CN111067899B - 一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用 - Google Patents
一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用。本发明通过系统筛选多种FDA批准的药物,发现抗疟药磷酸伯氨喹具有显著的抗白血病作用。在细胞水平,磷酸伯氨喹可显著抑制多种髓系白血病细胞系的生长,但对正常人外周血单个核细胞和中性粒细胞无明显生长抑制作用,且磷酸伯氨喹对急性早幼粒白血病细胞的生长抑制效果更为明显。在病人水平,本发明发现磷酸伯氨喹可抑制急性髓系细胞白血病病人原代细胞集落形成能力。在动物水平,本发明发现磷酸伯氨喹对全反式维甲酸耐药性急性早幼粒白血病进展具有明显的抑制作用。本发明为磷酸伯氨喹在白血病尤其是急性早幼粒白血病治疗中潜在的临床转化应用提供了重要的科学理论依据。
Description
技术领域
本发明具体涉及白血病的治疗技术领域,具体涉及一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用。
背景技术
急性髓系白血病(acute myelocytic leukemia,AML)是造血系统髓系干祖细胞克隆性恶性增殖疾病,表现为骨髓和血液中髓系原始细胞的异常增殖、成熟障碍和正常造血受抑。急性早幼粒细胞白血病(acute promyelocytic leukemia,APL)是M3型AML,其中大部分APL具有特征性染色体t(15;17)(q22-23;q12-21)易位,所产生的PML-RARa融合基因在APL发病过程中起关键作用3。虽然全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)诱导分化方案极大地延长了APL患者的生存期,但复发及原发耐药成为APL治疗失败的主要原因6。因此,急需寻找新的具有抗ATRA耐药性急性早幼粒白血病作用的低毒副作用药物。
磷酸伯氨喹(Phosphate Primaquine,PRQ)化学名称为N4-(6-甲氧基-8-喹啉基)-1-戊二胺二磷酸盐。分子式:C15H21N3O·2H3PO4,化学结构式见图1。磷酸伯氨喹被FDA批准以来一直作为抗疟药使用至今。它能够能根治间日疟,对三日疟、恶性疟和卵形疟组织期的虫株也有杀灭作用,并可杀灭各种疟原虫的配子体,对恶性疟的作用尤强,使之不能在蚊体内发育,以阻断传播。PRQ为临床上控制复发和阻止疟疾传播的首选。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供了一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用,扩大已知抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在白血病治疗领域的应用,提供磷酸伯氨喹在治疗髓系白血病,尤其是克服急性早幼粒白血病细胞全反式维甲酸耐药性的问题。
本发明采用的技术解决方案是:一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用。
所述的白血病为急性髓系白血病。
所述的急性髓系白血病为急性早幼粒细胞白血病。
所述的磷酸伯氨喹为磷酸伯氨喹或其药学上可接受的盐、酯、溶剂合物。
所述的磷酸伯氨喹为以磷酸伯氨喹或其药学上可接受的盐、酯、溶剂合物为活性成分的哺乳动物肿瘤细胞增殖抑制剂。
所述的药物通过注射、喷射、滴鼻、滴眼、渗透、吸收、物理或化学介导的方法导入机体如肌肉、皮内、皮下、静脉、粘膜组织,或是被其他物质混合或包裹后导入机体。
所述的药物的剂型为注射液、片剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、胶囊、口服液、膏剂、霜剂;所述的药物均可以按照药学领域的常规方法制备。
