CN111005254A - A kind of method for rapid splitting and brooming of low-concentration pulp - Google Patents
A kind of method for rapid splitting and brooming of low-concentration pulp Download PDFInfo
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- CN111005254A CN111005254A CN201911213391.4A CN201911213391A CN111005254A CN 111005254 A CN111005254 A CN 111005254A CN 201911213391 A CN201911213391 A CN 201911213391A CN 111005254 A CN111005254 A CN 111005254A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 244000007853 Sarothamnus scoparius Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920001046 Nanocellulose Polymers 0.000 description 42
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 28
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 9
- 206010061592 cardiac fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 230000002600 fibrillogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002201 Oxidized cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940107304 oxidized cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000009283 thermal hydrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002791 glucosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002121 nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21D—TREATMENT OF THE MATERIALS BEFORE PASSING TO THE PAPER-MAKING MACHINE
- D21D1/00—Methods of beating or refining; Beaters of the Hollander type
- D21D1/02—Methods of beating; Beaters of the Hollander type
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低浓度纸浆快速分丝帚化的方法。该方法为：(1)将木纸浆加水配制成质量浓度为0.1～5％的纸浆悬浮液；(2)将纸浆悬浮液在60～100℃下加热1～120min，然后进行偏心搅拌剪切，实现纸浆的快速分丝帚化，得到纤丝纤维素。该制备方法具有绿色环保，无污水排放，得率为100％，该方法获得的微纳米纤丝纤维素可以与纸浆一起直接上流浆箱；该微纳米纤丝纤维素具有良好的机械性能指标，可以作为纸页、纸板和纸基复合材料的增强剂。
The invention discloses a method for rapidly splitting and brooming low-concentration pulp. The method is as follows: (1) adding water to wood pulp to prepare a pulp suspension with a mass concentration of 0.1-5%; (2) heating the pulp suspension at 60-100° C. for 1-120 min, and then performing eccentric stirring and shearing, The rapid splitting of pulp is realized to obtain fibrillar cellulose. The preparation method is environmentally friendly, has no sewage discharge, and has a yield of 100%. The micro-nano fibril cellulose obtained by the method can be directly sent to the headbox together with the pulp; the micro-nano fibril cellulose has good mechanical performance indicators, Can be used as a reinforcing agent for paper sheets, cardboard and paper-based composites.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of paper pulp, and particularly relates to a method for quickly devillicating and brooming low-concentration paper pulp.
Background
Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable resources on earth, and is a very promising biomaterial. Cellulose molecules are mainly composed of glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds. The micro-nano cellulose is a cellulose macromolecule with micro-nano level size separated from a plant fiber body by different methods, and has the characteristics of environmental protection, natural regeneration, good biocompatibility, optical property, mechanical property and the like due to high length-diameter ratio and high crystallinity, numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface and rich surface charges, so that the micro-nano cellulose is widely applied to the fields of food, medical treatment, papermaking, energy and the like.
For example, chinese patent application No. CN201810104629.9 discloses a method for preparing nanocellulose whiskers and fibrils by oxalic acid hydrolysis, which comprises the steps of performing acid hydrolysis on a cellulose raw material with an oxalic acid solution, adding hot water after the acid hydrolysis, performing suction filtration and washing, recovering oxalic acid, and homogenizing the obtained cellulose under high pressure to obtain nanocellulose whiskers and nanocellulose fibrils. The method adopted by the invention has the advantages of simple reaction process, easy control and simple and easily obtained raw materials required by the reaction, and can be widely applied to various cellulose raw materials for preparing cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibril cellulose. The invention discloses a preparation method of oxidized cellulose nanofibrils based on nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and the preparation method is based on a nitric acid hydrolysis system, introduces a hydrogen peroxide oxidizing reagent, and finally obtains the oxidized cellulose nanofibrils through high-pressure homogenization treatment. The method has simple and convenient process, uses less chemical varieties, can reduce the using amount of acid compared with a method of simply using acid hydrolysis, and can successfully prepare the oxidized cellulose nanofibrils.
