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CN112176227B - Boron aluminum carbide composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Boron aluminum carbide composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN112176227B
CN112176227B CN202011070777.7A CN202011070777A CN112176227B CN 112176227 B CN112176227 B CN 112176227B CN 202011070777 A CN202011070777 A CN 202011070777A CN 112176227 B CN112176227 B CN 112176227B
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boron carbide
composite material
aluminum alloy
aluminum
temperature
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CN112176227A (en
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池海涛
黄铁明
黄祯荣
冯永平
张建雷
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Fujian Xiangxin Light Alloy Manufacturing Co ltd
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Fujian Xiangxin Shares Co ltd
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    • C22C21/00Alloys based on aluminium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F1/052Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles characterised by a mixture of particles of different sizes or by the particle size distribution
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C32/00Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0052Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
    • C22C32/0057Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides based on B4C
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    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/047Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
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    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
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Abstract

The invention discloses a boron aluminum carbide composite material, which comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 81% -97% of aluminum alloy and 3% -19% of boron carbide; the boron carbide includes a first boron carbide having an average particle size D50 of 18.2 μm, a second boron carbide having an average particle size D50 of 7.8 μm, and a third boron carbide having an average particle size D50 of 0.3 μm; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm; the composite material is prepared by the steps of surface treatment, ball milling and powder mixing, sintering, uniform post-treatment, hot extrusion, heat treatment and the like. The tensile strength and the elongation of the composite material prepared by the method are obviously superior to those of the composite material prepared by the prior art, and the composite material has the advantages of low preparation cost, good quality, high yield and capability of being widely popularized and applied.

Description

Boron aluminum carbide composite material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of composite materials, and particularly relates to a boron aluminum carbide composite material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the rapid development of the industrial fields of aerospace, national defense, automobiles, transportation and the like, the development of the properties of traditions and gold such as aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and the like has been approaching the limit, and the lightweight of these fieldsThe requirements are becoming more and more demanding and, therefore, conventional alloys are at risk of being rejected. The aluminum matrix composite has high specific stiffness, high specific strength, excellent high temperature resistance, excellent creep resistance and the like, and is receiving wide attention. Among them, boron carbide reinforced aluminum is a composite material with great development potential, the most important reason is that boron carbide not only has high hardness and modulus, but also has a density of only 2.52g/cm3And the density of the boron carbide reinforced aluminum composite material is lower than that of the aluminum alloy, so that the density of the boron carbide reinforced aluminum composite material is lower than that of the aluminum alloy with the same grade as that of the matrix, and the boron carbide reinforced aluminum composite material has wide application prospects in the aspects of aerospace and automobile structure light weight.
However, the current preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material mainly comprises a melt infiltration technology, powder metallurgy preparation and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. These methods often have high impurity content, complex process, high energy consumption and high cost. The hot extrusion deformation is a main technical means for improving the material quality, reducing the processing allowance and reducing the production cost, however, when the reinforcement is added into the aluminum alloy matrix to prepare the composite material, the fluidity of the composite material is obviously reduced, and the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix is easy to form stress concentration in the extrusion process, which can cause a large amount of defects to be formed inside the composite material, and causes the yield of the aluminum matrix composite material to be low and even the aluminum matrix composite material to be completely scrapped.
Therefore, the preparation process and the extrusion forming process of the existing aluminum-based composite material need to be optimized, the quality of the existing composite material extrusion section is improved in many aspects, the cost is comprehensively reduced, the application field is expanded, and a foundation is laid for industrialization.
