CN110997569B - Method for obtaining encapsulated nanoparticles - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for obtaining at least one particle (1), the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a solution A comprising at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon , boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium , beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine; (b) preparing aqueous solution B; (c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets; (d) forming droplets by the second method (e) mixing the droplets; (f) dispersing the mixed droplets in a gas stream; (g) heating the dispersion at a temperature sufficient to obtain at least one particle (1) (h) cooling the at least one particle (1); (i) separating and collecting the at least one particle (1); wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral or basic; and wherein at least A colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b). The invention also relates to a device for implementing the method.

Description

Methods of obtaining encapsulated nanoparticles

technical field

The present invention relates to the field of particle synthesis. In particular, the invention relates to a method for obtaining particles comprising a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

Background technique

Encapsulation of nanoparticles in inorganic materials is necessary or even critical in some applications, such as applications such as catalysis, drug delivery, bioimaging, displays, paints, etc. In fact, encapsulated nanoparticles, especially pigmented or fluorescent nanoparticles, can be useful because they can maintain the properties of the nanoparticles in harsh use environments including detrimental species such as water, oxygen, acids or bases. original features. That is, it can maintain high stability properties for a long time, temperature and humidity. The role of this encapsulated inorganic material is a protective shell that prevents the nanoparticles from deteriorating and their properties changing.

In addition, coating the nanoparticles with an inorganic material layer allows fine control of the surface state of the resulting particles. The inorganic material can be selected according to the target application to provide better efficiency, better dispersion (in matrix or solution) or to functionalize the resulting particles.

Encapsulation of nanoparticles in inorganic materials by in-solution methods is a known technique. For example, Koole et al. disclose the encapsulation of hydrophobic CdSe and CdTe quantum dots in silica using a water-in-oil inverse microemulsion method (Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 2503-2512).

This approach involves adding quantum dots dispersed in chloroform, cyclohexane or water to a solution of cyclohexane containing a surfactant (usually NP-5). Then, silica precursors, typically tetraethylorthosilicate and ammonia, are added. The mixture was then stirred for 1 minute and stored at room temperature in the dark for 1 week. Finally, the particles were purified by centrifugation and then redispersed in ethanol. However, this microemulsion method may result in porous silica as the inorganic material encapsulating the quantum dots, which does not act as an effective protective layer. The method also resulted in quenching the photoluminescence of the quantum dots at every stage of synthesis, resulting in particles with much worse optical properties than pristine quantum dots. Furthermore, this synthetic method requires a long reaction time and is difficult to scale up. Finally, surfactants are used in this method, which makes functionalization of the resulting particles difficult.

For example, US 8,852,644 discloses a method of producing particles comprising a target molecule by controlled precipitation of a solvent and a non-solvent comprising the target molecule. When the two liquid jets collide with each other in the microjet reactor, the two parts are mixed. This method produces particles that contain target molecules and can control the average size. However, this method cannot be implemented with conventional microfluidic reactors and requires complex microfluidic reactors. The microfluidic reactor needs to be designed such that the liquid jets impinge at angles other than 180°, or that the liquid jets mix on a shared impingement surface. And US 8,852,644 does not disclose the encapsulation method of nanoparticles because the nanoparticles are not dispersed in the inorganic material when the disclosed method is used.

WO 2006/119653 discloses a flame spray method that can be used to produce particles with a controlled degree of mixing. The method comprises the steps of: i) providing at least two nozzles, each nozzle being connected to at least one container, each container comprising a liquid precursor composition, ii) placing the at least two nozzles at an angle and a distance , making it suitable for spray impingement, iii) injecting the at least two liquid precursor compositions into their respective nozzles, iv) dispersing, igniting, burning and mixing the at least two liquid precursor compositions, and v ) to collect the nanopowder. Pt/BaCO ₃ /Al ₂ O ₃ powder can be produced using the method and apparatus. However, this method does not result in BaCO3 nanoparticles encapsulated in _Al2O3 , but rather a mixture _{of BaCO3} and _Al2O3 particles with some _BaCO3 nanoparticles deposited _on the surface _of said _{Al2O3 particles} superior. This method does not precisely control precipitation and therefore particle size. Furthermore, the device disclosed in WO2006/119653 is complex because the nozzles must be kept at a constant angle and careful selection is required to allow the two sprays to collide and mix efficiently.

Finally, known methods generally suffer from the following disadvantages: high energy consumption; low yield; difficult to scale up; long reaction times; difficult particle size control; limited and complex equipment. These factors limit the use of these methods for the industrial production of nanoparticles.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for obtaining particles that encapsulate a plurality of nanoparticles in inorganic materials, wherein the particles have enhanced resistance to environmental deterioration and stability against time, temperature or environmental changes enhanced. The method has one or more of the following advantages: the activation of the inorganic material precursor can be controlled, the precipitation of the inorganic material precursor can be controlled, the size of the particles can be finely controlled, the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the inorganic material can be finely controlled, and the operation is easy , fast, easy to scale, reduce cost, and prevent the degradation of encapsulated nanoparticle performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

【summary】

The present invention relates to a method for obtaining at least one particle, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) Preparation of solution A comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver , precursors of at least one element of vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine;

(b) preparing aqueous solution B;

(c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by the second method of forming droplets;

(e) mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing the mixed droplets in the gas stream;

(g) heating the dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain at least one particle;

(h) cooling the at least one particle; and

(i) separating and collecting the at least one particle;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral or basic; and

At least one of the colloidal suspensions comprising a plurality of nanoparticles is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b).

In one embodiment, will be selected from the group consisting of cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus At least one of at least one heteroelement of , germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium or tantalum A precursor added to solution A in step (a) and/or added to solution B in step (b).

In one embodiment, the droplets are formed by spray drying or spray pyrolysis.

In one embodiment, droplets of solution A and solution B are formed simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are formed before or after the droplets of solution B are formed.

In one embodiment, the droplets of solution B or solution A are replaced by the vapor of solution B or solution A, respectively.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are luminescent, the preferred luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals comprising a core of a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; N is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or their mixtures; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb , F, Cl, Br, I or their mixtures. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. And X, Y, Z and W are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; Z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one shell comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt , Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, Tl, Si , Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or their mixtures; N Selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or their mixtures; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or their mixture. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. and X, Y, Z, and W are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not both equal to 0; x and y are not both equal to 0; Z and W may not be equal to 0 simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanosheets.

The present invention also relates to particles obtained by the method of the present invention, wherein the obtained particles comprise a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

The present invention also relates to the particles obtained by the method of the present invention, wherein the obtained particles comprise a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material.

The present invention also relates to a device for implementing the method of the present invention, said device comprising:

- at least one air supply device;

- a first device for forming droplets of the first solution;

- a second device for forming droplets of the second solution;

- optional means of forming reactive vapours of the third solution;

- optional means of releasing gas;

-tube;

- means for heating the droplets to obtain at least one particle;

- means for cooling at least one particle;

- means for separating and collecting at least one particle; and

- a pumping device; and

- Connection method.

In one embodiment, the means for forming droplets are positioned and operated in series or parallel.

In one embodiment, droplets of solution A and solution B are formed in two different connections of the device.

In one embodiment, droplets of solution A and solution B are formed in the same connection device of the device.

【definition】

In the present invention, the following terms have the following meanings:

"Activation" refers to the process of allowing molecules to react efficiently in a chemical reaction, and may require the presence of energy and/or other reagents for this to occur. Activation of the alkoxide precursor can be carried out, for example, by adding water and heating.

"Core" refers to the innermost portion of a particle.

"Shell" refers to a material that partially or completely covers the inner layer other than the core, the thickness of which is at least one monolayer atomic layer.

"Encapsulation" refers to a material that surrounds, embeds, contains, includes, covers, encapsulates, or encapsulates a plurality of nanoparticles.

"Uniformly dispersed" means that the particles are not aggregated, not in contact, and are separated by inorganic materials. Each nanoparticle maintains an average minimum distance separation from adjacent nanoparticles.

"Colloid" means a homogeneous mixture of particles and a medium in which the dispersed particles, stably suspended and dispersed in a medium, do not settle or take a long time to settle, but are insoluble in the medium.

"Colloidal particle" means one that can be dispersed, suspended in another medium (eg, water or an organic solvent), does not settle or takes a long time to settle, and is insoluble in the medium. "Colloidal particles" do not refer to particles grown on a substrate.

"Impermeable" refers to a material that restricts or prevents diffusion of external molecules or fluids (liquid or gas) into the interior of the material.

"Permeable" refers to a material that allows external molecules or fluids (liquid or gas) to diffuse into the material.

"External molecules or fluids (liquids or gases)" means molecules or fluids (liquids or gases) that are external to a material or particle.

"Adjacent nanoparticles" refers to nanoparticles that are adjacent in one space or volume without any other nanoparticles between the adjacent nanoparticles.

"Filling ratio" refers to the volume ratio between the volume of the filling material and the volume of the space being filled. The terms fill rate, bulk density and packing density are interchangeable in the present invention.

"Loading ratio" refers to the mass ratio in space between the mass of the referred collection and the mass of said space.

"Particle population" refers to a group of particles having the same emission wavelength.

"Group" means a number of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, Collections of 950 or 1000. This set of groups is used to define the average properties of the objects, such as their average size, average particle size distribution or average distance between them.

"Surfactant-free" refers to particles that do not contain any surfactants or surface-active molecules, and are not synthesized via methods that include the use of surfactants.

"Optically transparent" means that a material has wavelengths between 200 nanometers and 50 micrometers, between 200 nanometers and 10 micrometers, between 200 nanometers and 2500 nanometers, between 200 nanometers and 2000 nanometers, and between 200 nanometers and 1500 nanometers. between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm, the absorption rate is less than 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.99%, 0.98%, 0.97%, 0.96%, 0.95%, 0.94%, 0.93%, 0.92%, 0.91%, 0.9%, 0.89%, 0.88%, 0.87% , 0.86%, 0.85%, 0.84%, 0.83%, 0.82%, 0.81%, 0.8%, 0.79%, 0.78%, 0.77%, 0.76%, 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.73%, 0.72%, 0.71%, 0.7 %, 0.69%, 0.68%, 0.67%, 0.66%, 0.65%, 0.64%, 0.63%, 0.62%, 0.61%, 0.6%, 0.59%, 0.58%, 0.57%, 0.56%, 0.55%, 0.54%, 0.53%, 0.52%, 0.51%, 0.5%, 0.49%, 0.48%, 0.47%, 0.46%, 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.43%, 0.42%, 0.41%, 0.4%, 0.39%, 0.38%, 0.37% , 0.36%, 0.35%, 0.34%, 0.33%, 0.32%, 0.31%, 0.3%, 0.29%, 0.28%, 0.27%, 0.26%, 0.25%, 0.24%, 0.23%, 0.22%, 0.21%, 0.2 %, 0.19%, 0.18%, 0.17%, 0.16%, 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.13%, 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005% , 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002%, 0.0001%, or 0%.

"Roughness" refers to the surface state of the particles. Surface irregularities may exist on the surface of a particle and are defined as the difference between the position of protrusions or depressions on the particle surface relative to the average position of the particle surface. All said surface irregularities constitute the roughness of the particles. The roughness is defined as the difference in height between the most protruding point on the surface and the most concave point on the surface. The surface of the particle is smooth if it has no uneven areas on the surface, that is, its roughness is equal to or less than 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007 %, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22% , 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38 %, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%3 %, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5%.

"Polydisperse" refers to particles or droplets of different sizes that differ by greater than or equal to 20%.

"Monodisperse" refers to a collection of particles or droplets that preferably differ by less than 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% in size.

"Narrow size distribution" refers to the size distribution of a population of particles that is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, compared to the mean size %, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40%.

"Partial" means incomplete. In the case of ligand exchange, partial ligand exchange means that there are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% of ligands on the surface of a particle %, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the surface ligands were successfully exchanged.

"Nanosheet" refers to a two-dimensionally shaped nanoparticle, wherein the nanosheet has a ratio (aspect ratio) between the size of the smallest dimension to the dimension of the largest dimension (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5, at least 2 , at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, or at least 10.

"Oxygen-free" means that a formulation, solution, film, composite or composition is free of oxygen molecules (O2), ie, oxygen molecules are present within the formulation, solution, film, composite or composition The weight ratio is less than 100 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb or 100 ppb.

"Anhydrous" or "water-free" refers to a formulation, solution, film or composite that is free of water molecules (H2O), i.e. in which water molecules are present in the formulation, solution, film or composite. The weight ratio is less than about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb, or 100 ppb.

"RoHS compliant" refers to materials used in electrical and electronic equipment, regarding the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances, in compliance with Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and Council 8 of June 2011.

"Vapor" refers to a substance in a gaseous state that exists in liquid or solid form under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature.

"Reactive vapor" refers to a substance in a gaseous state that exists in liquid or solid form under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature. In the presence of another chemical substance, a chemical reaction can occur.

"Gas" means that a substance is in a gaseous state under standard conditions of normal pressure and temperature.

"Curvature" refers to the inverse of the radius of curvature.

"Standard conditions" refer to normal temperature and pressure conditions, ie 273.15K and ^105Pa .

An "aqueous solvent" is defined as a unique phase solvent in which water is the predominant chemical species in molar ratio, mass ratio or volume ratio relative to other included chemical species in the aqueous solvent . The aqueous solvent includes but is not limited to: water, water mixed with a hydrophilic organic solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethy Methyl sulfoxide or a mixture between them.

"Display device" refers to a device or apparatus that displays image signals. A display assembly or display device is any device that contains any displayed image, continuous picture or video, such as, but not limited to, an LCD monitor, a television, a projector, a computer monitor, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, a notebook computer, Tablets, MP3 players, CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray players, Head Mounted Displays, Glasses, Helmets, Hats, Headwear Smart Watches, Watch Phones or Smart Devices.

"Alkyl" means any saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon chain, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. The alkyl group can be substituted with a saturated or unsaturated aryl group.

"Alkylene," when used with alkyl, refers to an alkyl group having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups. The term "alkylene" includes methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, propylene, ethylethylene, and 1,2-dimethylethylene.

"Alkenyl" refers to any straight or branched hydrocarbon chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one double bond. The alkenyl group may be substituted. Examples of alkenyl groups are vinyl, 2-propene, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and its isomers, 2-hexenyl and its isomers, 2,4- Pentadienyl etc. The alkenyl group may be substituted with a saturated or unsaturated aryl group.

"Alkynyl" means any straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one triple bond and containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

The term "alkenylene" refers to an alkenyl group as defined having the above two single bonds as the point of attachment to other groups.

"Aryl" refers to any functional group or substituent derived from a simple aromatic ring. The aryl group refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system consisting of 5-20 carbon atoms and having one or more aromatic rings (when two rings are present, it is referred to as a biaryl group). Examples of aryl groups are: phenyl, biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and binaphthyl. The term aryl also means that any aromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Aryl may be substituted with 1 to 3 substituents, such as hydroxy, straight or branched alkyl, containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl group, butyl, alkoxy or halogen atoms, especially bromine, chlorine and iodine or nitro, cyano, azide, aldehyde, boron, phenyl, perfluoroalkyl (CF3), Methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, _SO2NRR ', NRR', COOR (wherein R and R' are H and alkyl, respectively) or a second aryl which may be substituted as described above. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to: phenyl, biphenyl, biphenylene, 5- or 6-tetrahydronaphthalene, naphth-1-yl or -2-yl, 4-, 5-, 6, or 7 -Indenyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-acenaphtylenyl, 3-, 4- or 5-acenaphtenyl, 1- or 2-cyclopentadienyl, 4- or 5-indanyl , 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,4-dihydronaphthyl, 1-, 2-, 3- -, 4- or 5-pyrene.

The term "arylene" as used herein refers to an aromatic ring system comprising a divalent carbocyclic ring, such as phenyl, biphenylene, naphthylene, indenylene, poxocyclopentadiene, camomile Wait.

"Cyclic" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group.

"Heterocycle" refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group containing at least one heteroatom.

"Halogen" means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Preferred halogen groups are fluorine and chlorine.

"Alkoxy" refers to any O-alkyl group, preferably an O-alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

"Aryloxy" refers to any oxygen-containing aryl group.

"Arylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group, such as methylphenyl.

"Arylalkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group substituted with an aryl group.

"Amine" refers to any group derived from ammonia ( _NH3 ) in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an organic group.

"Azido" refers to the _-N3 group.

"Acid functional group" refers to a -COOH group.

"Activated acidic functional group" refers to an acidic functional group in which the -OH is replaced by a more dissociable group.

"Activated alcohol functionality" refers to an alcohol group that has been modified into a more cleavable group.

【Detailed description】

The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. For illustrative purposes, preferred embodiments are illustrated in the composite particles. However, this patent application is not limited to the precise arrangements, structures, features, embodiments and states shown. The drawings are not to scale and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in the depicted embodiments. Therefore, it should be understood that when referring to features in the scope of the appended claims, reference signs are appended, such signs are only intended to assist the understanding of the claims of the application and do not limit the scope of the claims of the present application in any way.

The present invention relates to a method for obtaining at least one particle 1 .

The method includes the following steps:

(a) Preparation of solution A comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver , precursors of at least one element of vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine;

(b) preparing aqueous solution B;

(c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by a second method of forming droplets;

(e) mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing mixed droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating said dispersed droplets to a temperature sufficient to obtain said at least one particle 1;

(h) said at least one particle 1 cooled;

(i) separating and collecting said at least one particle 1;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral, or basic; and

At least one of the colloidal suspensions comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b).

Activation of the at least one precursor contained in solution A is controlled by the amount of solution B used during the process. At least one precursor contained in solution A can be activated with solution B without premixing the two solutions. This is particularly advantageous when solutions A and B are immiscible. In particular, the amount of water in solution B is critical and must be calculated before step (b) in order to provide optimal activation of the at least one precursor.

According to one embodiment, the method includes the steps of:

(a) prepare solution A;

(b) preparing an aqueous solution B comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, Precursors of at least one element of silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine;

(c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by a second method of forming droplets;

(e) mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing mixed droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating said dispersed droplets to a temperature sufficient to obtain said at least one particle 1;

(h) said at least one particle 1 cooled;

(i) separating and collecting said at least one particle 1;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral, or basic; and

At least one of the colloidal suspensions comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b).

"At least one precursor of at least one element" refers to a precursor of the inorganic material 2 described herein.

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention may comprise steps involving methods such as the reverse micelle (or emulsion) method, the micelle (or emulsion) method, the Stowber method.

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention does not include steps involving methods such as the reverse micelle (or emulsion) method, the micelle (or emulsion) method, the Stowber method.

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention does not include an ALD step (Atomic Layer Deposition).

According to one embodiment, in step (a) at least one selected from the group consisting of cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt , manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium or tantalum At least one precursor of the heteroelement is added to solution A, and/or to solution B in step (b). In this embodiment, the heteroelement may diffuse in the at least one particle 1 and form nanoclusters in situ inside the at least one particle 1 during the heating step, or be incorporated into the crystal lattice of the particle 1 . These elements can dissipate heat, and/or discharge electrical charge, if they are good conductors of heat.

According to one embodiment, with at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium , manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine element precursors, at least 0 mol%, 1 mol%, 5 mol%, 10 mol% %, 15 mol %, 20 mol %, 25 mol %, 30 mol %, 35 mol %, 40 mol %, 45 mol %, or 50 mol %, at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement is added.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the above-mentioned at least one heteroelement can be selected from, but not limited to: carboxylates, carbonates, thiolates, alkoxides, oxides, sulfates, phosphates , nitrate, acetate, chloride, bromide, acetylacetonate or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of cadmium includes, but is not limited to, cadmium oxide CdO, cadmium carboxylate Cd(R-COO) ₂ , wherein R is a linear alkyl chain containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, Cadmium Sulfate Cd(SO ₄ ), Cadmium Nitrate Cd(NO ₃ ) ₂ ·4H ₂ O, Cadmium Acetate (CH ₃ COO) ₂ Cd·2H ₂ O, Cadmium Chloride CdCl ₂ ·2.5H ₂ O, Dimethyl Cadmium Dipentylcadmium, bis(3-diethylaminopropyl)cadmium, (2,2'-bipyridyl)dimethylcadmium, cadmium ethylxanthate, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of selenium includes, but is not limited to: solid selenium, tri-n-alkylphosphine selenide (eg tri-n-butylphosphine selenide or tri-n-octylphosphine selenide), selenium oxide SeO ₂ , hydrogen selenide H ₂ Se, diethyl selenide, methallyl selenide, selenium salts (eg, magnesium selenide, calcium selenide, sodium selenide, potassium selenide), or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of zinc includes, but is not limited to: zinc carboxylate Zn(R-COO) ₂ , wherein R is a linear alkyl chain containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, zinc oxide ZnO, Zinc sulfate Zn(SO ₄ ).xH ₂ O, where x is 1 to 7, zinc nitrate Zn(NO3) ₂ .xH ₂ O, where x is 1 to 4, zinc acetate (CH3COO) ₂ Zn·2H ₂ O, Zinc _chloride , ZnCl2, diethylzinc ( _Et2Zn ), chloro(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)zinc, zinc alkoxides, such as zinc tert-butoxide, zinc methoxide, zinc isopropoxide, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one sulfur precursor includes, but is not limited to, solid sulfur, sulfur oxides, tri-n-alkylphosphine sulfides, such as tri-n-butylphosphine sulfide or tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide , hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S, mercaptans such as n-butane mercaptan, n-octane mercaptan or n-dodecane mercaptan, diethyl sulfide, methallyl sulfide, sulfur salts such as magnesium sulfide, calcium sulfide, Sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the method includes the steps of:

(a) Preparation of solution A comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver , precursors of at least one element of vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine;

(b) preparing aqueous solution B;

(c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by a second method of forming droplets;

(e) mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing mixed droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating said dispersed droplets to a temperature sufficient to obtain said at least one particle 1;

(h) said at least one particle 1 cooled;

(i) separating and collecting said at least one particle 1;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral, or basic; and

wherein at least one colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b); and

Wherein selectively in step (a) at least one selected from cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, of manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium or tantalum At least one precursor of the heteroelement is added to solution A, and/or to solution B in step (b).

According to one embodiment, the method includes the steps of:

(a) prepare solution A;

(b) preparing an aqueous solution B comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, Precursors of at least one element of silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine;

(c) forming droplets of solution A by the first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by a second method of forming droplets;

(e) mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing mixed droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating said dispersed droplets to a temperature sufficient to obtain said at least one particle 1;

(h) said at least one particle 1 cooled;

(i) separating and collecting said at least one particle 1;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral, or basic; and

wherein at least one colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 is mixed with solution A in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (b); and

Wherein selectively in step (a) at least one selected from cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, of manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium or tantalum At least one precursor of the heteroelement is added to solution A, and/or to solution B in step (b).

In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of:

(a) Prepare solution A by mixing:

- at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, at least one precursor of the elements scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine;

- optional, selected from the group consisting of cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium At least one of at least one heteroelement of , arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium, or tantalum precursor

(b) selectively hydrolyzing solution A;

(c) transferring the colloidal suspension comprising the plurality of nanoparticles 3 into an aqueous solution;

(d) mixing solution A with the solution of step (c);

(e) forming droplets of the mixed solution by a method of forming droplets;

(f) dispersing the droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating the dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain Particle 1;

(h) cooling the particle 1; and

(i) separating and collecting the particles 1;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral or basic; and

Wherein hydrolysis is carried out at acidic, neutral or basic pH.

According to one embodiment, at least one comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , MgO, ZnO, ZrO ₂ , TiO ₂ , IrO ₂ , SnO ₂ , BaO, BaSO ₄ , BeO, CaO, CeO ₂ , CuO, Cu ₂ O, DyO ₃ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , GeO ₂ , HfO ₂ , Lu ₂ O ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , Sc ₂ O ₃ , TaO ₅ , TeO ₂ , Y ₂ O ₃ or mixtures thereof A solution of additional nanoparticles, either in solution A in step (a) or in solution B in step (b) is added. These additional nanoparticles, if they are good thermal conductors, can dissipate heat, and/or remove electrical charge, and/or scatter incident light.

According to one embodiment, the added amount of the additional nanoparticles is at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1300 ppm by weight compared with the particle 1 、1400ppm、1500ppm、1600ppm、1700ppm、1800ppm、1900ppm、2000ppm、2100ppm、2200ppm、2300ppm、2400ppm、2500ppm、2600ppm、2700ppm、2800ppm、2900ppm、3000ppm、3100ppm、3200ppm、3300ppm、3400ppm、3500ppm、3600ppm、3700ppm、3800ppm 、3900ppm、4000ppm、4100ppm、4200ppm、4300ppm、4400ppm、4500ppm、4600ppm、4700ppm、4800ppm、4900ppm、5000ppm、5100ppm、5200ppm、5300ppm、5400ppm、5500ppm、5600ppm、5700ppm、5800ppm、5900ppm、6000ppm、6100ppm、6200ppm、6300ppm 、6400ppm、6500ppm、6600ppm、6700ppm、6800ppm、6900ppm、7000ppm、7100ppm、7200ppm、7300ppm、7400ppm、7500ppm、7600ppm、7700ppm、7800ppm、7900ppm、8000ppm、8100ppm、8200ppm、8300ppm、8400ppm、8500ppm、8600ppm、8700ppm、8800ppm 、8900ppm、9000ppm、9100ppm、9200ppm、9300ppm、9400ppm、9500ppm、9600ppm、9700ppm、9800ppm、9900ppm、10000ppm、10500ppm、11000ppm、11500ppm、12000ppm、12500ppm、13000ppm、13500ppm、14000ppm、14500ppm、15000ppm、15500ppm、16000ppm、16500ppm , 17000ppm, 17500ppm, 18000ppm, 18500ppm, 19000ppm, 19500ppm, 20 000ppm、30000ppm、40000ppm、50000ppm、60000ppm、70000ppm、80000ppm、90000ppm、100000ppm、110000ppm、120000ppm、130000ppm、140000ppm、150000ppm、160000ppm、170000ppm、180000ppm、190000ppm、200000ppm、210000ppm、220000ppm、230000ppm、240000ppm、250000ppm、260000ppm、 270000ppm、280000ppm、290000ppm、300000ppm、310000ppm、320000ppm、330000ppm、340000ppm、350000ppm、360000ppm、370000ppm、380000ppm、390000ppm、400000ppm、410000ppm、420000ppm、430000ppm、440000ppm、450000ppm、460000ppm、470000ppm、480000ppm、490000ppm或500000ppm。

According to one embodiment, the method for obtaining at least one particle 1 of the invention is not surfactant-free. In this example, the nanoparticles can be better stabilized in solution during the method, allowing to limit or prevent any degradation of their chemical or physical properties during the method. Furthermore, the colloidal stability of the particles 1 can be improved, especially at the end of the process, the particles 1 can be more easily dispersed in the solution.

