CN1112425C - 改进的油组合物 - Google Patents
改进的油组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1112425C CN1112425C CN98805185A CN98805185A CN1112425C CN 1112425 C CN1112425 C CN 1112425C CN 98805185 A CN98805185 A CN 98805185A CN 98805185 A CN98805185 A CN 98805185A CN 1112425 C CN1112425 C CN 1112425C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- acid
- composition
- alcohol
- ester
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 61
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 43
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- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
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- FRLXQDWTVFZYLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;ethenyl 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound C=C.CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OC=C FRLXQDWTVFZYLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 5
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N icosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-AAKVHIHISA-N 2,3-bis[[(z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl]oxy]propyl (z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CC(O)CCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CC(O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-AAKVHIHISA-N 0.000 description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-dicarboxylic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M145/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
- C10M145/08—Vinyl esters of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M145/18—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M145/24—Polyethers
- C10M145/26—Polyoxyalkylenes
- C10M145/36—Polyoxyalkylenes etherified
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M145/18—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M145/24—Polyethers
- C10M145/26—Polyoxyalkylenes
- C10M145/38—Polyoxyalkylenes esterified
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1691—Hydrocarbons petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明涉及与其它低温流动改进剂组合使用的特定烷氧基化醇的特定酯,用来改进油的低温性能。
Description
本发明涉及低温下易形成蜡的油组合物,并涉及能改进此类油低温流动性和颗粒滤过性、特性的材料。更具体地说,本发明涉及燃料油,特别是具有窄沸程且较高蜡含量的燃料油,并涉及对其处理所用的添加剂。
油中形成蜡问题是本领域所熟知的问题。
具体地说,来源于石油和植物油的润滑油和燃料油含有低温下会析出大的蜡晶或球晶,以致于形成凝胶结构使燃料油失去流动性的组分。油还能流动的最低温度称作倾点。
当燃料油的温度下降并接近倾点时,燃料油通过管线和泵的输送就会有困难。此外,在倾点以上的温度下,蜡晶体往往会堵塞管线、筛网和过滤器。这些燃料油问题已在本领域受到重视,并已提出各种用于降低燃料油倾点的添加剂,其中的许多已得到工业应用。与此类似,也已提出一些使形成的蜡晶尺寸减小和形状改变的其它添加剂并已得到工业应用。由于较小尺寸的结晶使过滤器阻塞的可能性减少,所以更为理想,柴油燃料中的蜡,主要是链烷烃蜡,是以片晶结晶,某些添加剂,通常称作低温流动改进剂能抑制这种情况,使蜡采取针状晶形,得到的针状结晶比片晶更有可能通过过滤器。
燃料油在足够的低温下形成蜡所遇到的另一个问题是在任何储存容器的底部区域有蜡析出物。这会有两种后果:一种后果是对容器本身不利,析出的蜡层会堵塞底端出口,第二种后果是对以后的燃料油应用不利,富蜡部分的燃料油组合物与其余部分不同,其低温性能要比从中取出的均匀燃料油的低温性能差。
有许多用于改变所形成蜡的性质,使其仍悬浮于燃料油中,达到含蜡物料在容器中的燃料油整个范围内分散的添加剂,分散均匀程度的好坏取决于添加剂对燃料油的有效性。这类添加剂可称作抗蜡析出剂。
欧洲专利申请No.0 061 895概述了用于馏分燃料油的流动性改进添加剂,为聚亚氧烷基酯、醚、酯/醚及其混合物,含有至少两个C10到C30饱和直链烷基和分子量100到5000的聚亚氧烷基二醇,所述聚亚氧烷基中的烷基含1到4个碳原子。实施例18披露了一种下式的特定酯
是通过乙氧基化的C18直链醇与1摩尔山嵛酸反应生成的。但该文献没有公开与其它添加剂的组合。一此二山嵛酸聚乙二醇酯(即二酯)化合物的例子用于与其它冷流添加剂组合。
本领域一直在不断需求更有效的低温流动性和可滤过性改进剂,特另是在加强改善蜡结晶过程方面超过先有材料的添加剂。
现已意外发现,某些烷氧基化醇的某些酯或醚与其它冷流改进剂组合使用在用作改进油体系的低温流动性和可滤过性添加剂时,其改进性能意外地超过EP-A-0-061-895所披露的特定化合物。
因此,本发明第一方面提供一种包括组分(a)和(b)的添加剂组合物,其中(a)选自如下材料:
