CN112175950B - 一种稳定的环状DNAzyme的制备方法及其在Pb2+检测中的应用 - Google Patents
一种稳定的环状DNAzyme的制备方法及其在Pb2+检测中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明开发了一种稳定的环状DNAzyme的制备方法及其在Pb2+检测中的应用,该环状DNAzyme由哑铃状单链DNA的自模板封闭而合成制备。由于环状结构中的双链以稳定的分子内杂交的形式存在,而且封闭的环状结构可以抵抗核酸酶的降解,因此该DNAzyme具有良好的热力学及生物学稳定性。接下来,基于该环状DNAzyme对Pb2+的高度依赖性(GR5 DNAzyme只有在Pb2+存在下才显示催化活性),结合末端转移酶(TdT)延伸反应以及T7 Exo辅助的循环扩增技术,设计构建了超灵敏的Pb2+生物传感器。并将其用于了食品及环境样品中Pb2+的检测,检测结果与ICP‑MS仪器检测结果一致。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物传感领域,具体涉及一种对Pb2+特异性识别的环状脱氧核酶及其制备方法及其与生物传感技术相结合应用于食品和环境样品中对Pb2+检测。
背景技术
金属离子对人体具有双重作用,有些金属离子是人体维持生命活动所必需的,但也有一些会对人体造成较大的伤害。如铅,含量极微即可表现出较大的毒性。且它们不能降解,在人体内长期积累必将造成持续的伤害。金属离子的准确灵敏检测在医学、食品和环境等领域都具有十分重要的意义,因而也是全球分析工作者的研究重点。而当前最可靠、最有效的分析方法还是常规的实验室检测方法:如电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)、原子吸收光谱法 (AAS)、原子发射光谱法(AES)等,虽然都可以实现高灵敏、高选择性的检测,但以上方法多依赖于精细昂贵的大型仪器,需要复杂的样品前处理过程和专业的技术人员操作,只能在实验室条件下进行,未能满足便携式检测的要求,很难应用于现场原位实时检测当中。
而当前存在的环境污染、食品安全问题具有很强的突发性、时效性、频繁性,因此对检测技术提出了更高的要求。寻求一种简单、快速、灵敏的重金属离子定性、定量检测技术仍然是人们不断追求的目标。1997年,Breaker和Joyce等通过SELEX筛选技术得到了一种能够在Pb2+存在下对RNA显示切割活性的DNA分子,称之为脱氧核酶(DNAzyme)。与天然蛋白质酶相比,DNA酶具有化学合成和修饰简单,化学和生物稳定性高,可逆变性和对相应靶标的高度特异性等诸多优势。另外,就某些脱氧核酶而言,它们对某些金属离子显示了高度的识别特异性。只有在特定金属离子的存在下,它们才能显示酶活性,且酶活性的大小与金属离浓度密切相关。这些特性使DNAzyme在金属离子检测中的应用提供了极大可行性,在分析化学、食品安全和环境监测等各个领域中具有较好的应用前景。迄今为止,已有多种针对不同金属离子(包括Pb2+,Mg2+,Zn2+,Cu2+,U2+,Hg2+,Ag+和Cd2+等)的DNAzyme见诸报道。人们将其与生物传感技术相结合,制备了一系列高灵敏度、高特异性的金属离子传感器,实现了多种重金属离子的检测。
但是,当前多数DNAzyme仍存在热力学及化学性质不稳定性的问题,极大的限制了它们在复杂样品和极端环境下的应用。因此,迫切需要开发一种可以避免非特异性构型改变的更为稳定的DNAzyme。
发明内容
本发明开发了一种简单的方法来制备稳定的环状结构的DNAzyme。该环状DNAzyme由哑铃状单链DNA的自模板封闭而合成制备。由于环状结构中的双链以分子内杂交的形式存在,而且封闭的环状结构可以抵抗核酸酶的降解,因此该DNAzyme具有良好的热力学及生物学稳定性。
为了实现本发明的目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种环状GR5 DNAzyme的制备方法,该方法包括:将ssGR5的底物和酶的部分结合成一条链以形成哑铃状GR5;在T4连接酶作用下,由哑铃型单链GR5 DNAzyme制备环状GR5DNAzyme。
具体地,该环状GR5 DNAzyme的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将ssGR5溶液在95℃孵育3分钟,然后冷却至25℃孵育30分钟,以形成哑铃形DS-GR5;再加入T4 DNA连接酶 25℃下进行连接反应3小时,形成环状GR5 DNAzyme。