According to one embodiment, the method for obtaining at least one particle 1 of the present invention is surfactant-free. In this example, the surface of at least one particle 1 will be easier to functionalize after synthesis since the surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecules.

According to one embodiment, solution A comprises at least one organic solvent and/or at least one aqueous solvent.

According to one embodiment, solution A contains at least one surfactant.

According to one embodiment, solution A contains no surfactant.

According to one embodiment, solution B comprises at least one aqueous solvent.

According to one embodiment, solution B contains at least one surfactant.

According to one embodiment, solution B contains no surfactant.

According to one embodiment, solution A includes at least one reactive species.

According to one embodiment, solution B includes at least one reactive species.

According to one embodiment, solution A and solution B are miscible.

According to one embodiment, solution A and solution B are immiscible.

According to one embodiment, solution A and solution B are immiscible.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution B are replaced by the vapor of solution B. In this embodiment, the means for forming droplets do not form droplets, but use the vapor of the solution contained in the container.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution B are replaced by gases such as air, nitrogen, argon, dihydrogen, oxygen molecules, helium, carbon _dioxide , carbon monoxide, NO, NO2, _N2O , _F2 , _Cl2 , H _2Se , _CH4 , _PH3 , _NH3 , _SO2 , _H2S or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are replaced by the vapor of solution A. In this embodiment, the means for forming droplets do not form droplets, but use the vapor of the solution contained in the container.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are replaced by gases such as air, nitrogen, argon, dihydrogen, oxygen molecules, helium, carbon _dioxide , carbon monoxide, NO, NO2, _N2O , _F2 , _Cl2 , H _2Se , _CH4 , _PH3 , _NH3 , _SO2 , _H2S or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the vapor of the solution is obtained by heating the solution with an external heating system.

According to one embodiment, examples of solutions capable of generating reactive vapors include, but are not limited to, water, volatile acids such as HCl or _HNO3 , bases such as ammonia, ammonium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide, or metal alkoxides, For example silicon or aluminium alkoxides such as tetramethyl orthosilicate or tetraethyl orthosilicate.

According to one embodiment, examples of solutions capable of generating reactive vapors include, but are not limited to, water, volatile acids such as HCl or _HNO3 , bases such as ammonia, ammonium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide, or metal alkoxides such as Silicon or aluminium alkoxides, for example tetramethyl orthosilicate or tetraethyl orthosilicate.

According to one embodiment, the aqueous solution comprises at least one aqueous solvent.

According to one embodiment, organic solvents include, but are not limited to: pentane, hexane, heptane, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, octane, decane, dodecane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran , chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, n-methylformamide, n, n-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, octadecene, squalene, amines such as tri-n-octylamine, 1, 3 - diaminopropane, oleylamine, cetylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, Propane-2-ol, Ethylene Glycol, 1,2-Propanediol, Alkoxy Alcohol, Alkyl Alcohol, Alkyl Benzene, Alkyl Benzoate, Alkyl Naphthalene, Amyl Caprylate, Anisole, Aryl Alcohol , benzyl alcohol, butylbenzene, butylphenone, cis-decalin, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dodecylbenzene, mesitylene, methoxypropanol, methyl benzoate, methylnaphthalene, methylpyrrolidone , phenoxyethanol, 1,3-propanediol, pyrrolidone, trans-decalin, pentanedione, or mixtures thereof.

The term "at least one precursor of at least one element" refers to at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, at least one precursor of magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine or chlorine;

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an alkoxide precursor of formula XM _a (OR) _b , wherein:

M is the element;

R is a straight-chain alkyl chain containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and R includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or octyl;

X is optional and is a straight alkyl chain which may contain an alcohol, thiol, amino or carboxyl group having a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; and

a and b are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5.

According to an embodiment, the alkoxide precursor chemical formula XM _a (OR) _b includes but is not limited to: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethoxysilane, n-alkyltrimethyl Oxysilanes such as n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane , 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecylmethoxysilane, 3-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl Amino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, Aluminum ethoxide, aluminum tert-butoxide, titanium butoxide, aluminum ethanol, aluminum tert-butoxide, titanium isopropoxide, zinc tert-butoxide, zinc methoxide, zinc isopropoxide, tin tert-butoxide, tin isopropoxide, di-tert-butoxide Magnesium butoxide, magnesium isopropoxide or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an inorganic halide precursor.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is a solid precursor.

According to one embodiment, halide precursors include, but are not limited to, halide silicates, such as ammonium fluorosilicate, sodium fluorosilicate, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic oxide precursor.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an inorganic hydroxide precursor.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an inorganic salt.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an inorganic complex.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of the at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an inorganic cluster.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the above-mentioned group is an organometallic compound _Ma ( _{YcRb )d ,} wherein:

-M is the element;

-Y is a halide or amide;

-R is an alkyl or alkenyl or alkynyl chain containing a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms, R includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl or octyl;

-a, b, c and d are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5.

According to one embodiment, examples of organometallic compound _Ma ( _{YcRb )d precursors} include but are not limited to: Grignard reagents, metallocenes, metal complexes, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyls, such as Dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dimethylcadmium, diethylcadmium, dimethylindium or diethylindium, metal and metalloid amides such as Al[N(SiMe3 _{) 2} ] ₃ , Cd[ N(SiMe ₃ ) ₂ ] ₂ , Hf[NMe ₂ ] ₄ , In[N(SiMe ₃ ) ₂ ] ₃ , Sn(NMe ₂ ) ₂ , Sn[N(SiMe ₃ ) ₂ ] ₂ , Zn[N(SiMe ₃ ) ₂ ] ₂ or Zn[(NiBu ₂ ) ₂ ] ₂ , dipentyl cadmium, zinc diethylthiocarbamate, bis(3-diethylaminopropyl) cadmium, (2,2'- Bipyridine) dimethyl cadmium, ethyl xanthate cadmium, trimethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, trioctyl aluminum, triphenyl aluminum, dimethyl aluminum, trimethyl zinc, dimethyl zinc, Diethylzinc, Zn[(N(TMS) ₂ ] ₂ , Zn[(CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ N] ₂ , Zn(Ph) ₂ , Zn(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ , Zn(TMHD) ₂ ( β-diketonate), Hf[C ₅ H ₄ (CH ₃ )] ₂ (CH ₃ ) ₂ , HfCH ₃ (OCH ₃ )[C ₅ H ₄ (CH ₃ )] ₂ , [[(CH ₃ ) ₃ Si] ₂ N] ₂ HfCl ₂ , (C ₅ H ₅ ) ₂ Hf(CH ₃ ) ₂ , [(CH ₂ CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ )(C ₂ H ₅ )N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ )(C ₂ H ₅ )N] ₄ Hf, 2,2', 6,6'-tetramethyl Zirconium-3,5-heptanedione (Zr(THD) ₄ ), C ₁₀ H ₁₂ Zr, Zr(CH ₃ C ₅ H ₄ ) ₂ CH ₃ OCH ₃ , C ₂₂ H ₃₆ Zr, [(C ₂ H ₅ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, Zr(NCH ₃ C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ , Zr(NCH ₃ C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ , C ₁₈ H ₃₂ O ₆ Zr, Zr(C ₈ H ₁₅ O ₂ ) ₄ , Zr(OCC(CH ₃ ) ₃ CHCOC(CH ₃ ) ₃ ) ₄ , Mg(C ₅ H ₅ ) ₂ , C ₂₀ H ₃₀ Mg or their mixture.

According to one embodiment, deoxygenated molecules and/or molecular water are removed from the aqueous solvent prior to step (a).

According to one embodiment, deoxygenated molecules and/or molecular water are removed from the organic solvent prior to step (a).

According to one embodiment, methods known to those skilled in the art to remove deoxygenated molecules and/or molecular water may be used to remove deoxygenated molecules and/or molecular water from a solvent, such as by distilling or degassing the solvent.

In one embodiment, water, at least one acid, at least one base, at least one organic solvent, at least one aqueous solvent or at least one surfactant are added in step (a) and/or step (b) .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not synthesized inside the particles 1 during the method.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are encapsulated into the inorganic material 2 during the formation of the inorganic material 2 . For example, the nanoparticles 3 are not inserted into or in contact with the inorganic material 2 that has been previously obtained.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not encapsulated in the particles 1 by physical encapsulation. In this embodiment, the particles 1 are not preformed particles into which the nanoparticles 3 are inserted by physical trapping.

According to one embodiment, examples of surfactants include, but are not limited to: carboxylic acids such as oleic acid, acetic acid, octanoic acid; carboxylic acids; and acetic acid. Thiols, such as octanethiol, hexanethiol, butanethiol; 4-mercaptobenzoic acid; amines, such as oleylamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, octylamine; phosphonic acids; antibodies; or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the pH of the neutral aqueous solution is 7.

According to one embodiment, the neutral pH is 7.

According to one embodiment, the pH of the alkaline aqueous solution is higher than 7.

According to one embodiment, the alkaline pH is higher than 7.

According to one embodiment, the pH of the alkaline aqueous solution is at least 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 13. 14.

According to one embodiment, the alkaline pH is at least 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.8, 10.9, 11, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 13. 14.

According to one embodiment, the base includes but is not limited to: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, sodium ethoxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, Calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, imidazole, methylamine, potassium tert-butoxide, pyridinium pyridinium hydroxide, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrakis propylammonium and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the pH of the acidic aqueous solution is lower than 7.

According to one embodiment, the acidic pH is lower than 7.

According to one embodiment, the pH of the acidic aqueous solution is at least 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 , 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 , 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 or 6.9.

According to one embodiment, the acidic pH is at least 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3 , 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 , 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 or 6.9.

According to one embodiment, the acids include, but are not limited to: acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, lipoic acid, urethane acid, 3- Mercaptopropionic acid, phosphonic acid, such as butylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid and dodecylphosphonic acid, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 may be aligned under a magnetic or electric field before or during the method of the invention. In this embodiment, if the nanoparticles 3 are ferromagnetic, the nanoparticles 3 can act as magnets. If the nanoparticles 3 are luminescent, the resulting particles 1 can emit polarized light.

According to one embodiment, the at least one precursor contained in solution A is hydrolyzed in an acidic, basic or neutral solution.

According to one embodiment, the selective hydrolysis is controlled to such an extent that the amount of water present in the reaction medium is only due to the addition of voluntarily introduced water.

According to one embodiment, the selective hydrolysis is partial or complete.

According to one embodiment, the selective hydrolysis is carried out in a humid atmosphere.

According to one embodiment, the selective hydrolysis is carried out in an anhydrous atmosphere. In this example, the selective hydrolysis atmosphere does not contain moisture.

According to one embodiment, the temperature of the selective hydrolysis is at least -50°C, -40°C, -30°C, -20°C, -10°C, 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, 190°C or 200°C.

According to one embodiment, the time for the selective hydrolysis is at least 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 4 seconds, 5 seconds, 6 seconds, 7 seconds, 8 seconds, 9 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 25 seconds, 30 seconds, 35 seconds, 40 seconds, 45 seconds, 50 seconds, 55 seconds, 60 seconds, 1.5 minutes, 2 minutes, 2.5 minutes, 3 minutes, 3.5 minutes, 4 minutes, 4.5 minutes, 5 minutes, 5.5 minutes , 6 minutes, 6.5 minutes, 7 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 8 minutes, 8.5 minutes, 9 minutes, 9.5 minutes, 10 minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, 15 minutes, 16 minutes, 17 minutes, 18 minutes minutes, 19 minutes, 20 minutes, 21 minutes, 22 minutes, 23 minutes, 24 minutes, 25 minutes, 26 minutes, 27 minutes, 28 minutes, 29 minutes, 30 minutes, 31 minutes, 32 minutes, 33 minutes, 34 minutes, 35 minutes, 36 minutes, 37 minutes, 38 minutes, 39 minutes, 40 minutes, 41 minutes, 42 minutes, 43 minutes, 44 minutes, 45 minutes, 46 minutes, 47 minutes, 48 minutes, 49 minutes, 50 minutes, 51 minutes , 52 minutes, 53 minutes, 54 minutes, 55 minutes, 56 minutes, 57 minutes, 58 minutes, 59 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 42 hours, 48 hours, 54 hours, 60 hours, 66 hours, 72 hours, 78 hours, 84 hours, 90 hours, 96 hours, 102 hours, 108 hours, 114 hours, 120 hours, 126 hours, 132 hours, 138 hours, 144 hours, 150 hours, 156 hours, 162 hours, 168 hours, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days , 21 days, 22 days, 23 days, 24 days, 25 days, 26 days, 27 days, 28 days, 29 days, or 30 days.

According to one embodiment, the device for forming droplets is a droplet former.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus for forming droplets is configured to generate droplets as described above.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus for forming droplets includes an atomizer.

According to one embodiment, the means of forming droplets is spray drying or spray pyrolysis.

According to one embodiment, the means for forming the droplets comprises an ultrasonic nebulizer or a drop-by-drop delivery system using gravity, centrifugal force or electrostatics.

According to one embodiment, the device for forming droplets comprises a tube or cylinder.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9A, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are arranged and operated in series.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9B, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are arranged and operated in parallel.

According to one embodiment, the means for forming the droplets (42, 43) do not face each other.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are not arranged coaxially opposite each other.

According to one embodiment, droplets of solution A and solution B are formed simultaneously.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are formed before the droplets of solution B are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are formed before or after the droplets of solution B are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution B are formed before the droplets of solution A are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are formed in the same connection device.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are dispersed by gas flow in the same connection device.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are formed in two different connecting devices.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are dispersed in two different connecting means in the gas flow.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are spherical.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the size of the particles 1 is related to the diameter of the droplet. The smaller the size of the droplets, the smaller the size of the resulting particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the size of the particles 1 is smaller than the diameter of the droplet.

According to one embodiment, the diameter of the droplets is at least 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm , 950nm, 1μm, 50μm, 100μm, 150μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm, 1mm.1mm , 1.3mm, 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm, 1.9mm, 2mm, 2.1mm, 2.2mm, 2.3mm, 2.4mm, 2.5mm, 2.6mm, 2.7mm, 2.8mm, 2.9mm , 3mm, 3.1mm, 3.2mm, 3.3mm, 3.4mm, 3.5mm, 3.6mm, 3.7mm, 3.8mm, 3.9mm, 4mm, 4.1mm, 4.2mm, 4.3mm, 4.4mm, 4.5mm, 4.6mm, 4.7mm, 4.8mm, 4.9mm, 5mm, 5.1mm, 5.2mm, 5.3mm, 5.4mm, 5.5mm, 5.6mm, 5.7mm, 5.8mm, 5.9mm, 6mm, 6.1mm, 6.2mm, 6.3mm, 6.4 mm, 6.5mm, 6.6mm, 6.7mm, 6.8mm, 6.9mm, 7mm, 7.1mm, 7.2mm, 7.3mm, 7.4mm, 7.5mm, 7.6mm, 7.7mm, 7.8mm, 7.9mm, 8mm, 8.1mm , 8.2mm, 8.3mm, 8.4mm, 8.5mm, 8.6mm, 8.7mm, 8.8mm, 8.9mm, 9mm, 9.1mm, 9.2mm, 9.3mm, 9.4mm, 9.5mm, 9.6mm, 9.7mm, 9.8mm , 9.9mm, 1cm, 1.5cm, or 2cm.

F₂、Cl₂、H₂Se、CH₄、PH₃、NH₃、SO₂、H₂S或它们的混合物。According to one embodiment, the droplets are dispersed in a gas stream, wherein the gas includes but is not limited to: air, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, oxygen, helium, carbon _dioxide , carbon monoxide, NO, NO2 _,

F2, _Cl2 , _H2Se , _CH4 , _PH3 , _NH3 , _SO2 , _H2S or _mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the flow rate of the gas ranges from 0.01 to 1×10 ¹⁰ cm ³ /s.

According to one embodiment, the flow rate of the gas is at least 0.01 cm ³ /s, 0.02 cm 3 /s, 0.03 cm ³ /s, 0.04 cm 3 /s, 0.05 cm ³ /s, 0.06 cm ³ /s, 0.07 cm ^{3 /} s cm ³ /s, 0.08cm ³ /s, 0.09cm ³ /s, 0.1cm ³ /s, 0.15cm ³ /s, 0.25cm ³ /s, 0.3cm ³ /s, 0.35cm ³ /s, 0.4cm ³ /s, 0.45cm ³ /s, 0.5cm ^{3 /s, 0.55cm 3 /s, 0.6cm 3 /s, 0.65cm 3 /s, 0.7cm 3 /s, 0.75cm 3 / s , 0.8cm 3 /} s , 0.85cm ³ /s, 0.9cm ^{3 /s, 0.95cm 3 /} s, 1cm ³ /s, 1.5cm ³ /s, 2cm ³ /s, 2.5cm ³ /s, 3cm ³ /s, 3.5cm ³ /s s, 4cm ³ /s, 4.5cm ³ /s, 5cm ³ /s, 5.5cm ³ /s, 6cm ³ /s, 6.5cm ³ /s, 7cm ³ /s, 7.5cm ³ /s, 8cm ³ /s , 8.5cm ³ /s, 9cm ³ /s, 9.5cm ³ /s, 10cm ³ /s, 15cm ³ /s, 20cm ³ /s, 25cm ³ /s, 30cm ³ /s, 35cm ³ /s, 40cm ³ /s, 45cm ³ /s, 50cm ³ /s, 55cm ³ /s, 60cm ³ /s, 65cm ³ /s, 70cm ³ /s, 75cm ³ /s, 80cm ³ /s, 85cm ³ /s, 90cm ³ /s, 95cm ³ /s, 100cm ³ /s, 5×10 ² cm ³ /s, 1×10 ³ cm ³ /s, 5×10 ³ cm ³ /s, 1×10 ⁴ cm ³ /s, 5 ×10 ⁴ cm ³ /s, 1 × 10 ⁵ cm ³ /s, 5 × 10 ⁵ cm ³ /s, or 1 × 10 ⁶ cm ³ /s.

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7, the gas inlet pressure is at least 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 bar.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated at a temperature sufficient to evaporate the solvent from the droplets.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated to at least 0°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C ℃、400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃、 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C or 1400°C.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated to less than 0°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C ℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃、1200℃、 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C or 1400°C.

According to one embodiment, the temperature at which the droplets are dried is at least 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, C, 450°C, 500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃、1200℃、1250℃、1300℃ , 1350℃ or 1400℃.

According to one embodiment, the temperature at which the droplets are dried is less than 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C , 550℃, 600℃, 650℃, 700℃, 750℃, 800℃, 850℃, 900℃, 950℃, 1000℃, 1050℃, 1100℃, 1150℃, 1200℃, 1250℃, 1300℃, 1350 °C or 1400 °C.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are not heated.

According to one embodiment, the time of the heating step is at least 0.001 seconds, 0.002 seconds, 0.003 seconds, 0.004 seconds, 0.005 seconds, 0.006 seconds, 0.007 seconds, 0.008 seconds, 0.009 seconds, 0.01 seconds, 0.02 seconds, 0.03 seconds, 0.04 seconds, 0.05 seconds seconds, 0.06 seconds, 0.07 seconds, 0.08 seconds, 0.09 seconds, 0.1 seconds, 0.2 seconds, 0.3 seconds, 0.4 seconds, 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 1.5 seconds, 2 seconds, 2.5 seconds, 3 seconds, 3.5 seconds, 4 seconds, 4.5 seconds, 5 seconds, 5.5 seconds, 6 seconds, 6.5 seconds, 7 seconds, 7.5 seconds, 8 seconds, 8.5 seconds, 9 seconds, 9.5 seconds, 10 seconds, 10.5 seconds, 11 seconds, 11.5 seconds, 12 seconds, 12.5 seconds , 13 seconds, 13.5 seconds, 14 seconds, 14.5 seconds, 15 seconds, 15.5 seconds, 16 seconds, 16.5 seconds, 17 seconds, 17.5 seconds, 18 seconds, 18.5 seconds, 19 seconds, 19.5 seconds, 20 seconds, 21 seconds, 22 seconds seconds, 23 seconds, 24 seconds, 25 seconds, 26 seconds, 27 seconds, 28 seconds, 29 seconds, 30 seconds, 31 seconds, 32 seconds, 33 seconds, 34 seconds, 35 seconds, 36 seconds, 37 seconds, 38 seconds, 39 seconds, 40 seconds, 41 seconds, 42 seconds, 43 seconds, 44 seconds, 45 seconds, 46 seconds, 47 seconds, 48 seconds, 49 seconds, 50 seconds, 51 seconds, 52 seconds, 53 seconds, 54 seconds, 55 seconds , 56 seconds, 57 seconds, 58 seconds, 59 seconds or 60 seconds.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated using a flame.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated using a heat gun.

According to one embodiment, the heating step is carried out in a tube furnace.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are cooled at a temperature below the heating temperature.

According to one embodiment, the particle 1 is at least -200°C, -180°C, -160°C, -140°C, -120°C, -100°C, -80°C, -60°C, -40°C, -20°C, 0°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C or 100°C, and cooled.

According to one embodiment, it comprises a cooling step, and the rate of the cooling step is at least 0.1°C/sec, 1°C/sec, 10°C/sec, 50°C/sec, 100°C/sec, 150°C/sec, 1°C/sec , 200℃, /sec, 250℃, /sec, 300℃, /sec, 350℃, /sec, 400℃, /sec, 450℃, /sec, 500℃, /sec, 550℃, /sec, 600 °C, /sec, 650°C, /sec, 700°C, /sec, 750°C, /sec, 800°C, /sec, 850°C, /sec, 900°C, /sec, 950°C, /sec, or 1000°C ,/second.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are not separated according to their size, but are collected using a unique membrane filter with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 μm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are not separated according to their size, but are collected using at least two membrane filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 nm to 300 μm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their size using at least two consecutive membrane filters, the pore sizes of which are in the range of 1 nm to 300 μm.

According to one embodiment, the material of the membrane filter includes, but is not limited to: hydrophobic teflon, hydrophilic teflon, polyethersulfone, nylon, cellulose, glass fiber, polycarbonate, polypropylene, poly Filters such as vinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, silver, polyolefin, polypropylene or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected as powder from the membrane filter by scrubbing the membrane filter.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in powder form on a conveyor belt used as a membrane filter. In this embodiment, the conveyor belt is activated by scrubbing the conveyor belt to continuously collect powder during the method.

According to one embodiment, the pore size of the conveyor belt used as a membrane filter is 1 nm to 300 μm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by ultrasonically treating the membrane filter in an organic solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by ultrasonically treating the membrane filter in an aqueous solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by ultrasonically treating the membrane filter in a polar solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by ultrasonically treating the membrane filter in a non-polar solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their size.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their filling rate.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their loading rate.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their chemical composition.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected according to their specific properties.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected using temperature-induced separation or magnetic-induced separation, depending on the size of the particles.

According to one embodiment, an electrostatic precipitator is used to separate and collect the particles 1 according to their size.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated and collected using sonic or gravitational dust collectors, depending on the size of the particles.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated according to their size by using a cyclone.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in a helical tube. In this embodiment, the particles 1 will be deposited on the inner wall of the tube, which can then be recovered by introducing an organic or aqueous solvent into the tube.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution containing potassium ions.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in an organic solution.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in a polar solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected in a non-polar solvent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected to contain materials such as silicon dioxide, quartz, silicon, gold, copper, Al ₂ O ₃ , ZnO, SnO ₂ , MgO, GaN, GaSb, GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, InP, SiGe, On a carrier of InGaN, GaAlN, GaAlPN, AlN, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, AlGaN, AlGaInN, ZnSe, Si, SiC, diamond or boron nitride.

In one embodiment, the carrier is reflective.

In one embodiment, the carrier includes a material that allows reflection of light, such as metals such as aluminum or silver, glass, or polymers.

