CN111772053A - 菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法 - Google Patents
菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111772053A CN111772053A CN202010784414.3A CN202010784414A CN111772053A CN 111772053 A CN111772053 A CN 111772053A CN 202010784414 A CN202010784414 A CN 202010784414A CN 111772053 A CN111772053 A CN 111772053A
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Abstract
一种菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法,在肉鸡日粮中添加5%‑25%的菜籽粕,并在菜籽粕日粮基础上添加0.5%‑2%谷氨酰胺,日粮添加1.0%Gln能够提高肉鸡机体免疫性能,可在一定程度上改善肠道健康。为肉鸡日粮科学配制及菜籽粕的合理利用及添加安全上限提供依据。在肉鸡饲料日粮中最大限度地以菜籽粕替代豆粕作为植物蛋白源,日粮中添加Gln最大限度降低菜籽粕的毒副作用,不影响肉鸡的正常生长,降低饲料成本,提高经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及菜籽粕日粮添加谷氨酰胺对肉鸡的影响,尤其涉及菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作肉鸡饲料蛋白源保护肉鸡肠道及改善肉鸡免疫性能的方法。
背景技术
油菜籽粕是油菜榨油后的副产物,其粗蛋白的含量为38%-40%,氨基酸组成较为合理且蛋氨酸含量较高,是良好的植物性蛋白来源,将油菜籽粕更有效地应用于畜禽饲料中是解决目前我国饲料蛋白质短缺的一个有效途径。但随着油菜粕添加量的增加,动物的生长性能、肠道形态、饲料转化率及蛋白质利用效率均有所下降,因而使得油菜籽粕在肉鸡日粮上的应用量受到一定的限制。随着日粮中菜籽粕添加量的增加,会破坏肉鸡的肠道形态,从而影响着营养物质的利用效率。因此采用合理的营养调控手段来提高菜籽粕在肉鸡日粮中利用效率成为必然。谷氨酰胺(Gln)是血液中含量最丰富的氨基酸,占到整个机体氨基酸氮来源的30%-35%,是机体中氮转运的重要载体。Gln是肠道上皮细胞的重要能量来源,是合成嘌呤和嘧啶的必需前体,在维持肠道上皮完整性和养分吸收方面发挥重要的作用。肠道是营养物质代谢、消化和吸收的主要器官,也是体内最大的免疫器官。促进小肠上皮细胞增殖,对促进肠道发育、维持家禽健康及提高养分消化利用具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源提高鸡免疫力的方法,在肉鸡日粮中添加5%-25%的菜籽粕,并在菜籽粕日粮基础上分别添加0.5%-2%谷氨酰胺,对1-42日龄肉鸡生长性能(平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比)、免疫性能(包括免疫器官指数、肠道分泌型sIgA及肠道粘蛋白1和2)、肠道形态(绒毛高度、隐窝深度及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值)、肠道紧密连接蛋白(Occudin-1、ZO-1及Claudin )mRNA表达,都起到较好的效果。试验结果表明日粮添加1.0% Gln能够提高肉鸡机体免疫性能,可在一定程度上改善肠道健康。
菜籽粕是油菜籽压榨或浸提工艺生产食用油后的副产品,粗蛋白含量在34.8%~40%,富含蛋氨酸,矿物质中的钙、磷和B族维生素等含量丰富,是替代豆粕的优选植物性蛋白原料。然而,菜籽粕中含有葡萄糖硫甙、芥子碱、单宁等抗营养因子,会对动物产生一定的毒害作用及抗营养作用。研究表明,在早期肉鸡日粮添加10%左右的菜粕并不影响肉鸡的生长性能。但随菜籽粕添加量的增加,肉鸡的生长性能、器官发育等受到抑制。研究显示,菜籽粕日粮菜籽粕含量达到或超过20%时,肉鸡的肠道形态受到破坏。因而,为了提升菜籽粕的利用,本发明旨在选用一定的外源营养调控剂来克服以上的缺陷是一种有效的方法。所述的外源营养调控剂为谷氨酰胺(Gln)。
谷氨酰胺(Gln)是机体内一种重要的营养素,在肌肉和血液中含量比较丰富,是一种重要的功能性氨基酸。Gln是蛋白质、氨基酸、嘌呤等生物大分子合成的重要前体,也是肠黏膜上皮细胞快速分裂增殖的主要能源物质,改善小肠黏膜功能和维持肠道黏膜健康方面起着重要的作用。大量研究表明,日粮添加1% Gln显著增加了肉鸡十二指肠及空肠绒毛高度,增加肠道绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,有利于维持肠道形态结构的完整性及提高肠道黏膜免疫水平。在肉鸡日粮中分别添加0%、0.5%、1%及1.5% Gln,结果发现,日粮添加Gln显著增加了肉鸡胸腺指数及脾脏指数,并且以1% Gln添加效果最好。但就我们所知,有关Gln对菜籽粕日粮肉鸡免疫性能及肠道免疫机能的影响还未见报道。因此,本方法用鸡为对象,通过在其日粮中添加20%的菜籽粕和不同比例的Gln,对肉鸡免疫性能及肠道免疫机能的影响,以期为肉鸡日粮科学配制及菜籽粕的合理利用及添加安全上限提供依据。