具体地,该方法还包括如下步骤:连接反应后,加入Exo I和Exo III在37℃下孵育1 h,以完全消化未封闭的底物;然后在80℃加热20分钟使酶失活。
本发明还提供了上述方法制备的环状GR5 DNAzyme。
本发明还提供了该环状GR5 DNAzyme在食品或环境样品中Pb2+的检测中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种Pb2+检测传感器,包括上述的环状GR5 DNAzyme。其结构如下(图 5所示):
具体地,本发明提供了一种Pb2+检测传感器(Pb2+检测试剂盒),包括上述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dNTP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,HEPES缓冲液,KCl,NaCl,氯化血红素,ABTS2-(2,2'-二氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸),H2O2。
具体地,本发明还提供了一种Pb2+检测传感器(Pb2+检测试剂盒),包括上述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dNTP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,ThT,10×Tris-HCl缓冲液,H2O。
具体地,本发明还提供了一种Pb2+检测传感器(Pb2+检测试剂盒),包括上述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dATP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,10×NEBuffer,Poly-dT探针, T7Exo。
本发明制备的环状GR5 DNAzyme可以在较宽的温度范围(4-65℃)、盐浓度(>100mM) 和pH(5.0-9.0)范围下都具有良好的催化性能。且该环状GR5 DNAzyme对Pb2+的高度依赖性(只有在Pb2+存在下才显示催化活性),结合末端转移酶(TdT)延伸反应以及T7 Exo辅助的循环扩增技术,设计构建了超灵敏的Pb2+生物传感器。并将其用于了食品及环境样品中Pb2+的检测,检测结果与ICP-MS仪器检测结果一致,为复杂基质样品中Pb2+的现场实时、快速灵敏检测提供了极大的可行性。
1、Pb2+存在下,环状GR5 DNAzyme的底物部分将在识别位点处的核糖核苷酸处裂解,生成2',3'环状磷酸酯的3'末端,可以被T4 PNK羟基化。在60%dGTP和40%dATP存在下,TdT酶可以延长3'-OH-末端,生成可以形成G-四链体的富含G碱基的单链序列。G-四链体不仅可以结合氯化血红素形成具有过氧化物酶活性的G-四链体DNAzyme,从而催化H2O2将ABTS2-氧化为ABTS-的显色反应(由无色变为绿色),也可以与特定的荧光染料ThT结合以产生荧光信号。因此基于紫外吸收或荧光信号与Pb2+浓度的关系,可以成功构建Pb2+传感器;
2、Pb2+存在下,环状GR5的底物部分将在识别位点处的核糖核苷酸处裂解,释放的3'-OH- 端可以通过TdT延长,形成富含A碱基的长单链序列Poly-dA。当将Poly-dT添加到系统中时,它将与Poly-dA尾巴杂交,形成双链DNA区域。在这种情况下,T7 Exo可以特异性识别双链DNA中的切割位点,将Poly-dT探针酶解为单核苷酸,导致荧光基团与猝灭接团的远离,从而产生恢复的荧光信号。由于释放的Poly-dA序列可以重新用于与另一个Poly-dT探针杂交,启动新的酶切循环,因此可以为传感系统提供循环放大的检测信号。根据荧光信号值与Pb2+建立线性关系,成功构建了Pb2+传感器。
本发明所具有的有益效果:
本发明创新性地提出了一种简单且通用的方法来制备高度稳定的DNAzyme,并实现了复杂基质(食品、环境)样品中Pb2+的准确定量检测,在开发灵敏、便携和快速地适用于现场在线Pb2+检测的方法方面展示出广阔的前景。具体地:
1、本发明环状DNAzyme具有极好的稳定性,即使在极端环境条件下也可以保持催化活性。
2、本发明利用这种环状DNAzyme系统,开发了两种简单,灵敏的方法来检测Pb2+,可以通过肉眼直接观察或使用荧光光谱仪对其进行准确定量检测。
3、这些发现可能会对多个方面产生潜在影响:
(1)单链DNA的自我模板封闭为制备更稳定的DNAzyme提供了一种新方法;
(2)由于环状DNAzyme没有3'和5'末端,避免了特异性杂交和延伸,即使以比色方法作为信号输出模式,也可以赋予传感平台较低的背景信号,从而保证较高的检测灵敏度。