In one embodiment, the carrier is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, under standard conditions, the thermal conductivity of the carrier is 0.5 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably 10 to 150 W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the carrier under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K), 0.2W/(m.K), 0.3W/(m.K), 0.4W/(m.K), 0.5W/(m.K) , 0.6W/(m.K), 0.7W/(m.K), 0.8W/(m.K), 0.9W/(m.K), 1W/(m.K), 1.1W/(m.K), 1.2W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4W/(m.K), 1.5W/(m.K), 1.6W/(m.K), 1.7W/(m.K), 1.8W/(m.K), 1.9W/(m.K), 2W/ (m.K), 2.1W/(m.K), 2.2W/(m.K), 2.3W/(m.K), 2.4W/(m.K), 2.5W/(m.K), 2.6W/(m.K), 2.7W/( m.K), 2.8W/(m.K), 2.9W/(m.K), 3W/(m.K), 3.1W/(m.K), 3.2W/(m.K), 3.3W/(m.K), 3.4W/(m.K) , 3.5W/(m.K), 3.6W/(m.K), 3.7W/(m.K), 3.8W/(m.K), 3.9W/(m.K), 4W/(m.K), 4.1W/(m.K), 4.2 W/(m.K), 4.3W/(m.K), 4.4W/(m.K), 4.5W/(m.K), 4.6W/(m.K), 4.7W/(m.K), 4.8W/(m.K), 4.9W /(m.K), 5W/(m.K), 5.1W/(m.K), 5.2W/(m.K), 5.3W/(m.K), 5.4W/(m.K), 5.5W/(m.K), 5.6W/( m.K), 5.7W/(m.K), 5.8W/(m.K), 5.9W/(m.K), 6W/(m.K), 6.1W/(m.K), 6.2W/(m.K), 6.3W/(m.K) , 6.4W/(m.K), 6.5W/(m.K), 6.6W/(m.K), 6.7W/(m.K), 6.8W/(m.K), 6.9W/(m.K), 7W/(m.K), 7.1 W/(m.K), 7.2W/(m.K), 7.3W/(m.K), 7.4W/(m.K), 7.5W/(m.K), 7.6W/(m.K), 7.7W/(m.K), 7.8W /(m.K), 7.9W/(m.K), 8W/(m.K), 8.1W/(m.K), 8.2W/(m.K), 8.3W/(m.K), 8.4W/(m.K), 8.5W/( m.K), 8.6W/(m.K), 8.7W/(m.K), 8.8W/(m.K), 8.9W/(m.K), 9W/(m.K), 9.1W/ (m.K), 9.2W/(m.K), 9.3W/(m.K), 9.4W/(m.K), 9.5W/(m.K), 9.6W/(m.K), 9.7W/(m.K), 9.8W/( m.K), 9.9W/(m.K), 10W/(m.K), 10.1W/(m.K), 10.2W/(m.K), 10.3W/(m.K), 10.4W/(m.K), 10.5W/(m.K) , 10.6W/(m.K), 10.7W/(m.K), 10.8W/(m.K), 10.9W/(m.K), 11W/(m.K), 11.1W/(m.K), 11.2W/(m.K), 11.3 W/(m.K), 11.4W/(m.K), 11.5W/(m.K), 11.6W/(m.K), 11.7W/(m.K), 11.8W/(m.K), 11.9W/(m.K), 12W/ (m.K), 12.1W/(m.K), 12.2W/(m.K), 12.3W/(m.K), 12.4W/(m.K), 12.5W/(m.K), 12.6W/(m.K), 12.7W/( m.K), 12.8W/(m.K), 12.9W/(m.K), 13W/(m.K), 13.1W/(m.K), 13.2W/(m.K), 13.3W/(m.K), 13.4W/(m.K) , 13.5W/(m.K), 13.6W/(m.K), 13.7W/(m.K), 13.8W/(m.K), 13.9W/(m.K), 14W/(m.K), 14.1W/(m.K), 14.2 W/(m.K), 14.3W/(m.K), 14.4W/(m.K), 14.5W/(m.K), 14.6W/(m.K), 14.7W/(m.K), 14.8W/(m.K), 14.9W /(m.K), 15W/(m.K), 15.1W/(m.K), 15.2W/(m.K), 15.3W/(m.K), 15.4W/(m.K), 15.5W/(m.K), 15.6W/( m.K), 15.7W/(m.K), 15.8W/(m.K), 15.9W/(m.K), 16W/(m.K), 16.1W/(m.K), 16.2W/(m.K), 16.3W/(m.K) , 16.4W/(m.K), 16.5W/(m.K), 16.6W/(m.K), 16.7W/(m.K), 16.8W/(m.K), 16.9W/(m.K), 17W/(m.K), 17.1 W/(m.K), 17.2W/(m.K), 17.3W/(m.K), 17.4W/(m.K), 17.5W/(m.K), 17.6W/(m.K ), 17.7W/(m.K), 17.8W/(m.K), 17.9W/(m.K), 18W/(m.K), 18.1W/(m.K), 18.2W/(m.K), 18.3W/(m.K), 18.4W/(m.K), 18.5W/(m.K), 18.6W/(m.K), 18.7W/(m.K), 18.8W/(m.K), 18.9W/(m.K), 19W/(m.K), 19.1W /(m.K), 19.2W/(m.K), 19.3W/(m.K), 19.4W/(m.K), 19.5W/(m.K), 19.6W/(m.K), 19.7W/(m.K), 19.8W/ (m.K), 19.9W/(m.K), 20W/(m.K), 20.1W/(m.K), 20.2W/(m.K), 20.3W/(m.K), 20.4W/(m.K), 20.5W/(m.K) ), 20.6W/(m.K), 20.7W/(m.K), 20.8W/(m.K), 20.9W/(m.K), 21W/(m.K), 21.1W/(m.K), 21.2W/(m.K), 21.3W/(m.K), 21.4W/(m.K), 21.5W/(m.K), 21.6W/(m.K), 21.7W/(m.K), 21.8W/(m.K), 21.9W/(m.K), 22W /(m.K), 22.1W/(m.K), 22.2W/(m.K), 22.3W/(m.K), 22.4W/(m.K), 22.5W/(m.K), 22.6W/(m.K), 22.7W/ (m.K), 22.8W/(m.K), 22.9W/(m.K), 23W/(m.K), 23.1W/(m.K), 23.2W/(m.K), 23.3W/(m.K), 23.4W/(m.K) ), 23.5W/(m.K), 23.6W/(m.K), 23.7W/(m.K), 23.8W/(m.K), 23.9W/(m.K), 24W/(m.K), 24.1W/(m.K), 24.2W/(m.K), 24.3W/(m.K), 24.4W/(m.K), 24.5W/(m.K), 24.6W/(m.K), 24.7W/(m.K), 24.8W/(m.K), 24.9 W/(m.K), 25W/(m.K), 30W/(m.K), 40W/(m.K), 50W/(m.K), 60W/(m.K), 70W/(m.K), 80W/(m.K), 90W/ (m.K), 100W/(m.K), 110W/(m.K), 120W/(m.K), 130W/(m.K), 140W/(m.K), 1 50W/(m.K), 160W/(m.K), 170W/(m.K), 180W/(m.K), 190W/(m.K), 200W/(m.K), 210W/(m.K), 220W/(m.K), 230W/ (m.K), 240W/(m.K), 250W/(m.K), 260W/(m.K), 270W/(m.K), 280W/(m.K), 290W/(m.K), 300W/(m.K), 310W/(m.K ), 320W/(m.K), 330W/(m.K), 340W/(m.K), 350W/(m.K), 360W/(m.K), 370W/(m.K), 380W/(m.K), 390W/(m.K), 400W/(m.K), 410W/(m.K), 420W/(m.K), 430W/(m.K), 440W/(m.K), or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the support comprises Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Sn, Rh, Pd, Mn, Ti or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the carrier comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, oxide Cerium, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rubidium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, Tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide , indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, other mixed oxides or mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the carrier may be a substrate, LED, LED array, container, tube or container. Preferred carriers are between 200nm and 50μm, between 200nm and 10μm, between 200nm and 2500nm, between 200nm and 2000nm, between 200nm and 1500nm, between 200nm and 1000nm, between 200nm and 800nm, between 400nm and 700nm Optically transparent at wavelengths between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are suspended in an inert gas such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe or _N2 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are collected on a functionalized carrier.

According to one embodiment, the functionalized carrier is functionalized with a specific binding component, wherein the specific binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants , amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralen, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, Liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, viruses, and combinations thereof. Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to, neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates. Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumin, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins , hormones, toxins and growth factors. Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single-stranded or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA/RNA hybrids, or incorporating unusual linkers such as morpholine-derived phosphides, or peptide nucleic acids , such as N-(2-aminoethyl). Glycine units, wherein the nucleic acid contains less than 50 nucleotides, more usually less than 25 nucleotides. Functionalization of the functionalized support can be performed using techniques known in the art.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are dispersed in water.

According to one embodiment, particle 1 is dispersed in an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent includes but is not limited to: pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, decane, dodecane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone , acetic acid, n,-methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, octadecene, squalene, amines, such as tri-n-octylamine, 1,3-diamino Propane, oleylamine, cetylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2 - alcohol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are sonicated in solution. This example allows the particles 1 to be dispersed in solution.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are dispersed in a solution comprising at least one surfactant as described above. This example prevents aggregation of the particles 1 in solution.

According to one embodiment, in at least one colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3, the weights of the nanoparticles 3 are respectively at least 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006% by weight. , 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5 %, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% , 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41 %, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74% , 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90% or 95 %.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not synthesized in situ in the particles 1 during the method.

According to one embodiment, the particle 1 comprises a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 (as shown in Figure 1).

According to one embodiment, the precursor 2 of the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, At least one precursor of at least one element of vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is physically and chemically stable under various conditions. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C , 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Months, 5 Months, 6 Months, 7 Months, 8 Months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years , 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years are physically and chemically stable. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% , 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, Physically and chemically stable between 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is at least 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen concentration below the physical and chemical stability for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years , or 10 years. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand the conditions to which the particles 1 will be subjected.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 acts as a barrier against oxidation of the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is stable under acidic conditions, ie at a pH lower than or equal to 7. In this example, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand acidic conditions, which means that it can retain the properties of the particles 1 under the above-mentioned conditions.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is stable under basic conditions, ie above pH 7, in this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is strong enough to withstand alkaline conditions, which means that it can The properties of Particle 1 are retained under the above conditions.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 under standard conditions is 0.1 to 450 W/(mK), preferably 1 to 200 W/(mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W/(mK).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K), 0.2W/(m.K), 0.3W/(m.K), 0.4W/(m.K), 0.5W/(m.K) ), 0.6W/(m.K), 0.7W/(m.K), 0.8W/(m.K), 0.9W/(m.K), 1W/(m.K), 1.1W/(m.K), 1.2W/(m.K), 1.3W/(m.K), 1.4W/(m.K), 1.5W/(m.K), 1.6W/(m.K), 1.7W/(m.K), 1.8W/(m.K), 1.9W/(m.K), 2W /(m.K), 2.1W/(m.K), 2.2W/(m.K), 2.3W/(m.K), 2.4W/(m.K), 2.5W/(m.K), 2.6W/(m.K), 2.7W/ (m.K), 2.8W/(m.K), 2.9W/(m.K), 3W/(m.K), 3.1W/(m.K), 3.2W/(m.K), 3.3W/(m.K), 3.4W/(m.K ), 3.5W/(m.K), 3.6W/(m.K), 3.7W/(m.K), 3.8W/(m.K), 3.9W/(m.K), 4W/(m.K), 4.1W/(m.K), 4.2W/(m.K), 4.3W/(m.K), 4.4W/(m.K), 4.5W/(m.K), 4.6W/(m.K), 4.7W/(m.K), 4.8W/(m.K), 4.9 W/(m.K), 5W/(m.K), 5.1W/(m.K), 5.2W/(m.K), 5.3W/(m.K), 5.4W/(m.K), 5.5W/(m.K), 5.6W/ (m.K), 5.7W/(m.K), 5.8W/(m.K), 5.9W/(m.K), 6W/(m.K), 6.1W/(m.K), 6.2W/(m.K), 6.3W/(m.K ), 6.4W/(m.K), 6.5W/(m.K), 6.6W/(m.K), 6.7W/(m.K), 6.8W/(m.K), 6.9W/(m.K), 7W/(m.K), 7.1W/(m.K), 7.2W/(m.K), 7.3W/(m.K), 7.4W/(m.K), 7.5W/(m.K), 7.6W/(m.K), 7.7W/(m.K), 7.8 W/(m.K), 7.9W/(m.K), 8W/(m.K), 8.1W/(m.K), 8.2W/(m.K), 8.3W/(m.K), 8.4W/(m.K), 8.5W/ (m.K), 8.6W/(m.K), 8.7W/(m.K), 8.8W/(m.K), 8.9W/(m.K), 9W/(m.K), 9 .1W/(m.K), 9.2W/(m.K), 9.3W/(m.K), 9.4W/(m.K), 9.5W/(m.K), 9.6W/(m.K), 9.7W/(m.K), 9.8 W/(m.K), 9.9W/(m.K), 10W/(m.K), 10.1W/(m.K), 10.2W/(m.K), 10.3W/(m.K), 10.4W/(m.K), 10.5W/ (m.K), 10.6W/(m.K), 10.7W/(m.K), 10.8W/(m.K), 10.9W/(m.K), 11W/(m.K), 11.1W/(m.K), 11.2W/(m.K) ), 11.3W/(m.K), 11.4W/(m.K), 11.5W/(m.K), 11.6W/(m.K), 11.7W/(m.K), 11.8W/(m.K), 11.9W/(m.K) , 12W/(m.K), 12.1W/(m.K), 12.2W/(m.K), 12.3W/(m.K), 12.4W/(m.K), 12.5W/(m.K), 12.6W/(m.K), 12.7 W/(m.K), 12.8W/(m.K), 12.9W/(m.K), 13W/(m.K), 13.1W/(m.K), 13.2W/(m.K), 13.3W/(m.K), 13.4W/ (m.K), 13.5W/(m.K), 13.6W/(m.K), 13.7W/(m.K), 13.8W/(m.K), 13.9W/(m.K), 14W/(m.K), 14.1W/(m.K ), 14.2W/(m.K), 14.3W/(m.K), 14.4W/(m.K), 14.5W/(m.K), 14.6W/(m.K), 14.7W/(m.K), 14.8W/(m.K) , 14.9W/(m.K), 15W/(m.K), 15.1W/(m.K), 15.2W/(m.K), 15.3W/(m.K), 15.4W/(m.K), 15.5W/(m.K), 15.6 W/(m.K), 15.7W/(m.K), 15.8W/(m.K), 15.9W/(m.K), 16W/(m.K), 16.1W/(m.K), 16.2W/(m.K), 16.3W/ (m.K), 16.4W/(m.K), 16.5W/(m.K), 16.6W/(m.K), 16.7W/(m.K), 16.8W/(m.K), 16.9W/(m.K), 17W/(m.K ), 17.1W/(m.K), 17.2W/(m.K), 17.3W/(m.K), 17.4W/(m.K), 17.5W/(m.K), 17.6W/ (m.K), 17.7W/(m.K), 17.8W/(m.K), 17.9W/(m.K), 18W/(m.K), 18.1W/(m.K), 18.2W/(m.K), 18.3W/(m.K ), 18.4W/(m.K), 18.5W/(m.K), 18.6W/(m.K), 18.7W/(m.K), 18.8W/(m.K), 18.9W/(m.K), 19W/(m.K), 19.1W/(m.K), 19.2W/(m.K), 19.3W/(m.K), 19.4W/(m.K), 19.5W/(m.K), 19.6W/(m.K), 19.7W/(m.K), 19.8 W/(m.K), 19.9W/(m.K), 20W/(m.K), 20.1W/(m.K), 20.2W/(m.K), 20.3W/(m.K), 20.4W/(m.K), 20.5W/ (m.K), 20.6W/(m.K), 20.7W/(m.K), 20.8W/(m.K), 20.9W/(m.K), 21W/(m.K), 21.1W/(m.K), 21.2W/(m.K) ), 21.3W/(m.K), 21.4W/(m.K), 21.5W/(m.K), 21.6W/(m.K), 21.7W/(m.K), 21.8W/(m.K), 21.9W/(m.K) , 22W/(m.K), 22.1W/(m.K), 22.2W/(m.K), 22.3W/(m.K), 22.4W/(m.K), 22.5W/(m.K), 22.6W/(m.K), 22.7 W/(m.K), 22.8W/(m.K), 22.9W/(m.K), 23W/(m.K), 23.1W/(m.K), 23.2W/(m.K), 23.3W/(m.K), 23.4W/ (m.K), 23.5W/(m.K), 23.6W/(m.K), 23.7W/(m.K), 23.8W/(m.K), 23.9W/(m.K), 24W/(m.K), 24.1W/(m.K ), 24.2W/(m.K), 24.3W/(m.K), 24.4W/(m.K), 24.5W/(m.K), 24.6W/(m.K), 24.7W/(m.K), 24.8W/(m.K) , 24.9W/(m.K), 25W/(m.K), 30W/(m.K), 40W/(m.K), 50W/(m.K), 60W/(m.K), 70W/(m.K), 80W/(m.K), 90W/(m.K), 100W/(m.K), 110W/(m.K), 120W/(m.K), 130W/(m.K), 140W/(m.K) K), 150W/(m.K), 160W/(m.K), 170W/(m.K), 180W/(m.K), 190W/(m.K), 200W/(m.K), 210W/(m.K), 220W/(m.K) , 230W/(m.K), 240W/(m.K), 250W/(m.K), 260W/(m.K), 270W/(m.K), 280W/(m.K), 290W/(m.K), 300W/(m.K), 310W /(m.K), 320W/(m.K), 330W/(m.K), 340W/(m.K), 350W/(m.K), 360W/(m.K), 370W/(m.K), 380W/(m.K), 390W/( m.K), 400W/(m.K), 410W/(m.K), 420W/(m.K), 430W/(m.K), 440W/(m.K), or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the inorganic material 2 may be measured, eg by a steady state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a refractory material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise a refractory material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is an electrical insulator. In this embodiment, the fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 can be prevented from quenching the fluorescent properties due to electron transport. In this embodiment, the particles 1 can be used as an electrical insulator material having the same properties as the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is electrically conductive. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for applying the particles 1 to photovoltaics or LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a conductivity of 1×10 ⁻²⁰ to 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions, preferably from 1×10 ⁻¹⁵ to 5 S/m, more preferably 1×10 ⁻⁷ to 1S/m.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the inorganic material 2 under standard conditions has at least 1×10 ⁻²⁰ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 1×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁸ S /m, 1×10 ^-18 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-17 S/m, 1×10 ^-17 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{- 16} S/m, 1×10 ^-16 S/m, 0.5× 10 ^-15 S/m, 1×10 ^-15 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-14 S/m, 1×10 ^-14 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-13 S/m, 1×10 ^-13 S/ m, 0.5×10 ^-12 S/m, 1×10 ^-12 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-11 S/m, 1×10 ^-11 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-10 S/m, 1×10 ^-10 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-9 S/m, 1×10 ^-9 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-8 S/m, 1×10 ^-8 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-7 S/m , 1×10 ^-7 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-6 S/m, 1×10 ^-6 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-5 S/m, 1×10 ^-5 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{- 4} S/m, 1×10 ^-4 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{-3 S} /m, 1×10 ^-3 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-2 S/m, 1×10 ^-2 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-1 S/m, 1×10 ^-1 S/m, 0.5S/m, 1S/m, 1.5S/m, 2S/m, 2.5S/m, 3S/m, 3.5S/m, 4S/m, 4.5S/m, 5S/m, 5.5S/m, 6S/m, 6.5S/m, 7S/m, 7.5S/m, 8S/m, 8.5S/m, 9S/m, 9.5 S/m, 10S/m, 50S/m, 10 ² S/m, 5×10 ² S/m, 10 ³ S/m, 5×10 ³ S/m, 10 ⁴ S/m, 5×10 ⁴ S/m, 10 ⁵ S/m, 5×10 ⁵ S/m, 10 ⁶ S/m, 5×10 ⁶ S/m, or 10 ⁷ S/m.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the inorganic material 2 can be measured, for example, by means of an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an energy gap greater than or equal to 3 eV.

With an energy gap greater than or equal to 3 eV, the inorganic material 2 is optically transparent to UV and blue light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an energy gap of at least 3.0eV, 3.1eV, 3.2eV, 3.3eV, 3.4eV, 3.5eV, 3.6eV, 3.7eV, 3.8eV, 3.9eV, 4.0eV, 4.1eV, 4.2eV, 4.3eV, 4.4eV, 4.5eV, 4.6eV, 4.7eV, 4.8eV, 4.9eV, 5.0eV, 5.1eV, 5.2eV, 5.3eV, 5.4eV or 5.5eV.

According to one embodiment, the extinction coefficient of the inorganic material 2 at 460 nm is less than or equal to 15×10 ⁻⁵ .

In one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is measured by absorption measurement techniques such as absorption spectroscopy or any other method known in the art.

In one embodiment, the extinction coefficient is measured by dividing the absorbance measurement by the length of light passing through the sample.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is a crystal.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is fully crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is single crystal.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes at least one grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is porous.

According to one embodiment, the particle 1 is determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg, when When the adsorption amount of particle 1 exceeds 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a porous material.

According to one embodiment, the organization of the pores of the inorganic material 2 may be hexagonal, worm-like or cubic.

According to one embodiment, the organized pores of the inorganic material 2 have a pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, 16nm, 17nm, 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, 21nm, 22nm, 23nm, 24nm, 25nm, 26nm, 27nm, 28nm , 29nm, 30nm, 31nm, 32nm, 33nm, 34nm, 35nm, 36nm, 37nm, 38nm, 39nm, 40nm, 41nm, 42nm, 43nm, 44nm, 45nm, 46nm, 47nm, 48nm, 49nm, or 50nm.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not porous.

According to one embodiment, the particle 1 is determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg, when When the adsorption amount of particle 1 is less than 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a non-porous material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise pores or cavities.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is permeable. In this embodiment, external molecular species, gases or liquids, can penetrate into the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the inherent permeability of the permeable inorganic material 2 to fluids is higher than or equal to 10 ^{- 20} cm ² , 10 ^-19 cm ² , 10 ^-18 cm ² , 10 ^-17 cm ² , 10 ^-16 cm ² , 10 ^-15 cm ² , 10 ^-14 cm ² , 10 ^-13 cm ² , 10 ^-12 cm ² , 10 ^-11 cm ² , 10 ^-10 cm ² , 10 ^-9 cm ² , 10 ^-8 cm ² , 10 ^-7 cm ² , 10 ^-6 cm ² , 10 ^-5 cm ² , 10 ^-4 cm ² , or 10 ^-3 cm ² .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is impermeable to external molecules, gases or liquids. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 can limit or prevent the chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles 3 from being degraded by oxygen molecules, ozone, water and/or high temperature.

According to one embodiment, the inherent permeability of the impermeable inorganic material 2 to fluids is less than or equal to 10 ^{- 11} cm ² , 10 ^-12 cm ² , 10 ^-13 cm ² , 10 ^-14 cm ² , 10 ^-15 cm ² , ^10-16 cm ² , ^10-17 cm ² , ^10-18 cm ² , ^10-19 cm ² , or ^10-20 cm ² .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 limits or prevents the diffusion of external molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 are retained after encapsulation in the particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the photoluminescence of the nanoparticles 3 is retained after encapsulation in the particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has a density of 1 to 10 g/cm ³ , preferably the inorganic material 2 has a density of 3 to 10 g/cm ³ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is optically transparent, ie the inorganic material 2 is between 200 nm and 50 μm, between 200 nm and 10 μm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, Transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, or 400 nm to 470 nm. In this embodiment, inorganic material 2 does not absorb all incident light, thereby allowing nanoparticles 3 to absorb all incident light, and/or inorganic material 2 does not absorb light emitted by nanoparticles 3, allowing said emitted light to pass through inorganic materials Material 2.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is not optically transparent, ie the inorganic material 2 absorbs at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 μm, between 200 nm and 10 μm, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to Light between 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 600 nm, or 400 nm to 470 nm. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs a part of the incident light, so that the nanoparticles 3 absorb only a part of the incident light, and/or the inorganic material 2 absorbs a part of the light emitted by the nanoparticles 3, so that the emitted light can is absorbed, only partially permeating the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 transmits at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% %, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 transmits a portion of the incident light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the resulting light is the combination of the remaining transmitted and incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs wavelengths less than 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm , 250, nm or 200, nm incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 absorbs incident light with wavelengths less than 460 nm.

According to an embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an extinction coefficient at 460 nm less than or equal to 1×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.1×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.2×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.3×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.4×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.5×10 ⁻⁵ , 1.6×10 ^-5 , 1.7x10 ^-5 , 1.8x10 ^-5 , 1.9x10 ^-5 , 2x10 ^-5 , 3x10 ^-5 , 4x10 ^-5 , 5x10 ^-5 , 6x10 ^-5 , 7x10 ^-5 , 8x10 ^-5 , 9x10 ^-5 , 10x10-5, ^11x10-5 , ^12x10-5 , ^13x10-5 , ^14x10-5 , ^15x10-5 , ^16x10-5 , ^17x10-5 , ^18x10-5 , ^19x10-5 , ^20x10-5 , ^{21x10-5 , 22x10- 5} , 23x10 ^-5 , 24x10 ^-5 , or 25x10 ^-5 .