However, in both of the above-mentioned methods, chemicals such as acid, alkali or hydrogen peroxide are inevitably used, and the prepared micro-nano fibril cellulose also needs to be subjected to subsequent complex treatment processes such as multiple centrifugation and dialysis, which is relatively complex and not environment-friendly. The method is feasible in a laboratory, but if the method is used in engineering practice, the problems of high difficulty in waste acid recovery and waste water treatment and the like exist, and the controllable preparation of the micro-nano cellulose is difficult to realize. Therefore, in order to realize industrialization of the micro-nano cellulose, a method for preparing the micro-nano fibril cellulose, which is simple to operate, diversified in products and strong in engineering applicability, needs to be invented, and can play a role in promoting and leading development of a micro-nano cellulose preparation technology.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for quickly devillicating and brooming low-concentration paper pulp.
The method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of soaking, disintegrating or pulping a pulp board to prepare pulp fiber suspension, heating the pulp fiber suspension to enable pulp to be thermally dispersed and hydrolyzed, carrying out eccentric high shearing (namely eccentric stirring shearing) on the pulp fiber suspension by adopting an eccentric stirring system, and realizing rapid devillicate brooming of fibers in a flow field formed by the high shearing, thereby obtaining the micro-nano fibril cellulose. The method has the characteristics of simple operation, product diversification and strong engineering applicability.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for quickly devillicating and brooming low-concentration paper pulp comprises the following steps:
(1) adding water into paper pulp to prepare a paper pulp suspension with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1-5%;
(2) heating the paper pulp suspension at 60-100 ℃ for 1-120 min, and then carrying out eccentric stirring and shearing to realize rapid devillicating and brooming of the paper pulp to obtain the fibril cellulose.
Preferably, the pulp of step (1) is obtained by soaking, disintegrating or beating wood pulp boards.
The soaking refers to soaking the pulp board in water for 1-6 hours; the disintegration is carried out for 10-30 minutes under the condition that the power of a motor is 100-200W; and the pulping time is 10-40 minutes.
Preferably, the pulp of step (1) is at least one of wood pulp, cotton pulp, bamboo pulp and straw pulp; the wood pulp is at least one of softwood pulp and hardwood pulp.
Preferably, the pulp suspension of step (1) has a mass percent concentration of 1%.
Preferably, the heating temperature of the step (2) is 100 ℃ and the time is 10 min.
Preferably, the eccentric stirring and shearing shear blade of the step (2) is one of a six-blade and an eight-blade.
Preferably, the shearing rate of the eccentric stirring and shearing in the step (2) is 5000-30000 rpm/min.
Preferably, the time of the eccentric stirring and shearing in the step (2) is 5-60 min.
Preferably, the eccentric stirring shearing in the step (2) is continuous shearing and intermittent shearing, and the intermittent shearing is stopped and cooled for 10-60 seconds every 3-5 minutes of shearing.
Preferably, the power of the eccentric stirring and shearing in the step (2) is 500-3000W.
Preferably, the fibril cellulose in the step (2) is micro-nano fibril cellulose.
The eccentric stirring and shearing means that the rotating shaft normally runs, the container of the rotating shaft is eccentrically arranged, a narrow flow passage is formed between the rotating shaft and the container wall, the rotating shaft drives the blades to carry out high-speed shearing in the narrow flow passage, and the minimum distance between the narrow flow passage and the container is smaller than 4 mm.
Preferably, the eccentric blending and shearing whipping system is an eccentric whipping system.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) the conventional technology for preparing the micro-nano fibril cellulose has complex preparation process and large energy consumption, and the method can easily realize the fibrillation of the micro-nano cellulose and prepare the micro-nano cellulose with good silk splitting effect.
(2) The technology provided by the invention is convenient to operate, and the prepared micro-nano cellulose has a larger length-diameter ratio and has a good effect when being used as a paper-based reinforcing agent in the paper-making industry.
(3) The technology of the invention can quickly prepare various micro-nano celluloses, can easily realize mass production of the micro-nano celluloses, and has wide application prospect in the industrialization aspect of the micro-nano celluloses.
