250°C Heating, after heating for 0.4min, stop heating, let it stand for 3min, then heat again, repeat the above steps in turn, until the elastic body is completely melted and stopped;

Step 5: Glue an annular airbag ring on the outer ring of the basic bicycle aluminum ring, and set a nickel-titanium ring on the outside of the annular airbag ring.

Embodiment three

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method, this method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: Carry out ultrasonic cleaning on the bicycle aluminum rim and remove the film on the surface of the aluminum rim. After the completion, preliminarily dry the bicycle aluminum rim. Roughly grind the aluminum ring, during rough grinding, the aluminum ring of the bicycle is polished by an oscillating grinder;

Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time. The pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the bicycle aluminum ring Rinse the surface, and after pretreatment, inject pure oxygen into the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring, and then spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after 5 minutes;

Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the bicycle aluminum rims sprayed with anti-corrosion coatings in Step 2, and then spray elastic coatings on the surface of the straight-driving aluminum rims. During temperature-controlled drying, control the temperature of the anti-corrosion coatings at a rate of 2°C/min Descending, while constantly flipping and shaking the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and stopping when the temperature of the anticorrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature, the elastic coating includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 11 parts by weight of wetting agent, 7 parts of calcium carbonate, 55 parts of acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based 6 parts of paint, 15 parts of deionized water, 12 parts of wood quality fiber, the preparation of elastic coating comprises the following steps;

(1) First mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint;

(2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50r/min, stir for 20 minutes, and let it stand for 12 minutes to obtain an elastic paint;

Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it. After it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring. During rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250°C Heating, after heating for 0.6min, stop heating, let it stand for 3min, then heat again, repeat the above steps in turn, until the elastic body is completely melted and stopped;

Step 5: Glue the annular airbag ring on the outer ring of the basic bicycle aluminum ring, and set the nickel-titanium ring on the outside of the annular airbag ring

In Table 1, Comparative Example 1 does not use elastomers and airbag rings, Comparative Example 2 does not use airbag rings, and Embodiments 1 to 3 are single variables. Under different heating times, it is detected that the bicycle rides a distance of 100m, and the bicycle The degree of external wear of the aluminum ring (difference in weight of the aluminum ring before and after riding), the number of scratches on the outside of the aluminum ring, and the sliding distance of the tire (using a solid tire), the test results are as follows:

Heating time (min) External wear degree of aluminum ring (g) Number of external scratches on aluminum ring Sliding distance of the tire (cm) Comparative example one 0 -0.2 32 5.3 Comparative example two 0.2 0.01 4 5.1 Embodiment one 0.2 -0.01 6 0.1 Embodiment two 0.4 -0.01 10 0.2 Embodiment Three 0.6 -0.01 16 0.1

Table 1

As can be seen from the experimental data in Table 1, the surface treatment method of the bicycle aluminum rim of the present invention, through the comparison of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1, it can be seen that by arranging elastic elastomers on the outside of the bicycle aluminum rim, and setting protective particles outside the elastomer , can protect both sides of the bicycle aluminum rim, thereby significantly reducing the external scratches of the aluminum rim, because when the aluminum rim is hit, the protective particles outside the aluminum rim first contact with the colliding object, and because of the volume of the protective particles Smaller, so when in contact with objects, the local protective particles are prone to shrink. When shrinking, the elastic body under the protective particles can absorb the shock, which can greatly reduce the wear degree of the aluminum ring;

Secondly, by comparing Example 2 with Example 1, it can be seen that by setting the airbag ring outside the aluminum ring of the bicycle, the outer tire or inner tube installed outside the airbag ring can be well prevented from sliding, thereby ensuring the stability of the aluminum ring during use and avoiding The aluminum ring and its outer tire or inner tube slide against each other;

Finally, through the comparison of Examples 1 to 3, it can be seen that as the heating time continues to increase, the scratches on the outside of the aluminum ring continue to increase. This is because the long-term high temperature tends to melt the paint, which makes the paint unable to adhere stably to the aluminum ring. The exterior, secondly, will also make the protective particles stick to each other to form a whole, so when the protective particles are impacted, the protective particles need to shrink as a whole, and the elastomer is squeezed, which leads to the elasticity of the elastic body to the protective particles. The reaction force increases, and it cannot shrink in time, so that the protective particles and the collision object are relatively matched. In addition, it can be seen from Table 1 that the first embodiment is the best choice.