According to an embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an attenuation coefficient at 460 nm less than or equal to 1×10 ^-2 cm ^-1 , 1×10 ^-1 cm ^-1 , 0.5×10 ^-1 cm ^-1 , 0.1 cm ^-1 , 0.2 cm ^-1 , 0.3cm ^-1 , 0.4cm ^-1 , 0.5cm ^-1 , 0.6cm ^-1 , 0.7cm ^-1 , 0.8cm ^-1 , 0.9cm ^-1 , 1cm ^-1 , 1.1cm ^-1 , 1.2cm ^-1 , 1.3cm ^-1 , 1.4cm ^-1 , 1.5cm ^-1 , 1.6cm ^-1 , 1.7cm ^-1 , 1.8cm ^-1 , 1.9cm ^-1 , 2.0cm ^-1 , 2.5cm ^-1 , 3.0cm ^-1 , 3.5cm ^-1 , 4.0cm ^-1 , 4.5cm ^-1 , 5.0cm ^-1 , 5.5cm ^-1 , 6.0cm ^-1 , 6.5cm ^-1 , 7.0cm ^-1 , 7.5cm ^-1 , 8.0cm ^-1 , 8.5cm ^-1 , 9.0cm ^-1 , 9.5cm ^-1 , 10cm ^-1 , 15cm ^-1 , 20cm ^-1 , 25cm ^-1 , or 30cm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 has an attenuation coefficient at 450 nm less than or equal to 1×10 ^-2 cm ^-1 , 1×10 ^-1 cm ^-1 , 0.5×10 ^-1 cm ^-1 , 0.1 cm ^-1 , 0.2 cm ^-1 , 0.3cm ^-1 , 0.4cm ^-1 , 0.5cm ^-1 , 0.6cm ^-1 , 0.7cm ^-1 , 0.8cm ^-1 , 0.9cm ^-1 , 1cm ^-1 , 1.1cm ^-1 , 1.2cm ^-1 , 1.3cm ^-1 , 1.4cm ^-1 , 1.5cm ^-1 , 1.6cm ^-1 , 1.7cm ^-1 , 1.8cm ^-1 , 1.9cm ^-1 , 2.0cm ^-1 , 2.5cm ^-1 , 3.0cm ^-1 , 3.5cm ^-1 , 4.0cm ^-1 , 4.5cm ^-1 , 5.0cm ^-1 , 5.5cm ^-1 , 6.0cm ^-1 , 6.5cm ^-1 , 7.0cm ^-1 , 7.5cm ^-1 , 8.0cm ^-1 , 8.5cm ^-1 , 9.0cm ^-1 , 9.5cm ^-1 , 10cm ^-1 , 15cm ^-1 , 20cm ^-1 , 25cm ^-1 , or 30cm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the optical absorption cross section of the inorganic material 2 at 460 nm is less than or equal ^to 1×10 ⁻³⁵ cm ² , 1×10 ⁻³⁴ cm ² , 1×10 ⁻³³ cm ² , 1×10 ⁻³² cm 2 . ² , 1 × 10 ^-31 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-30 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-29 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^{- 28} cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-27 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-26 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-25 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-24 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-23 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-22 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^{- 21} cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-20 cm ² , 1 × 10 ^-19 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-18 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-17 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-16 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-15 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^{- 14} cm ² , 1 x 10 ^{- 13} cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-12 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-11 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-10 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-9 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^-8 cm ² , 1 x 10 ^{- 7} cm ² , 1×10 ^-6 cm ² , 1×10 ^-5 cm ² , 1×10 ^-4 cm ² , 1×10 ^-3 cm ² , 1×10 ^-2 cm ² or 1×10 ^-1 cm ² .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain organic molecules, organic groups or polymer chains.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain polymers.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises an inorganic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is made of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel, ceramics, stone , gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers. The inorganic material 2 is prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is made of a material selected from the group consisting of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, enamels, ceramics, stone, Composed of materials such as gemstones, pigments and/or cement. The inorganic material 2 is prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is selected from the group consisting of oxide materials, semiconductor materials, wide energy gap semiconductor materials or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, III-V semiconductors, II-VI semiconductors, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of wide-gap semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, silicon carbide SiC, aluminum nitride AlN, gallium nitride GaN, boron nitride BN, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a mixture of ZrO ₂ /SiO ₂ : ie Six Zr _{1-x O 2} , where 0≦x≦1. In this embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is resistant to any pH in the range of 0 to 14. This can better protect the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of Si _0.8 Zr _0.2 O ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of the following mixture: Six Zr _{1-x O z} , where 0<x≦1 and 0<z≦3.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of a mixture of HfO ₂ /SiO ₂ : ie Six Hf _{1-x O 2} , where 0≦x≦1.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises or consists of Si _0.8 Hf _0.2 O ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the chalcogenide is a compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected from O, S, Se, Te, Po and at least one or more electropositive elements.

According to one embodiment, the metallic inorganic material 2 is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium , tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron or cobalt.

According to one embodiment, examples of carbide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, _Al4C3 , _LaC2 , _FeC , _CoC , _HfC , _SixCy , _WxCy , _BxCy , _MoxCy , _TixCy , _{AlxCy , LaxCy} , _FexCy , _{CoxCy , HfxCy , or mixtures thereof} ; _x and _y are respectively A decimal number from 0 to 5, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZnO, MgO, SnO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , CeO ₂ , BeO, IrO ₂ , CaO, Sc ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Na ₂ O, BaO, K ₂ O, PbO, Ag ₂ O, V ₂ O ₅ , TeO ₂ , MnO, B ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₄ O ₇ , P ₄ O ₈ , P ₄ O ₉ , P ₂ O ₆ , PO, GeO ₂ , As ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , Li ₂ O , SrO, Y ₂ O ₃ , HfO ₂ , WO ₂ , MoO ₂ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , Tc ₂ O ₇ , ReO ₂ , RuO ₂ , Co ₃ O ₄ , OsO, RhO ₂ , Rh ₂ O ₃ , PtO, PdO , CuO, Cu ₂ O, CdO, HgO, Tl ₂ O, Ga ₂ O ₃ , In ₂ O ₃ , Bi ₂ O ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₃ , PoO ₂ , SeO ₂ , Cs ₂ O , La ₂ O ₃ , Pr ₆ O ₁₁ , Nd ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , Sm ₂ O ₃ , Eu ₂ O ₃ , Tb ₄ O ₇ , Dy ₂ O ₃ , Ho ₂ O ₃ , Er ₂ O ₃ , Tm ₂ O ₃ , Yb ₂ O ₃ , Lu ₂ O ₃ , Gd ₂ O ₃ or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, Beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide , rubidium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, oxide Cadmium, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, Dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, their mixed oxides or their mixtures.

According to one embodiment, examples of nitride inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: TiN, Si ₃ N ₄ , MoN, VN, TaN, Zr ₃ N ₄ , HfN, FeN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti _x N _y , _Six N _y , Mo _x N _y , V _x N _y , T _x N _y , Zr _x N _y , Hf _x N _y , Fe _x N _y , Nb _x N _y , Ga _x N _y , Cr _x N _y , Al _x N _y , In _x N _y , or mixtures thereof; x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 5, respectively, provided that x and y cannot both be equal to 0 and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of the sulfide inorganic material 2 include, but are not _limited to _{: SiySx} , _AlySx , _TiySx , _{ZrySx , ZnySx , MgySx , Sny .} S _x , _Nby S _x , Ce _y S _x , Be _y S _x , _Iry S _x , Ca _y S _x , _Scy S _x , Ni _y S _x , Na _y S _x , _Bay S _x , _Ky S _x , _Pby S _x , Ag _y S _x , V _y S _x , Te _y S _x , M _y S _x , _By S _x , P _y S _x , Ge _y S _x , As _y S _x , Fe _y S _x , Ta _y S _x , Li _y S _x , Sry S _x , _{Y y} S _x , Hf _y S _x , W _y S _x , Mo _y S _x , C _y S _x , Tc _y S _x , Re _y S _x , Ru _y S _x , Co _y S _x , Os _y S _x , Rh _y S _x , _Pty S _x , Pd _y S _x , Cu _y S _x , Au _y S _x , Cd _y S _x , Hg _y S _x , _Tly S _x , Ga _y S _x , In _y S _x , Bi _y S _x , _Sby S _x , Po _y S _x , Se _y S _x , Cs _y S _x , mixed sulfides, mixed sulfides or a mixture of them; x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 10, respectively, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of halide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: BaF ₂ , LaF ₃ , CeF ₃ , YF ₃ , CaF ₂ , MgF ₂ , PrF ₃ , AgCl , MnCl ₂ , NiCl ₂ , Hg ₂ Cl ₂ , CaCl ₂ , CsPbCl ₃ , AgBr, PbBr ₃ , CsPbBr ₃ , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI ₂ , BiI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbCl ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ , CsPbI ₃ , FAPbBr ₃ (FA is formamidium) or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, Cu ₂ O, CuS, Cu ₂ S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag ₂ O, Ag ₂ S, Ag ₂ Se, Ag ₂ Te, Au ₂ S, PdO, PdS, Pd ₄ S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS ₂ , PtSe, PtTe, RhO ₂ , Rh ₂ O ₃ , RhS ₂ , Rh ₂ S ₃ , RhSe ₂ , Rh ₂ Se ₃ , RhTe ₂ , IrO ₂ , IrS ₂ , Ir ₂ S ₃ , IrSe ₂ , IrTe ₂ , RuO ₂ , RuS ₂ , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO ₂ , ReS ₂ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , Cr ₂ S ₃ , MoO ₂ , MoS ₂ , MoSe ₂ , MoTe ₂ , WO ₂ , WS ₂ , WSe ₂ , V ₂ O ₅ , V ₂ S ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , NbS ₂ , NbSe ₂ , HfO ₂ , HfS ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZrS ₂ , ZrSe ₂ , ZrTe ₂ , Sc ₂ O ₃ , Y ₂ O ₃ , Y ₂ S ₃ , SiO ₂ , GeO ₂ , GeS, GeS ₂ , GeSe, GeSe ₂ , GeTe, SnO ₂ , SnS, SnS ₂ , SnSe, SnSe ₂ , SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al ₂ O ₃ , Ga ₂ O ₃ , Ga ₂ S ₃ , Ga ₂ Se ₃ , In ₂ O ₃ , In ₂ S ₃ , In ₂ Se ₃ , In ₂ Te ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ S ₃ , CeO ₂ , CeS ₂ , Pr ₆ O ₁₁ , Nd ₂ O ₃ , NdS ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , Tl ₂ O , Sm ₂ O ₃ , SmS ₂ , Eu ₂ O ₃ , EuS ₂ , Bi ₂ O ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₃ , PoO ₂ , SeO ₂ , Cs ₂ O, Tb ₄ O ₇ , TbS ₂ , Dy ₂ O ₃ , Ho ₂ O ₃ , Er ₂ O ₃ , ErS ₂ , Tm ₂ O ₃ , Yb ₂ O ₃ , Lu ₂ O ₃ , CuInS ₂ , CuInSe ₂ , AgInS ₂ , AgInSe ₂ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , FeS, FeS ₂ , Co ₃ S ₄ , CoSe, Co ₃ O ₄ , NiO, NiSe ₂ , NiSe, Ni ₃ Se ₄ , Gd ₂ O ₃ , BeO, TeO ₂ , Na ₂ O, BaO, K ₂ O, Ta ₂ O ₅ , Li ₂ O, Tc ₂ O ₇ , As ₂ O ₃ , B ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O, P ₄ O ₇ , P ₄ O ₈ , P ₄ O ₉ , P ₂ O ₆ , PO or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of the phosphide inorganic material 2 include, but are not limited to: InP, Cd ₃ P ₂ , Zn ₃ P ₂ , AlP, GaP, TIP or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metalloid inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to, Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metal alloy inorganic materials 2 include, but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh -Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, Fe-Co, Co-Ni, Fe-Ni or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises garnet.

According to one embodiment, examples of garnets include, but are not limited to: Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₃ Fe ₂ (FeO ₄ ) ₃ , Y ₃ Fe ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₄ Al ₂ O ₉ , YAlO ₃ , Fe ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Mg ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Mn ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Fe ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Cr ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Al ₅ Lu ₃ O ₁₂ , GAL, GaYAG or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the ceramic is a crystalline or amorphous ceramic. According to one embodiment, the ceramic is selected from oxide ceramics and/or non-oxide ceramics. According to one embodiment, the ceramic is selected from pottery, brick, brick, cement and/or glass.

According to one embodiment, the stone is selected from the group consisting of agate, aquamarine, Amazonite, amber, amethyst, ametrine, angel stone, apatite, aragonite, silver, lapis lazuli, aventurine, bluestone, beryllium bluestone, Petrified wood, bronze stone, chalcedony, calcite, lapis lazuli, chakras, diatomaceous earth, stalactite, silica malachite, chrysoprase, citrine, coral, cornea, rock crystal, natural copper, blue-green, cubic crystal Stone, Diamond, Diabs, Dolomite, Eclogite, Emerald, Fluorite, Leaves, Galena, Garnet, Bloodstone, Hematite, Semi-Metamorphic Stone, Garnet, Ultra-Highline Clay, Cordierite, Jade, Jet, Jasper, Kunzite, Lavenderite, Lazuli, Larima, Lava, Lepidolite, Magnetite, Magnetite, Malachite, Marcasite, Meteorite, Mokaite, Moldavia, Morganite, mother-of-pearl obsidian, eagle eye, iron eye, bull's eye, tiger's eye, agate tree, black onyx, opal, gold, peridot, moonstone, star stone, sun stone, peterite, grape stone, pyrite , Pyrite, Blue Quartz, Smoky Quartz, Quartz, Quartz Hematite, Milky Quartz, Rose Quartz, Rutile Quartz, Rhodochrosite, Rose Pyrite, Rhyolite, Ruby, Sapphire, Rock Salt, Selenite , sericite, serpentine, molybdenite, shiva, barite, flint, smithsonite, sodalite, calcite, stromatolite, suji stone, topaz, tourmaline watermelon, black tourmaline, turquoise , Olaishi stone, green curtain granite, color-changing stone, cristobalite.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material includes but _is not limited to _{: AlyOx} , _AgyOx , _{CuyOx , FeyOx , SiyO x} , Pby O _x , Ca _y O _x , Mg _y O _x , Zn _y O _x , Sn _y O _x , Ti _y O _x , Be _y O _x , CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, _CdZnSe , Au, Na , Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 10, provided that x and y cannot both be equal to 0, and x ≠0.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al ₂ O ₃ , Ag ₂ O, Cu ₂ O, CuO, Fe ₃ O ₄ , FeO, SiO ₂ , PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO ₂ , TiO ₂ , BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, their mixed oxides or their mixtures.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes or consists of a thermally conductive material, wherein the thermally conductive material includes but is not limited to: aluminum oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide , zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc cadmium selenide, zinc cadmium sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminum, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides, Mix their oxides or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes a material including but not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, Tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide , osmium oxide, rubidium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, oxide Palladium, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, Dysprosium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, mixed oxides, their mixed oxides, garnets, eg Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₃ Fe ₂ (FeO ₄ ) ₃ , Y ₃ Fe ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₄ Al ₂ O ₉ , YAlO ₃ , Fe ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Mg ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Mn ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Fe ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Cr ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Al ₅ Lu ₃ O ₁₂ , GAL, GaYAG, or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 contains a small amount of organic molecules, which are 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole% with respect to the majority of the elements of the inorganic material 2, respectively , 30mole%, 35mole%, 40mole%, 45mole%, 50mole%, 55mole%, 60mole%, 65mole%, 70mole%, 75mole%, 80mole%.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain inorganic polymers.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain SiO ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure SiO ₂ , ie not 100% SiO ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% _SiO2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% _SiO2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% _SiO2 precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% _SiO2 precursor.

According to one embodiment, examples of precursors of SiO include, but are not limited to: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethoxysilane, n _- alkyltrimethoxysilane, such as n-butyl Trimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-mercaptoundecyl Trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane , 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, 3-(aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure Al ₂ O ₃ , ie not 100% Al ₂ O ₃ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂ O ₃ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂ O ₃ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂ O ₃ precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% Al ₂ O ₃ precursor.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not include TiO ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure TiO ₂ , ie not 100% TiO ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not contain zeolite.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not consist of pure zeolite, ie not 100% zeolite.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise glass.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 does not comprise vitrified glass.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises an inorganic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a carbon-free polymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polysilanes, polysiloxanes (or silicones), polythiazoles, polyaluminosilicates, polygermanes, polystannanes, polyborazenes, polyphosphazenes, poly Dichlorophosphazene, polysulfide, polysulfide and/or nitride. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a liquid crystal polymer.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a natural or synthetic polymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is synthesized by inorganic reaction, free radical polymerization, polycondensation, addition polymerization or ring opening polymerization (ROP). According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is linear, branched and/or cross-linked. According to one embodiment, the inorganic polymer is amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the average molecular weight of the inorganic polymer is from 2,000 g/mol to 5.10 ⁶ g/mol, preferably from 5000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 6000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 7000 to 4.10 ⁶ g /mol, from 8000 to ^4.106 g/mol, from 9000 to ^4.106 g/mol, from 10000 to ^4.106 g/mol, from 15000 to ^4.106 g/mol, from 20000 to ^4.106 g/mol, from 25000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 30000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 35000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 40000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 45000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 50000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol mol, from 55000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 60000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 65000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 70000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 75000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 80000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 85000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 90000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 95000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 100000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 200000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol , from 300000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 400000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 500000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 600000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 700000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 800000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 900000 to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 1.10 ⁶ to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 2.10 ⁶ to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, or from 3.10 ⁶ g/mol to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes additional heteroelements, wherein the additional heteroelements include, but are not limited to: Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, Be, Ir, Sc, Nb, Ta or mixtures thereof. In this embodiment, the hetero-elements can diffuse in the particle 1 during the heating step. They can form nanoclusters inside particle 1 . These elements can limit the reduction of certain properties of the particle 1 during the heating step, and/or dissipate heat if it is a good conductor of heat, and/or exclude electrical charges.

According to an embodiment, the inorganic material 2 contains a small amount of other heteroelements, which are 0 mol %, 1 mol %, 5 mol %, 10 mol %, 15 mol %, 20 mol % with respect to most elements of the inorganic material 2 mol %, 25 mol %, 30 mol %, 35 mol %, 40 mol %, 40 mol %, 45 mol %, 50 mol %.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 includes Al ₂ O ₃ , SiO ₂ , MgO, ZnO, ZrO ₂ , TiO ₂ , IrO ₂ , SnO ₂ , BaO, BaSO ₄ , BeO, CaO, CeO ₂ , CuO, Cu ₂ O , _{DyO3 , Fe2O3} , _Fe3O4 , _GeO2 , _HfO2 , _Lu2O3 , _{Nb2O5 , Sc2O3} , _{TaO5 , TeO2 or Y2O3 additional nanoparticles} . If these additional nanoparticles are good thermal conductors, they can dissipate heat, and/or remove electrical charge, and/or scatter incident light.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 comprises a small amount of additional nanoparticles in a weight ratio content of at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm compared to the particle 1 , 1300ppm, 1400ppm, 1500ppm, 1600ppm, 1700ppm, 1800ppm, 1900ppm, 2000ppm, 2100ppm, 2200ppm, 2300ppm, 2400ppm, 2500ppm, 2600ppm, 2700ppm, 2800ppm, 2900ppm, 3000ppm, 3100ppm, 3400ppm, 3300ppm, 3300ppm, 330ppm 3700ppm、3800ppm、3900ppm、4000ppm、4100ppm、4200ppm、4300ppm、4400ppm、4500ppm、4600ppm、4700ppm、4800ppm、4900ppm、5000ppm、5100ppm、5200ppm、530 0ppm、5400ppm、5500ppm、5600ppm、5700ppm、5800ppm、5900ppm、6000ppm、610 0ppm, 6200ppm, 6300ppm, 6400ppm, 6500ppm, 6600ppm, 6700ppm, 6800ppm, 6900ppm, 7000ppm, 7100ppm, 7200ppm, 7300ppm, 7400ppm, 7500ppm, 7600ppm, 7700ppm, 7800ppm, 7900ppm, 8000ppm, 8100ppm, 8000ppm, 8100ppm, 8000ppm, 8100ppm, 8ppm 850 0ppm、8600ppm、8700ppm、880 0ppm、8900ppm、9000ppm、9100ppm、9200ppm、930 0ppm、9400ppm、9500ppm、9600ppm、9700ppm、9800ppm、9900ppm、10000ppm、10500ppm、11000ppm、11500ppm、12000ppm、12500ppm、13000ppm、13500ppm、14000p pm, 14500ppm, 15000ppm, 15500ppm, 16000ppm, 16500ppm, 17000ppm, 17500ppm, 18000ppm, 18500ppm, 1900 0ppm、19500ppm、20000ppm、30000ppm、40000ppm、50000ppm、60000ppm、70000ppm、80000ppm、90000ppm、100000ppm、110000ppm、120000ppm、130000ppm、140000ppm、150000ppm、160000ppm、170000ppm、180000ppm、190000ppm、200000ppm、210000ppm、220000ppm、230000ppm、240000ppm、 250000ppm、260000ppm、270000ppm、280000ppm、290000ppm、300000ppm、310000ppm、320000ppm、330000ppm、340000ppm、350000ppm、360000ppm、370000ppm、380000ppm、390000ppm、400000ppm、410000ppm、420000ppm、430000ppm、440000ppm、450000ppm、460000ppm、470000ppm、480000ppm、490000ppm或500000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 absorbs wavelengths less than 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm , incident light with wavelengths of 250 nm or less.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 at 450 nm is 1.0 to 3.0, 1.2 to 2.6, 1.4 to 2.0.

According to one embodiment, the refractive index of the inorganic material 2 at 450 nm is at least 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 or 3.0.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are luminescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are fluorescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are phosphorescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are chemiluminescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are triboluminescent nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is an emission peak in the range of 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is an emission peak in the range of 400 nm to 500 nm. In this example, the luminescent nanoparticles emit blue light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is in the range of 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably the emission peak in the range of 515 nm to 545 nm. In this example, the luminescent nanoparticles emit green light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is an emission peak in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm. In this example, the luminescent nanoparticles emit yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably 610 nm to 650 nm. In this example, the luminescent nanoparticles emit red light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak has an emission maximum wavelength in the range of 750 nm to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles emit near infrared light, mid infrared light or infrared light.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10 nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is strictly below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak, one quarter of the peak width, which is less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum having at least one emission peak strictly below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles have at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% %, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY).

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle has at least 0.1 ns, 0.2 ns, 0.3 ns, 0.4 ns, 0.5 ns, 0.6 ns, 0.7 ns, 0.8 ns, 0.9 ns, 1 ns, 2 ns, 3 ns, 4 ns, 5 ns, 6 ns, 7 ns, 8 ns, 9 ns, 10 ns, 11 ns, 12 ns, 13 ns, 14 ns seconds, 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns, 25 ns, 26 ns, 27 ns, 28 ns, 29 ns, 30 ns, 31 ns, 32 ns, 33 ns, 34 ns, 35 ns, 36 ns, 37 ns, 38 ns, 39 ns seconds, 40 ns, 41 ns, 42 ns, 43 ns, 44 ns, 45 ns, 46 ns, 47 ns, 48 ns, 49 ns, 50 ns, 100 ns, 150 ns, 200 ns, 250 ns, 300 ns, 350 ns, 400 ns, 450 ns, 500 ns, 550 ns, 600 ns, 650 ns, 700 ns, 750 ns , 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 microsecond average fluorescence lifetime.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are plasmonic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are magnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are paramagnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are diamagnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have photovoltaic properties.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are pyroelectric nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are ferroelectric nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are light scattering nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are electrically insulating.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are electrically conductive.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 under standard conditions is 1×10 ⁻²⁰ to 10 ⁷ S/m, preferably 1×10 ⁻¹⁵ to 5 S/m, more preferably 1×10 ⁻⁷ to 1 S /m.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 under standard conditions is at least 1×10 ⁻²⁰ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 1×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁸ S /m, 1×10 ^-18 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-17 S/m, 1×10 ^-17 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-16 S/m, 1×10 ^-16 S/m, 0.5× 10 ^-15 S/m, 1×10 ^-15 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-14 S/m, 1×10 ^-14 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-13 S/m, 1×10 ^-13 S/ m, 0.5×10 ^-12 S/m, 1×10 ^-12 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-11 S/m, 1×10 ^-11 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-10 S/m, 1×10 ^{- 10} S/m, 0.5×10 ^-9 S/m, 1×10 ^-9 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-8 S/m, 1×10 ^-8 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-7 S/m , 1×10 ^-7 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-6 S/m, 1×10 ^-6 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-5 S/m, 1×10 ^-5 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{- 4} S/m, 1×10 ^-4 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-3 S/m, 1×10 ^-3 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-2 S/m, 1×10 ^-2 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-1 S/m, 1×10 ^-1 S/m, 0.5S/m, 1S/m, 1.5S/m, 2S/m, 2.5S/m, 3S/m, 3.5S/m, 4S/m, 4.5S/m, 5S/m, 5.5S/m, 6S/m, 6.5S/m, 7S/m, 7.5S/m, 8S/m, 8.5S/m, 9S/m, 9.5 S/m, 10S/m, 50S/m, 10 ² S/m, 5×10 ² S/m, 10 ³ S/m, 5×10 ³ S/m, 10 ⁴ S/m, 5×10 ⁴ S/m, 10 ⁵ S/m, 5×10 ⁵ S/m, 10 ⁶ S/m, 5×10 ⁶ S/m, or 10 ⁷ S/m.