(a1)一种或多种可由(i)和(ii)反应获得的酯,(i)10到40个
碳原子的脂族一元羧酸,和(ii)烷氧基化的脂族一元醇,其中
醇在烷氧基化之前有10个以上的碳原子,且烷氧基化程度为每摩
尔醇5到30摩尔亚烷基氧化物;或者
(a2)一种或多种通过上述反应物(ii)与(iii)带有亲电基团的脂
族烃化合物反应获得的醚;或者
(a3)a1和a2的混合物;并且,其中的组分(b)是一种与组分(a)不同的低温流动改进剂。
本发明第二方面,提供一种包括油和少部分本发明第一方面添加剂组合物的油组合物。
本发明第三方面,提供本发明第一方面添加剂组合物在改进油的低温流动性方面的应用。
现已发现本发明第一方面的添加剂是非常有效的蜡结晶改善剂,特别是用于燃料油时。不希望受任何特殊的理论束缚,烷氧基化的程度和酯和/或醚中脂族取代基的性质,连同与其它低温流动改进剂组合使用为这些材料提供了极好的改进之处。本发明第一方面(添加剂)组分a1:
酯可由单一的酸反应物(i)和单一的醇反应物(ii)形成,或者是由混合酸(i)或混合醇(ii)或两者均为混合物而形成的酯。在后一种情况下,将形成混合酯产物,若需要,无须分离就可使用,或者在使用前分离成各个产物。
酸反应物(i)优选18到30个碳原子,更优选18到22个碳原子如20或22个碳原子的酸。酸优选是饱和脂族酸,更优选为链烷酸。18到30个碳原子的链烷酸特别适用。优选正构链烷酸。这类酸包括山嵛酸和花生酸,优选山嵛酸。采用混合酸时,优选混合酸的平均碳原子数在上述指定范围内,且混合酸中的各个酸的碳原子数之差不超过8(优选不超过4)。
醇反应物(ii)优选由烷基化前不超过40个碳原子,更优选不超过28(或最好24个)碳原子的脂族一元醇衍生而来。20到22个碳原子的醇对获得好的蜡结晶改善效果特别有利。脂族醇优选饱和脂族醇,具体来说是链烷醇(即链烷基醇)。优选20到28个碳原子,特别是20到26个如20到22个碳原子的链烷醇。最优选正构链烷醇,特别是20到24个碳原子,且优选20到22个碳原子的正构链烷醇。
脂族一元醇的烷氧基化程度优选为每摩尔醇10到25摩尔亚烷基氧化物,更优选每摩尔醇15到25摩尔亚烷基氧化物。虽然丙氧基化和丁氧基化反应也可成功应用,但烷氧基化反应优选为乙氧基化。也可采用混合烷氧基化反应,例如是亚乙基氧和亚丙基氧结构单元。
醇反应物(ii)为混合醇时,该混合物可包括烷氧基化到各种程度的单一脂族醇,或是烷氧基化到相同或不同程度的混合脂族醇。采用混合脂族醇时,烷氧基化前的平均碳原子数应超过18,且优选在上述优选范围内。混合物中的各个醇的碳原子数之差优选不超过4。
酯化反应可按本领域已知的常规技术实施。例如,在1%(重)对甲苯磺酸催化剂存在下,于110-120℃下,通过在甲苯中共沸的方法,将一摩尔当量的烷氧基化醇用一摩尔当量酸酯化,直到由红外光谱和/或羟值或酸值减少来判断酯化反应完成。
脂族醇的烷氧基化反应也按熟知的技术实施。例如,将适用的醇于约70℃下熔融(如需要),并加入1%(重)乙醇钾的乙醇溶液,随后在氮气鼓泡下,将混合物搅拌并加热到100℃,直到无乙醇蒸馏出来。随后加热混合物到150℃,完全形成钾盐。然后用环氧乙烷给反应器加压,直到增加了预期的亚烷基氧化物(由预期的烷氧化程度计算)。最后,将产物冷却到90℃,并中和钾离子(例如,通过加入等当量乳酸的方法中和)。
已发现由酸(i)为链烷酸且醇为由1摩尔C20到C28链烷醇与15到25摩尔环氧乙烷形成的烷氧基化醇(ii)得到的化合物作为低温流动性和可滤过性改进剂特别有效,能得到极好的蜡结晶改善效果。在这类具体实施方案中,酸(i)优选为18到26个,如18到22个碳原子的正构链烷酸,且链烷醇优选为20到26个,更优选20到22个碳原子的链烷醇。已发现这种结构特征的组合对改进蜡晶改性效果特别有利。组分a2
由前面涉及组分a1时描述的单一醇反应物(ii)或其混合物形成醚。在化学结构方面的采用同样是优选。
带有亲电基团的脂族烃化合物(iii)可以是有机卤化物,如链烷基,优选正构链烷基氯化物、溴化物或碘化物,其中的链烷基或正构链烷基基团含10到40个,优选18到32个,如20到26个碳原子。其它带有适宜亲电基团的化合物,如对甲苯磺酸链烷基酯也可使用。
醇(ii)与化合物(iii)之间的反应可按照醇烷氧基化反应的方式实施,只是在前述的中和步骤中用化合物(iii)替换钾。
酯组分(a1)优选作为添加剂组合物中的组分(a)。组分(b)
适合作为组分(b)的冷流添加剂包括如下材料:
(i)乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物;
(ii)梳型聚合物;
(iii)聚烯烃;
(iv)硫羧基化合物;
(v)极性氮化合物;
(vi)烃基化芳烃;
这些共添加剂详细情况如下所述。(i)
乙烯-不饱和酯-共聚物
乙烯类共聚物流动改进剂,例如乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物流动改进剂,具有被嵌有一或多个氧原子和/或羰基的烃基侧链分成若干链段的聚亚甲基骨架。更具体地说,共聚物可包括一种除含有来自乙烯的结构单元外,还含有下式结构单元的乙烯类聚合物:
-CR5R6-CHR7-
式中,R6代表氢或甲基;
R5代表-OOCR8或-COOR8基团,其中R8代表氢或C1到C28,优选C1到C16,更优选C1到C9直链或支链烷基;且R7代表氢或-OOCR8或-COOR8基团。
这类共聚物可包括乙烯与烯属不饱和酯或其衍生物的共聚物。例如乙烯与不饱和羧酸酯共聚物如乙烯-丙烯酸酯(如乙烯-丙烯酸(2-乙基己基)酯)共聚物,但优选酯为不饱和醇与饱和羧酸形成的酯,如GB-A-1,263,152中所描述。乙烯-乙烯基酯共聚物最为有利,优选乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯、乙烯-己酸乙烯酯、乙烯-2-乙基己酸酯或乙烯-辛酸乙烯酯共聚物或三元共聚物。也可使用新酸乙烯酯。优选共聚物含从1到25%如1到20%(摩尔)乙烯基酯,更优选含从3到18%(摩尔)乙烯基酯。它们也可是两种共聚物混合物形式,如参见US-A-3,961,916和EP-A-113,581的描述。共聚物的数均分子量(气相渗透仪测定)优选为1000到10,000,更优选为1000到5000。若需要,共聚物可来源于其它共聚单体,例如可以是三元共聚物或四元共聚物或更多元共聚物,如其它共聚单体为异丁烯或二异丁烯,或是使上式产生不同结构单元的另一种酯,其中上面提及的%(摩尔)量是指总的酯量。
另外,共聚物可另外包括少量制备共聚物的聚合过程中使用的链转移剂和/或分子量调节剂(例如乙醛或丙醛)。
聚合物可直接通过共聚单体的聚合反应来制备。此类共聚物也可通过乙烯-不饱和酯的酯基转移、水解、和再酯化反应获得不同的乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物来制备。例如,可采用此种方式从例如乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物制备乙烯-己酸乙烯酯和乙烯-辛酸乙烯酯共聚物。优选的共聚物是乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物,或者是乙烯-2-乙基己酸或辛酸乙烯酯的共聚物或三元共聚物。
共聚物中除去共聚单体酯上的甲基和除去末端甲基外,每100个亚甲基例如可有15个或更少,优选10个或更少,更优选6个或更少,最优选2到5个甲基末端侧支链(核磁共振仪测定)。