采用本方法的有益效果:在肉鸡饲料日粮中最大限度地以菜籽粕替代豆粕作为植物蛋白源,日粮中添加Gln最大限度降低菜籽粕的毒副作用,不影响肉鸡的正常生长,降低饲料成本,提高经济效益,是行之有效的方法之一。
附图说明
图1为20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对鸡空肠黏膜sIgA含量的影响图。
图2为20%菜籽粕添加对空肠黏膜MUC1 mRNA表达的影响图。
图3为20% Gln添加对空肠黏膜MUC2 mRNA表达的影响图。
具体实施方式
本发明的菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法,在肉鸡日粮中添加5%-25%的菜籽粕,并在菜籽粕日粮基础上分别添加0.5%-2%谷氨酰胺,对1-42日龄肉鸡生长性能(平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比)、免疫性能(包括免疫器官指数、肠道分泌型sIgA及肠道粘蛋白1和2)、肠道形态(绒毛高度、隐窝深度及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值)、肠道紧密连接蛋白(Occudin-1、ZO-1及Claudin )mRNA表达,都起到较好的效果。试验结果表明日粮添加1.0% Gln能够提高肉鸡机体免疫性能,可在一定程度上改善肠道健康。其具体材料与方法详述如下:
1.1 试验材料及来源
试验用菜籽粕购自遵义金鼎农业科技有限公司(粗蛋白含量为35.0%,葡萄糖硫甙含量为 34.5 μmol/g);谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)购自上海斐雅科技有限公司,含量99.10%。
1.2试验设计及饲养管理
选取1 d体重相近且健康的黔东南小香鸡120只,随机分为4个处理(A、B、C及D),每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。其中A组饲喂基础日粮(对照组,不添加菜籽粕),B组饲喂添加20%菜籽粕日粮,C组和D组分别在B组日粮的基础上额外添加0.5%和1% Gln,试验期为42 d。具体日粮配方及营养水平如表1所示。
饲养管理具体如下:试验1~3 d鸡舍内的温度为32~34℃,以后每周降低2~3℃,使最终室温维持在26℃左右。试验1~3 d鸡舍内湿度维持在70%左右,以后维持在60%~65%左右。每天投料3次(早、中、晚各1次),整个试验期鸡只自由采食和饮水。按常规鸡只免疫程序进行免疫,试验地点为贵州榕江山农发展有限公司。
1.3 试验主要仪器
VELP ZX3型旋涡混合器(东南科仪);UV-5200紫外可见分光光度计(上海元析仪器有限责任公司);HL-7K掌式离心机(上海沪析实业有限公司);R 134a-低温高速离心机(Effendorf,美国);CB 1600-H型超净工作台(苏洁医疗器械(苏州)有限公司);ND2000超微量核酸蛋白测定仪(Thermo,德国);CFX Connect-三通道梯度荧光定量PCR仪(Bio-rad,美国)。
1.4 试验样品采集
试验结束时,每个处理选择10只鸡进行空腹称重(与各处理组平均体重接近)并宰杀,迅速采集颈静脉血液于10 mL离心管中,倾斜放置便于收集血清。血液采集完毕,立即打开腹腔,分别摘取脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊进行称重并记录。同时采集5 cm左右的空肠,纵向剖开后用预冷生理盐水冲净食糜,用载玻片轻轻刮取肠黏膜并装入冻存管,放入液氮中保存待测。
1.5 测定指标与方法
1.5.1 肠道指数
所有鸡只进行空腹称重后,每个处理组分别选择10只符合群体均重的肉鸡进行称重并宰杀。宰杀后立即打开腹腔,分别收集十二指肠、空肠及回肠,用于肠道指数的测定。
肠道相对长度=各肠段长度(cm)/宰前活重(kg)。
肠道相对重量=各肠段重量(g)/宰前活重(kg)。
1.5.2免疫器官指数
采集脾脏,胸腺及法式囊,用精密天平迅速称其鲜重,计算免疫器官指数,计算公式如下:
免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重(g)/宰前重(kg)。
1.5.3血清免疫蛋白测定
按照试剂盒操作说明进行血清IgA、IgG及IgM含量的测定,所需试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
1.5.4空肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(Secretory Immunoglobulin A,sIgA)测定
采用试剂盒测定空肠黏膜sIgA含量,具体操作按照试剂盒说明要求进行,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
1.5.5 空肠黏膜MUC1及MUC2 mRNA表达
采用RT-PCR法进行MUC1及MUC2 mRNA表达的测定。主要步骤如下:称取一定质量的空肠黏膜样品,放入盛有预冷RNAiso Plus (产品编号:D9108A,TaKaRa) 5 mL DEPC预处理的离心管中,冰浴匀浆至液体澄清,然后经分相、RNA沉淀、RNA洗涤及RNA重溶,并用微量分光光度计测定所提取RNA的OD260/280值。利用PrimeScriptTM RT master Mix反转试剂盒进行RNA的转录,将转录后的cDNA置于-20℃条件下保存。再利用TB Green Premix Ex Taq试剂盒(No.RR420A)进行RT-PCR试验,PCR 反应程序如下: 95°C 30 s(1个循环), 95°C 5 s及60°C 34 s(40 个循环)。基因表达的相对定量的计算参照Livak and Schmittgen[18]的方法进行。