所述的药物的剂型内还包括有一种或多种药学上可接受的载体,所述的载体包括药学领域常规的稀释剂、赋形剂、填充剂、粘合剂、湿润剂、崩解剂、吸收促进剂、表面活性剂、吸附载体、润滑剂。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明提供了一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用。本发明通过系统筛选多种FDA批准的药物,发现抗疟药磷酸伯氨喹具有显著的抗白血病作用。在细胞水平,磷酸伯氨喹可显著抑制多种髓系白血病细胞系的生长,但对正常人外周血单个核细胞和中性粒细胞无明显生长抑制作用,且磷酸伯氨喹对急性早幼粒白血病细胞的生长抑制效果更为明显。在病人水平,本发明发现磷酸伯氨喹可抑制急性髓系细胞白血病病人原代细胞集落形成能力。在动物水平,本发明发现磷酸伯氨喹对全反式维甲酸耐药性急性早幼粒白血病进展具有明显的抑制作用。本发明为磷酸伯氨喹在白血病尤其是急性早幼粒白血病治疗中潜在的临床转化应用提供了重要的科学理论依据。
附图说明
图1为磷酸伯氨喹化学结构式。
表1为不同血液细胞对磷酸伯氨喹的敏感性。
图2为4株APL细胞对ATRA敏感性的验证。用不同浓度的ATRA分别处理NB4(A)、NB4-LR2(B)、NB4-LR1(C)和NB4-MR2(D)细胞48h,CCK-8增殖实验检测各细胞对ATRA的敏感性。n.s.代表无统计学意义,*代表与对照组比较P<0.05,***代表与对照组比较P<0.001。
图3为PRQ对APL细胞活力的影响。不同浓度PRQ处理NB4(A)、NB4-LR2(B)、NB4-LR1(C)和NB4-MR2(D)细胞48h,通过台盼蓝染色后,计数200个NB4细胞中活细胞比例。**代表与对照组比较P<0.01,***代表与对照组比较P<0.001。
图4为PRQ诱导ATRA耐药性APL细胞发生凋亡。A.PRQ对NB4-LR2细胞形态的改变。20μM PRQ及对照溶剂处理NB4-LR2细胞36h,进行瑞氏染色后油镜下观察细胞形态的改变,其中红色箭头指示凋亡细胞。B.20μM PRQ处理NB4-LR2细胞不同时相后提取各处理组DNA,并进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。C.20μM PRQ处理NB4-LR2细胞0和36h,PI及Annexin V-FITC染色,流式细胞仪检测不同荧光标记的细胞比例。D.20μM PRQ对凋亡调控相关蛋白的影响,β-actin作为内参。
图5为PRQ对AML病人原代细胞集落形成能力的的抑制作用。A.取5例AML病人骨髓标本,分离单个核细胞后用0、20和40μM PRQ处理,经甲基纤维素培养基培养2周后,在显微镜下观察集落并拍照(40,);B.对各组集落数进行统计分析,***代表与对照组比较P<0.001。
图6为PRQ对ATRA耐药性APL小鼠模型的治疗效果。A.每隔1天测量肿瘤体积,根据肿瘤体积=长径×短径×短径/2并进行统计学分析;B.PRQ处理之前进行活体成像;C.PRQ处理14天后进行活体成像;D.PRQ处理结束后将小鼠进行人道处死,将肿瘤剥离下来并拍照;E.将剥离下来的肿瘤称重并进行统计;n.s.代表无统计学意义,*代表与对照组比较P<0.05,**代表与对照组比较P<0.01,***代表与对照组比较P<0.001。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明的本质,下面以磷酸伯氨喹对白血病在细胞水平、病人样本水平和动物水平和的抑制作用和机理实验结果来说明其用途。
实验方法:
细胞增殖实验:首先进行细胞计数,根据需要取适量体积的细胞,1000rpm,室温离心5min。加入适量体积的完全培养基重悬,将各细胞密度调至2×105/mL,PBMC(加入终浓度为100U/mL的IL-2)和中性粒细胞调至1×107/mL。采用倍比稀释制备成梯度PRQ(0、5、10、20、40μM)浓度的细胞悬液。将各处理组细胞依次充分混匀,取100μL加入96孔板,设3复孔,将96孔板放入CO2培养箱中常规培养48h。每孔加入10μL CCK-8溶液,放入CO2培养箱中培养2h,测定450nm OD值,计算不同细胞的IC50值。