附图说明
图1制备环状GR5 DNAzyme的机理及其在Pb2+检测传感器原理示意图
图2环状GR5 DNAzyme的稳定性(Tm溶解曲线、电泳分析以及紫外吸收光谱分析)
图3基于环状GR5 DNAzyme的Pb2+传感器的灵敏度
图4基于环状GR5 DNAzyme的Pb2+传感器的线性范围和选择性。
图5环状GR5 DNAzyme构成。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但不限定本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
一、环状GR5 DNAzyme的制备
从生工生物公司(上海)购置的粉末状ssDNA,首先高速(8000rpm)离心15min,然后根据所配浓度加入二次去离子水,涡旋混匀10min进行溶解。ssDNA的浓度通过测量260nm处的紫外吸光度来计算所得。
将5μL ssGR5溶液(10μM)首先在95℃孵育3分钟,然后冷却至25℃孵育30分钟,以确保形成哑铃形GR5。接下来,将20U的T4 DNA连接酶加入混合物中,并且在25℃下进行连接反应3小时,形成环状GR5 DNAzyme。之后,加入2μL Exo I(20U/μL)和1μL Exo III(100U/μL),并将混合物在37℃下孵育1h,以完全消化未封闭的底物。通过将混合物在80℃加热20分钟使酶失活。将获得环状GR5 DNAzyme的溶液保存在-20℃下以备后用。(图1A)
二、基于环状GR5 DNAzyme进行Pb2+传感器的设计
基于GR5催化活性对辅因子Pb2+的高度依赖性,获得了两个简单的Pb2+传感器。
1、首先,将20μL环状GR5 DNAzyme(1μM)添加到含有不同浓度Pb2+的反应体系(30 μL)中。快速涡旋后,加入20U T4 PNK,并将混合物在37℃下孵育30分钟,将2',3'环状磷酸酯3'末端转化为3'-OH。接下来,将2μL dNTP(100mM,40%dATP和60%dGTP), 3μL 10×TdT缓冲液,3μL CoCl2(2.5mM)和20U TdT加入到切除反应系统中,总体积为 50μL,然后在37℃下孵育60分钟,以得到富含G的延伸序列。
为了进行比色测定,将5μL 10×HEPES缓冲液(pH 6.4),10μL 200mM KCl,10μL 2MNaCl,5μL 10mM氯化血红素加入上述反应混合物中。将混合物在25℃下放置30分钟后,添加3.2μL 100mM的ABTS2-(2,2'-二氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)和2.2μL 100mM的H2O2,混合物的总体积为100μL。反应进行4分钟后,在420nm处记录反应产物ABTS﹒-的紫外吸收光谱。(图1B)
为了进行荧光分析,在TdT扩增反应后,加入5μL 100μM ThT,5μL 10×Tris-HCl缓冲液(500mM Tris-HCl,500mM KCl,pH 7.2)和40μL H2O将样品加入样品中,使混合物总体积为100μL。快速涡旋后,在425nm激发下监测445至600nm的发射光谱。收集485nm 处的荧光强度以定量Pb2+。(图1B)
2、首先,将5μL环状GR5 DNAzyme(1μM)添加到含有不同浓度Pb2+的反应系统(20 μL)中。快速涡旋后,加入20U T4 PNK,并将混合物在37℃下孵育30分钟,将2',3'环状磷酸酯3'末端转化为3'-OH。接下来,将2μL dATP,4μL 10×TdT缓冲液,4μL CoCl2(2.5 mM)和20UTdT加入到总体积为50μL的切除反应系统中,然后在37℃下孵育60分钟以延伸至富含A的序列。之后,通过在80℃加热10分钟使T4 PNK和TdT聚合酶失活。接下来,加入5μL 10×NEBuffer 4、5μL Poly-dT探针(10μM),10U T7 Exo。将总体积为100 μL的混合物在25℃下孵育30分钟。在492nm激发下检测500至580nm的发射光谱。(图 1C)
图1A环状GR5 DNAzyme制备涉及的各物质为:
10μM单链GR5 DNAzyme;
10×T4 DNA连接酶缓冲液(pH 7.4,500mM Tris–HCl,100mM MgCl2,10mM ATP);
2U以上的T4 DNA连接酶;
20U/μL Exo I;
100U/μL Exo III。
图1B对应的Pb2+检测传感器,其组成为:
比色方法:1μM制备的环状GR5 DNAzyme;
5至20U的T4 PNK;