共聚物的多分散度为1到6,优选2到4,多分散度是指用聚苯乙烯为标样,在凝胶渗透色谱仪上测定的重均分子量与数均分子量二者之比。(ii)
梳型聚合物
N.A.Platé和V.P.Shibaev在《高分子学报。大分子评论)》,8,117到253页(1974)的“梳状聚合物,结构与性质”一文中讨论了梳型聚合物。
一般来说,梳型聚合物是由聚合物骨架上带有从6到30个如10到30个碳原子的长支链如任选嵌有一或多个氧原子或羰基的支链烃基所组成的分子,所述支链可直接或间接与骨架连接。间接连接的实例包括共价或电价如盐形式键链。一般来说,梳型聚合物的特征就是有极少摩尔比含这种长支链的结构单元。
梳型聚合物最好是至少25%且优选至少40%,更优选至少50%(摩尔)的结构单元带有含至少6个如至少8个,且优选至少10个选自碳、氮和氧原子侧链的均聚物或共聚物,侧链可以是直链或含少量支链如单甲基支链的侧链。
式中,D代表R11、COOR11、OCOR11、R12COOR11、或OR11;
E代表H、D或R12;
G代表H或D;
J代表H、R12、R12COOR11或者取代或未取代的芳基或杂环基;
K代表H、COOR12、OCOR12、OR12或COOH;
L代表H、R12、COOR12、OCOR12或者取代或未取代的芳基;
R11代表有10个或更多碳原子的烃基,和
R12在R12COOR11中代表二价烃基,其它情况则代表单价烃基。
并且m和n代表摩尔比,它们的总和为1,且m受限,在1以内包括1,n为从0到小于1,优选m在从1.0到0.4范围内,n在从0到0.6范围内。R11最好代表从10到30个碳原子,优选10到24个碳原子,更优选10到18个碳原子的烃基。R11优选直链或轻微支化的链烷基,且R12单价时最好代表从1到30个碳原子的烃基,碳原子数优选6个或更多,更优选10个或更多,上限为24个,更优选为18个。R12为单价时,优选是直链或轻微支化的链烷基。R12为二价时,优选代表亚甲基或亚乙基。轻微支化的意思是指有一个甲基支链。
若需要,梳型聚合物可以含来源于其它单体的结构单元,例如是CO、醋酸乙烯酯和乙烯。包括两种或多种不同梳型聚合物也在本发明范围内。
梳型聚合物例如按EP-A-214,786的描述,可以是马来酸酐或富马酸和另一种烯属不饱和单体如α-烯烃或不饱和酯如醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物。虽然共聚单体的摩尔比在2比1和1比2范围较为合适,优选但非必须采用等摩尔量的共聚单体。可与例如马来酸酐共聚的烯烃的实例包括1-癸烯、1-十二碳烯、1-十四碳烯、1-十六碳烯、1-十八碳烯和苯乙烯。其它梳型聚合物的实例包括甲基丙烯酸酯和丙烯酸酯。
共聚物可通过任何适宜的技术手段来酯化,马来酸酐或富马酸优选但非必须至少50%被酯化。可采用的醇包括1-正癸醇、1-正十二烷醇、1-正十四烷醇、1-正十六烷醇和1-正十八烷醇。醇也可包括每个链上有一个甲基支链,例如EP-A-213,879中描述的1-甲基十五烷醇-1、2-甲基十三烷醇-1。醇可以是正构烷醇与单甲基支化醇的混合物。优选采用纯的醇而非混合醇,如一些市售醇;若采用混合醇,则烷基的碳原子数取混合醇烷基碳原子数的平均值;若采用在1或2位上有支链的醇,则烷基的碳原子数取醇的烷基中直链骨架部分的数值。
梳型聚合物尤其可以是富马酸酯或衣康酸酯聚合物和共聚物,例如参见欧洲专利申请153 176、153 177、156 577和225 688,及WO91/16407。
特别优选的富马酸酯聚合物是富马酸链烷基酯与醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物,其中烷基有从12到20个碳原子,尤其是其中的烷基有14个碳原子或其中的烷基是C12/C14混合烷基的聚合物,例如通过等摩尔量的富马酸与醋酸乙烯酯混合物进行溶液共聚并将得到的共聚物与醇或混合醇优选直链醇反应来制备。当采用混合醇时,最好是1∶1(重)的正C12和C14醇混合物。并且最好采用C12酯与C12/C14混合酯的混合物。在这样的混合物中,C12与C12/C14的比例最好在从1∶1到4∶1范围内,优选2∶1到7∶2,且最优选约3∶1(重)。特别优选的富马酸酯梳型共聚物的数均分子量例如可以在1000到100,000范围内,优选1000到50,000(气相渗透仪(VPO)测定)。
其它适宜的梳型聚合物是α-烯烃和酯化的苯乙烯与马来酸酐共聚物的共聚物,酯化的苯乙烯与富马酸共聚物参见EP-A-282,342的描述;按照本发明,可以使用两种或多种梳型聚合物的混合物,如上所述,这样使用较为有利。
梳型聚合物的其它实例是聚烯烃,如乙烯和至少一种α-烯烃的共聚物,优选α-烯烃有最多20个碳原子,例如1-正辛烯、1-正十四碳烯和1-正十六碳烯(例如参见WO9319106中的描述)。以聚苯乙烯为标样,通过凝胶渗透色谱仪测定的这类共聚物的数均分子量例如可以是30,000或40,000以内。烯烃共聚物可通过本领域已知方法制备,例如用Ziegler型催化剂来制备。这类聚烯烃的等规度例如可以是75%或更高。(iii)
聚烯烃
这类聚合物具有聚亚甲基骨架,任选被短链长,即5个或5个以下碳原子的烃基分成若干部分。
式中,T代表H或R9
U代表H、T或取代或未取代芳基;和
R9代表5个以内碳原子的烃基。
并且v和w代表摩尔比,v在1.0到0.0范围,w在0.0到1.0范围。R9优选是直链或支链烷基。
这类聚合物可直接由烯属不饱和单体制备,或者通过将由诸如异戊二烯和丁二烯单体制成的聚合物加氢来间接制备。
优选的聚烯烃是乙烯与至少一种α-烯烃的共聚物。这类烯烃的实例是丙烯、1-丁烯、异丁烯和2,4,4-三甲基戊烯-2。共聚物也可包括少量,例如10%(重)以内的其它共聚单体,例如非α-烯烃的一些烯烃,和非共扼二烯烃。优选的共聚物是乙烯-丙烯共聚物。两种或多种不同的此类乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物也包括在本发明范围内。
乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物的数均分子量低于150,000,采用凝胶色谱仪,以聚苯乙烯标样为参比测定。某些应用中,数均分子量最好至少为60,000,且优选至少为80,000。就其功能而言,没有上限,但由于分子量超过约150,000时,粘度增加,使混合很困难,因而优选分子量范围从60,000和80,000到120,000。对于另一些应用来说,分子量低于30,000,优选低于15,000,如低于10,000或低于6,000。
另外,共聚物的等规度可以是75%或更高。
共聚物中乙烯的摩尔含量最好在50%到85%之间,乙烯含量在从55%到80%范围内更为有利,且优选在从55到75%范围,更优选从60到70%,最优选65到70%。
乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物的实例是乙烯摩尔含量为60到75%且数均分子量在60,000到120,000范围的乙烯-丙烯共聚物,特别优选的共聚物是乙烯摩尔含量为62到71%且数均分子量在80,000到100,000范围的乙烯-丙烯共聚物。
共聚物可通过本领域已知的任何方法制备,例如使用Ziegler型催化剂制备。由于高结晶聚合物低温下较难溶解于燃料油中,故聚合物最好主要为无定形结构。
WO-A-9 111 488中描述了聚烯烃的实例。
