CN112205265A - Method for improving flue-cured tobacco breeding process and efficiency - Google Patents
Method for improving flue-cured tobacco breeding process and efficiency Download PDFInfo
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- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000020551 Helianthus annuus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000003222 Helianthus annuus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000217401 Ageratina adenophora Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 5
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 244000062748 Eupatorium adenophorum Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000034303 cell budding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001164374 Calyx Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208292 Solanaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protection of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D5/00—Fertilisers containing magnesium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco, which comprises the following steps: s1, seed pretreatment, S2, local seedbed preparation, S3, low-density sowing, S4, water-tray type breeding and planting, S5, fertilization, S6, drought early-flowering management and S7, selfing and seed harvesting. Inhibiting pathogenic bacteria by light, heat, electricity, etc., keeping the seed healthy, placing selected plump seeds into a cloth bag, soaking seed coats, placing into formalin solution for disinfection, taking out, and washing with clear water; preliminarily predicting the weather to reduce the cultivation risk; then land preparation and planting are carried out, and tobacco seeds are planted reasonably; designing a water tray to carry out rapid water flow irrigation control on the land area of the seedlings so as to ensure that the water quantity of the seedlings is developed and used at different time periods; then fertilizing, and processing organic matters, vermiculite, perlite and medical stone into a matrix fertilizer to ensure healthy seedling culture; and seedling management and disease treatment are carried out on tobacco cultivation, and the quality of tobacco breeding is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco.
Background
The tobacco is an annual herbaceous plant of the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae. The root system can synthesize nicotine. The plant height is 1-3 m. The stem is upright, and axillary buds are arranged on each axillary leaf and can germinate into branches. Leaf intergrowth, spiral arrangement. The implantation parts of the tobacco leaves on the plants can be divided into five parts: 2-3 leaves at the lower part of the tobacco plant are called foot leaves; 4-5 leaves upward are called as the lower second greenhouse leaves; the middle 4-6 leaves are called waist leaves; 4-5 leaves with the upward middle part are called upper two shed leaves; the 3-4 leaves at the top of the tobacco plant are called the top leaves. The lower leaves are called the lower leaves, and the upper leaves are called the upper leaves. The inflorescence of tobacco is a cone-shaped parasporal inflorescence, a calyx bell-shaped inflorescence, and is a limited inflorescence, wherein a central flower at the top end of a rachis is firstly bloomed, so that the growth of a main rachis is limited, and the lateral rachis continues to grow, but a top flower on the lateral rachis is firstly bloomed, so that the bloomed sequence is from top to bottom or from inside to outside. Blossoming and bearing fruit in summer and autumn. Native to south america. China is widely cultivated in the north and south provinces. The tobacco is a temperature-preference crop and is sensitive to the temperature, and different temperature conditions have large influence on the quality and yield of the tobacco. The requirement of high-quality tobacco on temperature in the growth period is lower in the early stage and higher in the later stage. Generally, the tobacco variety needs 45-60 days from transplanting to budding, and needs 7-10 days from budding to flowering.
The process efficiency in the existing tobacco breeding process is low, so that the quality of tobacco leaves generated by tobacco is not high, and the tobacco planting profit is seriously influenced. Therefore, a method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of the flue-cured tobacco is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-efficiency tobacco cultivation method to solve the problem of poor quality of tobacco leaves in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
s1, seed pretreatment: treating the mixed foreign crops and weed seeds in the tobacco seeds and removing the biological impurities, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria by using light, heat and electricity, keeping the seeds healthy, putting selected plump seeds into a cloth bag, soaking seed coats, putting the seeds into a 2% formalin solution for disinfection, taking out the seeds after soaking for 10-15 minutes, and washing the seeds clean by using clear water;
s2, preparing a local seedbed: selecting a place with flat terrain and sunny appearance, fast ground temperature rise, close to a water source and convenient management, eradicating weeds and cleaning the field;
s3, low-density sowing: 1300 plants are planted in 1000-year mode per mu, and the planting mode mainly adopts single high-compartment planting; the ridge width is 60-67cm, the furrow width is 33cm, and the plant spacing is 50-60 cm;
s4, water tray type breeding and planting: the seedling planting method comprises the following steps that a water disc arranged in a circular structure is arranged, a through hole is formed in the middle of the water disc, seedlings are planted in the through hole of the water disc, a flow guide hole is formed in the end face, attached to the ground, of the water disc, and the water disc is communicated with a strip-shaped water conveying pipe through a water hose;
s5, fertilizing: mixing 20-50 parts of organic matters, 15-30 parts of vermiculite, 15-30 parts of perlite and 10-20 parts of medical stones to prepare a matrix fertilizer, and culturing tobacco seedlings in the matrix fertilizer until tobacco seeds germinate into tobacco seedlings;
s6, drought early flowering management: selecting a sunny side with high terrain and good drainage for the seedbed and the soil disinfection seedbed, planting the large-area continuous tobacco rice in a rotation mode, preventing the flowing water of a diseased field from flowing and irrigating and preventing the pesticide, respectively using the pesticide once after small ridging and large ridging, adding 50 ml of water liquid medicine into each plant to irrigate roots, and performing general prevention and control; early thinning and final singling treatment are carried out, ventilation and light transmission conditions in a seedbed are improved, humidity is adjusted, contradictions between individual tobacco seedlings and groups are coordinated, a single plant is guaranteed to have a reasonable nutrition area, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and variant seedlings are eliminated, and over-large and over-small seedlings are eliminated, so that the seedlings are enabled to grow robustly and tidily and uniformly;
s7, selfing and seed harvesting: and (4) harvesting the tobacco seedlings after the selfing maturity.