100mM dNTP(40%dATP和60%dGTP);
10×TdT缓冲液(500mM KAc,200mM Tris-Ac,100mM Mg(Ac)2,pH 7.9);
2.5mM CoCl2;
5U以上的TdT;
HEPES缓冲液(pH=6.4);
200mM KCl;
2M NaCl;
10mM氯化血红素;
100mM ABTS2-(2,2'-二氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸);
100mM H2O2。
荧光方法:
1μM制备的环状GR5 DNAzyme;
5至20U的T4 PNK;
100mM dNTP(40%dATP和60%dGTP);
10×TdT缓冲液(包括500mM KAc,200mM Tris-Ac,100mM Mg(Ac)2,pH 7.9);
2.5mM CoCl2;
5U以上的TdT。
10×Tris-HCl缓冲液(包括500mM Tris-HCl,500mM KCl,pH 7.2);
100M ThT。
图1C对应的Pb2+检测传感器,其组成为:
1μM制备的环状GR5 DNAzyme;
5U以上T4 PNK;
100mM dATP;
10×TdT缓冲液(包括500mM KAc,200mM Tris-Ac,100mM Mg(Ac)2,pH 7.9);
2.5mM CoCl2;
5U以上的TdT;
10μM Poly-dT探针;
10U以上T7 Exo;
10×NEB4缓冲液(包括500mM KAc,200mM Tris-Ac,100mM Mg(Ac)2,pH 7.9)。
三、下面结合附图详细说明本发明制备的传感器的结构和性能
(1)环状GR5 DNAzyme稳定性研究
首先,通过Tm实验分析(图2A,B)环状GR5 DNAzyme在不同离子强度及不同pH条件下的解链温度。结果表明环状GR5 DNAzyme可以在较宽盐浓度(>100mM)和pH(5.0-9.0) 范围下都具有良好的热力学稳定性(Tm>40℃)。电泳分析进一步表明其生物学稳定性。如图2C所示,用DNase I,Exo I或Exo III处理后,在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)图像中仍可以观察到明显的环状DNA酶带(泳道4和泳道5)。相反,在孵育60分钟后,用10U DNase I或10UExo I+10U Exo III(泳道2和泳道3)处理后没有谱带,表明未封闭的DS-GR5已完全降解。环状GR5 DNAzyme的生物稳定性通过基于TdT合成的G-四链体的紫外可见吸收光谱进一步验证。如图2D所示,用DNase I/Exo I+Exo III处理后,未封闭的哑铃状GR5的紫外吸收几乎与游离Hemin的紫外吸收相同,这表明没有任何G-四链体生产的。相反,将环状 GR5 DNAzyme与三种核酸酶(DNase I+Exo I+Exo III)同时孵育后,在420nm附近吸收急剧增加,并且观察到反应溶液的颜色发生了变化。这些结果与电泳结果一致,证明了环状 GR5 DNAzyme确实可以获得显著的生物稳定性,而对其催化活性没有任何影响,这证明了环状系统在复杂生物样品中的应用前景广阔。
(2)基于环状GR5 DNAzyme构建Pb2+传感器可行性分析
为了验证环状GR5 DNAzyme的潜在应用,基于其催化活性高度依赖于辅因子Pb2+,根据图1B和C开发了一种简单的Pb2+传感器。在不同的温度和pH值下,研究了这种环状GR5DNAzyme用于Pb2+传感器构建的可行性。如图3A所示,选择三个温度(普通冷藏存储温度为4℃;室温为25℃,生理相关温度为37℃)和三个pH值(酸度为5.0,中性为7.0,碱度为9.0)作为代表。如图3A所示,记录了在有和没有Pb2+的情况下在420nm处的吸光度变化,在不同条件下观察到了具有相似值(信噪比(S/B)约11.5倍)的图。这表明该Pb2+传感器能够在可能跨越很宽的温度和pH范围的复杂条件下正常工作。同理,图3B中聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PEAG)结果也表明,只有在Pb2+存在时,环状GR5 DNAzyme才会发生断裂,且被延伸,形成长的富G序列,表明此环状GR5 DNAzyme用于Pb2+检测的可行性。
(3)基于环状GR5 DNAzyme构建Pb2+传感器的灵敏度探究