According to one embodiment, the electrical conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 can be measured, for example, by means of an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are thermally conductive.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 under standard conditions is 0.1 to 450 W/(mK), preferably 1 to 200 W/(mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W/(mK).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K), 0.2W/(m.K), 0.3W/(m.K), 0.4W/(m.K), 0.5W/ (m.K), 0.6W/(m.K), 0.7W/(m.K), 0.8W/(m.K), 0.9W/(m.K), 1W/(m.K), 1.1W/(m.K), 1.2W/(m.K ), 1.3W/(m.K), 1.4W/(m.K), 1.5W/(m.K), 1.6W/(m.K), 1.7W/(m.K), 1.8W/(m.K), 1.9W/(m.K) , 2W/(m.K), 2.1W/(m.K), 2.2W/(m.K), 2.3W/(m.K), 2.4W/(m.K), 2.5W/(m.K), 2.6W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K), 2.8W/(m.K), 2.9W/(m.K), 3W/(m.K), 3.1W/(m.K), 3.2W/(m.K), 3.3W/(m.K), 3.4W/ (m.K), 3.5W/(m.K), 3.6W/(m.K), 3.7W/(m.K), 3.8W/(m.K), 3.9W/(m.K), 4W/(m.K), 4.1W/(m.K ), 4.2W/(m.K), 4.3W/(m.K), 4.4W/(m.K), 4.5W/(m.K), 4.6W/(m.K), 4.7W/(m.K), 4.8W/(m.K) , 4.9W/(m.K), 5W/(m.K), 5.1W/(m.K), 5.2W/(m.K), 5.3W/(m.K), 5.4W/(m.K), 5.5W/(m.K), 5.6 W/(m.K), 5.7W/(m.K), 5.8W/(m.K), 5.9W/(m.K), 6W/(m.K), 6.1W/(m.K), 6.2W/(m.K), 6.3W/ (m.K), 6.4W/(m.K), 6.5W/(m.K), 6.6W/(m.K), 6.7W/(m.K), 6.8W/(m.K), 6.9W/(m.K), 7W/(m.K ), 7.1W/(m.K), 7.2W/(m.K), 7.3W/(m.K), 7.4W/(m.K), 7.5W/(m.K), 7.6W/(m.K), 7.7W/(m.K) , 7.8W/(m.K), 7.9W/(m.K), 8W/(m.K), 8.1W/(m.K), 8.2W/(m.K), 8.3W/(m.K), 8.4W/(m.K), 8.5 W/(m.K), 8.6W/(m.K), 8.7W/(m.K), 8.8W/(m.K), 8.9W/(m.K), 9W/(m.K) , 9.1W/(m.K), 9.2W/(m.K), 9.3W/(m.K), 9.4W/(m.K), 9.5W/(m.K), 9.6W/(m.K), 9.7W/(m.K), 9.8W/(m.K), 9.9W/(m.K), 10W/(m.K), 10.1W/(m.K), 10.2W/(m.K), 10.3W/(m.K), 10.4W/(m.K), 10.5W /(m.K), 10.6W/(m.K), 10.7W/(m.K), 10.8W/(m.K), 10.9W/(m.K), 11W/(m.K), 11.1W/(m.K), 11.2W/( m.K), 11.3W/(m.K), 11.4W/(m.K), 11.5W/(m.K), 11.6W/(m.K), 11.7W/(m.K), 11.8W/(m.K), 11.9W/(m.K) ), 12W/(m.K), 12.1W/(m.K), 12.2W/(m.K), 12.3W/(m.K), 12.4W/(m.K), 12.5W/(m.K), 12.6W/(m.K), 12.7W/(m.K), 12.8W/(m.K), 12.9W/(m.K), 13W/(m.K), 13.1W/(m.K), 13.2W/(m.K), 13.3W/(m.K), 13.4W /(m.K), 13.5W/(m.K), 13.6W/(m.K), 13.7W/(m.K), 13.8W/(m.K), 13.9W/(m.K), 14W/(m.K), 14.1W/( m.K), 14.2W/(m.K), 14.3W/(m.K), 14.4W/(m.K), 14.5W/(m.K), 14.6W/(m.K), 14.7W/(m.K), 14.8W/(m.K) ), 14.9W/(m.K), 15W/(m.K), 15.1W/(m.K), 15.2W/(m.K), 15.3W/(m.K), 15.4W/(m.K), 15.5W/(m.K), 15.6W/(m.K), 15.7W/(m.K), 15.8W/(m.K), 15.9W/(m.K), 16W/(m.K), 16.1W/(m.K), 16.2W/(m.K), 16.3W /(m.K), 16.4W/(m.K), 16.5W/(m.K), 16.6W/(m.K), 16.7W/(m.K), 16.8W/(m.K), 16.9W/(m.K), 17W/( m.K), 17.1W/(m.K), 17.2W/(m.K), 17.3W/(m.K), 17.4W/(m.K), 17.5W/(m.K), 17.6 W/(m.K), 17.7W/(m.K), 17.8W/(m.K), 17.9W/(m.K), 18W/(m.K), 18.1W/(m.K), 18.2W/(m.K), 18.3W/ (m.K), 18.4W/(m.K), 18.5W/(m.K), 18.6W/(m.K), 18.7W/(m.K), 18.8W/(m.K), 18.9W/(m.K), 19W/(m.K ), 19.1W/(m.K), 19.2W/(m.K), 19.3W/(m.K), 19.4W/(m.K), 19.5W/(m.K), 19.6W/(m.K), 19.7W/(m.K) , 19.8W/(m.K), 19.9W/(m.K), 20W/(m.K), 20.1W/(m.K), 20.2W/(m.K), 20.3W/(m.K), 20.4W/(m.K), 20.5 W/(m.K), 20.6W/(m.K), 20.7W/(m.K), 20.8W/(m.K), 20.9W/(m.K), 21W/(m.K), 21.1W/(m.K), 21.2W/ (m.K), 21.3W/(m.K), 21.4W/(m.K), 21.5W/(m.K), 21.6W/(m.K), 21.7W/(m.K), 21.8W/(m.K), 21.9W/( m.K), 22W/(m.K), 22.1W/(m.K), 22.2W/(m.K), 22.3W/(m.K), 22.4W/(m.K), 22.5W/(m.K), 22.6W/(m.K) , 22.7W/(m.K), 22.8W/(m.K), 22.9W/(m.K), 23W/(m.K), 23.1W/(m.K), 23.2W/(m.K), 23.3W/(m.K), 23.4 W/(m.K), 23.5W/(m.K), 23.6W/(m.K), 23.7W/(m.K), 23.8W/(m.K), 23.9W/(m.K), 24W/(m.K), 24.1W/ (m.K), 24.2W/(m.K), 24.3W/(m.K), 24.4W/(m.K), 24.5W/(m.K), 24.6W/(m.K), 24.7W/(m.K), 24.8W/( m.K), 24.9W/(m.K), 25W/(m.K), 30W/(m.K), 40W/(m.K), 50W/(m.K), 60W/(m.K), 70W/(m.K), 80W/(m.K) ), 90W/(m.K), 100W/(m.K), 110W/(m.K), 120W/(m.K), 130W/(m.K), 140W/( m.K), 150W/(m.K), 160W/(m.K), 170W/(m.K), 180W/(m.K), 190W/(m.K), 200W/(m.K), 210W/(m.K), 220W/(m.K) , 230W/(m.K), 240W/(m.K), 250W/(m.K), 260W/(m.K), 270W/(m.K), 280W/(m.K), 290W/(m.K), 300W/(m.K), 310W /(m.K), 320W/(m.K), 330W/(m.K), 340W/(m.K), 350W/(m.K), 360W/(m.K), 370W/(m.K), 380W/(m.K), 390W/( m.K), 400W/(m.K), 410W/(m.K), 420W/(m.K), 430W/(m.K), 440W/(m.K), or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles 3 can be measured by a steady state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are thermally insulating.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are localized high temperature heating systems.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are dielectric nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are piezoelectric nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the ligands attached to the surface of the nanoparticles 3 are in contact with the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are attached to the inorganic material 2 and the charge from the nanoparticles 3 can be evacuated. This prevents possible reactions on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 due to electric charges.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 may be dispersed in aqueous solvents, organic solvents and/or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the average size of the nanoparticles 3 is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, 21nm, 22nm, 23nm, 24nm, 25nm, 26nm, 27nm, 28nm, 29nm, 30nm, 31nm, 32nm, 33nm, 34nm, 35nm, 36nm, 37nm, 38nm, 39nm, 40nm, 41nm, 42nm, 43nm, 44nm, 45nm, 46nm, 47nm, 48nm, 49nm, 50nm, 55nm, 60nm, 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8, 5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm , 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm , 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm , 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the largest dimension of the nanoparticles 3 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm , 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm , 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm , 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm , 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm , 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm , 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm , 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm , 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 5 9μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticles 3 is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm , 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm , 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm ,220nm,230nm,240nm,250nm,260nm,270nm,280nm,290nm,300nm,350nm,400nm,450nm,500nm,550nm,600nm,650nm,700nm,750nm,800nm,850nm,900nm,950nm,1μm,1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 4 6μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 550μm, 800μm, 750μm 900μm, 950μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the ratio of the smallest dimension of a nanoparticle 3 to the largest dimension of said nanoparticle 3 (ie the aspect ratio of the nanoparticle 3 ) is at least 1.5 times; preferably, the smallest dimension of the nanoparticle 3 is smaller than the nanoparticle 3 The ratio of the largest dimensions of the particles 3 is at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5 , at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70 , at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950 or at least 1000.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 have a narrow size distribution.

According to one embodiment, the size distribution of the smallest size of the statistical group of nanoparticles 3 is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% of said smallest size , 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40%.

According to one embodiment, the size distribution of the largest dimension of the statistical group of nanoparticles 3 is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% of said largest dimension , 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are hollow.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not hollow.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are isotropic.

According to one embodiment, example 3 of the shape of the isotropic nanoparticle includes, but is not limited to, a sphere 31 (as shown in FIG. 2 ), a multi-section sphere, a prism, a polyhedron, or a square shape.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not spherical.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are anisotropic.

According to one embodiment, examples of the shape of the anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to: rods, wires, needles, rods, ribbons, cones or polyhedral shapes.

According to one embodiment, examples of branched shapes of the anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to: monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, star, or octagon.

According to one embodiment, examples of complex shapes of anisotropic nanoparticles 3 include, but are not limited to: snowflakes, flowers, spines, hemispheres, cones, sea urchins, filamentous particles, biconcave discs, worms, trees, dendrites, necklaces or chain.

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3 , the nanoparticles 3 have a 2D shape 32 .

According to one embodiment, examples of shapes of 2D nanoparticles 32 include, but are not limited to, sheets, sheets, plates, ribbons, ribbons, walls, plates, triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, disks, or rings.

According to one embodiment, nanosheets are different from nanodisks.

According to one embodiment, nanosheets are different from disks or nanodisks.

According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanosheets are not disks or nanodisks. In this example, the cross-section along dimensions other than the thickness (width, length) of the nanoplatelets or nanoplatelets is square or rectangular, and circular or oval for disks or nanodisks.

According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanosheets are not disks or nanodisks. In this example, neither the nanoplatelet nor the nanoplatelet size can be defined as the diameter or the size of the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis opposite to the disk or nanodisk.

According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanosheets are not disks or nanodisks. In this example, the curvature is less than 10 μm ^-1 at all points along the nanosheet or nanosheet at all other dimensions versus thickness (length, width), while for at least one point on the disk or nanodisk curvature Excellent.

According to one embodiment, the nanosheets and nanosheets are not disks or nanodisks. In this example, the curvature is below 10 μm ⁻¹ at all points along the dimensions other than the thickness (length, width) of the nanosheet or nanosheet, while the curvature of the disk or nanodisk is at least one point is higher.

According to one embodiment, nanosheets are different from quantum dots or spherical nanocrystals. Quantum dots are spherical and thus have a 3D shape and allow confinement of excitons in all three spatial dimensions, whereas nanosheets have a 2D shape and allow confinement of excitons in only one dimension and allow confinement in the other two dimensions Spread freely. This leads to their unique electronic and optical properties, for example, the typical photoluminescence decay time of semiconductor nanosheets is 1 order of magnitude faster than spherical quantum dots, and semiconductor nanosheets also exhibit unusually narrow optical features with full width at half maximum (FWHM) is much lower than that of spherical quantum dots.

According to one embodiment, nanosheets are different from nanorods or nanowires. Nanorods (or nanowires) have a one-dimensional shape and allow confinement of excitons in two spatial dimensions, while nanosheets have a two-dimensional shape and allow excitons to be confined in one dimension and propagate freely in the other two dimensions. This leads to its pronounced electronic and optical properties.

According to one embodiment, in order to obtain ROHS compliant particles 1 , the particles 1 further comprise semiconductor nanosheets instead of semiconductor quantum dots. In fact, the same emission peak positions can be obtained for semiconductor quantum dots with diameter d and semiconductor nanosheets with thickness d/2. Therefore, for the same emission peak positions, semiconductor nanosheets have less cadmium than semiconductor quantum dots. Furthermore, if the CdS core is contained in core/shell quantum dots or core/shell (or core/crown) nanosheets, then in the case of core/shell (or core/crown) nanosheets, there is a More likely; therefore, core/shell (or core/crown) nanosheets with CdS cores have lower cadmium content than core/shell quantum dots with CdS cores. The lattice difference between the CdS and non-cadmium shells is important for maintaining the quantum dots. Finally, semiconductor nanosheets have better absorption properties than semiconductor quantum dots, thus leading to the desired weight reduction of cadmium in semiconductor nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are atomically flat. In this embodiment, transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy depletion spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization method known to those skilled in the art, demonstrating atomically planar nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 5A, the nanoparticles 3 are core nanoparticles 33 without a shell.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise at least one atomically flat core nanoparticles. In this embodiment, atomic flat nuclei can be analyzed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization method known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 is partially or completely covered by at least one shell 34 comprising at least one layer of material.

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figures 5B-C and 5F-G, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 is covered by at least one shell (34, 35).

According to one embodiment, the thickness of at least one shell (34, 35) is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5 nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm , 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, or 500nm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 and the shell 34 are composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 and the shell 34 are composed of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a luminescent material and is covered by at least one shell, and the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a magnetic material and is covered by at least one shell, and the shell is composed of one of the following materials: luminescent material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a plasmonic material and is covered by at least one shell, and the shell is composed of one of the following materials: a magnetic material , luminescent material, dielectric material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a dielectric material and is covered by at least one shell, the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, dielectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a piezoelectric material and is covered by at least one shell, the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a thermoelectric material and is covered by at least one shell, the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a ferroelectric material and is covered by at least one shell consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a light scattering material and is covered by at least one shell, the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is an electrically insulating material and is covered by at least one shell consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer materials, dielectric materials, luminescent materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, light scattering materials, ferroelectric materials, thermal insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a thermally insulating material and is covered by at least one shell consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer materials, dielectric materials, luminescent materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, light scattering materials, electrically insulating materials, ferroelectric materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a catalytic material and is covered by at least one shell, the shell is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or ferroelectric material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/shell 36 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 is covered by a shell 36 of an insulator. In this embodiment, the shell 36 of the insulator prevents the aggregation of the core 33 .

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the insulator shell 36 is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm , 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm , 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 Nano, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm or 500 nm.

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figures 5D and 5H, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/shell (34, 35, 36) nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is covered with at least one shell (34, 35). ) and the insulator case 36.

According to one embodiment, the shells ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticles 3 may be composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the shells ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticles 3 may be made of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the shells ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticles 3 may have the same thickness.

According to one embodiment, the shells ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticles 3 may have different thicknesses.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of each shell (34, 35, 36) covering the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 is uniform along the core 33, ie each shell (34, 35, 36) along the entire The core 33 has the same thickness.

According to one embodiment, each shell ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) covers the core 33 of the nanoparticle 3 whose thickness along the core 33 is non-uniform, ie the thickness varies along the core 33 .

According to one embodiment, nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticle, wherein examples of insulator shell 36 include, but are not limited to: non-porous silica, porous silica, non-porous manganese oxide, porous manganese oxide, Non-porous zinc oxide, porous zinc oxide, non-porous aluminum oxide, porous aluminum oxide, non-porous zirconium dioxide, porous zirconium dioxide, non-porous titanium dioxide, porous titanium dioxide, non-porous tin dioxide, porous tin dioxide or mixtures thereof . The insulator shell 36 acts as a secondary barrier against oxidation and, if it is a good conductor of heat, helps to dissipate heat.

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 5E, the nanoparticles 3 are two-dimensionally structured core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 is covered by at least one crown 37.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein the crown 37 covering the core 33 is composed of at least one layer of material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 and the crown 37 are composed of the same material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 and the crown 37 are composed of at least two different materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a luminescent material and is surrounded by at least one crown, the crown is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasmonic Metamaterials, dielectric materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, ferroelectric materials, light scattering materials, electrical insulating materials, thermal insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a magnetic material and is surrounded by at least one crown, the crown is composed of one of the following materials: luminescent material, plasmonic Elemental materials, dielectric materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, ferroelectric materials, light scattering materials, electrical insulating materials, thermal insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a plasmonic material and is surrounded by at least one crown, the crown is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, Luminescent materials, dielectric materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, ferroelectric materials, light scattering materials, electrically insulating materials, thermal insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a dielectric material and is surrounded by at least one crown, the crown is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a piezoelectric material and is surrounded by at least one crown, the crown is composed of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, thermoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a thermoelectric material and is surrounded by at least one crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material piezoelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a ferroelectric material and is surrounded by at least one crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a light-scattering material and is surrounded by at least a crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, electrical insulating material, thermal insulating material or catalytic material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is an electrically insulating material and is covered by at least one crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer materials, dielectric materials, luminescent materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, ferroelectric materials, light scattering materials, thermal insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a thermally insulating material and is covered by at least one crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, etc. Excimer materials, dielectric materials, luminescent materials, piezoelectric materials, pyroelectric materials, ferroelectric materials, light scattering materials, electrically insulating materials or catalytic materials.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 is a core 33/crown 37 nanoparticle, wherein the core 33 is a catalytic material and is covered by at least one crown consisting of one of the following materials: magnetic material, plasma Excimer material, dielectric material, luminescent material, piezoelectric material, pyroelectric material, ferroelectric material, light scattering material, electrical insulating material or thermal insulating material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are core 33/crown 37 nanoparticles, wherein the core 33 is covered with an insulator crown. In this embodiment, the function of the insulator cap is to prevent the aggregation of the cores 33 .

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention uses a colloidal suspension comprising a combination of at least two different nanoparticles. In this example, the resulting particles 1 will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles Particles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in a wavelength range of 500 to 560 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle has an emission wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm. The range is 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, Particle 1 includes at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, so Particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be white emitting device.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the wavelength range 400 to 490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the wavelength range between 600 and 2500nm. In this embodiment, particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus particle 1 will be a white light emitter.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one of the luminescent nanoparticles has an emission wavelength in the range of 400 to 490 nm and at least one of the luminescent nanoparticles The emission wavelength range is between 500 and 560 nm. In this embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 contains three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles emit different emission wavelengths or colors.

In a preferred embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one of the luminescent nanoparticles has an emission wavelength in the range of 400 to 490 nm, and The emission wavelength is in the range of 500 to 560 nm, and the emission wavelength of the at least one luminescent nanoparticle is in the range of 600 to 2500 nm. In this embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum Luminescent nanoparticles emitted from the luminescent region.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles Particles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles Nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one dielectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 of the following: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles , thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 of the colloidal suspension comprise at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one pyroelectric nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, Piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one light scattering nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 of the following: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one catalytic nanoparticle and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, Piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or thermally insulating nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one shellless nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles 3 and core 33/insulator shell 36 of nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles 3 and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3 and core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticles Nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the colloidal suspension comprise at least one core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticles 3 and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3 and core 33/shell 34 nanoparticles Nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles 3 contains at least two nanoparticles 3 .

In a preferred embodiment, particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one plasmonic nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the number of nanoparticles 3 contained in the particle 1 mainly depends on the molar or mass ratio between the chemical species of the synthetic inorganic material 2 and the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticle 3 accounts for at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55% by weight of the particle 1 , 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9 %, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42% , 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59 %, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92% , 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the loading of nanoparticles 3 in particle 1 is at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8% , 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25 %, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58% , 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75 %, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the loading rate of nanoparticles 3 in particle 1 is less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55 %, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25% , 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42 %, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75% , 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92 %, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not encapsulated in the particles 1 by physical trapping or electrostatic attraction.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 are not bound or linked by electrostatic attraction or functionalized silane-based coupling agents.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise cadmium in a weight of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise lead by weight less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise mercury by weight less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, less than 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are colloidal nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are charged nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are uncharged nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are non-positively charged nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are non-negatively charged nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are organic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the organic nanoparticles are composed of carbon nanotubes, graphene and its chemical derivatives, graphene, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanosheets, phosphorus and Si ₂ BN composition of materials in the group.

According to one embodiment, the organic nanoparticles comprise organic materials.

In one embodiment, the organic material is selected from polyacrylates; preferably, polyacrylates. polymethacrylate polyacrylamide polyester polyether polyolefin (or polyolefin); polysaccharide polyamide or mixtures thereof; preferably, the organic material is an organic polymer.

According to one embodiment, organic material refers to any element and/or material comprising carbon, preferably any element and/or material comprising at least one carbon-hydrogen bond.

According to one embodiment, the organic material may be natural or synthetic.

According to one embodiment, the organic material is a small organic compound or organic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is selected from polyacrylates; preferably, polyacrylates. Polymethacrylate polyacrylamide polyamide polyester; polyether polylecithin polysaccharide; polyurethane (or polyurethane), polystyrene; polyacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); polycarbonate Ester poly(styrene acrylonitrile); vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole; poly(p-phenylene oxide); Polysulfone polyethersulfone polyethyleneimine; polyphenylsulfone poly(acrylonitrile styrene acrylate); polyepoxide, polythiophene, polypyrrole; polyaniline polyaryl ether ketone furan; polyimide polyimidazole poly etherimide polyketone polynucleotide; polystyrene sulfonate; polyetherimide polyamic acid or any combination and/or derivative and/or copolymer thereof.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polyacrylate, preferably selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(propyl acrylate), poly(butyl acrylate), poly(amyl acrylate) ) and poly(hexyl acrylate).

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polymethacrylate, preferably selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(propyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid) butyl), poly(amyl methacrylate), and poly(hexyl methacrylate). According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is polyacrylamide, preferably selected from polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylamide), poly(dimethylacrylamide), poly(ethylacrylamide), poly(diethylacrylamide) acrylamide), poly(propylacrylamide), poly(isopropylacrylamide), poly(butylacrylamide), and poly(tert-butylacrylamide).

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polyester, preferably selected from poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), polyhydroxyaluminate (PHA) , polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyadipate, polybutylene succinate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, Polyarylate or any combination thereof.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polyether, preferably selected from aliphatic polyethers such as poly(glycol ethers) or aromatic polyethers. According to one embodiment, the polyether is selected from poly(methylene oxide); poly(ethylene). Poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene glycol) and poly(tetrahydrofuran).

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polyolefin (or polyolefin), preferably selected from polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polymethylpentene, polybutane and polyisobutylene.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is selected from the group consisting of chitosan, dextran, hyaluronic acid, amylose, amylopectin, amylopectin, heparin, chitin, cellulose, dextrin, starch, pectin , alginate, carrageenan, alginate, kodran, xylan, polyguluronic acid, xanthan gum, arabinan, polymannuronic acid and its derivatives.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a polyamide, preferably selected from the group consisting of polycaprolactam, polygoldaluminamide, polyundecamide, polytetramethylene adipamide, polyhexamethylene adipamide (also known as is nylon), polyhexamethylene azelamide, polyhexamethylene sebacate, polyhexamethylene dodecane diamide; poly sebacate; polyhexamethylene isophthalamide; poly Taxenyl adipamide; polypentylacetylene isophthalamide; polyterephthalamide; polyphthalimide.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a natural or synthetic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is synthesized by organic reaction, free radical polymerization, polycondensation, addition polymerization or ring opening polymerization (ROP).

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer. According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is linear, branched and/or cross-linked. According to one embodiment, the branched organic polymer is a brush polymer (or also referred to as a comb polymer) or a dendrimer.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline. According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is a thermoplastic polymer or an elastomer.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is not a polyelectrolyte.

According to one embodiment, the organic polymer is not a hydrophilic polymer.

According to one embodiment, the average molecular weight of the organic polymer ranges from 2 000 g/mol to 5.10 ⁶ g/mol, preferably from 5 000 g/mol to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol, from 6 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 7 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 8 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 9 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 10 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 15 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 20 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 25 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 30 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 35 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 40 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 45 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 50 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 55 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 60 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 65 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 70 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 75 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 80 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 85 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 90 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 95 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 100 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 200 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 300 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 400 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 500 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 600 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 700 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 800 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 900 000 to 4.10 ⁶ , from 1.10 ⁶ to 4.10 ⁶ , from 2.10 ⁶ to 4.10 ⁶ , from 3.10 ⁶ g/mol to 4.10 ⁶ g/mol.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are inorganic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise inorganic materials. The inorganic material is the same as or different from the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the particle 1 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and at least one organic nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not ZnO nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are not metal nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 contain not only metal nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 contain not only magnetic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are colloidal nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are fully crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are single crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are polycrystalline. In this embodiment, each inorganic nanoparticle contains at least one grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are composed of materials selected from the group consisting of metals, halides, sulfides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metal alloys, ceramics such as oxides, carbides or nitrides. The inorganic nanoparticles are prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide particles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles , perovskite nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles such as oxide nanoparticles, carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof. The nanoparticles are prepared using protocols known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of: metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide particles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles, fluorescent nanoparticles, perovskite Mineral nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles such as oxide nanoparticles, carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof. The preference is semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the chalcogenide is a compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected from O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one or more electropositive elements.

According to one embodiment, the metal nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, vanadium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, rh nanoparticles, yttrium nanoparticles, mercury nanoparticles, Cadmium nanoparticles, nanoparticles, chromium nanoparticles, tantalum nanoparticles, manganese nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, zirconium nanoparticles, niobium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, rhodium nanoparticles, tungsten nanoparticles, iridium nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles , iron nanoparticles or cobalt nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, examples of carbide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, _Al4C3 , _LaC2 , _FeC , _CoC , _HfC , _SixCy , _WxCy , _BxCy , _MoxCy , _TixCy , _{AlxCy , LaxCy} , _{FexCy , CoxCy , HfxCy or mixtures thereof} ; _x and _y are respectively from A decimal number from 0 to 5, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: SiO ₂ , Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZnO, MgO, SnO ₂ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , CeO ₂ , BeO, IrO ₂ , CaO, Sc ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Na ₂ O, BaO, K ₂ O, PbO, Ag ₂ O, V ₂ O ₅ , TeO ₂ , MnO, B ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₄ O ₇ , P ₄ O ₈ , P ₄ O ₉ , P ₂ O ₆ , PO, GeO ₂ , As ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , Ta ₂ O ₅ , Li ₂ O , SrO , Y ₂ O ₃ , HfO ₂ , WO ₂ , MoO ₂ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , Tc ₂ O ₇ , ReO ₂ , RuO ₂ , Co ₃ O ₄ , OsO, RhO ₂ , Rh ₂ O ₃ , PtO, PdO, _CuO , _Cu2O , _CdO , _HgO , _Tl2O , _Ga2O3 , _In2O3 , _Bi2O3 , _Sb2O3 , _PoO2 , _SeO2 , _Cs2O , _{La2O3 , Pr 6} O ₁₁ , Nd ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , Sm ₂ O ₃ , Eu ₂ O ₃ , Tb ₄ O ₇ , Dy ₂ O ₃ , Ho ₂ O ₃ , Er ₂ O ₃ , Tm ₂ O ₃ , Yb ₂ O ₃ , Lu ₂ O ₃ , Gd ₂ O ₃ or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of oxide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, oxide Beryllium, zirconia, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, Rubidium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide , mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, oxide Dysprosium, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, their mixed oxides or their mixtures.