根据NCBI公布的基因序列设计目的基因的序列并以β-actin作内参,由生工生物合成,内参及目的基因序列见表2。
1.6数据统计与分析
应用SPSS 20.0统计软件中单因素方差程序进行数据处理,若差异显著采用Duncan's进行多重比较。结果平均数±标准差表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。
表1 基础日粮及营养水平
注:每千克饲粮提供:维生素A 6 000 IU,维生素B1 3.0 mg,维生素B2 5 mg,维生素B542 mg,维生素B6 4 mg,维生素B12 0.01 mg,维生素D3 1 000 IU,维生素E 30 mg,维生素K3 2.8 mg,泛酸钙10 mg,生物素 0.15 mg,叶酸 0.85 mg,铁(以硫酸亚铁计) 80 mg,铜(以硫酸铜计) 8 mg,锰 (以硫酸锰计)80 mg,锌(以硫酸锌计) 65 mg,碘(以碘化钠计)0.50mg,硒Se(以硒酸钠计)0.25 mg。其中,粗蛋白为实测值,其余为计算值。
Note:Provided by diets per kilogram:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 3.0 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB5 42 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 30 mg,VK3 2.8 mg,calciumpantothenate 10 mg,biotin 0.15 mg,folic acid 0.85 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate)80 mg,Cu(as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate)80 mg,Zn(as zincsulfate) 65 mg,I(as potassium iodide) 0.50mg,Se(as sodium selenite)0.25 mg。CPwas a measured value, while the others were calculated values.
Table 2 RT-PCR引物序列
2 结果与分析
2.1 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对肠道指数的影响
如表3所示,与对照组相比,日粮添加20%菜籽粕极显著降低了黔东南小香鸡十二指肠相对长度、空肠相对重量及回肠的相对长度及重量(P<0.01),显著降低了十二指肠相对重量及空肠相对长度(P<0.05)。与20%菜籽粕相比,日粮添加0.5% Gln对十二指肠、空肠及回肠的相对长度和相对重量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。并且,日粮添加0.5% Gln组十二指肠相对长度、空肠相对重量及回肠相对重量均于显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但十二指肠相对重量、空肠相对长度及回肠相对长度均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与20%菜籽粕添加组相比,日粮添加1% Gln极显著增加了十二指肠相对长度和相对重量、空肠相对重量及回肠相对长度和相对重量(P<0.01),显著增加了空肠相对长度(P<0.05),并且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与0.5% Gln添加相比,日粮添加1% Gln极显著增加了十二指肠相对长度及相对重量(P<0.01),但对空肠及回肠的相对长度及重量没有影响(P>0.05)。
表3 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对黔东南小香鸡肠道指数的影响
注:abc同行数据上角标不同大写字母表示差异极显著,不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),A组为基础日粮,B组为20%菜籽粕添加组,C组为B组基础上添加0.5% Gln,D组为B组基础上添加1% Gln。下表同。
Note: abcValues with different capital letters in the same line meansextremely significant difference (P<0.01) and values with small lettersuperscripts in the same line means significantly different (P<0.05). Group Awas fed with the basal diet; Group B was supplemented with 20% rapeseed meal,Group C and Group D were separately supplemented with 0.5% or 1% Gln. Thesame as below.