(4) The technology of the invention is green and environment-friendly, has no waste and wastewater discharge, and the yield is close to 100 percent.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the rapid devillicating and brooming method for low-consistency pulp according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nano cellulose a obtained in example 1.
Fig. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose B obtained in example 2.
Fig. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose C obtained in example 3.
Fig. 5 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose D obtained in example 4.
FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose E obtained in example 5.
Fig. 7 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose F obtained in example 6.
FIG. 8 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nano cellulose G obtained in comparative example 1.
FIG. 9 is a scanning electron microscope image of the micro-nano cellulose H obtained in comparative example 2.
Fig. 10 is a high-resolution transmission electron microscope image of the micro-nanocellulose F obtained in example 6.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the bursting strength index of the micro-nano cellulose compounded domestic waste paper pulp obtained in examples 5 and 6.
FIG. 12 shows the tensile indexes of the micro-nano cellulose compounded domestic waste paper pulp obtained in examples 5 and 6.
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the bursting strength index of the micro-nano cellulose compounded domestic waste paper pulp obtained in comparative examples 1 and 2.
FIG. 14 shows the tensile indexes of the micro-nano cellulose compounded domestic waste paper pulp obtained in comparative examples 1 and 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Those who do not specify specific conditions in the examples of the present invention follow conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The raw materials, reagents and the like which are not indicated for manufacturers are all conventional products which can be obtained by commercial purchase.
The soaking in the examples and comparative examples of the present application means soaking in water for 2 hours. The crushing is carried out for 20 minutes by an LD fiber crusher under the motor power of 200W; the beating is carried out for 20 minutes by adopting an AT-WL Valley beater. The intermittent shearing was stopped cooling for 30 seconds per 5 minutes of shearing. The eccentric whipping system apparatus is american BL 1206A.
Example 1
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with the mass percentage concentration of 0.1%, then the softwood pulp is heated to 60 ℃ from room temperature and is kept at the constant temperature for 1min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with a hexalobate blade, the power of a motor is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 5000rpm/min, the softwood pulp is sheared for 5min in a continuous shearing mode, the rapid devillicating fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose A is obtained, which is shown in fig. 2.
Example 2
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, preparing a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 5% from shredded softwood pulp, then heating the suspension to 100 ℃ from room temperature, maintaining the constant temperature for 120min, then adding the low-consistency pulp suspension into an eccentric whipping system with eight blades, controlling the motor power to be 800W, controlling the shearing rate to be 30000rpm/min, and shearing the suspension for 60min in an intermittent shearing manner, so as to realize rapid devillicating and brooming of the pulp, thereby obtaining the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose B, which is shown in fig. 3.
Example 3
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the pulped softwood pulp is prepared into low-consistency pulp suspension with the mass percentage concentration of 2%, then the softwood pulp suspension is heated to 80 ℃ from room temperature and is kept at the constant temperature for 60min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with a six-bladed blade, the power of a motor is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 10000rpm/min, the softwood pulp is sheared for 40min in a continuous shearing mode, the rapid devillicate fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of fibril micro-nano cellulose C is obtained, which is shown in fig. 4.
Example 4
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 0.5%, then the softwood pulp is heated to 100 ℃ from room temperature and is kept at a constant temperature for 30min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with eight blades, the motor power is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 5000rpm/min, the softwood pulp is sheared for 10min in an intermittent shearing mode, the rapid devillicating and brooming of the pulp are realized, and the shape of the micro-nano fibril cellulose D is obtained, as shown in fig. 5.
Example 5
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 1.5%, then the softwood pulp is heated to 90 ℃ from room temperature and is kept at a constant temperature for 20min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with eight blades, the motor power is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 15000rpm/min, the softwood pulp is sheared for 20min in an intermittent shearing mode, the rapid devillicate fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose E is obtained, as shown in fig. 6.
Example 6
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 1%, then the softwood pulp is heated to 100 ℃ from room temperature, the temperature is kept constant for 10min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with eight blades, the power of a motor is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 20000rpm/min, the pulp is sheared for 25min in a continuous shearing mode, the rapid devillicate fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose F is obtained, as shown in fig. 7.