Preferably, weather prediction is carried out before the planting process, weather conditions are preliminarily predicted according to experience of the past year, the weather conditions are summarized by combining the weather prediction of the weather station, so that different varieties of tobacco seeds are selected according to the weather conditions, the weather prediction adopts a computer to record and store weather data of the past year, and the cyclic change rule of the weather conditions is summarized according to the weather data of the past year.
Preferably, in the step S1, in the seed pretreatment process, a Yongxing mechanical JXJ101 screening machine is used for filtering impurities, the screening machine utilizes the combined action of air flow and vibration friction on the materials, the materials with higher specific gravity settle to the bottom layer, and move to the high position through the vibration friction of the screening surface, and the materials with lower specific gravity suspend on the surface of the material layer and flow to the low position through the action of air flow, so as to achieve the separation purpose.
Preferably, in the step S4, in the water tray type breeding and planting process, each water tray is matched with one set of seedlings, and the water conveying pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings in the ground.
Preferably, in the fertilizing process in the step S5, the organic matter is a mixture of decomposed sunflower stems 5-8, eupatorium adenophorum weeds 5-8, crop straws 3-6, wood chips 7-9, wormcast 2-5, selenium fertilizer 2-4, boron fertilizer 3-5, and a bactericide 3-5.
Preferably, the vermiculite, the perlite and the medical stone are crushed by a WF series universal crusher, and the main shaft rotating speed of the WF series universal crusher is 3000-4200 r/min.
Preferably, in the step S7, in order to ensure that the tobacco seed coat does not carry bacteria, seed disinfection is performed, the seeds are soaked in 1% copper sulfate, 0.1% silver nitrate or 2% formalin for 10 minutes, then washed with clean water, and then air-dried for sowing.
Preferably, in the step S7, a mulching film is covered during tobacco planting, the tobacco is kept warm and moisturized to enhance the resistance of the tobacco to drought and waterlogging, and the mulching film is cut out after the temperature rises to prevent water loss.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the tobacco cultivation method is scientific in process, wherein pathogenic bacteria are inhibited by light, heat, electricity and the like, the health of seeds is kept, selected plump seeds are put into a cloth bag, the seed coats are soaked and then put into formalin solution for disinfection, then the seeds are taken out and washed clean by clear water, and the tobacco seeds are selected; preliminarily predicting the weather to reduce the cultivation risk; then land preparation and planting are carried out, and tobacco seeds are planted reasonably; the water tray which is designed and arranged in a circular ring structure is used for carrying out rapid water flow irrigation control on the land area of the seedlings, and a water conveying pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings for supplying water so as to ensure that the water quantity of the seedlings is developed and used at different time periods; then fertilizing, and processing organic matters, vermiculite, perlite and medical stone into a matrix fertilizer to ensure the healthy seedling raising of tobacco seeds; and seedling management and disease treatment are carried out on tobacco cultivation, and the quality of tobacco breeding is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the connection between a water tray and a water pipe according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a rear structure view of the water tray of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not delimit the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
s1, seed pretreatment: treating the mixed foreign crops and weed seeds in the tobacco seeds and removing the biological impurities, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria by using light, heat and electricity, keeping the seeds healthy, putting selected plump seeds into a cloth bag, soaking seed coats, putting the seeds into a 2% formalin solution for disinfection, taking out the seeds after soaking for 10 minutes, and washing the seeds clean by using clean water;