Chinese patent application document "an aluminum-based composite material and a preparation method thereof" (application number: 202010127633.4) discloses an aluminum-based composite material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 1% -15% of boron carbide and 85% -99% of aluminum alloy. The preparation method comprises the following steps: surface treatment, ball milling and powder mixing, sintering, uniform post-treatment, hot extrusion and heat treatment. The invention can realize the preparation of the high-quality and flexible interface aluminum matrix composite material, and realizes the preparation of the high-quality aluminum matrix composite material profile by optimizing the thermal treatment process of the material and the treatment engineering of the extruded profile. But has the problems of poor tensile strength and elongation and incapability of meeting the application requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a boron aluminum carbide composite material and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems that the boron aluminum carbide composite material prepared by the prior art has poor tensile strength and elongation and cannot meet application requirements.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a boron aluminum carbide composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 81% -97% of aluminum alloy and 3% -19% of boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 18.2 mu m, a second boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 7.8 mu m and a third boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 0.3 mu m, and the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 10-12:3-5: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a volume ratio of 9-13:5-7: 1; the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: less than or equal to 0.28 percent of Si, less than or equal to 0.2 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.1 percent of Cu, 0.7 to 0.9 percent of Mn, 6 to 6.5 percent of Mg, less than or equal to 0.15 percent of Zn, less than or equal to 0.12 percent of Cr, 0.11 to 0.16 percent of Sc, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of Zr, 0.03 to 0.07 percent of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements.
Further, the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.25% of Si, 0.16% of Fe, 0.07% of Cu, 0.8% of Mn, 6.3% of Mg, 0.13% of Zn, 0.11% of Cr, 0.15% of Sc, 0.16% of Zr, 0.06% of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material, which comprises the following steps:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at the temperature of 58-72 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 6-7min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 2-3 times; putting the washed boron carbide into a drying box for drying for 14-17 h; the dried boron carbide is placed in a furnace to be heated at the temperature of 600-700 ℃ for 1-1.5 h;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide for standby in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture into a ball mill at the rotating speed of 500-2.5 h for 600 r/min, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 300-400 r/min for 1-1.5h, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 150-250 r/min for 1.5-2h to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing to the pressure of 8-18MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace for heating, keeping the temperature for 2.5-3.5h, carrying out hot pressing by using a press machine, cooling to room temperature after the hot pressing is finished, and demoulding to obtain a cast ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3, preserving heat for 16-22h, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and preparing the homogenized ingot;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to the homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the cast ingot is heated in a step gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 475-; the temperature of an extrusion die is 450-460 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.4-0.7mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 6-9 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to be below 100 ℃ to obtain the composite material;
s6, heat treatment: and (5) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then carrying out aging.
Further, the temperature for drying the boron carbide washed clean in the step S1 in the drying box is 65-70 ℃.
Further, the mold is placed in a heating furnace to be heated to a temperature of 540-.
Further, in step S3, hot pressing is performed by a press machine, and the pressure is 65-73 MPa.
Further, in step S4, the ingot prepared in step S3 is heated to 520 ℃ and 550 ℃, and then is subjected to heat preservation for 16-22 h.
Further, the extrusion ratio of the extrusion cylinder in step S5 is 60 to 65.
Further, the heat treatment process in step S6 is: keeping the temperature at 530 ℃ and 560 ℃ for 1.5-2.5 h.
Further, the aging temperature in step S6 is 180-.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) sc, Zr and Pm play a synergistic role in preparing the boron carbide aluminum composite material, and the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material are synergistically improved because: sc forms supersaturated solid solution in the aluminum alloy, and Al which is coherent with the matrix is dispersed and precipitated through the action of heat treatment3And the Sc particles are used for performing modification strengthening, dispersion and substructure strengthening on the matrix, so that the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy are obviously improved. When Zr is added into the aluminum alloy, the Zr and Sc generate Al in the aluminum alloy3The (Sc, Zr) particles strengthen the alloy by fine grains and precipitation, further improve the tensile strength and elongation, and simultaneously, the secondary Al of nanometer level3And (Sc and Zr) are precipitated, have pinning effects on dislocation and subgrain boundaries, and improve the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy. Pm has a strong effect of refining grains, can inhibit the recrystallization of the aluminum alloy, increases the ductility of the alloy and improves the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy; in addition, Pm can form a fine dispersion strengthening phase with Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn and the like in the aluminum alloy, so that the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material are improved. Under the matching use of Sc, Zr and Pm, the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material are synergistically improved.