细胞活力实验:首先进行细胞计数后加入适量体积的完全培养基重悬,将密度调至2×105/mL,采用倍比稀释制备成梯度PRQ(0、5、10、20、40μM)浓度的细胞悬液。将各处理组细胞依次充分混匀,取500μL加入到24孔板,设3复孔,将24孔板放入CO2恒温培养箱中常规培养48h。将细胞充分混匀后取30μL细胞悬液,加入30μL台盼蓝,充分混匀,取10μL进行细胞计数,显微镜下计数200个细胞中活细胞的个数,计算公式为:细胞活力(%)=(细胞总数-死亡细胞数)/细胞总数×100。
细胞凋亡实验:
1)瑞氏染色:对照溶剂及终浓度为20μM的PRQ处理的NB4-LR2细胞36h后将细胞离心到载玻片上,待其干燥后,将提前配好的瑞氏染液均匀滴加到涂片上染色3-5min,,用流水轻轻冲掉染液,滴加香柏油,在油镜下观察细胞形态变化并拍照。
2)DNA ladder实验:对照溶剂及终浓度为20μM的PRQ处理的NB4-LR2细胞0、6、12、24、36、48h后抽提DNA,将不同DNA样品进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳后经Bio-Rad凝胶成像仪扫描并拍照。
3)流式凋亡检测试验:对照溶剂及终浓度为20μM的PRQ处理的NB4-LR2细胞36h后使用Annexin-V FITC凋亡试剂盒进行染色,具体步骤按照试剂盒说明书操作。
Western Blot检测蛋白表达水平
收集2×106个PRQ处理的NB4-LR2细胞经裂解液提取总蛋白后,行SDS-
PAGE电泳,电泳结束后,将凝胶电转移到PVDF膜(Amersham Bioscience公司)。用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST(137mM NaCl,20mM Tris-HCl,pH7.6,0.1%Tween20)封闭1.5h。分别加入相应一抗,4℃摇床孵育过夜。第2天,将膜用TBST洗3次,每次10min。加入HRP偶联的相应二抗,室温孵育1.5h,TBST洗3次,每次10min。将PVDF膜置于ECL试剂中反应1-2min,经LAS-4000化学发光成像系统成像(Fuji,Japan)。实验重复3次。
病人样本收集及克隆形成实验
骨髓样本收集和使用都经温州医科大学伦理委员会批准;收集温州医科大学附属第一医院确诊的5例AML病人骨髓标本,提取单个核细胞;将提取的单个核细胞进行计数,加适量完全培养基将细胞浓度调至6.67×106/mL,并分别取100μL加入到3个1.5mL EP管中;分别加入0.88μL水、25mM PRQ和50mM PRQ制备成终浓度为0、20μM和40μM PRQ处理组并充分混匀;向每组细胞悬液中加入1mL甲基纤维素半固体培养基,充分混匀并在室温下静置5min,向24孔板每孔加入300μL混悬液,每次设3复孔,放入实验室内CO2恒温培养箱中常规培养,注意培养期间不可随意晃动;14天后,在显微镜下计数各孔集落个数并选取代表性视野进行拍照,对集落个数进行统计分析。
动物实验
1)构建免疫抑制小鼠模型
购买5-6周龄的BALB/c nude小鼠,动物房适应性饲养一周;腹腔注射100mg/kg的环磷酰胺,连续注射3天。
2)白血病异种移植小鼠模型的建立(第3次注射完环磷酰胺约36h后)
NB4-LR2-GFP-Luc细胞计数,离心后用PBS洗2次,按1×108/mL重悬;将细胞充分混匀取100μL细胞悬液,加入100μL基质胶并充分混匀。固定小鼠皮肤,将注射器从小鼠左侧向左前肢附近刺入,缓慢将细胞打入皮下;每隔1天称量小鼠体重并测量肿瘤大小。当肿瘤体积达到150mm3时,将小鼠随机分为对照组和PRQ处理组;
3)PRQ药物作用效果评价
配制50mg/kg PRQ工作液,对照组用对照溶剂水;
其中一组用PRQ灌胃,另一组用对照溶剂水灌胃,每次250μL,每天一次,连续灌胃14天。
a.每隔1天称量小鼠体重并测量肿瘤大小,根据肿瘤体积=长径×短径×短径/2进行统计学分析;
b.活体成像:将小鼠用异氟烷麻醉,将底物15mg/mL的D-Luciferin溶液按150μg/g的剂量经腹腔注射入小鼠体内,8分钟后通过IVIS Lumina Series III的小鼠活体成像仪(Perkin Elmer公司)检测体内白血病细胞信号。统计分析小鼠经PRQ处理前后的白血病进展情况。