Comparative example 1
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 1%, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into an eccentric whipping system with eight blades, the motor power is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 20000rpm/min, the pulp is sheared for 25min in a continuous shearing mode, the rapid devillicate fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose G is obtained, as shown in fig. 8.
Comparative example 2
According to the process flow shown in fig. 1, the soaked softwood pulp is prepared into a low-consistency pulp suspension with a mass percentage concentration of 1%, then the softwood pulp is heated to 100 ℃ from room temperature, the temperature is kept constant for 10min, then the low-consistency pulp suspension is added into a common whipping system with eight blades, the motor power is 800W, the shearing rate is controlled to be 20000rpm/min, the pulp is sheared for 25min in a continuous shearing mode, the rapid devillicate fibrillation of the pulp is realized, and the morphology of the micro-nano fibril cellulose H is obtained, which is shown in fig. 9.
Effects of the embodiment
The micro-nano cellulose obtained in the examples 5 and 6 and the comparative examples 1 and 2 is matched with domestic waste paper pulp long fibers and domestic waste paper pulp short fibers (the mass ratio of the micro-nano cellulose to the domestic waste paper pulp is 1:9) to be made into paper, and the basis weight of the paper is 60g/m2The magnitude of increase in burst index and tensile index of the paper was measured as compared to the waste pulp without the addition of nanocellulose. The measuring instrument is a burst tester (model: L)&W CE180) and a horizontal wet tensile tester (model: FRANK 81502). As shown in fig. 11 to 14, the "length of country + sample 5" marked in the figure refers to the paper made of the domestic long waste pulp fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in example 5, and the "length of country + sample 6" refers to the paper made of the domestic long waste pulp fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in example 6; "national short + sample 5" refers to paper made of domestic waste paper pulp short fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in example 5, and "national short + sample 6" refers to paper made of domestic waste paper pulp short fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in example 6; the marked "national length + to 1" in the figure refers to paper made of domestic waste paper pulp long fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in the comparative example 1, the "national length + to 2" refers to paper made of the domestic waste paper pulp long fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in the comparative example 2, the "national length + to 1" refers to paper made of the domestic waste paper pulp short fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in the comparative example 1, and the "national length + to 2" refers to paper made of the domestic waste paper pulp short fibers and the micro-nano cellulose obtained in the comparative example 2.
From the comparison of the topographic maps of the micro-nanofibers obtained in the above embodiments and comparative examples, it can be seen that: the diameter of the devillicate at the tail end of the micro-nano fibril cellulose prepared by the invention is within 100nm, and the devillicate brooming effect of the pulp suspension subjected to thermal hydrolysis is better than that of the pulp suspension without thermal hydrolysis, because the cellulose tissue structure is softened after the thermal hydrolysis process, and devillicate is easier to separate in the subsequent high shearing process. Compared with the common beating system, the high-speed operation of the blade in the narrow flow channel formed by the eccentric beating system increases the shearing force locally applied to the fiber, the fibrillation degree of the fiber is higher, the fiber cannot be cut off, and the nanocellulose silk sample with large length-diameter ratio is reserved. By combining the bursting index and the tensile index of the paper made by the domestic waste paper pulp fibers prepared in the embodiment 5 and the embodiment 6, the bursting index of the domestic waste paper pulp short fibers is increased by 45% and the bursting index of the domestic waste paper pulp long fibers is increased by 33% in the micro-nano cellulose prepared in the embodiment 5; the tensile index of the short fiber of the domestic waste paper pulp is increased by 34 percent, and the tensile index of the long fiber of the domestic waste paper pulp is increased by 30 percent. The micro-nano cellulose prepared in the embodiment 6 has the bursting index increasing rate of 110% for domestic waste paper pulp short fibers and 64% for domestic waste paper pulp long fibers; the tensile index of the short fiber of the domestic waste paper pulp is increased by 53 percent, the tensile index of the long fiber of the domestic waste paper pulp is increased by 54 percent, and the reinforcing effect is very obvious.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
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