s2, preparing a local seedbed: selecting a place with flat terrain and sunny appearance, fast ground temperature rise, close to a water source and convenient management, eradicating weeds and cleaning the field;
s3, low-density sowing: planting 1000 plants per mu, wherein the planting mode mainly adopts single high-compartment planting; the ridge width is 67cm, the furrow width is 33cm, and the planting distance is 60 cm;
s4, water tray type breeding and planting: the seedling planting method comprises the following steps that a water disc arranged in a circular structure is arranged, a through hole is formed in the middle of the water disc, seedlings are planted in the through hole of the water disc, a flow guide hole is formed in the end face, attached to the ground, of the water disc, and the water disc is communicated with a strip-shaped water conveying pipe through a water hose;
s5, fertilizing: mixing 20 parts of organic matters, 15 parts of vermiculite, 15 parts of perlite and 10 parts of medical stones to prepare a matrix fertilizer, and using the matrix fertilizer until tobacco seeds germinate into tobacco seedlings, and culturing the tobacco seedlings in the matrix fertilizer to 6 leaves;
s6, drought early flowering management: selecting a sunny side with high terrain and good drainage for the seedbed and the soil disinfection seedbed, planting the large-area continuous tobacco rice in a rotation mode, preventing the flowing water of a diseased field from flowing and irrigating and preventing the pesticide, respectively using the pesticide once after small ridging and large ridging, adding 50 ml of water liquid medicine into each plant to irrigate roots, and performing general prevention and control; early thinning and final singling treatment are carried out, ventilation and light transmission conditions in a seedbed are improved, humidity is adjusted, contradiction between individual tobacco seedlings and groups is coordinated, a reasonable nutrition area of a single plant is ensured, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and variant seedlings are eliminated, over-large and over-small seedlings are eliminated, and the seedlings are enabled to grow robustly and tidily and uniformly.
S7, selfing and seed harvesting: and (4) harvesting the tobacco seedlings after the selfing maturity.
And in the step S1, weather prediction is carried out by adopting a computer to record and store weather data of the past year, and the cyclic change rule of the weather condition is summarized according to the weather data of the past year.
In the step S2, a Yongxing mechanical JXJ101 screening machine is used for filtering impurities in the pretreatment process of the seeds, the screening machine utilizes the comprehensive action of air flow and vibration friction on the materials, the materials with high specific gravity settle to the bottom layer, the materials move to the high position through the vibration friction of the screening surface, and the materials with low specific gravity suspend on the surface of the material layer and flow to the low position under the action of the air flow, so that the separation purpose is achieved.
In the step S4, in the water tray type breeding and planting process, each water tray is matched with one set of seedlings, and the water pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings.
In the fertilizing process in the step S5, the organic matter is a mixture of decomposed sunflower stems 5, eupatorium adenophorum weeds 5, crop straws 3, wood chips 7, wormcast 2, selenium fertilizer 2, boron fertilizer 3 and bactericides 3.
Wherein, the vermiculite, the perlite and the medical stone are crushed by a WF series universal crusher, and the main shaft rotating speed of the WF series universal crusher is 3000-4200 r/min.
In the disease treatment of the step S6, in order to ensure that the outer skin of the tobacco seeds does not carry bacteria, the seeds need to be disinfected, 1% of copper sulfate, 0.1% of silver nitrate or 2% of formalin is used for soaking the seeds for 10 minutes, then the seeds are fully washed by clear water, and then the seeds are aired and sowed.
And in the S6 seedling raising management process, mulching films are covered when the tobacco is planted, the tobacco is subjected to heat preservation and moisture preservation, the drought resistance and waterlogging resistance of the tobacco are enhanced, and after the temperature rises, the mulching films are cut to prevent water loss.