2.2 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对免疫器官指数的影响
如表4所示,与对照组相比,日粮添加20%菜籽粕极显著降低了胸腺指数(P<0.01),但对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数没有显著影响(P>0.05)。与添加20%菜籽粕相比,日粮添加0.5% Gln对脾脏指数、胸腺指数和法氏囊指数都没有显著影响(P>0.05)。然而,1% Gln添加极显著增加了胸腺指数(P<0.01),但对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数没有显著影响(P>0.05),且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与0.5% Gln添加组相比,日粮添加1% Gln极显著增加了胸腺指数(P<0.01),但对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数没有影响(P>0.05)。
表4 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对黔东南小香鸡免疫器官指数的影响
2.3 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响
如表5所示,与对照组相比,添加20%菜籽粕极显著降低了血清免疫蛋白IgA、IgG及IgM(P<0.01)。与添加20%的菜籽粕相比,添加0.5% Gln显著增加了免疫蛋白IgA、IgG及IgM(P<0.05),但0.5% Gln添加组IgG及IgM极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。然而,与20%菜籽粕组相比,1% Gln添加极显著增加了血清免疫蛋白IgA、IgG及IgM含量(P<0.01),并且1%Gln添加组血清IgM显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但血清IgA及IgG含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与0.5% Gln添加组相比,日粮添加1% Gln 极显著增加了血清免疫蛋白IgG及IgM含量(P<0.01),但对IgA含量没有影响(P>0.05)。
表5 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对黔东南小香鸡血清免疫球蛋白的影响
2.4 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对空肠黏膜sIgA含量的影响
如图1所示,与对照组相比,添加20%菜籽粕极显著降低了肉鸡空肠黏膜sIgA的含量(P<0.01)。与添加20%菜籽粕相比,日粮添加0.5% Gln对空肠黏膜sIgA含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。然而添加1% Gln极显著增加了空肠黏膜sIgA含量(P<0.01),且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与0.5% Gln添加相比,日粮添加1% Gln极显著增加了空肠黏膜sIgA含量(P>0.01)。
图1 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对黔东南小香鸡空肠黏膜sIgA含量的影响
Fig.1 Effect of 20% rapeseed meal and glutamine on the content of sIgA injejunum mucosa of Qiandongnan Xiaoxiang chicken
注:abc柱状图上不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。其中A为基础日粮(对照组);B组为20%菜籽粕添加日粮;C组为B组基础上添加0.5%Gln;D组为B组基础上添加1% Gln。
Note: abc Values above column with different capital letters meansignificant difference (P<0.01)and values with different letters meansignificant difference (P<0.05 ). Group A was fed with the basal diet; GroupB was supplemented with 20% rapeseed meal, Group C and Group D wereseparately supplemented with 0.5% or 1% Gln. The same as below.