c.待PRQ灌胃治疗结束后,将小鼠用颈脱臼法处死,将肿瘤组织剥离出来拍照并称重。
统计学分析
使用Graphad Prism 7统计软件进行数据统计学分析,数据以均数±标准差(Mean(行数)表示。其中,两组之间差异的比较采用Student’s t-test;三组及以上的定量资料之间的差异分析采用单因素方差分析(one way ANOVA)。其中n.s.代表无统计学意义,*代表与对照组比较P<0.05,**代表与对照组比较P<0.01,***代表与对照组比较P<0.001。
实验结果:
1.本发明基于对多种FDA批准药物进行系统地筛选,发现磷酸伯氨喹具有明显的抗白血病作用。本发明检测了不同浓度磷酸伯氨喹处理正常人外周血单个核细胞、中性粒细胞及多株髓系白血病细胞U937、THP-1、K562、HL-60、NB4、NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1及NB4-MR2 48小时对细胞的生长抑制作用。磷酸伯氨喹对不同血液细胞48h的半数抑制浓度(50%inhibition concentration,IC50)见表1。结果显示PRQ可有效抑制白血病细胞系的生长,而对正常人外周血单个核细胞和中性粒细胞无明显生长抑制作用,提示PRQ治疗的安全性。值得注意的是,PRQ对4株携带PML-RARa融合基因的ATRA敏感(NB4)和耐药的(NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1及NB4-MR2)APL细胞的生长抑制作用显著强于其他髓系白血病细胞。
表1.不同血液细胞对磷酸伯氨喹的敏感性
2.4株APL细胞对ATRA敏感性的验证。用不同浓度的ATRA分别处理NB4、NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1和NB4-MR2细胞48h,检测各细胞对ATRA的敏感性。结果显示,NB4对ATRA敏感,而NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1和NB4-MR2细胞对ATRA耐药(图2A-D),这与文献报导相一致。说明NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1和NB4-MR2细胞确为ATRA耐药细胞株。
3.本发明发现PRQ使APL细胞活力下降。用不同浓度PRQ及对照溶剂分别处理NB4、NB4-LR2、NB4-LR1和NB4-MR2细胞48h,台盼蓝染色后显微镜下细胞计数。结果显示,PRQ处理48h的NB4细胞,随着药物作用浓度的增加,APL活细胞活力(活细胞比例)均下降(图3A-D)。这表明PRQ诱导APL细胞发生死亡。
4.本发明发现PRQ诱导NB4-LR2细胞发生凋亡。为了探讨PRQ是通过影响NB4-LR2细胞的哪一种生物学行为(凋亡、周期阻滞或细胞分化)而影响细胞生长和细胞活力的。首先用20μM的PRQ及对照溶剂处理NB4-LR2细胞36h进行瑞氏染色,显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化。结果(图4A)显示,PRQ处理组细胞出现明显的染色质凝集及核膜崩解等凋亡特征性形态学改变,提示PRQ可能诱导NB4-LR2细胞发生凋亡。为进一步证实凋亡的发生,用20μM PRQ处理NB4-LR2细胞0、6、12、24、36和48h,提取各处理组细胞DNA并进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果(图4B)显示,PRQ作用24h开始出现梯状DNA条带,且随着PRQ作用时间延长,出现梯状条带的现象越明显,提示PRQ诱导NB4-LR2细胞发生了凋亡。同时,用20μM PRQ处理NB4-LR2细胞0和36h,各组细胞用PI及Annexin V-FITC染料染色,流式上机检测被荧光标记的细胞比例。结果(图4C)显示,PRQ处理组被荧光标记的细胞明显增多,表明PRQ引起NB4-LR2细胞凋亡。此外,用20μM PRQ处理NB4-LR2细胞0、6、12、24、36和48h,提取各处理组蛋白,进行免疫印迹实验。结果(图4D)显示,PRQ作用NB4-LR2细胞24h后,出现了Caspase3的活化和PARP剪切现象,进一步证实了PRQ作用以后细胞凋亡的发生。以上结果表明PRQ诱导APL细胞发生了凋亡。