(2) The invention can realize the preparation of the high-quality and flexible interface aluminum matrix composite material, and realizes the preparation of the high-quality aluminum matrix composite material profile by optimizing and adjusting the size ratio of boron carbide and aluminum powder, the material thermal treatment process and the processing engineering of the extruded profile.
(3) The tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material prepared by the method are obviously superior to those of the boron carbide aluminum composite material prepared by the prior art, respectively at least higher than 33.8 percent and 17.1 percent, and the boron carbide aluminum composite material has the advantages of low preparation cost, good quality of the composite material, high yield and capability of being widely popularized and applied.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the results of testing the tensile strength of boron carbide-aluminum composite material according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the result of elongation measurement of boron carbide-aluminum composite material of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate a better understanding of the invention, the following examples are given to illustrate, but not to limit the scope of the invention.
In an embodiment, the boron aluminum carbide composite material comprises, by volume percent: 81% -97% of aluminum alloy and 3% -19% of boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 18.2 mu m, a second boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 7.8 mu m and a third boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 0.3 mu m, and the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 10-12:3-5: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a volume ratio of 9-13:5-7: 1; the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: less than or equal to 0.28 percent of Si, less than or equal to 0.2 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.1 percent of Cu, 0.7 to 0.9 percent of Mn, 6 to 6.5 percent of Mg, less than or equal to 0.15 percent of Zn, less than or equal to 0.12 percent of Cr, 0.11 to 0.16 percent of Sc, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of Zr, 0.03 to 0.07 percent of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements;
the preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material comprises the following steps:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at the temperature of 58-72 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 6-7min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 2-3 times; drying the washed boron carbide in a drying box at the temperature of 65-70 ℃ for 14-17 h; heating the dried boron carbide in a furnace at the temperature of 600-700 ℃ for 1-1.5h, softening the particle surface, and taking out the boron carbide and cooling to room temperature for later use;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide for standby in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture into a ball mill at the rotating speed of 500-2.5 h for 600 r/min, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 300-400 r/min for 1-1.5h, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 150-250 r/min for 1.5-2h to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing the powder until the pressure is 8-18MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace, heating the die to the temperature of 540-; cooling to room temperature after hot pressing is finished, and demolding to obtain an ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3 at the temperature of 520-550 ℃, preserving heat for 16-22h, and cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after the heat preservation is finished to prepare a homogenized ingot;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruding machine for extruding, wherein the extrusion ratio of an extruding barrel is 60-65, and the cast ingot is heated in a step gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 475-; the temperature of an extrusion die is 450-460 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.4-0.7mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 6-9 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to be below 100 ℃ to obtain the composite material;
s6, heat treatment: and (4) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then aging, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature at 530 ℃ and 560 ℃ for 1.5-2.5h, the aging temperature is 180 ℃ and 195 ℃, and the aging time is 5-7 h.
The present invention is illustrated by the following more specific examples.