2.5 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对空肠黏膜MUC1和MUC2 mRNA表达的影响
如图2、图3所示, 与对照组相比,添加20%的菜籽粕极显著降低了空肠黏膜MUC1(图2)和MUC2(图3)mRNA表达水平(P<0.01)。与添加20%的菜籽粕相比,添加0.5% Gln对肉鸡的空肠黏膜MUC1和MUC2 mRNA表达水平没有显著影响(P>0.05),但均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。然而,与20%菜籽粕添加组相比,1% Gln添加极显著增加了空肠黏膜MUC1和MUC2mRNA表达水平(P<0.01),且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与0.5% Gln添加组相比,日粮添加1% Gln对空肠黏膜MUC1 mRNA表达没有显著影响(P>0.05),但显著增加了空肠黏膜MUC2mRNA表达水平(P<0.05)。
图2、图3 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对空肠黏膜MUC1和MUC2 mRNA表达的影响
Fig.2 Effect of 20% rapeseed meal and glutamine supplementation on mRNAexpression of MUC1 and MUC2 in jejunum mucosa of Qiandongnan Xiaoxiangchicken
3对鸡生长发育的影响
3.1 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对肠道指数的影响
肠道的生长发育及健康情况在一定程度能够反映动物整体的生长性能和生理状况。本研究结果表明,日粮添加20%菜籽粕显著降低了黔东南小香鸡十二指肠、空肠及回肠相对长度及相对重量。到目前为止,有关于菜籽粕对肠道指数发育的影响还未见报道,但大量研究显示,随着菜籽粕添加剂量的增加,肉鸡肠道形态受到破坏,具体表现为肠道绒毛高度降低、隐窝深度增加。这意味着日粮添加高剂量菜籽粕在一定程度上抑制了肠道的生长发育。并且,我们的前期研究发现,日粮添加20%菜籽粕显著降低了21日龄黔东南小香鸡十二指肠、空肠及回肠相对长度及相对重量(未公开发表数据)。然而,日粮添加1% Gln显著增加了十二指肠、空肠及回肠的相对长度和相对重量。与此相似,黄晓亮等[20]研究同样表明, 日粮添加Gln显著增加了肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠重量及长度。这可能是由于Gln为肠上皮细胞提供能量,促进了促进细胞增殖和分化,从而促进肠道形态和粘膜发育[21]。这表明,Gln对菜籽粕添加引起的肠道发育抑制具有一定程度的改善作用。
3.2 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对免疫器官发育的影响
免疫器官指数是公认的适用于家畜和家禽免疫状态的评价指标。免疫器官发育情况可影响机体免疫力和抵抗病菌感染的能力。脾脏、胸腺及法氏囊是家禽主要的免疫器官。其中,脾脏参与了体液免疫和细胞免疫,是禽类最大的外周器官。法氏囊是禽类所特有的中枢淋巴器官,是B淋巴细胞发育成熟的主要场所。其中,法氏囊主要参与体液免疫,而胸腺主要参与细胞免疫。本试验结果表明,添加20%菜籽粕显著降低了胸腺指数及法氏囊指数,但对脾脏指数没有显著影响。但研究结果显示,日粮添加12%菜籽粕对肉鸡胸腺指数、法氏囊指数及脾脏指数均没有显著影响。研究表明,日粮添加15%菜籽粕显著降低了肉鸡胸腺指数,但对脾脏指数和法氏囊指数没有影响。这与本试验的结果并不完全相同,出现差异的原因可能是菜籽粕添加量的不同引起。这也提示高剂量菜籽粕添加可能会降低机体免疫器官发育,进而影响免疫性能。先前研究显示,日粮添加Gln为机体免疫器官的发育提供了丰富的嘌呤、嘧啶等活性前体物质,有利于促进免疫器官的生长发育。并且,补充Gln可以刺激肉仔鸡外周T淋巴细胞的增殖,从而使免疫器官的重量随之增加。此外,免疫器官发育情况在一定程度上能够反映机体免疫机能的状况。本研究发现,日粮添加1% Gln提高了黔东南小香鸡胸腺指数和法氏囊指数。这与肖双双[32]的研究结果相似,其研究表明添加Gln能够显著提高肉鸡法氏囊指数。这可能是由于Gln刺激了淋巴细胞的增殖,促进免疫器官的发育和成熟,从而提高了机体的免疫机能。以上结果提示日粮添加Gln能在一定程度上促进免疫器官的发育,有利于提高机体免疫性能。
3.3 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响