5.本发明发现PRQ可抑制AML病人原代细胞集落形成能力。从临床上收取5例AML病人(2例原发M4、2例原发M3和1例复发M3)骨髓样本,提取单个核细胞,用终浓度为0、20μM及40μM PRQ处理,培养14天后在显微镜下观察各组集落个数并进行拍照并对3次独立重复试验各处理组集落个数进行统计分析,发现随着PRQ作用浓度的增加,集落个数明显减少,且表现出一定的剂量依赖性(图5A-B)。以上结果说明PRQ可抑制AML病人(含复发病人)原代细胞集落形成能力。
6.本发明发现PRQ对ATRA耐药性APL异种移植小鼠模型有较好的治疗效果。利用逆转录病毒感染NB4-LR2细胞,经G418筛选,当未加病毒的对照细胞全部死亡后,存活的细胞即为成功标记上GFP-Luc荧光的。荧光显微镜下观察证实NB4-LR2成功标记GFP-Luc。取1×107个NB4-LR2-GFP-Luc细胞注射在购买5-6周龄的BALB/c nude小鼠左前肢皮下,待肿瘤体积达到150mm3左右时,将小鼠随机分为2组,每隔1天测量肿瘤体积并根据肿瘤体积=长径×短径×短径/2并作统计学分析(图6A)。同时,药物处理前对各组小鼠进行活体成像(图6B)。其中一组用50mg/kg的PRQ灌胃,另一组用对照溶剂灌胃,每次250μL,每天一次,连续灌胃14天后再次进行活体成像,结果显示(图6C)PRQ作用以后肿瘤信号较对照组明显减弱。灌胃结束后,将小鼠人道处死,将肿瘤剥离下来,拍照并称重,可见PRQ处理组肿瘤明显小于对照处理组(图6D),且肿瘤重量也明显小于对照组(图6E)。以上结果说明,PRQ对ATRA耐药性APL小鼠模型具有较好的治疗效果。
本发明经过系统的实验证实磷酸伯氨喹在白血病中的潜在治疗效果。磷酸伯氨喹作为白血病治疗药物具有以下优点:
(1)磷酸伯氨喹对多种白血病细胞有效,尤其可以在动物水平和病人水平克服全反式维甲酸耐药性急性早幼粒细胞白血病。
(2)磷酸伯氨喹为临床上控制复发和阻止疟疾传播的首选抗疟药。其药代动力学已知,并在人体或动物体内进行过毒理学测试,安全性较好。本发明结果支持磷酸伯氨喹直接进入白血病治疗二期临床试验进行验证,能极大缩短研发周期和研发成本。
(3)磷酸伯氨喹在动物实验中工作浓度均未见有毒性。
各位技术人员须知:虽然本发明已按照上述具体实施方式做了描述,但是本发明的发明思想并不仅限于此发明,任何运用本发明思想的改装,都将纳入本专利专利权保护范围内。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,本发明的保护范围并不仅局限于上述实施例,凡属于本发明思路下的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理前提下的若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种抗疟药物磷酸伯氨喹或其药学上可接受的盐在制备治疗白血病药物上的应用,其特征在于,所述的白血病为全反式维甲酸耐药性急性早幼粒细胞白血病。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的药物的剂型为注射液、片剂、颗粒剂、胶囊、口服液、膏剂;所述的药物均可以按照药学领域的常规方法制备。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的药物的剂型内还包括有一种或多种药学上可接受的载体,所述的载体包括药学领域常规的稀释剂、粘合剂、湿润剂、崩解剂、吸收促进剂、润滑剂。
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