聚烯烃可以是一种油溶性的加氢嵌段二烯聚合物,包括至少一种通过直链二烯的端-端聚合得到的结晶性链段,和至少一种非晶性链段,非晶性链段是通过直链二烯的1,2-构型聚合,通过支链二烯的聚合,或通过混用此类聚合方法获得的。
加氢前,嵌段共聚物最好包括仅来源于丁二烯,或来源于丁二烯和至少一种下式共聚单体的结构单元:
CH2=CR1-CR2=CH2
式中,R1代表C1到C8链烷基,R2代表氢或C1到C8链烷基,共聚单体中的总碳原子数最好是5到8个,且共聚单体最好是异戊二烯。共聚单体最好含至少10%(重)来源于丁二烯的结构单元。
一般说来,结晶性链段或链段组为主要由丁二烯1,4-或称端-端聚合得到的结构单元的加氢产物,而非结晶性链段或链段组为丁二烯1,2-聚合或烷基取代的丁二烯1,4聚合得到的结构单元的加氢产物。(iv)
硫羧基化合物
式中,-Y-R2为SO3 (-)(+)NR3 3R2,-SO3 (-)(+)HNR3 2R2,-SO3 (-)(+)H2NR3R2,-SO3 (-)(+)H3NR2,-SO2NR3R2或-SO3R2;
且-X-R1为-Y-R2或-CONRR3R1,-CO2 (-)(+)NR3 3R1,-CO2 (-)(+)HNR3 2R1,-R4-COOR1,-NR3COR1,-R4OR1,-R4OCOR1,-R4,R1,-N(COR3)R1,或Z(-)(+)NR3 3R1;Z为SO3 (-)或CO2 (-);
R1和R2是链烷基、烷氧烷基或主链含至少10个碳原子的聚烷氧烷基;
中,碳-碳(C-C)键(a)当A和B是链烷基、链烯基或取代烃基时,为烯属不饱和键;或者(b)可以是芳环、多核芳环、环脂族环的一部分,优选它们之间的X-R1和Y-R2含至少三个链烷基、烷氧烷基或聚烷氧烷基基团。
可采用多组分添加剂体系,且所使用的各种添加剂比例取决于要处理的燃料油。(v)极性氮化合物
这类化合物包括带有一或多个,优选两或多个烃基取代氨基或亚氨基取代基的油溶性极性氮化合物,烃基为单价烃基且含有8到40个碳原子,该取代基或一或多个该取代基任选来源于它们的阳离子形式。油溶性极性氮化合物可以是离子型或是非离子型,能够在燃料油中用作蜡晶增长改善剂。烃基优选是直链烃基或轻微支化烃基,即可以有一个长度较短(1-4个碳原子)的支链烃基。当取代基为氨基时,可带有一个以上相同或不同的所述烃基。
术语“烃基”是指碳原子直接与分子的其余部分连接,且具有烃特征或烃特征占优势。实例包括脂族烃(例如链烷烃或链烯烃)、脂环族烃(例如环烷烃或环烯烃)、芳烃和脂环族取代的芳烃在内的烃基团,和芳族取代的脂族和环脂族基团。脂族基团最好是饱和的。这些基团可以含非烃取代基,只要它们的存在不会改变占优势的烃特征。实例包括酮基、卤、羟基、硝基、氰基、烷氧基和酰基。若烃基为取代型,优选单(一)取代型。
取代烃基的实例包括2-羟基乙基、3-羟基丙基、4-羟基丁基、2-酮基丙基、乙氧乙基和丙氧丙基。该基团的链或环除包括碳原子外也可另含有其它非碳原子。适宜的杂原子例如包括氮、硫且优选氧。
更具体地说。每一个氨基或是亚氨基都借助一个中间键联基团如-CO-、-CO2 (-)、-SO3 (-)或亚烃基与分子另一部分连接。键联基团为阴离子时,取代基是胺盐基团中的阳离子基团部分。
当极性氮化合物带有一个以上的氨基或亚氨基取代基时,每个取代基的键联基团可相同或不同。
适宜的氨基取代基是长链C12-C40,优选C12-C24烷基伯、仲、叔或季胺取代基。
氨基取代基优选为二烷基胺取代基,如上所述,可以是它们的胺盐形式,且只能形成叔胺和季胺盐。所述烷基可相同或不同。
氨基取代基的实例包括十二烷基氨基、十四烷基氨基、椰子基氨基、氢化牛脂基氨基。仲胺取代基的实例包括二辛基氨基和甲基山嵛基氨基。可存在混合氨基取代基,如一些来源于天然存在胺的氨基。优选的氨基取代基为仲胺的氢化牛脂基氨基取代基,其烷基取代基来源于氢化牛脂,一般是由重量比约4%C14、31%C16和59%C18的正构烷基组成。
适宜的亚氨基取代基为长链C12-C40,优选C12-C24烷基取代基。
所述的另一部分可以是单体型(环状或非环状)或聚合型。若为非环状,可由环状前体如酸酐或螺环双内酯获得。
环状物的环体系可包括碳环、杂环或稠多环组件,或是两或多个这样的环组件彼此连接的体系,其中的环组件可相同或不同。在有两或多个这样的环组件的情况时,取代基可在相同或不同组件上,优选在同一组件上。每一个环组件优选为芳环,更优选苯环。环状物的环体系最优选为单苯环,同时优选取代基为邻位或间位,苯环可任选被进一步取代。
环组件或环组件组的成环原子优选为碳原子,但也可包括例如一或多个N、S或O成环原子,在此类情况下,化合物为杂环化合物。
这类多环组件的实例包括
(a)稠合苯环结构,如萘、蒽、菲和芘;
(b)不是或不全部是苯环的稠环结构,如薁、茚、氢茚、芴和二苯
并呋喃;
(c)“端联”环,如联苯;
(d)杂环化合物,如喹啉、吲哚、2,3-二氢吲哚、苯并呋喃、香豆
素、异香豆素、苯并噻吩、咔唑和吩噻嗪;
(e)非芳香或部分饱和的环体系,如萘烷、(即十氢化萘)、a-蒎烯、
cardinene和冰片烯;和
(f)三维结构,如降冰片烯、二环庚烷(即降冰片烷)、二环辛烷
和二环辛烯。
极性氮化合物的实例描述如下:
(i)一元或多元,例如有1到4个羧基的羧酸的胺盐或酰胺,例如可由至少一摩尔比的烃基取代胺与一摩尔比的酸或酸酐反应来制备。
当形成酰胺时,键联基团为-CO-,形成胺盐时,键联基团为-CO2 (-)。
另一部分可以是环状或非环状。另一部分为环状的实例是酸为环己烷1,2-二羧酸、环庚烷1,2-二羧酸和萘二羧酸。一般来说,这类酸在环部分有5到13个碳原子。优选的这类酸是苯二羧酸如邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸,以及苯四羧酸如1,2,4,5-苯四羧酸,特别优选邻苯二甲酸。US-A-4,211,534和EP-A-272,889含这样部分的极性氮化合物。
另一部分为非环状的实例是酸为长链烷基或亚烷基取代的二羧酸的情况,如琥珀酸,例如参见US-A-4,147,520中的描述。
另一部分为非环状的其它实例是酸为含氮酸的情况,如乙二胺四乙酸和次氮基三乙酸。
进一步的实例是另一部分是由二烷基螺环双内酯与胺反应获得的情况,如参见DE-A-3 926 992(Hoechst)中的描述。
式中,-Y-R2为SO3 (-)(+)NR3 3R2,-SO3 (-)(+)HNR3 2R2,-SO3 (-)(+)H2NR3R2,
-SO3 (-)(+)H3NR2,-SO2NR3R2或-SO3R2;
且-X-R1为-Y-R2或-CONR3R1,-CO2 (-)(+)NR3 3R1,-CO2 (-)(+)HNR3 2R1,-R4-COOR1,-NR3COR1,-R4OR1,-R4OCOR1,-R4R1,
-N(COR3)R1,或Z(-)(+)NR3 3R1;Z为SO3 (-)或CO2 (-);
R1和R2是链烷基、烷氧烷基或主链含至少10个碳原子的聚烷氧烷基;
R3为烃基,且每个R3可相同或不同,R4可不存在或为C1到C5亚烷基,并且式中,碳-碳(C-C)键(a)当A和B是链烷基、链烯基或取代烃基时,为烯属不饱和键;或者(b)可以是芳环、多核芳环、环脂族环的一部分,优选它们之间的X-R1和Y-R2含至少三个链烷基、烷氧烷基或聚烷氧烷基基团。
可采用多组分添加剂体系,且所使用的各种添加剂比例取决于要处理的燃料油。(iii)EP-A-0,316,108描述了一种(a)磺基琥珀酸、
(b)磺基琥珀酸酯或二酯、(c)磺基琥珀酸酰胺或二酰胺或(d)磺