肉鸡血清中的免疫球蛋白有IgA、IgG及IgM等,是体液免疫中重要的免疫分子。其中,IgA由骨髓产生后直接进入血液循环起作用,IgG由脾脏分泌和淋巴结内的浆细胞合成,而IgM是鸡的B淋巴细胞表面所表达的主要免疫球蛋白。机体免疫球蛋白含量的高低在一定程度上反映了机体免疫机能的状况[]。本研究结果显示,添加20%菜籽粕显著降低了肉鸡血清IgA、IgG及IgM的含量。但Drazbo等[37]研究表明,日粮添加15%菜籽粕显著降低了肉鸡IgM含量,但对IgA含量没有影响,结果不同的原因可能是由于菜籽粕添加量的不同引起。然而,添加0.5% Gln及1% Gln均增加了血清IgA、IgG及IgM的含量。与此相似,Bartell和Batal[38]研究表明,日粮添加1% Gln显著增加了肉鸡血清 IgA 及IgG含量。先前研究报道, IgG及IgM是T辅助细胞依赖性抗体,是T辅助细胞响应的指示物。然而Gln能够促CD4+(T-辅助细胞的一种)的增殖,这提示Gln可能通过提高T-辅助细胞的增殖而增加血清IgG或IgM的含量。因此,日粮添加Gln显著增加了血清免疫球蛋白含量,提高了机体体液免疫水平。
3.4 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对空肠黏膜sIgA含量的影响
肠道被认为是机体最大的免疫器官,而sIgA是肠道免疫的关键,它由浆细胞分泌的免疫球蛋白(IgA)通过肠上皮细胞或在细胞间隙内与上皮细胞产生的分泌片段结合而形成。sIgA具有在肠道免疫中清除抗原,直接阻挡抗原或病原体与上皮表面的接触从而保护上皮细胞表面免遭损害]。本试验研究表明,添加20%的菜籽粕使空肠黏膜sIgA含量显著下降。到目前为止,有关高剂量菜籽粕添加对肠道sIgA含量的影响还未见报道。研究表明,sIgA是存在于肠道粘膜固有层浆细胞产生的主要免疫效应因子,是机体分泌量最多的免疫球蛋白。并且,sIgA为主的体液免疫在肠道免疫中起主要作用,对肠道黏膜免疫起着重要的保护作用[43]。并且,本研究中肠道sIgA含量的降低与血清免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG及IgM)含量降低的结果是相一致的,这意味着20%菜籽粕添加降低了机体体液免疫水平。然而,日粮添加1%显著增加了空肠sIgA含量。李虎的研究同样表明,日粮添加Gln显著增加了肉鸡十二指肠sIgA含量。先前报道,Gln可以促进巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的增殖分化,提高sIgA水平,从而提高肠道免疫机能。并且Gln添加能够增加了肠道黏膜sIgA细胞数量,促进sIgA分泌[16],而Gln缺乏或不足时,sIgA含量随之下降。因而,日粮添加Gln有利于增强肠道黏膜的免疫屏障功能。
3.5 20%菜籽粕和Gln添加对空肠黏膜MUC1及MUC2 表达的影响
黏蛋白是一类由上皮细胞分泌的高分子量糖蛋白,MUC1主要存在于机体的组织,器官中的上皮细胞近管腔,具有抗粘附及免疫抑制等功能。MUC2是机体肠道粘液层的主要成分,其主要是通过肠道的表面形成一层粘液层,具有润滑和拮抗致病菌的对肠道粘附和侵袭的功能。本试验结果表明,添加20%菜籽粕显著降低了空肠黏膜蛋白MUC1和MUC2的表达,然而添加1% Gln显著提高了MUC1和MUC2的表达。到目前为止,有关Gln对肉鸡肠道黏膜MUC1及MUC2的影响还未见报道。但先前在鼠及兔上的研究发现, Gln添加能显著提高肠道黏膜MUC1 及MUC2表达水平。并且,刑深[49]在仔猪上的研究表明, Gln添加增加小肠杯状细胞数量,提高了空肠黏膜MUC2的表达水平。以上结果表明,日粮添加Gln有助于促进肠道黏蛋白分泌,增强肠道黏膜免疫屏障机能。
4 结论
日粮添加20%菜籽粕降低黔东南小香鸡免疫性能及肠道免疫水平,但日粮添加1% Gln对饲喂高剂量菜籽粕日粮肉鸡机体免疫机能具有一定的改善作用。
Claims (3)
1. 菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法,其特征在于:,在肉鸡日粮中添加5%-25%的菜籽粕,并在菜籽粕日粮基础上添加0.5%-2%谷氨酰胺,对1-42日龄肉鸡生长性能包括:平均日增重、平均日采食量及料重比、免疫性能包括免疫器官指数、肠道分泌型sIgA及肠道粘蛋白1和2、肠道形态包括绒毛高度、隐窝深度及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值、肠道紧密连接蛋白Occudin-1、ZO-1及Claudin 的mRNA表达,都起到较好的效果,表明日粮添加1.0% Gln能够提高肉鸡机体免疫性能,可在一定程度上改善肠道健康。
2.根据权利要求1所述的菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法,其特征在于:在肉鸡日粮中添加的菜籽粕和谷氨酰胺的优选配合比例为菜籽粕20%谷氨酰胺1%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的菜籽粕添加谷氨酰胺作鸡饲料蛋白源改善鸡免疫力的方法,其特征在于:在肉鸡日粮饲料配料中菜籽粕替代大豆粕饲料蛋白源最大量为25%,即菜籽粕和谷氨酰胺的配合比例为菜籽粕25%谷氨酰胺1-2%。
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