According to one embodiment, examples of _nitride nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: TiN, Si3N4, _MoN , VN, TaN, _Zr3N4 , HfN, _FeN , NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, _Tix N _y , Six N _y , Mo _x N _y , V _x N _y , T _x N _y , Zr _x N _y , Hf _x N _y , Fe _x N _y , Nb _x N _y , Ga _{x N y} , Cr _x N _y , Al _x N _y , In _x N _y , or mixtures thereof; x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 5, respectively, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of _{sulfide nanoparticles} include, but are not _limited to _{: SiySx} , _AlySx , _TiySx , _{ZrySx , ZnySx , MgySx , SnySx} , _Nby S _x , Ce _y S _x , Be _y S _x , _Iry S _x , Ca _y S _x , _Scy S _x , Ni _y S _x , Na _y S _x , _Bay S _x , _Ky S _x , _Pby S _x , Ag _y S _x , V _y S _x , Te _y S _x , M _y S _x , _By S _x , P _y S _x , Ge _y S _x , As _y S _x , Fe _y S _x , Ta _y S _x , Li _y S _x , _Sry S _x , Y _y S _x , Hf _y S _x , W _y S _x , Mo _y S _x , C _y S _x , Tc _y S _x , Re _y S _x , Ru _y S _x , Co _y S _x , Os _y S _x , Rh _y S _x , Pt _y S _x , Pd _y S _x , Cu _y S _x , Au _y S _x , Cd _y S _x , Hg _y S _x , Tly S _x , Ga _y S _x , In _y S _x , Bi _y S _x , _Sby S _x , Po _y S _x , Se _y S _x , Cs _y S _x , mixed sulfides, mixed sulfides _thereof , or A mixture where x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 10, respectively, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, examples of halide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: BaF ₂ , LaF ₃ , CeF ₃ , YF ₃ , CaF ₂ , MgF ₂ , PrF ₃ , AgCl , MnCl ₂ , NiCl ₂ , Hg ₂ Cl ₂ , CaCl ₂ , CsPbCl ₃ , AgBr, PbBr ₃ , CsPbBr ₃ , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI ₂ , BiI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbCl ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ , CsPbI ₃ , _FAPbBr3 (FA is formaminium) or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of sulfide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, _CuO , Cu2O, _CuS , Cu2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag2O, Ag2S, _Ag2Se , _Ag2Te , _Au2S , PdO, _PdS , _Pd4S , _PdSe , PdTe, PtO, PtS, _PtS2 , PtSe, PtTe, RhO ₂ , Rh ₂ O ₃ , RhS2, Rh ₂ S ₃ , RhSe ₂ , Rh ₂ Se ₃ , RhTe ₂ , IrO ₂ , IrS ₂ , Ir ₂ S ₃ , IrSe ₂ , IrTe ₂ , RuO ₂ , RuS ₂ , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, MnTe, ReO ₂ , ReS ₂ , Cr ₂ O ₃ , Cr ₂ S ₃ , MoO ₂ , MoS ₂ , MoSe ₂ , MoTe ₂ , WO ₂ , WS ₂ , WSe ₂ , V ₂ O ₅ , V ₂ S ₃ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , NbS ₂ , NbSe ₂ , HfO ₂ , HfS ₂ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZrS ₂ , ZrSe ₂ , ZrTe ₂ , Sc ₂ O ₃ , Y ₂ O ₃ , Y ₂ S ₃ , SiO ₂ , GeO ₂ , GeS, GeS ₂ , GeSe, GeSe ₂ , GeTe, SnO ₂ , SnS, SnS ₂ , SnSe, SnSe ₂ , SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, MgO , MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, SrO, Al ₂ O ₃ , Ga ₂ O ₃ , Ga ₂ S ₃ , Ga ₂ Se ₃ , In ₂ O ₃ , In ₂ S ₃ , In ₂ Se ₃ , In ₂ Te ₃ , La ₂ O ₃ , La ₂ S ₃ , CeO ₂ , CeS ₂ , Pr ₆ O ₁₁ , Nd ₂ O ₃ , NdS ₂ , La ₂ O ₃ , Tl ₂ O , Sm ₂ O ₃ , SmS ₂ , Eu ₂ O ₃ , EuS ₂ , Bi ₂ O ₃ , Sb ₂ O ₃ , PoO ₂ , SeO ₂ , Cs ₂ O , Tb ₄ O ₇ , TbS ₂ , Dy ₂ O ₃ , Ho ₂ O ₃ , Er ₂ O ₃ , ErS ₂ , Tm ₂ O ₃ , Yb ₂ O ₃ , Lu ₂ O ₃ , CuInS ₂ , CuInSe ₂ , AgInS ₂ , AgInSe ₂ , Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , FeS, FeS ₂ , Co ₃ S ₄ , CoSe, Co ₃ O ₄ , NiO, NiSe ₂ , NiSe, Ni ₃ Se ₄ , Gd ₂ O ₃ , BeO, TeO ₂ , Na ₂ O, BaO, K ₂ O, Ta ₂ O ₅ , Li ₂ O, Tc ₂ O ₇ , As ₂ O ₃ , B ₂ O ₃ , P ₂ O ₅ , P ₂ O ₃ , P ₄ O ₇ , P ₄ O ₈ , P ₄ O ₉ , P ₂ O ₆ , PO or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphide nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: InP, Cd ₃ P ₂ , Zn ₃ P ₂ , AlP, GaP, TIP, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metalloid nanoparticles include, but are not limited to, Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of metal alloy nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh- Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, Fe-Co, Co-Ni, Fe-Ni or its mixture.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are nanoparticles comprising a hygroscopic material, such as a phosphor material or a scintillator material.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are perovskite nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the _{perovskite comprises the material AmBnX3p , wherein} A is selected from the group consisting of Ba, B, K, Pb, Cs, Ca, Ce, Na, La, Sr, Th, FA (for formamide, CN ₂ H ₅ ⁺ ), or a mixture thereof; B is selected from Fe, Nb, Ti, Pb, Sn, Ge, Bi, Zr or a mixture thereof; X is selected from O, Cl, Br, I, cyanide, thiocyanate acid salts or mixtures thereof; m, n, and p are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; m, n, and p are not simultaneously equal to 0; m and n are not simultaneously equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, m, n and p are not equal to zero.

According to one embodiment, examples of perovskites include, but are not limited to: Cs ₃ Bi ₂ I ₉ , Cs ₃ Bi ₂ Cl ₉ , Cs ₃ Bi ₂ Br ₉ , BFeO ₃ , KNbO ₃ , BaTiO ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbCl ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ , FAPbBr ₃ (FA is formamide), FAPbCl ₃ , FAPbI ₃ , CsPbCl ₃ , CsPbBr ₃ , CsPbI ₃ , CsSnI ₃ , CsSnCl ₃ , CsSnBr ₃ , CsGeCl ₃ , CsGeBr ₃ , CsGeI ₃ , FAPbCl _x Br _y I _z (where the independent decimal numbers of x, y and z are from 0 to 5 and not equal to 0 at the same time).

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are phosphor nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 3 are phosphor nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphor nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

Rare earth doped garnets or garnets such as Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₃ Ga ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₃ Fe ₂ (FeO 4 ) ₃ , Y ₃ Fe ₅ O ₁₂ , Y ₄ Al ₂ O ₉ , YAlO ₃ , RE _3-n Al ₅ O ₁₂ : Ce _n (RE=Y, Gd, Tb, Lu), Gd ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ , Gd ₃ Ga ₅ O ₁₂ , Lu ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ , Fe ₃ Al ₂ ( SiO ₄ ) ₃ , (Lu _(1-xy) A _x Ce _y ) ₃ B _z Al ₅ O ₁₂ C _2z (wherein A=at least one of Sc, La, Gd, Tb or mixtures thereof; B=Mg , at least one of Sr, Ca, Ba or a mixture thereof; C=at least one of CF, Br, I or a mixture thereof; 0≤x≤0.5; 0.001≤y≤0.2 and 0.001≤z≤0.5), Lu _0.90 Gd _0.07 Ce _0.03 ) ₃ Sr _0.34 Al ₅ O ₁₂ F _0.68 , Mg ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Mn ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Fe ₂ (SiO 4 ) ₃ , Ca ₃ Al ₂ (SiO4) ₃ , Ca ₃ Cr ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ , Al ₅ Lu ₃ O ₁₂ , GAL, GaYAG, TAG, GAL, LuAG, YAG;

Doped nitrides, such as Europium-doped CaAlSiN ₃ , Sr(LiAl ₃ N ₄ ):Eu, SrMg ₃ SiN ₄ :Eu, La ₃ Si ₆ N ₁₁ :Ce, La ₃ Si ₆ N ₁₁ :Ce, ( Ca,Sr) _AlSiN3 :Eu, ( _{Ca0.2Sr0.8 ) AlSiN3} , (Ca,Sr,Ba _{) 2Si5N8} : _Eu ;

Sulfide based phosphors such as CaS:Eu ²⁺ , SrS:Eu ²⁺ ;

A ₂ (MF ₆ )Mn ⁴⁺ wherein A includes sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, or NH ₄ and M includes Si, Ti, and Zr, or Mn, such as, for example, Mn ^{4 +} doped potassium fluorosilicate (PFS ), K ₂ (SiF ₆ ): Mn ⁴⁺ or K ₂ (TiF ₆ ): Mn ⁴⁺ , Na ₂ SnF ₆ : Mn ⁴⁺ , Cs ₂ SnF ₆ : Mn ⁴⁺ , Na ₂ SiF ₆ : Mn ⁴⁺ , Na ₂ GeF ₆ : Mn ⁴⁺ ;

Oxynitrides, such as Europium-doped ((Li, Mg, Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON, SrAl ₂ Si ₃ ON ₆ :Eu, Eu _x Si _{6- z} Al _z O _y N _8-y (y= z-2x), Eu _0.018 Si _5.77 Al _0.23 O _0.194 N _7.806 , SrSi ₂ O ₂ N ₂ : Eu ²⁺ , Pr ³⁺ activated β-SiAlON:Eu;

Silicates such as _{A2Si(OD)4 :} Eu (wherein A=Sr, Ba, Ca, Mg, Zn or mixtures thereof, D=F, Cl, S, N, Br or mixtures thereof), ( SrBaCa) ₂ SiO ₄ :Eu, Ba ₂ MgSi ₂ O ₇ :Eu, Ba ₂ SiO ₄ :Eu, Sr ₃ SiO ₅ , (Ca, Ce) ₃ (Sc, Mg) ₂ Si ₃ O ₁₂ ;

Carbonitrides such as Y ₂ Si ₄ N ₆ C, CsLnSi(CN ₂ ) ₄ :Eu (wherein Ln is Y, La or Gd);

oxycarbonitride, such as Sr ₂ Si ₅ N _8-[(4x/3)+z] C _x O _3z/2 (where 0≤x≤5.0, 0.06<z≤0.1, and x≠3z/2);

Europium aluminate, such as EuAl ₆ O ₁₀ , EuAl ₂ O ₄ ;

Barium oxide, such as Ba _0.93 Eu _0.07 Al ₂ O ₄ ;

Blue phosphors such as (BaMgAl ₁₀ O ₁₇ :Eu), Sr ₅ (PO ₄ ) ₃ Cl:Eu, AlN:Eu:, LaSi ₃ N ₅ :Ce, SrSi ₉ Al ₁₉ ON ₃₁ :Eu, SrSi _{6- x} Al _x O _1+x N _8- x: Eu;

Halogenated garnets, e.g. f or e.g. (Lu _1-abc Y _a Tb _b A _c ) ₃ (Al _1-d B _d ) ₅ (O _1-e C _e ) ₁₂ : Ce, Eu, wherein A is selected from Mg, The group of Sr, Ca, Ba or mixtures thereof; B is selected from Ga, In or mixtures thereof; C is selected from F, Cl, Br or mixtures thereof; and 0≤a≤1; 0≤b≤1; 0<c ≤0.5; 0≤d≤1; 0<e≤0.2;

((Sr _1-z M _z ) _1- ( _x+w )A _w Ce _x ) ₃ (Al _1-y Si _y )O _4+y+3 ( _xw )F _1-y-3 ( _xw ) _' , Wherein 0<x≤0.10, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤w≤x; A includes Li, Na, K, Rb or mixtures thereof; M is Ca, Ba, Mg, Zn, Sn or Its mixture, (Sr _0.98 Na _0.01 Ce _0.01 ) ₃ (Al _0.9 Si _0.1 )O _4.1 F _0.9 , (Sr _0.595 Ca _0.4 Ce _0.005 ) ₃ (Al _0.6 Si _0.4 )O _4.415 F _0.585 ;

Rare earth doped nanoparticles;

doped nanoparticles;

any phosphor known to those skilled in the art;

or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphor nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

- blue phosphors such as BaMgAl ₁₀ O ₁₇ : Eu ²⁺ or Co ²⁺ , Sr ₅ (PO ₄ ) ₃ Cl:Eu ²⁺ , AlN:Eu ²⁺ , LaSi ₃ N ₅ : Ce ³⁺ and SrSi ₉ Al ₁₉ ON ₃₁ : Eu ²⁺ , SrSi _6-x Al _x O _1+x N _8-x : Eu ²⁺ ;

- red phosphors, eg Mn ⁴⁺ doped potassium fluorosilicate (PFS), carbonitrides, nitrides, sulfides (CaS), CaAlSiN ₃ : Eu ³⁺ , (Ca, Sr)AlSiN ₃ : Eu ^{3 +} , (Ca, Sr, Ba) ₂ Si ₅ N ₈ : Eu ³⁺ , SrLiAl ₃ N ₄ : Eu ³⁺ , SrMg ₃ SiN ₄ : Eu ^{3 +} , red-emitting silicate;

- orange phosphors, such as orange-emitting silicates, Li, Mg, Ca or Y-doped α-SiAlON;

- green phosphors such as oxynitrides, carbonitrides, green emitting silicates, LuAG, green GAL, green YAG, green GaYAG, β-SiAlON:Eu ²⁺ , SrSi ₂ O ₂ N _{2 :} Eu ²⁺ ; and

- Yellow phosphors such as yellow-emitting silicates, TAG, yellow YAG, La ₃ Si ₆ N ₁₁ : Ce ³⁺ (LSN), yellow GAL.

According to one embodiment, examples of phosphor nanoparticles include, but are not limited to, blue phosphors, red phosphors, orange phosphors, green phosphors, and yellow phosphors.

According to one embodiment, the phosphor nanoparticles have an average size of at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm , 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, 21nm, 22nm, 23nm, 24nm, 25nm, 26nm, 27nm, 28nm, 29nm, 30nm, 31nm, 32nm, 33nm, 34nm, 35nm, 36nm, 37nm, 38nm, 39nm, 40nm, 41nm, 42nm , 43nm, 44nm, 45nm, 46nm, 47nm, 48nm, 49nm, 50nm, 55nm, 60nm, 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm , 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm , 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm 450 μm, 500 μm, 550 μm, 600 μm, 650 μm, 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the phosphor nanoparticles have an average size of 0.1 to 50 microns.

According to one embodiment, particle 1 comprises a phosphor nanoparticle.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are scintillator nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, examples of scintillator nanoparticles include, but are not limited to: NaI(Tl) (thallium doped sodium iodide), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), CsI (pure), CsF, KI(Tl ), LiI(Eu), BaF ₂ , CaF ₂ (Eu), ZnS(Ag), CaWO ₄ , CdWO ₄ , YAG(Ce)(Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ (Ce)), GSO, LSO, LaCl ₃ ( Ce) (cerium doped lanthanum chloride), LaBr ₃ (Ce) (cerium doped lanthanum bromide), LYSO (Lu _1.8 Y _0.2 SiO ₅ (Ce)) or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are metal nanoparticles (gold, silver, aluminum, magnesium, copper, or alloys).

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are inorganic semiconductors or insulators capable of being coated with organic compounds.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic semiconductor or insulator may be, for example, a group IV semiconductor (eg, carbon, silicon, germanium), a group III-V compound semiconductor (eg, gallium nitride, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide), a II-VI compound semiconductor (eg, cadmium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, mercury telluride), inorganic oxides (eg, indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide), and other sulfides.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; N is selected from Zn, Cd , Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. x, y, z, and w are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously equal to 0; x and y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and w may not both be equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a core comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe , Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge , Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; N is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be , Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb , Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or their mixtures; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or their mixtures. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. x, y, z, and w are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously equal to 0; x and y are not simultaneously equal to 0; z and w may not both be equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, w, x, y, and z are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5, provided that when w is 0, x, y, and z are not 0, and when x is 0, w, y, and z is not 0, when y is 0, w, x, and z are not 0, and when z is 0, w, x, and y are not 0.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein M and/or N are selected from Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb , Group VIII or mixtures thereof; E and/or A are selected from Va, VIa, VIIa Groups or mixtures thereof; x, y, z and w are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not Both are equal to 0; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; Z and W may not be equal to 0 at the same time.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M _x E _y , wherein M is selected from Cd, Zn, Hg, Ge, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Fe, In, Al, Ti, Mg, Ga, Tl , Mo, Pd, W, Cs, Pb, or mixtures thereof; x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 5, respectively, provided that x and y cannot be equal to 0 at the same time, and x≠0.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M _x E _y , wherein E is selected from the group of S, Se, Te, O, P, C, N, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture thereof; x and y are decimal numbers from 0 to 5, respectively, provided that x and y cannot both be equal to 0 and x≠0

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are selected from IIb-VIa, IVa-VIa, Ib-IIIa-VIa, IIb-IVa-Va, Ib-VIa, VIII-VIa, IIb-Va, IIIa-VIa, IVb-VIa, IIa-VIa, IIIa-Va, IIIa-VIa, VIb-VIa and Va-VIa semiconductors.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS ₂ , GeSe ₂ , SnS ₂ , SnSe ₂ , CuInS ₂ , CuInSe ₂ , AgInS ₂ , AgInSe ₂ , CuS, Cu ₂ S, Ag ₂ S, Ag ₂ Se, Ag ₂ Te, FeS, FeS ₂ , InP, Cd ₃ P ₂ , Zn ₃ P ₂ , CdO, ZnO, FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , Fe ₃ O ₄ , Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO ₂ , MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs , AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, TlN, TlP, TlAs, TlSb, MoS ₂ , PdS, Pd ₄ S, WS ₂ , CsPbCl ₃ , PbBr ₃ , CsPbBr ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbCl ₃ , CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ , CsPbI ₃ , FAPbBr ₃ (FA is formamidium), or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductor nanosheets, nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanowires, nanodisks, nanocubes, nanorings, magic size clusters or spheres, such as quantum dots.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are semiconductor nanosheets, nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanowires, nanodisks, nanocubes, magic size clusters or nanorings.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise initial nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise primary colloidal nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise primary nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise initial colloidal nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core nanoparticles, wherein each core is not partially or completely covered with at least one outer shell comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core 33 nanocrystals, wherein each core 33 is not partially or fully covered with at least one outer shell 34 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core/shell nanoparticles, wherein the core is partially or completely covered by at least one shell comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core 33/shell 34 nanocrystals, wherein the core 33 is partially or fully covered by at least one shell 34 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal includes at least one shell 34 comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Group of Cs or mixtures thereof; N selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V , Nd Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or their mixtures; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F , Cl, Br, I or their mixtures. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. and X, Y, Z, and W are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously equal to 0; x and y are not simultaneously equal to 0; Z and W may not simultaneously be equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises two shells (34, 35) comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; N is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. and X, Y, Z, and W are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously equal to 0; x and y are not simultaneously equal to 0; Z and W may not simultaneously be equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, the casings (34, 35) comprise different materials.

According to one embodiment, the casings (34, 35) comprise the same material.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, examples of core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals include, but are not limited to: CdSe/CdS, CdSe/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/ Cd _x Zn _1-x S/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/Cd _x Zn _{1- x} S, CdSe/CdS/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, CdS x S _1-x /CdS, CdS _x S _1-x /CdZnS, CdS _x S _1-x /CdS/ZnS, CdS _x S _1-x /ZnS/CdS, CdSe _x S _{1-x /} ZnS , CdSe _x S _1-x /Cd _x Zn _1-x S/ZnS, CdSe _x S _1-x /ZnS/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, CdSe _x S _1-x /CdS/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, CdSe _x S _1-x /ZnSe/ZnS, CdSe _x S _1-x /ZnSe/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, InP/CdS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ZnS, InP/Cd _x Zn _1-x S/ZnS, InP/ZnS/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, InP/CdS/Cd _x Zn _{1 -x} S, InP/ZnSe, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/ZnSe/Cd _x Zn _1-x S, InP/ZnSe _x S _1-x , InP/GaP/ZnS, In _x Zn _1-x P/ZnS , In _x Zn _1-x P/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS, where x is a decimal number from 0 to 10 1 .

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals are rich in ZnS, ie the last monolayer of the shell is a ZnS monolayer.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal is rich in CdS, ie the last monolayer of the shell is a CdS monolayer.

According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal is rich in CdxZn1 _-xS , ie the last monolayer of the shell is a _{CdxZn1 -xS} monolayer, where _x is a decimal number from 0 to 1.

According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is a cation-rich monolayer of cadmium, zinc or indium.

According to one embodiment, the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is an anion-rich monolayer of sulfur, selenium or phosphorus.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles are core/crown semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown 37 comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein: M is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni , Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga , In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd , Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr , Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl , Br, I or their mixtures. A is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof. and X, Y, Z, and W are independently decimal numbers from 0 to 5; x, y, z, and w are not simultaneously equal to 0; x and y are not simultaneously equal to 0; Z and W may not simultaneously be equal to 0.

According to one embodiment, the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown comprising a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the crown 37 comprises a different material than that of the core 33 .

According to one embodiment, the crown 37 comprises the same material as the core 33 .

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are atomically flat. In this embodiment, transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy depletion spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization method known to those skilled in the art, demonstrating the atomic level flatness of semiconductor nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconducting nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconducting nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoparticles comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconducting nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, particle 1 comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% , 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% semiconductor nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals comprise at least one atomically flat core. In this example, transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) , photoluminescence, or any method known to those skilled in the art, to demonstrate atomically flat nuclei.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets are atomically flat. In this example, transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) , photoluminescence, or any other characterization method known to those skilled in the art to demonstrate the atomic flatness of the nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheet comprises at least one atomically flat core. In this embodiment, atomic flat nuclei can be analyzed by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any method known to those skilled in the art to demonstrate atomically flat nuclei.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets are quasi-2D.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets are 2D shaped.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanosheets can be adjusted at the atomic level.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise primary nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise initial colloidal nanocrystals.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise initial nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise initial colloidal nanosheets.

According to one embodiment, the core 33 of the semiconductor nanosheet is the initial nanosheet.

According to one embodiment, the initial nanosheets comprise a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the initial nanosheets comprise an alternation of atomic layers of M and E in thickness.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanosheet includes an alternation of atomic layers of M, N, A and E.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanosheet includes an initial nanosheet partially or fully covered with at least one layer of additional material.

According to one embodiment, the at least one layer of additional material comprises a material of formula M _x N _y E _z A _w , where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor nanosheet includes a primary nanosheet that is partially or fully covered on at least one facet by at least one layer of additional material.

In one embodiment, where several layers of material cover all or part of the initial nanosheet, the layers may be composed of the same material or composed of different materials.

In one embodiment, where several layers of material cover all or part of the initial nanosheets, the layers may be structured to form a gradient of material.

In one embodiment, the initial nanosheets are inorganic colloidal nanosheets.

In one embodiment, the initial nanosheets contained in the semiconductor nanosheets retain their 2D structure.

In one embodiment, the material covering the initial nanosheets is inorganic.

In one embodiment, the thickness of at least a portion of the semiconductor nanosheets is greater than the thickness of the initial nanosheets.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise initial nanosheets fully covered with at least one layer of material.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets comprise initial nanosheets fully covered by a layer of a first material, the first layer being partially or fully covered by at least a layer of a second material.

In one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanosheet is at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm nm, 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5 nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, or 500nm.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the initial nanoplatelets is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the initial nanoplatelets, and the ratio (aspect ratio) of the initial nanoplatelets is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20 , at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, Or at least 1000 times.

In one embodiment, the lateral dimensions of the initial nanosheets are at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60nm, 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm , 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm , 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm , 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm , 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm a , 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5 μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 950μm , or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanosheet is at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm , 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm , 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm , 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm , 400nm, 450nm, or 500nm.

According to one embodiment, the lateral dimensions of the semiconductor nanosheets are at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm , 65nm, 70nm, 75nm, 80nm, 85nm, 90nm, 95nm, 100nm, 105nm, 110nm, 115nm, 120nm, 125nm, 130nm, 135nm, 140nm, 145nm, 150nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm The 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56. 5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 950μm , or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanosheet is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the semiconductor nanosheet, and its ratio (aspect ratio) is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5 , at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950 , or at least 1000 times.