Example 2
A method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
s1, seed pretreatment: treating the mixed foreign crops and weed seeds in the tobacco seeds and removing the biological impurities, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria by using light, heat and electricity, keeping the seeds healthy, putting selected plump seeds into a cloth bag, soaking seed coats, putting the seeds into a 2% formalin solution for disinfection, taking out the seeds after soaking for 15 minutes, and washing the seeds clean by using clean water;
s2, preparing a local seedbed: : selecting a place with flat terrain and sunny appearance, fast ground temperature rise, close to a water source and convenient management, eradicating weeds and cleaning the field;
s3, low-density sowing: 1300 plants are planted per mu, and the planting mode mainly adopts single high-compartment planting; the ridge width is 60cm, the furrow width is 33cm, and the planting distance is 50 cm;
s4, water tray type breeding and planting: the seedling planting method comprises the following steps that a water disc arranged in a circular structure is arranged, a through hole is formed in the middle of the water disc, seedlings are planted in the through hole of the water disc, a flow guide hole is formed in the end face, attached to the ground, of the water disc, and the water disc is communicated with a strip-shaped water conveying pipe through a water hose;
s5, fertilizing: mixing 50 parts of organic matters, 30 parts of vermiculite, 30 parts of perlite and 20 parts of medical stones to prepare a matrix fertilizer, and culturing tobacco seedlings in the matrix fertilizer until tobacco seeds germinate into tobacco seedlings;
s6, drought early flowering management: selecting a sunny side with high terrain and good drainage for the seedbed and the soil disinfection seedbed, planting the large-area continuous tobacco rice in a rotation mode, preventing the flowing water of a diseased field from flowing and irrigating and preventing the pesticide, respectively using the pesticide once after small ridging and large ridging, adding 50 ml of water liquid medicine into each plant to irrigate roots, and performing general prevention and control; early thinning and final singling treatment are carried out, ventilation and light transmission conditions in a seedbed are improved, humidity is adjusted, contradictions between individual tobacco seedlings and groups are coordinated, a single plant is guaranteed to have a reasonable nutrition area, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and variant seedlings are eliminated, and over-large and over-small seedlings are eliminated, so that the seedlings are enabled to grow robustly and tidily and uniformly;
s7, selfing and seed harvesting: and (4) harvesting the tobacco seedlings after the selfing maturity.
And in the step S1, weather prediction is carried out by adopting a computer to record and store weather data of the past year, and the cyclic change rule of the weather condition is summarized according to the weather data of the past year.
In the step S2, a Yongxing mechanical JXJ101 screening machine is used for filtering impurities in the pretreatment process of the seeds, the screening machine utilizes the comprehensive action of air flow and vibration friction on the materials, the materials with high specific gravity settle to the bottom layer, the materials move to the high position through the vibration friction of the screening surface, and the materials with low specific gravity suspend on the surface of the material layer and flow to the low position under the action of the air flow, so that the separation purpose is achieved.
In the step S4, in the water tray type breeding and planting process, each water tray is matched with one set of seedlings, and the water pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings.
In the fertilizing process in the step S5, the organic matter is a mixture of decomposed sunflower stems 8, eupatorium adenophorum weeds 8, crop straws 6, wood chips 9, wormcast 5, selenium fertilizer 4, boron fertilizer 5 and bactericides 5.
Wherein, the vermiculite, the perlite and the medical stone are crushed by a WF series universal crusher, and the main shaft rotating speed of the WF series universal crusher is 3000-4200 r/min.
In the disease treatment of the step S6, in order to ensure that the outer skin of the tobacco seeds does not carry bacteria, the seeds need to be disinfected, 1% of copper sulfate, 0.1% of silver nitrate or 2% of formalin is used for soaking the seeds for 10 minutes, then the seeds are fully washed by clear water, and then the seeds are aired and sowed.
And in the S6 seedling raising management process, mulching films are covered when the tobacco is planted, the tobacco is subjected to heat preservation and moisture preservation, the drought resistance and waterlogging resistance of the tobacco are enhanced, and after the temperature rises, the mulching films are cut to prevent water loss.