基琥珀酸酯-酰胺的胺或二胺盐。(iv)WO-A-9304148描述了一种包含或包括环体系的化合物,该化合物
的环体系中带有至少两个如下通式(I)的取代基:
-A-NR13R14 (I)
式中,A是一种脂族烃基,可任选嵌有一或多个杂原子,且为直链或支链,R13和R14可相同或不同,各自独立为含任选嵌有一或多个杂原子的9到40个碳原子的烃基,取代基可相同或不同,化合物任选是它的盐形式。
优选A含从1到20个碳原子,且优选为亚甲基或聚亚甲基基团。
在该发明(式I)中,每个构成R13和R14烃基例如是链烷基或亚烷基或者是单或多烷氧烷基基团。每个烃基优选是直链烷基。每个烃基中的碳原子数优选为16到40,更优选16到24。
另外,优选环体系只被两个通式(I)的取代基取代,且A为亚甲基。
化合物盐的实例是乙酸盐和盐酸盐。
这些化合物可很方便地通过将仲胺与适当的酰基氯反应制得的相应酰胺还原来制备。(v)长链伯胺或仲胺与含羧酸聚合物的缩合产物。
具体的实例包括如GB-A-2,121,807、FR-A-2,592,387和DE-A-3,941,561中描述的聚合物;还包括如US-A-4,639,256中描述的调聚物酸与链烷醇胺的酯;以及如US-A-4,631,071中描述的含支化羧酸酯的胺、环氧化物和一元羧酸聚酯的反应产物。
EP-0,283,292描述了含聚合物的酰胺,EP-0,343,981描述了含聚合物的胺盐。
应该注意的是,极性氮化合物还可含其它官能团如酯官能团。(vi)烃基化芳烃
此类材料是缩合产物,包括芳族和烃基两部分。芳族部分适合是一种非取代的或用例如非烃取代基取代的芳烃。
这类芳烃优选含最多三个取代基和/或两个稠环,且优选是萘。烃基部分为含氢和碳部分,通过碳原子与分子其余部分连接。烃基可以是饱和或不饱和的,直链或支链,并且可含有一或多个杂原子,只要它们基本不影响这部分烃基的性质。烃基部分优选为链烷基部分,碳原子数适宜在8个以上。
添加剂组合物可采用浓缩液形式。要将添加剂掺混到主体油如馏分燃料油中,包括载液与添加剂混合物的浓缩液(例如溶液或悬浮液)是一种很便利的手段,可采用本领域已知的方法进行掺混。浓缩液还可含有其它必要的添加剂,溶液优选含从3%到75%(重),更优选(重)3到60%(重),最优选10到50%的添加剂,优选在油溶液中。载液的实例是有机溶剂,包括烃溶剂,例如石油馏分如石脑油、煤油、柴油和燃油;芳烃如芳族馏分,例如商标为“SOLVESSO”的市售品;醇和/或酯;以及链烷烃如己烷和戊烷及异构链烷烃。当然,选择载液时必须考虑与添加剂和油的相容性。
组分(b)优先选自乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物(i)、极性氮化合物(v)或其混合物。已发现添加剂(a)和(b)这样组合是特别有效的蜡晶改善组合物。
添加剂组合物优选包括重量比为1∶1到1∶20,更优选1∶2到1∶10的组分(a)和(b)。特别优选1∶3到1∶9的比例。这些特定比例的组分能提供很好的蜡晶改善效果,特别是组分(b)选自上述(i)类和(v)类的情况。组分(b)为乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物时,a∶b的重量比为1∶4,当(b)为乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯时,重量比优选为1∶9。当(b)是通过2摩尔二氢化牛脂胺与1摩尔邻苯二甲酸酐反应得到的反应产物时,a∶b的重量比优选为1∶3。
本发明添加剂可通过本领域已知的其它方法掺混到主体油中。若需要助添加剂,它们可与本发明添加剂同时或分别掺混到主体油中。
本发明第一方面的添加剂组合物还可包括本领域已知的其它助添加剂,如清净剂、抗氧剂、缓蚀剂、降浊点剂、反乳化剂、金属减活剂、消泡剂、十六烷值改进剂、共溶剂、设备相容性及润滑性添加剂和抗静电添加剂。本发明第二方面(油组合物)
油组合物中所用添加剂组合物为本发明第一方面定义的添加剂。
本发明第二方面针对低温下易形成蜡的油。
油可以是原油,即直接来自于钻井未经炼制的油,本发明化合物适合用于油中作为流动改进剂或脱蜡助剂。
油可以是润滑油,可为动物、植物、矿物油,如馏程范围从石脑油或锭子油到SAE 30、40或50等级润滑油的石油馏分、蓖麻油、鱼油或氧化矿物油。这些油可根据实际用途含各种添加剂,例如是粘度指数改进剂如乙烯-丙烯共聚物、琥珀酸基分散剂、含金属分散添加剂和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌抗磨添加剂。本发明化合物适合用于润滑油中作为流动改进剂、倾点下降剂或脱蜡助剂。
油可以是燃料油,例如像石油基燃料油一类的烃燃料油,如煤油或馏出燃料油,中间馏分燃料油,即原油炼制过程中作为介于较轻的煤油及喷气发动机燃料油和较重的燃料馏分之间馏分获得的燃料油比较合适。此类馏出燃料油的馏程一般约为100℃到500℃,例如150℃到400℃,如这些油的终沸点高达360℃以上。ASTM-D86中间馏出物分布于整个烃沸程温度范围,包括会使燃料油在低温下析出蜡的正构烷烃。它们可以用不同%,例如10%到90%的燃料油气化时的温度表征,是已蒸馏出最初燃料油某一体积%时的间隔温度。所述90%和20%蒸馏温度之差可以很显著。它们也可用倾点、浊点和CFPP点,以及它们的初沸点(IBP)和终沸点(FBP)表征。燃料油可以包括常压或减压蒸馏油,或是裂化瓦斯油或以任何比例调和的直馏与热和/或催化裂化馏出油。最常用的石油馏出燃料油是煤油、喷气发动机燃料油、燃油和重质燃料油。柴油燃料或燃油可以是直馏常压馏出油,或者可以含少量例如35%以内减压瓦斯油或裂化瓦斯油或者二者兼有。
燃油可由诸如瓦斯油、石脑油等直馏馏出油与裂化馏出油如催化循环油调和而成。柴油燃料的代表性描述包括最低闪点38℃,90%馏出温度为282到380℃之间(参见ASTM规定方法D-396和D-975)。
另外,燃料油还可是动物或植物油(即“生物燃料”),或是上述矿物油与动物或植物油组合。
来源于动物或植物资源的生物燃料是从可再生资源中获得的。据报道其燃烧时形成的二氧化碳量少于等量石油馏出燃料如柴油燃料燃烧时的形成量,同时二氧化硫的形成量极低。植物油如菜籽油的某些衍生物,例如通过与一元醇的皂化反或再酯化反应获得的衍生物可用作柴油燃料的替代品。最近已有报道,以一定比例例如10∶90的体积比混合的菜籽油酯如菜籽油甲酯(RME)与石油馏出燃料的混合油可能会在不久的将来面市。
因此,生物燃料是一种植物或动物油或二者兼有,或是它们的衍生物。
式中R代表10-25个碳原子的脂族基团,可以是饱和或不饱和的。
一般说来,这类油含许多酸的甘油酯,酸的数量和种类随植物油来源而有所不同。
植物或动物油的实例是菜籽油、胡妥油、豆油、棉籽油、向日葵油、蓖麻油、橄榄油、花生油、玉米油、杏仁油、棕榈仁油、椰子油、芥子油、牛脂和鱼油。菜籽油是一种用甘油部分酯化的脂肪酸混合物,因其可大量获得,且可简单通过将菜籽压榨的方法获得,故优先选用。
植物或动物油衍生物的实例是它的烷基酯,如植物或动物油脂肪酸的甲酯,这类酯可通过酯基转移反应制备。
可考虑下述化合物作为脂肪酸低碳烷基酯,例如市售的混合物:15到22个碳原子的脂肪酸的乙酯、丙酯且尤其是甲酯,例如月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、珠光酯酸、棕榈酸、棕榈炔酸、硬脂酸、油酸、反油酸、岩芹酸、蓖麻油酸、桐酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、花生酸、顺-9-二十碳烯酸、山嵛酸或芥酸的酯,其碘值从50到150,尤其是90到125。性能特别好的混合物是主要含,即至少含50%(重)16到22个碳原子且有1、2或3个双键的脂肪酸甲酯。优选的脂肪酸低级烷基酯是油酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、和芥酸的甲基酯。