According to one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets are obtained by: by depositing a film or material layer on the surface of the at least one initial nanosheet, growing the thickness of at least one face of the at least one initial nanosheet; or by growing on the surface of the at least one initial nanosheet; depositing a film or layer of material on the surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet, allowing lateral growth on at least one surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet; or any method known to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets may include initial nanosheets and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers covering all or part of the initial nanosheets. The layers have the same composition as the initial nanosheets, or different compositions from the initial nanosheets, or different compositions from each other.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanosheets may comprise initial nanosheets and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers, wherein a first deposited layer fully or partially covers the initial nanosheets and at least a second deposited layer Covers all or part of the previously deposited layers. The layers have the same composition as the initial nanosheets, or different compositions from the initial nanosheets, or different compositions from each other.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the semiconductor nanosheets can be quantified by a monolayer of M _x N _y E _z A _w , where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the core 33 of the semiconductor _nanosheet has at least _{1 MxNyEzAw monolayer} , at least 2 _{MxNyEzAw monolayers} , _{at least 3 MxNyEzAw monolayers} Thickness of _w monolayer, at least 4 M _x N _y E _z A _w mono layers, at least 5 M _x N _y E _z A _w mono layers, where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the thickness of the shell 34 of the semiconductor nanosheet can be quantified by a monolayer of M _x N _y E _z A _w , where M, N, E and A are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are suspended in an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent includes but is not limited to: pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, decane, dodecane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone , acetic acid, n-methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, octadecene, squalene, amines such as tri-n-octylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane , oleylamine, cetylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2- Alcohol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are suspended in water.

According to one embodiment, before step (b), the nanoparticles 3 are transferred into the aqueous solution by exchanging ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 . In this example, the exchanged ligands include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptoacetic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 12-mercaptododecanoic acid, 2-mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethyl Oxysilane, 12-mercaptododecyltrimethoxysilane, 11-mercapto 1-undecanol, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, ricinoleic acid, cysteamine or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, prior to step (b), the ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 are combined with at least one compound comprising Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn Ligand exchange of at least one atom of , Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, Mn, Ir, Sc, Nb or Sn. In this embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand comprises at least one precursor of at least one atom of the inorganic material 2 , so that the nanoparticles 3 are uniformly dispersed in the at least one particle 1 . The surface of the nanoparticles 3 containing at least one Si atom can be silanized before the mixing step with the precursor solution.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand comprises Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, Mn, Ir, Sc, Nb, or Sn, including but not limited to: mercapto-functional silanes such as 2-mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-mercaptodeca Dialkyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminoalkyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane; or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, prior to step (b), the ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 interact with at least one of the ligands comprising at least one of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Partial exchange of exchange ligands for Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, Mn, Ir, Sc, Nb or Sn atoms. In this embodiment, it contains Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, Mn , Ir, Sc, Nb or Sn at least one exchange ligand including but not limited to: n-alkyltrimethoxysilane, such as n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-dodecyl Trimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminoalkyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane.

According to one embodiment, at least one ligand comprising at least one silicon, aluminium or titanium atom is added to at least one colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 . In this embodiment, at least one group containing a ligand of at least one silicon, aluminum or titanium atom, including but not limited to: n-alkyltrimethoxysilane, eg n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyl Trimethoxysilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminoalkyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12-aminododecyl Alkyltrimethoxysilane. In this embodiment, the ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 and at least one ligand comprising at least one silicon, aluminum or titanium atom are intertwined with each other on the surface of the nanoparticles 3, so that the nanoparticles 3 are uniformly dispersed in at least one particle 1 .

According to one embodiment, the ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 are C3 to C20 alkanethiol ligands, such as propanethiol, butanethiol, pentanethiol, hexanethiol, heptanethiol, Octanethiol, nonanethiol, decanethiol, undecanethiol, dodecanethiol, tridecanethiol, tetradecane, tetradecanethiol, heptadecanethiol , octadecanethiol or mixtures thereof. In this example, the C3 to C20 alkanethiol ligands help control the hydrophobicity of the nanoparticle surface.

According to one embodiment, prior to step (b), the ligands on the surface of the nanoparticles 3 are exchanged with at least one exchange ligand, said exchange ligand being a copolymer, a block copolymer and/or a polydendritic Ligand.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand that is a copolymer comprises at least two monomers, and the monomers are:

- an anchoring monomer comprising _a first group MA having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3; and

- a hydrophilic monomer comprising a second group _MB with high water solubility.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of one having the following formula I: (A)x(B)y

Wherein, A comprises at least one anchoring monomer, which, as previously described, comprises a first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3, and B comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer, which comprises a high water solubility the second group M _B , and

Each of x and y is a positive integer, with preference integers ranging from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249, from 1 to 99, or from 1 to 24.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer having the following formula II:

where R _A is a group comprising a first group M _A having affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 as previously described

R _B is a group comprising a second group M _B with high water solubility,

R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ , R ₄ , R ₅ , R ₆ may be a single H atom or a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate, Each of x and y is a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 1 to 499.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers and having the following formula II':

in,

_RA ' and _RA " represent groups, respectively, which comprise the first groups _MA ' and _MA " having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3,

R _B ' and R _B "respectively represent groups comprising the second groups M _B ' and M _B " having high water solubility,

R1 _' , _R2 ', _{R3 '} , R1", _R2 ", _R3 ", _R4 ', _R5 ', _R6 ', _R4 ", _R5 ", _R6 " can be individually The H atom of or a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate,

Each of x' and x" is a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 0 to 499, where at least one of x' and x" is not 0.

Each of y' and y" is a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 0 to 499, where at least one of y' and y" is not 0.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer, which is synthesized from at least 2 monomers, and the monomers are:

- an anchoring monomer wherein M _A is a dithiol group,

- a hydrophilic monomer wherein M _B is a thiobetaine group.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer, which is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, and the monomers are:

- an anchor monomer as defined above,

- a hydrophilic monomer as defined above

- a functionalized monomer containing reactive functional groups M _C .

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer having the following formula III:

(A) _x (B) _y (C) _z

wherein A comprises at least one anchoring monomer comprising a first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 as previously described, and B comprises at least one hydrophilic monomer comprising a high water solubility The second group M _B ,

C comprises at least one functionalized monomer comprising a third group M _C having a reactive function, and

Each of x, y, and z is each a positive integer, with a preferred integer range from 1 to 498.

In such embodiments, at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer having the following formula IV:

wherein R _A , R _B , R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ , R ₄ , R ₅ and R ₆ are as previously defined,

R _C represents a group containing a third group M _C , and

R ₈ , R ₉ and R ₁₀ may each be hydrogen or a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxy, halogen, hydrocarboxy, carboxylate, and each x, y and z is each a positive integer, The preferred integer range is 1 to 498.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand comprises a copolymer of at least 2 monomers having the following formula IV':

where R _A ', R _A ", R _B ', R _B ", R ₁ ', R ₂ ', R ₃ ', R ₁ ", R ₂ ", R ₃ ", R ₄ ', R ₅ ', R ₆ ', R ₄ ", R ₅ " and R ₆ " are as previously defined,

_RC ' and _RC " respectively represent groups comprising said third groups _MC ' and _MC ", and

R ₈ ', R ₉ ', R ₁₀ ', R ₈ ", R9" and R ₁₀ " can be respectively H or a group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate group,

Each of x' and x" is each a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 0 to 499, wherein at least one of x' and x" is not 0.

Each of y' and y" is each a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 0 to 499, wherein at least one of y' and y" is not 0.

Each of z' and z" is each a positive integer, and the preferred integer range is 0 to 499, wherein at least one of z' and z" is not 0.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer obtained from at least 2 monomers, wherein the monomers are:

- an anchoring monomer MA with _a side chain comprising _a first group MA having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3; and

- having a pendant hydrophilic monomer M _B , which comprises a hydrophilic second group M _B ;

And one end of the copolymer is H, and the other end contains a functional group or bioactive group.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer having the general formula (V):

H-P[(A)x-co-(B)y]n-L-R

wherein A represents an anchoring monomer with a side chain, which comprises a first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3;

B represents a hydrophilic monomer having a side chain, which comprises a hydrophilic second group M _B ;

n represents a positive integer, the preference is an integer from 1 to 1000, preferably from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99;

x and y each represent a percentage of n, where x and y are different from 0% n and 100% n, preference ranges from greater than 0% to less than 100% n, prefer n greater than 0% to 80%, greater than 0% 0% to n% of 50; where x+y equals n of 100%;

R represents a functional group selected from the group consisting of _-NH2 , -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated esters such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxypentane Diimide or maleimide esters; activated carboxylic acids such as anhydrides or acid halides; isothiocyanates; isocyanates; alkynes; azides; glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride; hydrazine groups; chloroformates, maleimides, alkenes, silanes, hydrazones, oximes, and furans; and

Biologically active groups selected from avidin or streptavidin; antibodies such as monoclonal antibodies or single chain antibodies; carbohydrates; protein or peptide sequences with specific binding affinity for an affinity target, such as mimebodies or affibodies (affinity targets can be, for example, proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, metabolites, or small molecules), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, Aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomal hormones, polysaccharides, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorescence group, and L represents a linking group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms selected from groups comprising alkylene, alkenylene, arylene, or arylalkyl, wherein the linking group may be selective is interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, -NR ₇ -, wherein R ₇ is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof; or selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA , a spacer for collections of peptide nucleic acids (PNA), polysaccharides, peptides.

In a specific embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of formula (Va):

wherein n, X, Y, L, R, MA and MB are as previously defined;

where q is an integer from 1 to 20, preference is 1 to 10, preference is 1 to 5, preference is 2, 3, 4, m is an integer from 1 to 20, preference is 1 to 10, preference is 1 to 5 , preference is 2, 3, 4, and p is an integer from 1 to 20, preference is 1 to 10, preference is 1 to 6, preference is 3, 4, 5.

In a specific embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of formula (V-b):

wherein n, X, Y, L and R are as defined in formula (V); or a simplified form thereof.

In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of formula (V-c):

wherein n, X, Y and L are as defined in formula (V); or a simplified form thereof.

In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of formula (V-d):

wherein n, X, Y and L are as defined in formula (V); or a simplified form thereof.

In another specific embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of formula (V-e):

wherein n, X, Y and L are as defined in formula (V); or a simplified form thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer whose general formula (VI) is:

wherein N, X, Y, L and R are as defined in formula (V);

R _A represents a group comprising a first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3;

R _B represents a group comprising a hydrophilic second group MB;

R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , and R ⁶ each represent H or an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxy, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate, and amide-like group, respectively.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of general formula (VII):

wherein L and R are as defined in formula (V);

_RA ' and _RA " respectively represent the group containing the first group _MA ' and the group containing the _MA " of the first group, and the _MA ' and _MA " groups described have the same The affinity of the particle 3 surface;

R _B ' and R _B " represent the group containing the second group M _B ' and the group containing the second group M _B ", respectively, and the parts M _B ' and M _B " are said to be hydrophilic;

R ¹ ', R ² ', R ³ ', R ⁴ ', R ⁵ ', R ⁶ ', R ¹ ", R ² ", R ³ ", R ⁴ ", R ⁵ " and R ⁶ " respectively represent H or an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate or amide group;

n represents a positive integer, the preference is an integer in the range of 1 to 1000, the preference is from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99;

x' and x" each represent a percentage of n, where at least one of x' and x" is different from 0% of n; where x' and x" are different from 100% of n, preferring x' and x'' n ranges from greater than 0% to less than 100%, preferring n greater than 0% to 50%;

y' and y" each represent a percentage of n, where at least one of y' and y" is different from 0% of n; where y' and y" are different from 100% of n, preferring y' and y" n ranges from greater than 0% to less than 100%, preferring n greater than 0% to 50%;

where x'+x"+Y'+y" equals 100% of n.

In another embodiment of the present invention, at least one exchange ligand, which is a copolymer, is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, the monomers being:

- an anchor monomer A as defined above,

- a hydrophilic monomer B as defined above,

- a hydrophobic monomer C having a side chain, the side chain of which contains a hydrophobic functional group M _C ,

And one end of the copolymer is H, and the other end contains a functional group or a biologically active group.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer of general formula (VIII):

HP[(A) _x -co-(B) _y -co-(C) _z ] _n -LR

in,

A, B, L, R and n are as previously defined;

_C represents a hydrophobic monomer with a side chain hydrophobic functional group MC;

x, y, and z each represent a percentage of n, respectively, where x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n. Preference x, y and z ranging from greater than 0% to less than 100% of n, preference from greater than 0% to 80% of n, from greater than 0% to 50% of n, where x+y+z is equal to n 100%.

According to one embodiment, the at least one exchange ligand is a copolymer whose general formula (IX) is:

in,

N, L, R, R _A , R _B , R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ are as defined above;

R _C represents a hydrophobic group comprising said third group M _C ;

R ⁸ , R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ each represent H or a group of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate and amide, respectively;

x, y, and z each represent a percentage of n, respectively, where x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n. Preference x, y and z ranging from greater than 0% to less than 100% of n, preference from greater than 0% to 80% of n, from greater than 0% to 50% of n, where x+y+z is equal to n 100%.

In one embodiment of the present invention, x+y ranges from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, From 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25.

In one embodiment of the invention, x+y+z ranges from 5 to 750, 5-500, 5-150, 5-100, 10-75, 10-50, 5-50, 5-25, 15-25.

In one embodiment of the present invention, x'+x"+y'+y" ranges from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the x is equal to x'+x". In an embodiment of the present invention, the y is equal to y'+y". In an embodiment of the present invention, the z is equal to z'+z".

In one embodiment of the present invention, the range of x'+x"+y'+y"+z'+z" is 5 to 750, 5 to 500, 5 to 150, 5 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 5 to 50, 15 to 25, 5 to 25.

According to one embodiment, the first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 is selected from O, S, Se, Te, N, Materials of P, As and their mixtures with preferred affinity.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one exchange ligand of the copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has a plurality of monomers, which comprises monomer A and monomer B. According to one embodiment, the ligands are random or block copolymers. In another embodiment, the ligand is a random or block copolymer of monomer A and monomer B. In one embodiment of the invention, the ligand is a polydentate ligand.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 and a special affinity for the metal element on the surface of the nanoparticle 3 includes, but is not limited to, a sulfhydryl group, a di- Thiol group, imidazole group, catechol group, pyridine group, pyrrole group, thiophene group, thiazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, carboxylic acid or carboxylate group, naphthyridine group, phosphino group amine groups, phosphine oxide groups, phenol groups, primary amine groups, secondary amine groups, tertiary amine groups, quaternary amine groups, aromatic amine groups, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the surface of the nanoparticle 3 has an affinity, and the surface of the nanoparticle 3 has a special affinity for a material selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As and mixtures thereof. The first group M _A , which includes, but is not limited to, imidazole groups, pyridine groups, pyrrolyl groups, thiazolyl groups, pyrazinyl groups, naphthyridinyl groups, phosphine groups, phosphine oxide groups, primary amine groups , secondary amine groups, tertiary amine groups, quaternary amine groups, aromatic amine groups, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the first group MA is not a dihydrolipoic acid ( _DHLA ) group.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the first group _MA is not an imidazole group.

According to one embodiment, monomers A and B are methacrylamide monomers.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the water-soluble second group M _B includes but is not limited to: a zwitterionic group (that is, any compound with both negative and positive charges, the preferred group is two an ammonium group and a sulfonate group or a group with two ammonium and carboxylate groups), such as aminocarboxylic acids, sulfamic acids, one carboxyl group, where the ammonium group can be contained in the aliphatic chain, Five-membered ring, a five-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 additional nitrogen atoms, a six-membered ring, a six-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms, a sulfobetaine group , wherein the ammonium group may be contained in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered ring, a five-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 additional nitrogen atoms, a six-membered ring, a five-membered ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms A six-membered heterocycle with additional nitrogen atoms, phosphobetaines, wherein the ammonium group may be contained in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered ring, a five-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 additional nitrogen atoms, a six-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 additional nitrogen atoms. membered ring, a six-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms, phosphorylcholine, phosphorylcholine groups, and combinations thereof or a PEG group.

An example of a suitable PEG group is -[O- _CH2 -CHR']nR", wherein R' can be H or C1-C3 alkyl, R" can be H, -OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C1 -C6 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl or arylalkoxy, and n may be an integer in the range of 1 to 120, preferably 1 to 60, more preferably 1 to 30.

According to one embodiment, when _B comprises a monomer comprising a second group MB, and wherein MB is a PEG group, then _B also comprises at least one monomer comprising another first group that is not a PEG group Di group M _B .

In another embodiment of the present invention, the second group _MB with high water solubility is not a PEG group.

In one embodiment of the invention, the _MA group comprises the _MA ' and _MA " groups.

In one embodiment of the invention, the _MB group comprises the _MB ' and _MB " groups.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the first groups M _A ' and M _A " having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 and a special affinity for the metal element on the surface of the nanoparticle 3, including but not limited to, a thiol group group, dithiol group, imidazole group, catechol group, pyridine group, pyrrole group, thiophene group, thiazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, carboxylic acid or carboxylate group, naphthyridinyl group , phosphine groups, phosphine oxide groups, phenol groups, primary amine groups, secondary amine groups, tertiary amine groups, quaternary amine groups, aromatic amine groups, or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the surface of the nanoparticle 3 has an affinity, and the surface of the nanoparticle 3 has a special affinity for a material selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As and mixtures thereof. The first group _MA ' and _MA ", including but not limited to, imidazole group, pyridine group, pyrrole group, thiazolyl group, pyrazinyl group, naphthyridinyl group, phosphine group, phosphine oxide group, primary An amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, a quaternary amine group, an aromatic amine group, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the first group M _A ′ having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 is a dithiol group and the first group M _A having an affinity for the surface of the nanoparticle 3 " is an imidazole group.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the second groups M _B ' and M _B " with high water solubility include, but are not limited to: zwitterionic groups (ie, having two negative and positive charges, preferably Any compound having two groups ammonium and sulfonate or with two ammonium and carboxylate) such as aminocarboxylate, sulfamate, one carboxyl group, wherein the ammonium The group may be contained in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered ring, a five-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 additional nitrogen atoms, a six-membered ring, a six-membered ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms Member heterocycles, sulfobetaine groups, where the ammonium group can be included in the five-membered period of the aliphatic chain, a five-membered heterocycle, a six-membered heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 additional nitrogen atoms Period, a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms, phosphobetaine, wherein the ammonium group may be contained in the aliphatic chain, a five-membered ring containing 1, Five-membered heterocycles with 2 or 3 additional nitrogen atoms, six-membered rings, a six-membered heterocycle with 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional nitrogen atoms, phosphorylcholine, phosphorylcholine groups, and their A combination of either a PEG group or a poly(ether)glycol group, where if MB' is a PEG group, then MB" is not a PEG group and vice versa.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the second group MB' with high water solubility is a sulfobetaine, and the second group MB" with high water solubility is a PEG group.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the third group M _C with a reactive functional group can form a covalent bond with a selected reactant under selected conditions, and includes, but is not limited to, any group with an amine group groups such as primary amine groups, any group with an azide group, any group with a halogen group, any group with an alkenyl group, any group with an alkynyl group, any group with an acidic function group, any group with an activated acidic functional group, any group with an alcohol group, any group with an activated alcohol group, any group with a thiol group. It can also be a small molecule, such as biotin, that can bind with high affinity to large molecules, such as proteins or antibodies.

According to one embodiment, the reactive functional _groups of MC can be protected using any suitable protecting group commonly used in chemical practice. Protection and deprotection can be carried out by any suitable method known in the art and appropriate to the structure of the molecule being protected. The reactive functional group _MC can be protected during the synthesis of the ligand and removed after the polymerization step. Alternatively, the reactive group _MC can be introduced into the ligand after the polymerization step.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the third group M _C with a reactive functional group can form a non-covalent bond with a selected binding pair, and the third group with a reactive functional group can form a non-covalent bond. _MC , including but not limited to: biotin, which can bind to its corresponding streptavidin, nucleic acid, which can bind to its corresponding sequence-complementary nucleic acid, FK506, which can bind to its corresponding FKBP, antibody, which can bind to its corresponding sequence the corresponding antigen binding.

In one embodiment of the present invention, R _C comprising the third group M _C may have the formula -LC _-MC , where _{L C may} be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, PEG group or having 1 Arylene linking group to 8 chain atoms, which can be optionally interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, _-NR7- , where _R7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO- , -CONH- or a combination thereof, and M _C corresponds to the aforementioned third group.

An example of a suitable PEG group is -[O- _CH2 -CHR'] _n- , where R' can be H or C1-C3 alkyl and n can be an integer ranging from 0 to 30.

According to one embodiment, the functional group may be selected from the following set comprising _-NH2 , -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated esters such as N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, N-Hydroxyglutarimide or maleimide esters; activated carboxylic acids such as anhydrides or acid halides; isothiocyanates; isocyanates; alkynes; azides; lylic anhydride; hydrazine; chloroformate, maleimide, alkene, silane, hydrazone, oxime and furan.

According to one embodiment, the biologically active group is selected from the group consisting of: avidin or streptavidin; antibodies such as monoclonal antibodies or single chain antibodies; carbohydrates; proteins with a specific binding affinity for an affinity target or Peptide sequences, such as proteins or avimers or avimers of peptide sequences (affinity targets can be, for example, proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, metabolites or small molecules), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, Haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides , liposomal hormones, polysaccharides, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorophores.

In one embodiment of the present invention, R _A comprises a first group _{M A} whose chemical formula is -LA _-MA , where LA may be a bond with 1 to 8 chain atoms or an alkylene, alkenylene or Aryl linking group, and can be selectively interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, _-NR7- , wherein _R7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or their combination, and M _A corresponds to the aforementioned first group.

In one embodiment of the present invention, R _B comprises a first group M _B whose chemical formula is -L _B -M _B , wherein LB can be a bond with 1 to 8 chain atoms or an alkylene, alkenylene or Aryl linking group, and can be selectively interrupted or terminated by -O-, -S-, _-NR7- , wherein _R7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or their combination, and M _B corresponds to the aforementioned first group.

According to one embodiment, the method for obtaining the particles 1 of the invention does not comprise, after the last step of the method of the invention, an additional heating step for heating the particles 1 at a temperature of at least 100° C., 150℃, 200℃, 250℃, 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 450℃, 500℃, 550℃, 600℃, 650℃, 700℃, 750℃, 800℃, 850℃, 900℃, 950℃ , 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C, 1450°C or 1500°C. Indeed, the additional heating step, especially at high temperature, may lead to a decrease in specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 , for example, may lead to fluorescence quenching of the fluorescent nanoparticles contained in the particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises an additional heating step to heat the particles 1 . In this example, the additional heating step is performed after the final step of the method of the present invention.

According to one embodiment, the temperature of the additional heating step is at least 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃、1200℃、1250℃、1300℃、1350℃、1400℃、1450℃ or 1500℃.

According to one embodiment, the time for the additional heating step is at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 60 minutes, 1.5 hours , 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 7.5 hours, 8 hours, 8.5 hours, 9 hours, 9.5 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 42 hours, 48 hours, 54 hours, 60 hours, 66 hours, 72 hours, 78 hours, 84 hours, 90 hours, 96 hours, 102 hours, 108 hours, 114 hours, 120 hours, 126 hours, 132 hours, 138 hours , 144 hours, 150 hours, 156 hours, 162 hours or 168 hours.

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises the step of functionalizing said particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 of the present invention are functionalized with a specific-binding component, wherein the specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, Metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralen, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, Phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, viruses, and combinations thereof. Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to, neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates and protein kinase substrates. Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumin, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins , hormones, toxins and growth factors. Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single-stranded or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA/RNA hybrids, or incorporating unusual linkers, such as morpholine-derived phosphides, or peptide nucleic acids , such as N-(2-aminoethyl). Glycine units, wherein the nucleic acid contains less than 50 nucleotides, more typically less than 25 nucleotides. Functionalization of the particles 1 of the present invention can be carried out using techniques known in the art.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of forming a shell on the particle 1 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are separated, collected, dispersed and/or suspended as described above prior to the step of forming a shell on the particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are not separated, collected, dispersed and/or suspended prior to the step of forming a shell on the particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell comprises directing the particles 1 suspended in the gas into a tube, where they are placed in at least one compound comprising silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium , nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cadmium , sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, or mixtures thereof; and an environment of oxygen molecules to form the corresponding oxides shells, mixed oxides, their mixed oxides or their mixtures.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell comprises guiding the particles 1 suspended in the gas into a tube, where they are alternately placed in a tube containing silicon, boron, phosphorous, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel , zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cadmium, sulfur , selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, or mixtures thereof; and an environment of oxygen molecules to form the corresponding oxide shells , mixed oxides, their mixed oxides or their mixtures.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell may be repeated at least twice, using different or the same components containing silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, respectively. , potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury , tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, or their mixtures. In this embodiment, the thickness of the casing is increased.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell comprises guiding the particles 1 suspended in the gas into a tube, where they are subjected to an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process to form a shell on the particles 1, the shell comprising silicon oxide, Aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide , sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rubidium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, oxide Yttrium, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, Polonium oxide, selenium oxide, cesium oxide, lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, thulium oxide, mixed oxides thereof, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell by ALD may be repeated at least twice using different or the same shell precursor. In this embodiment, the thickness of the casing is increased.

According to one embodiment, the tubes used in the step of forming the shell may be straight, helical or annular.

According to one embodiment, in the step of forming the shell, the particles 1 may be deposited on the carrier as described above. In this embodiment, the carrier is in the tube, or in the tube itself.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell comprises dispersing the particles 1 in a solvent and subjecting them to a heating step as described above.

According to one embodiment, the step of forming the shell comprises dispersing the particles 1 in a solvent and subjecting them to the method of the present invention. In this embodiment, the method of the present invention can be repeated with the particles at least once, or several times, to obtain at least one or several shells, respectively.

According to one embodiment, after the step of forming the shell, the particles 1 are collected as described above.