The basic principles and main features of the present invention and the advantages of the present invention have been shown and described above. Those skilled in the industry should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above-mentioned embodiments. What are described in the above-mentioned embodiments and the description only illustrate the principle of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention will also have Variations and improvements are possible, which fall within the scope of the claimed invention. The protection scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (8)

1. A bicycle aluminum ring surface treatment method is characterized in that the method may further comprise the steps: Step 1: Ultrasonic cleaning of the aluminum ring of the bicycle, and removal of the film on the surface of the aluminum ring, and preliminary drying of the aluminum ring of the bicycle after completion; Step 2: Pretreat the surface of the bicycle aluminum ring after preliminary drying, and spray anti-corrosion paint on the surface of the pretreated bicycle aluminum ring at the same time; Step 3: Carry out temperature-controlled drying on the aluminum ring of the bicycle after spraying anti-corrosion coating in step 2, and then spray elastic paint on the surface of the aluminum ring of straight driving; Step 4: Spray the elastomer on both sides of the bicycle aluminum ring, and quickly heat the surface of the elastomer to melt it, and after it solidifies, bond the protective particles to obtain the basic bicycle aluminum ring; Step 5: bonding an annular airbag ring to the outer ring of the basic bicycle aluminum ring, and setting a nickel-titanium ring on the outside of the annular airbag ring to obtain a finished product. 2. A method for treating the surface of a bicycle aluminum rim according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 1, before ultrasonic cleaning, first cut off the excess material on the surface of the bicycle aluminum rim, and then roughen the bicycle aluminum rim after cutting. Grinding, during rough grinding, the bicycle aluminum ring is polished by a vibration grinder. 3. A method for treating the surface of the bicycle aluminum rim according to claim 1, wherein in step 2, the pretreatment includes fine grinding and polishing, and during the pretreatment, the surface of the bicycle aluminum rim is rinsed. 4. The surface treatment method of a bicycle aluminum rim according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 2, after the pretreatment, the surface of the bicycle aluminum rim is fed with pure oxygen, and after 5-6 minutes, the bicycle is treated. The surface of the aluminum ring is sprayed with anti-corrosion paint. 5. A method for surface treatment of bicycle aluminum rings according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 3, during temperature-controlled drying, the temperature of the anti-corrosion coating is controlled to decrease at a rate of 2-3°C/min, and at the same time, it is continuously turned over Shake the aluminum ring of the bicycle and stop when the temperature of the anti-corrosion coating on its surface reaches room temperature. 6. The surface treatment method of a bicycle aluminum ring according to claim 1, wherein in step 3, the elastic coating comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-12 parts of wetting agent, 7-8 parts of calcium carbonate , Acrylic elastic emulsion 50-63 parts, water-based paint 5-8 parts, deionized water 15-20 parts, wood quality fiber 12-14 parts. 7. The surface treatment method of a bicycle aluminum ring according to claim 6, characterized in that: the preparation of the elastic coating comprises the following steps; (1) First, mix and stir calcium carbonate, acrylate elastic emulsion, water-based paint, deionized water and wood quality fiber, and control the temperature at 50-53°C during stirring to obtain the basic paint; (2) Add a wetting agent to the base paint, stir at a speed of 50-60r/min, stir for 20-35min, and let it stand for 12-15min to obtain an elastic paint. 8. A surface treatment method for bicycle aluminum rims according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step 4, during rapid heating, heat the elastomer at a temperature of 250-280°C, and stop heating after heating for 0.2-0.6min , stand still for 3-4min, heat again, repeat the above steps in turn, until the elastomer is completely melted and stopped.

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