所述品种的市售混合物例如可通过将天然脂肪裂解并酯化和将油用低碳脂族醇进行酯基转移反应的方法来获得。要生产这类脂肪酸低碳烷基酯,最好以高碘值脂肪和油为起始原料,例如向日葵油、菜籽油、胡妥油、蓖麻油、豆油、棉籽油、花生油或牛脂。优选基于新品种菜籽油的脂肪酸低碳烷基酯,其脂肪酸组分的80%以上来源于18个碳原子的不饱和脂肪酸。
添加剂在油中的浓度范围例如可以是每重量单位燃料油含1到5000ppm添加剂(活性成分),例如10到5000ppm,像每重量单位燃料用25到2000ppm添加剂(活性成分),优选50到500ppm,更优选200到400ppm。
环境温度下,添加剂或添加剂组在油中的溶解量至少要达到1000ppm。但是,为改善所形成的蜡晶,至少某些添加剂在接近油浊点时要从溶液中析出。
本发明第一方面添加剂特别适合用于燃料油,如中间馏出燃料油,称作窄沸程油。这类油通常被认为用低温流动改进剂和可滤过性改进剂“难处理”。在低于油浊点10℃的温度下,经差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定,本发明酯在这类油且特别是高蜡含量,例如大于3%蜡的窄沸程燃料油中出人意料地是一种有效的蜡晶改善剂。在该方法中,燃料油样品在DSC样品池中以受控速度(5℃/分钟)冷却,正构烷烃结晶时,记录温度和热流量随相变所发生的变化,用来通过具体低于浊点的温度确定析出的蜡晶量。窄沸程中间馏出燃料油可通过下述蒸馏特征表征((ASTM D86测定)
-初沸点(IBP)约为200±50℃;
-终沸点(FBP)约为340±20℃
-90-20%馏程为100℃或以下,如70到100℃;
-终沸点-90%馏程为30℃或以下。
高蜡燃料油还呈现较高的含蜡量,例如3到6%的蜡,尤其是3到4%的蜡,测定方法同上。
可以认为,本发明特定酯和醚的结构特征能以某种有利的方式与这类主体油和蜡化合物相互作用,以大大改进这些油的低温性能。本发明第三方面(应用)
适用本发明第三方面的添加剂组合物是本发明第一方面所定义的添加剂,且适合使用这类酯和添加剂的油是本发明第二方面所描述的油,窄沸程中间馏出燃料油,尤其是高蜡含量的油特别适合。
通过下面的非限定性实施例对本发明作进一步描述。实施例1
按照以前描述的常用方法制备表1所示酯化合物,环氧乙烷用作烷氧基化试剂。
表1
酯 | 酸反应物(I)(分子中的碳原子数) | 乙氧基化醇(ii) | |
正构烷醇的碳原子数 | 乙氧基化的摩尔数 | ||
ABC | 山嵛酸(C22)山嵛酸(C22)山嵛酸(C22) | C22C20C20和C22的混合物 | 191815 |
每一项中,烷氧基化醇(ii)是以其前体材料(正构烷醇和环氧乙烷结构单元的摩尔数)的方式描述的。
酯A、B和C与其它低温流动改进剂组合使用对蜡晶的改善效果示于表2,与EP 0 061 895所披露的例示性二酯,聚乙二醇(二醇的Mn约400)的二山嵛酸进行对比。
表2中,燃料油1为具有下列特性的中间馏出燃料油:
燃料油1
浊点 -5℃
CFPP -7℃
密度 0.8527
蒸馏(ASTM D86):IBP 254
10% 270
(℃) 20% 271
50% 283
80% 314
90% 335
95% 349
燃料油2的特性如下:
燃料油2
浊点 -7℃
CFPP -11℃
密度 0.8320
蒸馏(ASTM D86):IBP 193
50% 254
(℃) 90% 338
FBP 351
按照表2所示的处理比例,将每种酯加入到相关的燃料油中,与EVA共聚物1,一种Mn(GPC测定)为3000且醋酸乙烯酯为36%(重)的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯流动改进添加剂共聚物组合使用,或是与极性氮化合物,一种通过1摩尔邻苯二甲酸酐与2摩尔二氢化牛脂胺反应得到半酰胺/半胺盐产物2-N’,N’-二烷基氨基苯甲酸酯的N,N-二烷基铵盐组合使用。按照1996年6月出版的“石油学会杂志”(”Journal of the Institute ofPetroleum”)52卷510期173-285页所描述的方法进行CFPP试验,此试验针对内燃机柴油的中间馏出油的冷流性而设计。
简单来说,要试验的油样在一个维持温度约-34℃的冷浴中以约1℃/分钟的速度进行非线性冷却,每隔一定时间(从上述浊点开始每隔1℃),测试冷却油在规定时间内流过细丝网的能力,所用试验设备为一个下端附有一反转漏斗的吸量管,放在要试验的油面下,漏斗口横绷了一个直径为12毫米规定面积的350目丝网。通过对吸量管上端实施减压操作开始每次周期试验,将油上吸通过丝网进入吸量管,达到指示20ml油的标记处,每次顺利通过后,油立即返回CFPP试管。温度每降1℃重复一次试验,直到油在60秒内不能填满吸量管为止,油开始发生不能填满吸量管情况时的温度报告为CFPP温度。
表2
试验 | 添加剂组分 | 燃料 | 所示总的添加剂处理比例下的CFPP结果 | |||||
组分(a) | 组分(b) | a∶b的比例(重∶重,ai) | 100ppmai | 200ppmai | 300ppmai | 400ppmai | ||
123 | 酯A酯BPBG 400二山嵛酸酯(比较例) | EVA共聚物1EVA共聚物1EVA共聚物1 | 1∶41∶41∶4 | 111 | -11-10-8 | -15-15-9 | -19-18-17 | -18-20- |
456 | 酯A酯CPEG 400二山嵛酸酯(比较例) | EVA共聚物1EVA共聚物1EVA共聚物1 | 1∶91∶91∶9 | 222 | -15--14 | -17-16-17 | -22-22-18 | -30--23 |
789 | 酯A酯CPBG 400二山嵛酸酯(比较例) | 极性氮化合物1极性氮化合物1极性氮化合物1 | 1∶31∶31∶3 | 111 | -10-8-5 | -11-9-5 | -14-17-8 | -16-16-11 |
酯A、B或C与助添加剂组合使用时得到的CFPP结果要优于使用PEG 400二山嵛酸酯比较例所得到的结果,说明本发明添加剂具有极好的性能。
Claims (17)
1.一种包括组分(a)和组分(b)的添加剂组合物,其中(a)选自如下材料:
(a1)一种或多种可由(i)和(ii)反应获得的酯,(i)10到40个碳原子的脂族一元羧酸,和(ii)烷氧基化的脂族一元醇,其中醇在烷氧基化之前有10个以上的碳原子,且烷氧基化程度为每摩尔醇5到30摩尔亚烷基氧化物;或者
(a2)一种或多种通过上述反应物(ii)与(iii)带有亲电基团的脂族烃化合物反应获得的醚;或者
(a3)a1和a2的混合物;
并且,其中的组分(b)是一种与组分(a)不同的低温流动改进剂,选自乙烯一不饱和酯共聚物,和/或极性有机氮混合物,
其中(a)∶(b)的重量比在1∶1到1∶20的范围。
2.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中每摩尔醇的烷氧基化程度为10到25摩尔亚烷基氧化物。
3.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中烷氧基化醇(ii)为一种乙氧基化醇。