Example 1
A boron aluminum carbide composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 84% aluminum alloy and 16% boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 18.2 mu m, a second boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 7.8 mu m and a third boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 0.3 mu m, wherein the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 10:5: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a volume ratio of 10:6: 1; the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.22% of Si, 0.13% of Fe, 0.1% of Cu, 0.7% of Mn, 6% of Mg, 0.12% of Zn, 0.11% of Cr, 0.13% of Sc, 0.1% of Zr and 0.03% of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements;
the preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material comprises the following steps:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at the temperature of 60 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 6min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 2 times; drying the washed boron carbide in a drying box at the temperature of 66 ℃ for 17 hours; heating the dried boron carbide in a furnace at 600 ℃ for 1.5h, softening the particle surface, taking out the boron carbide, and cooling to room temperature for later use;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide prepared in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture in a ball mill at the rotating speed of 500 r/min for 2.5h, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 300 r/min for 1.5h, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 150 r/min for 2h to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing the powder until the pressure is 10MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace, heating the die to 546 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 3.2h, and then carrying out hot pressing by using a press machine, wherein the pressure is 68 MPa; cooling to room temperature after hot pressing is finished, and demolding to obtain an ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3 to 530 ℃, preserving heat for 20 hours, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and preparing the ingot after homogenization treatment;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruding machine for extruding, wherein the extrusion ratio of an extruding barrel is 62, and the cast ingot is heated in a segmented gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 478 ℃, the heating temperature of the middle part of the extrusion cylinder is 462 ℃, and the heating temperature of the tail part of the extrusion cylinder is 455 ℃; the temperature of an extrusion die is 452 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.4mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 6 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to 100 ℃ to obtain the composite material;
s6, heat treatment: and (4) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then aging, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature at 540 ℃ for 2h, the aging temperature is 186 ℃ and the aging time is 7 h.
Example 2
A boron aluminum carbide composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 82% aluminum alloy and 18% boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with an average grain size D50 of 18.2 μm, a second boron carbide with an average grain size D50 of 7.8 μm and a third boron carbide with an average grain size D50 of 0.3 μm, and the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 11.2:4: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a 12:6.5:1 volume ratio; the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.25% of Si, 0.16% of Fe, 0.07% of Cu, 0.8% of Mn, 6.3% of Mg, 0.13% of Zn, 0.11% of Cr, 0.15% of Sc, 0.16% of Zr, 0.06% of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements;
the preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material comprises the following steps:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at 65 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 7min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 3 times; putting the washed boron carbide into a drying box at the temperature of 68 ℃ for drying for 15 h; heating the dried boron carbide in a furnace at 650 ℃ for 1.2h, softening the particle surface, taking out the boron carbide, and cooling to room temperature for later use;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide prepared in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture in a ball mill at the rotating speed of 550 r/min for 2h, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 350 r/min for 1.3h, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 200 r/min for 1.8h to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing the powder until the pressure is 12MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace, heating the die to the temperature of 550 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 3 hours, and then carrying out hot pressing by using a press machine, wherein the pressure is 70 MPa; cooling to room temperature after hot pressing is finished, and demolding to obtain an ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3 to 540 ℃, preserving heat for 18h, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and preparing the homogenized ingot;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruding machine for extruding, wherein the extrusion ratio of an extruding barrel is 64, and the cast ingot is heated in a step gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 480 ℃, the heating temperature of the middle part of the extrusion cylinder is 466 ℃, and the heating temperature of the tail part of the extrusion cylinder is 458 ℃; the temperature of an extrusion die is 454 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.5mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 8 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to 95 ℃ to obtain the composite material;
s6, heat treatment: and (4) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then aging, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature at 550 ℃ for 2h, and the aging temperature is 188 ℃ and the aging time is 6 h.