The tobacco cultivation method is scientific in process, wherein pathogenic bacteria are inhibited by light, heat, electricity and the like, the health of seeds is kept, selected plump seeds are put into a cloth bag, the seed coats are soaked and then put into formalin solution for disinfection, then the seeds are taken out and washed clean by clear water, and the tobacco seeds are selected; preliminarily predicting the weather to reduce the cultivation risk; then land preparation and planting are carried out, and tobacco seeds are planted reasonably; the water tray which is designed and arranged in a circular ring structure is used for carrying out rapid water flow irrigation control on the land area of the seedlings, and a water conveying pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings for supplying water so as to ensure that the water quantity of the seedlings is developed and used at different time periods; then fertilizing, and processing organic matters, vermiculite, perlite and medical stone into a matrix fertilizer to ensure the healthy seedling raising of tobacco seeds; and seedling management and disease treatment are carried out on tobacco cultivation, and the quality of tobacco breeding is improved.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments or portions thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, seed pretreatment: treating the mixed foreign crops and weed seeds in the tobacco seeds and removing the biological impurities, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria by using light, heat and electricity, keeping the seeds healthy, putting selected plump seeds into a cloth bag, soaking seed coats, putting the seeds into a 2% formalin solution for disinfection, taking out the seeds after soaking for 10-15 minutes, and washing the seeds clean by using clear water;
s2, preparing a local seedbed: selecting a place with flat terrain and sunny appearance, fast ground temperature rise, close to a water source and convenient management, eradicating weeds and cleaning the field;
s3, low-density sowing: 1300 plants are planted in 1000-year mode per mu, and the planting mode mainly adopts single high-compartment planting; the ridge width is 60-67cm, the furrow width is 33cm, and the plant spacing is 50-60 cm;
s4, water tray type breeding and planting: the seedling planting method comprises the following steps that a water disc arranged in a circular structure is arranged, a through hole is formed in the middle of the water disc, seedlings are planted in the through hole of the water disc, a flow guide hole is formed in the end face, attached to the ground, of the water disc, and the water disc is communicated with a strip-shaped water conveying pipe through a water hose;
s5, fertilizing: mixing 20-50 parts of organic matters, 15-30 parts of vermiculite, 15-30 parts of perlite and 10-20 parts of medical stones to prepare a matrix fertilizer, and culturing tobacco seedlings in the matrix fertilizer until tobacco seeds germinate into tobacco seedlings;
s6, drought early flowering management: selecting a sunny side with high terrain and good drainage for the seedbed and the soil disinfection seedbed, planting the large-area continuous tobacco rice in a rotation mode, preventing the flowing water of a diseased field from flowing and irrigating and preventing the pesticide, respectively using the pesticide once after small ridging and large ridging, adding 50 ml of water liquid medicine into each plant to irrigate roots, and performing general prevention and control; early thinning and final singling treatment are carried out, ventilation and light transmission conditions in a seedbed are improved, humidity is adjusted, contradictions between individual tobacco seedlings and groups are coordinated, a single plant is guaranteed to have a reasonable nutrition area, weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and variant seedlings are eliminated, and over-large and over-small seedlings are eliminated, so that the seedlings are enabled to grow robustly and tidily and uniformly;
s7, selfing and seed harvesting: and (4) harvesting the tobacco seedlings after the selfing maturity.
2. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: weather prediction is carried out before the planting process, weather conditions are preliminarily predicted according to experience of the past year, the weather conditions are summarized by combining the weather prediction of the weather station, so that different varieties of tobacco seeds are selected according to the weather conditions, the weather prediction is carried out by adopting a computer to record and store weather data of the past year, and the cyclic change rule of the weather conditions is summarized according to the weather data of the past year.
3. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S1, a Yongxing mechanical JXJ101 screening machine is adopted to filter sundries in the seed pretreatment process, the screening machine utilizes the comprehensive action of air flow and vibration friction on materials, the materials with high specific gravity settle to the bottom layer and move to the high position through the vibration friction of the screening surface, and the materials with low specific gravity suspend on the surface of the material layer to flow to the low position through the action of air flow so as to achieve the separation purpose.
4. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S4, in the water tray type breeding and planting process, each group of water trays is matched with one group of seedlings, and the water conveying pipe is arranged between two rows of seedlings.
5. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the fertilizing process in the step S5, the organic matter is a mixture of decomposed sunflower stems 5-8, crofton weed 5-8, crop straws 3-6, wood chips 7-9, wormcast 2-5, selenium fertilizer 2-4, boron fertilizer 3-5 and bactericide 3-5.
6. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: the vermiculite, the perlite and the medical stone are crushed by a WF series universal crusher, and the main shaft rotating speed of the WF series universal crusher is 3000-.
7. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S7, in order to ensure that the tobacco seed coat does not carry bacteria, seed disinfection is required, 1% copper sulfate, 0.1% silver nitrate or 2% formalin is used for soaking seeds for 10 minutes, then the seeds are fully washed by clear water, and then the seeds are aired and sowed.
8. The method for improving the breeding process and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that: and S7, covering a mulching film during tobacco planting, preserving heat and moisture of the tobacco, enhancing the resistance of the tobacco to drought and waterlogging, and cutting the mulching film after the temperature rises to prevent water loss.
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