a.图3C为使用不同浓度Pb2+时的紫外吸光度变化,420nm处的紫外吸光度随着Pb2+浓度的增加而逐渐增加,当Pb2+浓度大于20nM时达到平衡。420nm处的紫外吸光度与Pb2+的浓度在0.2至1nM之间获得线性关系(A=0.093+0.296C,R2=0.9989),检出限为0.085nM。同理,基于荧光染料ThT对G-四链体的特异性结合,可建立以荧光作为信号输出模式的传感器。 525nm处的荧光强度与Pb2+的浓度在0.2至1nM之间获得线性关系(F=2.73+96.62C, R2=0.993),检出限为0.072nM。以上两种方法的检出限远远低于美国环保署规定的饮用水中的Pb2+的浓度限量。
b.为了进一步提高传感系统的灵敏度,我们将感测策略与TdT/T7 Exo辅助的循环扩增反应相结合(图1C)。在优化条件下评估了该传感系统对Pb2+分析的灵敏度(5U T7 Exo和400nM Poly-dT)。如图4A所示,随着Pb 2+浓度的增加,在517nm处的荧光强度逐渐增加,并且当 Pb2+浓度大于20nM时最终达到平稳。荧光强度与Pb2+的浓度在0.005至0.05nM之间获得线性关系(F=7.68+3017.71C,R2=0.9953),并且检测限为0.0015nM,比检测低40倍。(4)基于环状GR5 DNAzyme构建Pb2+传感器的特异性探究。
通过比较相同条件下传感平台(图1C)对不同金属离子(Ca2+,Mn2+,Cd2+,Ba2+,Zn2+,Ni2+,Cu2+,Cr3+和Hg2+)的响应,研究了该方法的选择性。如图4B所示,在20nM Pb2+存在下,可以观察到显著的荧光增强;但是对于其他金属离子而言,即使浓度增加500倍,也几乎不产生作为荧光信号的响应。而且,在存在其他离子的混合物的情况下,荧光信号几乎不变。该结果表明,我们准备的传感系统对Pb2+的检测具有极好的选择性,并且可以抵抗其他金属离子的干扰。
所有DNA和RNA寡核苷酸均购自Sangon Biotech Co.Ltd.(中国上海),并通过高效液相色谱法纯化。三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(Tris)获自Sigma-Aldrich。本发明中使用的MgCl2和其他试剂均为分析纯,无需进一步纯化即可直接使用。在整个过程中使用去离子水(电阻> 18MΩ·cm)。从国家有色金属和电子材料分析测试中心(中国北京)获得了1000μg/mL的铅离子标准储备溶液(GSB04-1742-2004)。
所有的荧光测量均在Shimadzu RF-5301PC荧光光谱仪(日本Shimadzu Ltd.)上进行,使用540nm作为激发波长,并且波长范围为550-800nm。在XP循环仪(杭州博瑞科技有限公司,中国杭州)上进行孵育或退火。在Shimadzu UV-2450光谱仪(Shimadzu Ltd.,Japan)上进行UV光谱测量。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种环状GR5 DNAzyme的制备方法,其特征在于:该方法还包括如下步骤:连接反应后,加入Exo I和Exo III在37℃下孵育1h,以完全消化未封闭的底物;然后在80℃加热20分钟使酶失活。
4.一种环状GR5 DNAzyme,其特征在于:该环状GR5 DNAzyme由权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法制备得到。
5.权利要求4所述环状GR5 DNAzyme在食品或环境样品中Pb2+的检测中的应用。
6.一种Pb2+检测传感器,其特征在于:包括权利要求4所述的环状GR5 DNAzyme。
7.一种Pb2+检测传感器,其特征在于:包括权利要求4所述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dNTP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,HEPES缓冲液,KCl,NaCl,氯化血红素,ABTS2-,H2O2。
8.一种Pb2+检测传感器,其特征在于:包括权利要求4所述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dNTP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,ThT,10×Tris-HCl缓冲液,H2O。
9.一种Pb2+检测传感器,其特征在于:包括权利要求4所述的环状GR5 DNAzyme,T4 PNK,dATP,10×TdT缓冲液,CoCl2,TdT,10×NEBuffer,Poly-dT探针,T7 Exo。
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