Example 3
A boron aluminum carbide composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 95% aluminum alloy and 5% boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 18.2 mu m, a second boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 7.8 mu m and a third boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 0.3 mu m, wherein the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 12:5: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a volume ratio of 13:5: 1; the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.21% of Si, 0.2% of Fe, 0.1% of Cu, 0.9% of Mn, 6.5% of Mg, 0.15% of Zn, 0.12% of Cr, 0.15% of Sc, 0.12% of Zr, 0.07% of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements;
the preparation method of the boron carbide aluminum composite material comprises the following steps:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at 65 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 6min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 2 times; putting the washed boron carbide into a drying box at the temperature of 67 ℃ for drying for 15 h; heating the dried boron carbide in a furnace at 620 ℃ for 1.3h, softening the particle surface, taking out the boron carbide, and cooling to room temperature for later use;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide prepared in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture in a ball mill at the rotating speed of 600 revolutions per minute for 1.5 hours, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 400 revolutions per minute for 1 hour, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 250 revolutions per minute for 1.5 hours to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing the powder until the pressure is 13MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace, heating the die to 556 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 2.5 hours, and then carrying out hot pressing by using a press machine, wherein the pressure is 70 MPa; cooling to room temperature after hot pressing is finished, and demolding to obtain an ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3 to 546 ℃, preserving heat for 17 hours, and cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after heat preservation is finished to prepare a homogenized ingot;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruding machine for extruding, wherein the extrusion ratio of an extruding barrel is 65, and the cast ingot is heated in a step gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 483 ℃, the heating temperature of the middle part of the extrusion cylinder is 469 ℃, and the heating temperature of the tail part of the extrusion cylinder is 458 ℃; the temperature of an extrusion die is 455 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.6mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 9 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to 98 ℃, so that the composite material is prepared;
s6, heat treatment: and (4) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then aging, wherein the heat treatment process comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature at 560 ℃ for 1.5h, the aging temperature is 195 ℃ and the aging time is 5 h.
Comparative example 1
The preparation process is basically the same as that of the embodiment 2, except that the prepared aluminum alloy lacks Sc, Zr and Pm.
Comparative example 2
The process was essentially the same as that used in example 2, except that the aluminum alloy was absent of Sc.
Comparative example 3
The procedure was essentially the same as in example 2, except that the aluminum alloy was made without Zr.
Comparative example 4
The process was essentially the same as that used in example 2, except that Pm was absent from the resulting aluminum alloy.
Comparative example 5
The boron aluminum carbide composite material was prepared by the process of examples 1, 3 and 5 disclosed in the Chinese patent application "an aluminum-based composite material and method for preparing the same" (application No. 202010127633.4).
The boron aluminum carbide composite materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 5 were subjected to the measurement of tensile strength and elongation, and the test results thereof are shown in the following table.
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
From the above table, it can be seen that: (1) as can be seen from the data of examples 1-3 and comparative example 5, the tensile strength and elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material prepared by the invention are obviously superior to those of the boron carbide aluminum composite material prepared by the prior art, and are respectively at least higher than 33.8% and 17.1%; meanwhile, the data of the examples 1 to 3 are combined, and the example 2 is the optimal example.
(2) As can be seen from the data of example 2 and comparative examples 1-4, Sc, Zr and Pm play a synergistic role in preparing the boron aluminum carbide composite material, and the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron aluminum carbide composite material are synergistically improved, because: sc forms supersaturated solid solution in the aluminum alloy, and Al which is coherent with the matrix is dispersed and precipitated through the action of heat treatment3And the Sc particles are used for performing modification strengthening, dispersion and substructure strengthening on the matrix, so that the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy are obviously improved. When Zr is added into the aluminum alloy, the Zr and Sc generate Al in the aluminum alloy3The (Sc, Zr) particles strengthen the alloy by fine grains and precipitation, further improve the tensile strength and elongation, and simultaneously, the secondary Al of nanometer level3And (Sc and Zr) are precipitated, have pinning effects on dislocation and subgrain boundaries, and improve the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy. Pm has strong effect of refining grains, can inhibit the recrystallization of the aluminum alloy and increase the ductility of the alloy,the tensile strength and the elongation of the aluminum alloy are improved; in addition, Pm can form a fine dispersion strengthening phase with Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn and the like in the aluminum alloy, so that the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material are improved. Under the matching use of Sc, Zr and Pm, the tensile strength and the elongation of the boron carbide aluminum composite material are synergistically improved.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. The boron carbide aluminum composite material is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by volume: 81% -97% of aluminum alloy and 3% -19% of boron carbide; the boron carbide comprises a first boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 18.2 mu m, a second boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 7.8 mu m and a third boron carbide with the average grain diameter D50 of 0.3 mu m, and the volume ratio of the first boron carbide to the second boron carbide to the third boron carbide is 10-12:3-5: 1; the aluminum alloys include a first aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 12.6 μm, a second aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 4.5 μm, and a third aluminum alloy having an average particle size D50 of 0.6 μm, the first aluminum alloy, the second aluminum alloy, and the third aluminum alloy being in a volume ratio of 9-13:5-7: 1;
the aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.25% of Si, 0.16% of Fe, 0.07% of Cu, 0.8% of Mn, 6.3% of Mg, 0.13% of Zn, 0.11% of Cr, 0.15% of Sc, 0.16% of Zr, 0.06% of Pm, and the balance of Al and other inevitable impurity elements.