4.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中脂族一元醇在烷氧基化之前是一种链烷醇。
5.按照权利要求4的组合物,其中链烷醇的碳原子数为20到28个。
6.按照权利要求4或5的组合物,其中链烷醇是20到24个碳原子的正构链烷醇。
7.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中(a)是权利要求1所定义的组分(a1)。
8.按照权利要求7的组合物,其中脂族一元羧酸(i)是18到30个碳原子的链烷酸。
9.按照权利要求7或8的组合物,其中a1可通过如下化合物的反应获得:
(iii)山嵛酸,和
(iv)由1摩尔正-C20或正-C22链烷醇或其混合物与10到25摩尔环氧乙烷反应形成的烷氧基化醇。
10.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中组分(b)为乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯或乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯共聚物,或是乙烯-2-乙基己酸乙烯基酯或辛酸乙烯基酯二元或三元共聚物。
11.按照权利要求1的组合物,其中组分(b)是通过2摩尔二氢化牛脂胺与1摩尔邻苯二甲酸酐反应得到的反应产物。
12.按照权利要求10的组合物,其中(a)∶(b)的重量比为1∶4,且组分(b)为乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物。
13.按照权利要求10的组合物,其中(a)∶(b)的重量比为1∶9,且组分(b)为乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯共聚物。
14.按照权利要求11的组合物,其中(a)∶(b)的重量比为1∶3。
15.一种燃料油组合物,包括燃料油和单位重量的燃料油1到5000ppm重量前述任一项权利要求所述的添加剂。
16.按照权利要求15的组合物,其中燃料油为窄沸程中间馏分燃料油。
17.权利要求1到14任一项的添加剂组合物在改进油的低温性能中的应用。
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GB9707367.0 | 1997-04-11 | ||
GBGB9707367.0A GB9707367D0 (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1997-04-11 | Improved oil compositions |
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US (1) | US6554876B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0973848B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2001518967A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100534166B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1112425C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU7211198A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2287271A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69801318T2 (zh) |
GB (1) | GB9707367D0 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1998046701A1 (zh) |
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CA2392061A1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2001-06-07 | Terence Cox | Oil production additive formulations |
DE10155747B4 (de) * | 2001-11-14 | 2008-09-11 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Additive für schwefelarme Mineralöldestillate, umfassend einen Ester eines alkoxylierten Polyols und ein Alkylphenol-Aldehydharz |
DE10155748B4 (de) * | 2001-11-14 | 2009-04-23 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Schwefelarme Mineralöldestillate mit verbesserten Kälteeigenschaften, umfassend einen Ester eines alkoxylierten Polyols und ein Copolymer aus Ethylen und ungesättigten Estern |
DE10155774B4 (de) * | 2001-11-14 | 2020-07-02 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Additive für schwefelarme Mineralöldestillate, umfassend einen Ester alkoxylierten Glycerins und einen polaren stickstoffhaltigen Paraffindispergator |
EP1380635B1 (de) * | 2002-07-09 | 2013-01-23 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH | Kaltfliessverbesserer für Brennstofföle pflanzlichen oder tierischen Ursprungs |
DE102004028495B4 (de) * | 2004-06-11 | 2007-08-30 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Kaltfließverbessererzusammensetzungen in naphthalinarmem Solvent Naphtha |
EP1690896B1 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2016-06-08 | Infineum International Limited | Additives for oil compositions |