2. A method for preparing the boron carbide aluminum composite material according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
s1, surface treatment: washing the first boron carbide, the second boron carbide and the third boron carbide calculated according to the proportion at the temperature of 58-72 ℃ in the washing process, standing for 6-7min, and removing the upper water body in the washing container; repeating the above steps for 2-3 times; putting the washed boron carbide into a drying box for drying for 14-17 h; the dried boron carbide is placed in a furnace to be heated at the temperature of 600-700 ℃ for 1-1.5 h;
s2, ball milling and powder mixing: mixing the boron carbide for standby in the step S1 with the first aluminum alloy powder, placing the mixture in a ball mill at the rotating speed of 500-2.5 h for 600 r/min, adding the second aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 300-400 r/min for 1-1.5h, adding the third aluminum alloy powder into the ball mill for mixing at the rotating speed of 150-250 r/min for 1.5-2h to obtain uniformly mixed powder;
s3, sintering: placing the powder obtained in the step S2 in a cylindrical die, cold-pressing to the pressure of 8-18MPa, then placing the die in a heating furnace for heating, keeping the temperature for 2.5-3.5h, carrying out hot pressing by using a press machine, cooling to room temperature after the hot pressing is finished, and demoulding to obtain a cast ingot;
s4, homogenization treatment: heating the ingot prepared in the step S3, preserving heat for 16-22h, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace after heat preservation is finished, and preparing the homogenized ingot;
s5: placing the cast ingot subjected to the homogenization treatment in the step S4 into an extruder for extrusion, wherein the cast ingot is heated in a step gradient heating mode; the heating temperature of the head part of the extrusion cylinder is 475-; the temperature of an extrusion die is 450-460 ℃, the extrusion speed is controlled to be 0.4-0.7mm/s, the cast ingot is placed in a heat preservation furnace after being extruded, furnace cooling is carried out, wherein the cooling rate of the extruded material is controlled to be 6-9 ℃/min, and air cooling is carried out after the extruded material is cooled to be below 100 ℃ to obtain the composite material;
s6, heat treatment: and (5) carrying out heat preservation and water quenching on the composite material prepared in the step S5, and then carrying out aging.
3. The method for preparing a boron carbide aluminum composite material according to claim 2, wherein the temperature for drying the boron carbide washed in step S1 in a drying oven is 65-70 ℃.
4. The method for preparing boron carbide aluminum composite material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the mold is placed in a heating furnace and heated to temperature 540-558 ℃ in step S3.
5. The method for preparing a boron carbide aluminum composite material according to claim 2, wherein the step S3 is performed by hot pressing with a press machine at a pressure of 65 to 73 MPa.
6. The method for preparing a boron carbide aluminum composite material as claimed in claim 2, wherein in step S4, the ingot prepared in step S3 is heated to 520 ℃ and 550 ℃, and then is subjected to heat preservation for 16-22 h.
7. The method for producing a boron carbide-aluminum composite material according to claim 2, wherein the extrusion ratio of the extrusion cylinder in step S5 is 60 to 65.
8. The method for preparing a boron carbide aluminum composite material according to claim 2, wherein the heat treatment process in step S6 is: keeping the temperature at 530 ℃ and 560 ℃ for 1.5-2.5 h.
9. The method for preparing boron carbide aluminum composite material as claimed in claim 2, wherein the aging temperature in step S6 is 180-.
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