US20060191191A1 (en) * | 2005-02-11 | 2006-08-31 | Colin Morton | Additives for oil compositions |
DE102005020264B4 (de) * | 2005-04-30 | 2008-07-31 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Additive für schwefelarme Mineralöldestillate, umfassend Aromaten, welche eine Hydroxygruppe, eine Methoxygruppe und eine Säurefunktion tragen |
HUE028316T2 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2016-12-28 | Clariant Produkte Deutschland Gmbh | Mineral oils containing detergent additives with improved cold flow properties |
DE102005061465B4 (de) * | 2005-12-22 | 2008-07-31 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Detergenzadditive enthaltende Mineralöle mit verbesserter Kältefließfähigkeit |
US7655055B2 (en) * | 2006-09-21 | 2010-02-02 | Southwest Research Institute | Biofuel |
US20090038692A1 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2009-02-12 | 21St Century R & D, Llc | Modification of vegetable oils for fuel applications |
US20110139106A1 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2011-06-16 | 21St Century R & D, Llc | Modification of fats and oils for fuel and lubricating applications |
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- 1997-04-11 GB GBGB9707367.0A patent/GB9707367D0/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-03-19 EP EP98919158A patent/EP0973848B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1998-03-19 WO PCT/EP1998/001779 patent/WO1998046701A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-03-19 JP JP54340998A patent/JP2001518967A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1998-03-19 US US09/403,060 patent/US6554876B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-19 CN CN98805185A patent/CN1112425C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-03-19 CA CA002287271A patent/CA2287271A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-03-19 AU AU72111/98A patent/AU7211198A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-03-19 DE DE69801318T patent/DE69801318T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1998-03-19 KR KR19997009363A patent/KR100534166B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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EP0061895A2 (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1982-10-06 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Flow improver additive for distillate fuels, and concentrate thereof |
CN1083857A (zh) * | 1992-06-30 | 1994-03-16 | 埃克森化学专利公司 | 添加剂及燃料组合物 |
WO1996034073A1 (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-10-31 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Fuel composition |
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DE69801318D1 (de) | 2001-09-13 |
US6554876B1 (en) | 2003-04-29 |
JP2001518967A (ja) | 2001-10-16 |
CA2287271A1 (en) | 1998-10-22 |
EP0973848A1 (en) | 2000-01-26 |
CN1256708A (zh) | 2000-06-14 |
DE69801318T2 (de) | 2002-05-02 |
AU7211198A (en) | 1998-11-11 |
GB9707367D0 (en) | 1997-05-28 |
WO1998046701A1 (en) | 1998-10-22 |
KR20010006279A (ko) | 2001-01-26 |
EP0973848B1 (en) | 2001-08-08 |
KR100534166B1 (ko) | 2005-12-06 |
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