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the size of the particles 1 includes adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, amount of solution A and/or B, concentration of solution A and/or B, hydrolysis time, The hydrolysis temperature, the nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, the nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, the nature of the organic solvent, the nature and flow of the gas injected into the system rate, or the geometrical dimensions of said various components of the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the size distribution of the particles 1 comprises adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, amount of solution A and/or B, concentration of solution A and/or B, hydrolysis time , the hydrolysis temperature, the nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, the nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, the nature of the organic solvent, the nature of the gas injected into the system, and The flow rate, or the geometry of the various components of the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the filling rate of the nanoparticles 3 in the particles 1 includes adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, the amount of solution A and/or B, the amount of solution A and/or B concentration, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature, nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, nature of the organic solvent, the injection system The properties and flow rates of the gas, or the geometry of the various components of the apparatus 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the density of the particles 1 comprises adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, amount of solution A and/or B, concentration of solution A and/or B, hydrolysis time, The hydrolysis temperature, the nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, the nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, the nature of the organic solvent, the nature and flow of the gas injected into the system rate, or the geometrical dimensions of said various components of the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the porosity of the particles 1 comprises adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, amount of solution A and/or B, concentration of solution A and/or B, hydrolysis time , the hydrolysis temperature, the nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, the nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, the nature of the organic solvent, the nature of the gas injected into the system, and The flow rate, or the geometry of the various components of the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method for controlling the gas permeability of the particles 1 comprises adjustment of the following parameters: heating temperature, heating time, cooling temperature, amount of solution A and/or B, concentration of solution A and/or B, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature, nanoparticle 3 concentration in the colloidal suspension, nature of the acid and/or the base in solution A or B, nature of the organic solvent, nature of the gas injected into the system and flow rates, or the geometrical dimensions of said various components of the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the method of the present invention does not include the following steps: preparing an aqueous or organic solution of nanoparticles 3; immersing the nanoporous glass in the solution for at least ten minutes; removing the immersed nanoporous glass from the solution, After drying in air, the nanoporous glass is encapsulated and encapsulated with resin, and the resin is allowed to cure.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises dispersing the obtained particles in a gas stream of H ₂ . In this example, the H ₂ gas flow will passivate defects in the nanoparticles 3 , the inorganic material 2 and/or the particles 1 .

Another object involved in the present invention is the particle 1 obtained by the invention of the present method. It is characterized in that the obtained particle 1 includes one or more nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 (as shown in FIG. 1 ).

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 is a composite particle.

According to one embodiment, the plurality of nanoparticles 3 are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the uniform dispersion of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles 3, thereby preventing the deterioration of their properties. For example, in the case of inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles, a homogeneous dispersion will allow the optical properties of the nanoparticles to be preserved and quenching can be avoided.

The particles 1 of the invention that can be obtained are particularly advantageous because, depending on the inorganic material 2 chosen, they can easily comply with ROHS requirements. This makes it possible to obtain ROHS-compliant particles while retaining the properties of nanoparticles 3 that may not themselves be ROHS-compliant.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are air-processable. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the manipulation or transport of the obtained particles 1 and the use of the obtained particles 1 in devices such as optoelectronic devices.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are compatible with standard photolithographic processes. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for the use of the obtained particles 1 in devices such as optoelectronic components.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have a maximum dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm. nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5 μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5 μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5 μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5 μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5 μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm μm, 69 μm, 69.5 μm, 70 μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the minimum dimensions of the particles 1 obtained are at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm. nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5 μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5 μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5 μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5 μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5 μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm μm, 69 μm, 69.5 μm, 70 μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained size ratio between particles 1 and nanoparticles 3 is 1.25 to 1000, preferably 2 to 500, more preferably 5 to 250, even more preferably 5 to 100.

According to one embodiment, the smallest dimension of the obtained particles 1 is at least 1.5 times smaller than the largest dimension of said obtained particles 1 (aspect ratio); preferred dimension ratios are at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100 , at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950 or at least 1000.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have an average size of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm , 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm , 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm , 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm , 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm , 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm , 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm , 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm , 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63 .5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 550μm, 500μm , 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

The obtained particles 1 with an average size of less than 1 μm have several advantages compared to larger particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) increased light scattering compared to larger particles; ii) when dispersed in a solvent, Compared to larger particles, a more stable colloidal suspension can be obtained; iii) a size compatible with pixels of at least 100 nm.

The obtained particles 1 with an average size greater than 1 μm have several advantages compared to smaller particles containing the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) reduced light scattering compared to smaller particles; ii) has a whispering gallery mode gallerymode); iii) dimensions compatible with pixels equal to or greater than 1 μm; iv) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles 3 contained in said particles 1 obtained, resulting in better heat dissipation. v) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 and the surface of the obtained particles 1 , so as to better protect the nanoparticles 3 from oxidation, or to delay the loss of the nanoparticles 3 from the particles 1 Oxidation caused by chemical reactions of external chemical species; vi) increasing the mass ratio between the resulting particles 1 and the nanoparticles 3 contained in the resulting particles 1 compared to the smaller resulting particles 1, thereby reducing the The mass concentration of chemical elements that comply with ROHS standards, making it easier to comply with ROHS requirements.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 contain cadmium in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, Less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 contain lead in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, Less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm , 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 contain mercury in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtained 1 contain chemical elements heavier than the main chemical elements present in the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the heavy chemical elements in the obtained particles 1 will reduce the mass concentration of chemical elements that meet the ROHS standard, so that the obtained particles 1 meet the ROHS requirements.

According to one embodiment, examples of heavy chemical elements include, but are not limited to, B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe , Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te , I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd , Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have a minimum curvature of at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20 μm −1 ^{. 1} , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^{- 1} , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^{- 1} , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm -1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , ^{0.1333μm -1 1} , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , ^0.1026μm -1 ¹ , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.0 851μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 ; 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^-1 , or 0.002 μm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have a maximum curvature of at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20 μm ⁻¹ . , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7 μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^{-1 ,} 2.4μm -1 ¹ , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^-1 , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^-1 , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm ^-1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , 0.1333μm ^-1 , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , 0.1026μm ^-1 , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.08 51μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^{- 1} , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^{- 1} , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , ^0.028μm -1 ¹ , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 ; 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , ^0.0261μm -1 ¹ , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^{- 1} , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , ^0.231μm -1 ¹ , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , ^0.0219μm -1 ¹ , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^{- 1} , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^{- 1} , or 0.002 μm ⁻¹ .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have a narrow size distribution.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not aggregated.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not in contact, not in contact.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are concomitant, touching.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have a surface roughness less than or equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% , 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26 %, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% The largest dimension of the obtained particle 1, which means that the surface of the obtained particle 1 is completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the obtained particles 1 is less than or equal to 0.5% of the largest dimension of said obtained particles 1 . This means that the surface of the obtained particles 1 is completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have spherical, oval, disc, cylindrical, faceted, hexagonal, triangular, cubic or flake shape.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have a raspberry shape, a prismatic shape, a polyhedral shape, a snowflake shape, a flower shape, a thorn shape, a hemispherical shape, a conical shape, a wild child shape, a filamentous shape, a biconcave disk shape, a worm shape Shaped, tree-shaped, dendritic, necklace-shaped, chain-shaped or bush-shaped.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are spherical in shape, or the particles 1 obtained are beads.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are hollow, ie the obtained particles 1 are hollow beads.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained do not have a core/shell structure.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 has a core/shell structure as described below.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not fibers.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not matrices of indeterminate shape.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are not macroscopic glass flakes. In this example, a piece of glass refers to glass obtained, for example, by cutting from a larger glass body, or by using a mold. In one embodiment, a piece of glass has at least one dimension in excess of 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 are not obtained by reducing the size of the inorganic material 2 obtained. For example, the particles 1 obtained are not obtained by grinding a piece of inorganic material 2 or by cutting, nor by shooting the inorganic material 2 with eg particles, atoms or electrons, or by any other method.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not obtained by grinding larger particles or by spraying powders.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 is not a piece of nanoporous glass doped with nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not glass monoliths.

According to one embodiment, the diameter of the obtained spherical particles 1 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63. 5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the group 1 of particles obtained have an average diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm , 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm , 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm , 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm , 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm , 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm , 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63 μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm , 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm, or 1mm

According to one embodiment, a population of 1 of particles is obtained, the mean diameter of which has a deviation value of less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% , 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7 %, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5% , 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7 %, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10% , 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130 %, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 155%, 160%, 165%, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, or 200%.

According to one embodiment, the unique curvature of 1 of the spherical particles obtained is at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20 μm −1 ^{. 1} , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^{- 1} , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^{- 1} , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm -1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , ^{0.1333μm -1 1} , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , ^0.1026μm -1 ¹ , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.0 851μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 , 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^-1 , or 0.002 μm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the unique curvature of the group 1 of spherical particles obtained is at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ . , 20μm ^-1 , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^-1 , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^-1 , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm ^-1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , 0.1333μm ^-1 , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , 0.1026μm ^-1 , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.0851μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.0460μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323 μm ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03 μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028 μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 , 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261 μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245 μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231 μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219 μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208 μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02 μm ⁻¹ , or 0.002 μm ⁻¹ .

According to one embodiment, the obtained spherical particles 1 have no deviation in curvature, which means that said obtained particles 1 have an ideal spherical shape. Perfect spherical shape prevents fluctuations in scattered light intensity.

According to one embodiment, the obtained spherical particles 1, along the surface of the obtained particles 1, the deviation of the unique curvature of which may be less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4% , 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1 %, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4% , 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1 %, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9% or 10%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are luminescent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are fluorescent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are phosphorescent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are electroluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are chemiluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are triboluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtained luminescence characteristics of the particles 1 are sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of light emission that can be altered by changes in external pressure.

According to one embodiment, the obtained wavelength emission peaks of the particles 1 are sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by changes in external pressure, ie, changes in external pressure can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the particles 1 obtained is sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external pressure changes, ie, external temperature changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the obtained PLQY of particles 1 is sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be changed by external pressure changes, ie, external temperature changes can cause the PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the obtained luminescence characteristics of the particles 1 are sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of light emission that can be changed by external temperature changes.

According to one embodiment, the obtained wavelength emission peaks of the particles 1 are sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external temperature changes, ie external temperature changes can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the particles 1 obtained is sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external temperature changes, ie, the external temperature changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the obtained PLQY of particles 1 is sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be changed by external temperature changes, ie, the external temperature changes can cause the PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the obtained luminescence characteristics of the particles 1 are sensitive to external pH quality changes. In this example, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of luminescence that can be altered by external pH changes.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peak of the particles 1 obtained is sensitive to external pH quality changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external pH quality changes, ie, external pH quality changes can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of particles 1 obtained is sensitive to external pH qualitative changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external pH qualitative changes, ie, external pH changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the PLQY of particles 1 obtained is sensitive to external pH qualitative changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that PLQY can be changed by external pH qualitative changes, ie, external pH changes can cause PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3, wherein the wavelength emission peak is sensitive to external temperature changes; preferably, the wavelength of said nanoparticle 3 is sensitive to external temperature changes. and at least one nanoparticle 3 in which the wavelength emission peak is insensitive or less sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be modified by external temperature changes, ie the wavelength emission peak can be decreased or increased. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for temperature sensor applications.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum of at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range from 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is in the range from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the obtained particles 1 emit blue light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range from 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably in the range from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the obtained particles 1 emit green light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the particles 1 obtained emit yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the obtained particles 1 emit red light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range of 750 nm to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the particles 1 obtained emit near-infrared light, mid-infrared light or infrared light.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are magnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are ferromagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are paramagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are superparamagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are diamagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are plasma.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have catalytic properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have photovoltaic properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are piezoelectric.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are thermoelectric.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are ferroelectric.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have drug delivery characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are light scatterers.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 absorb wavelengths less than 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm , 300nm, 250nm or less than 200nm incident light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are electrical insulators. In this embodiment, when the quenching of the fluorescent properties of the fluorescent nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 is due to electron transport, it can be prevented. In this embodiment, the obtained particle 1 can be used as an electrical insulator material and has the same properties as the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are electrical conductors. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for applying the obtained particles 1 to applications such as photovoltaics or LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained have a conductivity of 1×10 ⁻²⁰ to 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions, preferably from 1×10 ⁻¹⁵ to 5 S/m, more preferably 1×10 ^-7 to 1S/m.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have a conductivity under standard conditions of at least 1×10 ⁻²⁰ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 1×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 0.5×10 ^{− 18} S/m, 1×10 ^-18 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-17 S/m, 1×10 ^-17 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-16 S/m, 1×10 ^-16 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-15 S/m, 1×10 ^-15 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-14 S/m, 1×10 ^-14 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-13 S/m, 1×10 ^-13 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-12 S/m, 1×10 ^-12 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-11 S/m, 1×10 ^-11 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-10 S/m, 1 × ^10-10 S/m, 0.5× ^10-9 S/m, 1× ^10-9 S/m, 0.5× ^10-8 S/m, 1× ^10-8 S/m, 0.5× ^10-7 S /m, 1×10 ^-7 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-6 S/m, 1×10 ^-6 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-5 S/m, 1×10 ^-5 S/m, 0.5× ^10-4 S/m, 1× ^10-4 S/m, 0.5× ^10-3 S ^/ m, 1× ^10-3 S/m, 0.5× ^10-2 S/m, 1× ^10-2 S/m m, 0.5×10 ^-1 S/m, 1×10 ^-1 S/m, 0.5S/m, 1S/m, 1.5S/m, 2S/m, 2.5S/m, 3S/m, 3.5S/ m, 4S/m, 4.5S/m, 5S/m, 5.5S/m, 6S/m, 6.5S/m, 7S/m, 7.5S/m, 8S/m, 8.5S/m, 9S/m , 9.5S/m, 10S/m, 50S/m, 10 ² S/m, 5×10 ² S/m, 10 ³ S/m, 5×10 ³ S/m, 10 ⁴ S/m, 5× 10 ⁴ S/m, 10 ⁵ S/m, 5×10 ⁵ S/m, 10 ⁶ S/m, 5×10 ⁶ S/m, or 10 ⁷ S/m

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the particles 1 obtained can be measured using, for example, an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are thermal insulators.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are thermal conductors. In this embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are able to dissipate heat originating from the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 or heat originating from the environment.

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the obtained particles 1 under standard conditions is 0.1 to 450 W/(mK), preferably 1 to 200 W/(mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W/(mK).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the obtained particles 1 under standard conditions is at least 0.1W/(m.K), 0.2W/(m.K), 0.3W/(m.K), 0.4W/(m.K), 0.5W /(m.K), 0.6W/(m.K), 0.7W/(m.K), 0.8W/(m.K), 0.9W/(m.K), 1W/(m.K), 1.1W/(m.K), 1.2W/( m.K), 1.3W/(m.K), 1.4W/(m.K), 1.5W/(m.K), 1.6W/(m.K), 1.7W/(m.K), 1.8W/(m.K), 1.9W/(m.K ), 2W/(m.K), 2.1W/(m.K), 2.2W/(m.K), 2.3W/(m.K), 2.4W/(m.K), 2.5W/(m.K), 2.6W/(m.K), 2.7W/(m.K), 2.8W/(m.K), 2.9W/(m.K), 3W/(m.K), 3.1W/(m.K), 3.2W/(m.K), 3.3W/(m.K), 3.4W /(m.K), 3.5W/(m.K), 3.6W/(m.K), 3.7W/(m.K), 3.8W/(m.K), 3.9W/(m.K), 4W/(m.K), 4.1W/( m.K), 4.2W/(m.K), 4.3W/(m.K), 4.4W/(m.K), 4.5W/(m.K), 4.6W/(m.K), 4.7W/(m.K), 4.8W/(m.K ), 4.9W/(m.K), 5W/(m.K), 5.1W/(m.K), 5.2W/(m.K), 5.3W/(m.K), 5.4W/(m.K), 5.5W/(m.K), 5.6W/(m.K), 5.7W/(m.K), 5.8W/(m.K), 5.9W/(m.K), 6W/(m.K), 6.1W/(m.K), 6.2W/(m.K), 6.3W /(m.K), 6.4W/(m.K), 6.5W/(m.K), 6.6W/(m.K), 6.7W/(m.K), 6.8W/(m.K), 6.9W/(m.K), 7W/( m.K), 7.1W/(m.K), 7.2W/(m.K), 7.3W/(m.K), 7.4W/(m.K), 7.5W/(m.K), 7.6W/(m.K), 7.7W/(m.K ), 7.8W/(m.K), 7.9W/(m.K), 8W/(m.K), 8.1W/(m.K), 8.2W/(m.K), 8.3W/(m.K), 8.4W/(m.K), 8.5W/(m.K), 8.6W/(m.K), 8.7W/(m.K), 8.8W/(m.K), 8.9W/(m.K), 9W/(m.K), 9.1W/(m.K), 9.2W/(m.K), 9.3W/(m.K), 9.4W/(m.K), 9.5W/(m.K), 9.6W/(m.K), 9.7W/(m.K), 9.8 W/(m.K), 9.9W/(m.K), 10W/(m.K), 10.1W/(m.K), 10.2W/(m.K), 10.3W/(m.K), 10.4W/(m.K), 10.5W/ (m.K), 10.6W/(m.K), 10.7W/(m.K), 10.8W/(m.K), 10.9W/(m.K), 11W/(m.K), 11.1W/(m.K), 11.2W/(m.K) ), 11.3W/(m.K), 11.4W/(m.K), 11.5W/(m.K), 11.6W/(m.K), 11.7W/(m.K), 11.8W/(m.K), 11.9W/(m.K) , 12W/(m.K), 12.1W/(m.K), 12.2W/(m.K), 12.3W/(m.K), 12.4W/(m.K), 12.5W/(m.K), 12.6W/(m.K), 12.7 W/(m.K), 12.8W/(m.K), 12.9W/(m.K), 13W/(m.K), 13.1W/(m.K), 13.2W/(m.K), 13.3W/(m.K), 13.4W/ (m.K), 13.5W/(m.K), 13.6W/(m.K), 13.7W/(m.K), 13.8W/(m.K), 13.9W/(m.K), 14W/(m.K), 14.1W/(m.K ), 14.2W/(m.K), 14.3W/(m.K), 14.4W/(m.K), 14.5W/(m.K), 14.6W/(m.K), 14.7W/(m.K), 14.8W/(m.K) , 14.9W/(m.K), 15W/(m.K), 15.1W/(m.K), 15.2W/(m.K), 15.3W/(m.K), 15.4W/(m.K), 15.5W/(m.K), 15.6 W/(m.K), 15.7W/(m.K), 15.8W/(m.K), 15.9W/(m.K), 16W/(m.K), 16.1W/(m.K), 16.2W/(m.K), 16.3W/ (m.K), 16.4W/(m.K), 16.5W/(m.K), 16.6W/(m.K), 16.7W/(m.K), 16.8W/(m.K), 16.9W/(m.K), 17W/(m.K ), 17.1W/(m.K), 17.2W/(m.K), 17.3W/(m.K), 17.4W/(m.K), 17.5W/(m.K), 17.6W /(m.K), 17.7W/(m.K), 17.8W/(m.K), 17.9W/(m.K), 18W/(m.K), 18.1W/(m.K), 18.2W/(m.K), 18.3W/( m.K), 18.4W/(m.K), 18.5W/(m.K), 18.6W/(m.K), 18.7W/(m.K), 18.8W/(m.K), 18.9W/(m.K), 19W/(m.K) , 19.1W/(m.K), 19.2W/(m.K), 19.3W/(m.K), 19.4W/(m.K), 19.5W/(m.K), 19.6W/(m.K), 19.7W/(m.K), 19.8W/(m.K), 19.9W/(m.K), 20W/(m.K), 20.1W/(m.K), 20.2W/(m.K), 20.3W/(m.K), 20.4W/(m.K), 20.5W /(m.K), 20.6W/(m.K), 20.7W/(m.K), 20.8W/(m.K), 20.9W/(m.K), 21W/(m.K), 21.1W/(m.K), 21.2W/( m.K), 21.3W/(m.K), 21.4W/(m.K), 21.5W/(m.K), 21.6W/(m.K), 21.7W/(m.K), 21.8W/(m.K), 21.9W/(m.K) ), 22W/(m.K), 22.1W/(m.K), 22.2W/(m.K), 22.3W/(m.K), 22.4W/(m.K), 22.5W/(m.K), 22.6W/(m.K), 22.7W/(m.K), 22.8W/(m.K), 22.9W/(m.K), 23W/(m.K), 23.1W/(m.K), 23.2W/(m.K), 23.3W/(m.K), 23.4W /(m.K), 23.5W/(m.K), 23.6W/(m.K), 23.7W/(m.K), 23.8W/(m.K), 23.9W/(m.K), 24W/(m.K), 24.1W/( m.K), 24.2W/(m.K), 24.3W/(m.K), 24.4W/(m.K), 24.5W/(m.K), 24.6W/(m.K), 24.7W/(m.K), 24.8W/(m.K) ), 24.9W/(m.K), 25W/(m.K), 30W/(m.K), 40W/(m.K), 50W/(m.K), 60W/(m.K), 70W/(m.K), 80W/(m.K) , 90W/(m.K), 100W/(m.K), 110W/(m.K), 120W/(m.K), 130W/(m.K), 140W/(m .K), 150W/(m.K), 160W/(m.K), 170W/(m.K), 180W/(m.K), 190W/(m.K), 200W/(m.K), 210W/(m.K), 220W/(m.K ), 230W/(m.K), 240W/(m.K), 250W/(m.K), 260W/(m.K), 270W/(m.K), 280W/(m.K), 290W/(m.K), 300W/(m.K), 310W/(m.K), 320W/(m.K), 330W/(m.K), 340W/(m.K), 350W/(m.K), 360W/(m.K), 370W/(m.K), 380W/(m.K), 390W/ (m.K), 400W/(m.K), 410W/(m.K), 420W/(m.K), 430W/(m.K), 440W/(m.K), or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the obtained particles 1 can be measured, for example, by a steady-state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are local high temperature heating systems.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are dispersible in aqueous solvents, organic solvents and/or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is strictly lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at a quarter maximum is lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm , 25nm, 20nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at a quarter maximum is strictly below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30nm, 25nm, 20nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% %, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.

In one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000 under illumination , 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 36000 , 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, which exhibited a reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 80%, 70 %, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the illumination of the light is provided by a blue, green, red or ultraviolet light source, such as a laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination ranges between 1 mW.cm ⁻² and 100 kW.cm ⁻² mW.cm, preferably between 10 ⁻² and 100 W.cm ⁻² , and Even more preferred is between 10mW.cm ^-2 30 and W.cm ^-2 .

According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm ⁻² , 50 mW.cm ⁻² , 100 mW.cm ⁻² , 500 mW.cm ⁻² , 1 W.cm ⁻² , 5- W.cm ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W. cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 10 0W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 or 100kW.cm ^-2 .

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is continuous illumination.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is pulsed light. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows heat and/or charge to escape from the nanoparticles 3 . This embodiment is also particularly advantageous because the use of pulsed light allows for a longer lifetime of the nanoparticles 3, and therefore of the composite particles 1, and indeed the degradation of the nanoparticles 3 is faster under continuous light than under pulsed light.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is pulsed light. In this embodiment, a continuous light may be considered pulsed light if it illuminates the material with a regular period during which the material is voluntarily removed from the illumination. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows heat and/or charge to escape from the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the off time (or the time without illumination) of the pulsed light is at least 1 microsecond, 2 microseconds, 3 microseconds, 4 microseconds, 5 microseconds, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds, 18 microseconds, 19 microseconds, 20 microseconds , 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds, 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds , 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, 50 microseconds, 100 microseconds, 150 microseconds, 200 microseconds, 250 microseconds, 300 microseconds, 350 microseconds, 400 microseconds, 450 microseconds microseconds, 500 microseconds, 550 microseconds, 600 microseconds, 650 microseconds, 700 microseconds, 750 microseconds, 800 microseconds, 850 microseconds, 900 microseconds, 950 microseconds, 1 millisecond, 2 milliseconds, 3 ms, 4 ms, 5 ms, 6 ms, 7 ms, 8 ms, 9 ms, 10 ms, 11 ms, 12 ms, 13 ms, 14 ms, 15 ms, 16 ms, 17 ms, 18 ms, 19 ms, 20 ms, 21 ms, 22 ms, 23 ms, 24 ms, 25 ms, 26 ms, 27 ms, 28 ms, 29 ms, 30 ms, 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms , 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms.

According to one embodiment, the on time (or illumination time) of the pulsed light is at least 0.1 ns, 0.2 ns, 0.3 ns, 0.4 ns, 0.5 ns, 0.6 ns, 0.7 ns, 0.8 ns , 0.9 ns, 1 ns, 2 ns, 3 ns, 4 ns, 5 ns, 6 ns, 7 ns, 8 ns, 9 ns, 10 ns, 11 ns, 12 ns ns, 13 ns, 14 ns, 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns , 25 ns, 26 ns, 27 ns, 28 ns, 29 ns, 30 ns, 31 ns, 32 ns, 33 ns, 34 ns, 35 ns, 36 ns , 37 ns, 38 ns, 39 ns, 40 ns, 41 ns, 42 ns, 43 ns, 44 ns, 45 ns, 46 ns, 47 ns, 48 ns, 49 ns, 50 ns, 100 ns, 150 ns, 200 ns, 250 ns, 300 ns, 350 ns, 400 ns, 450 ns, 500 ns, 550 ns, 600 ns , 650 ns, 700 ns, 750 ns, 800 ns, 850 ns, 900 ns, 950 ns, 1 μs, 2 μs, 3 μs, 4 μs, 5 μs, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds, 18 microseconds , 19 microseconds, 20 microseconds, 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds , 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds, 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, or 50 microseconds.

According to one embodiment, the frequency of the pulsed light is at least 10Hz, 11Hz, 12Hz, 13Hz, 14Hz, 15Hz, 16Hz, 17Hz, 18Hz, 19Hz, 20Hz, 21Hz, 22Hz, 23Hz, 24Hz, 25Hz, 26Hz, 27Hz, 28Hz , 29Hz, 30Hz, 31Hz, 32Hz, 33Hz, 34Hz, 35Hz, 36Hz, 37Hz, 38Hz, 39Hz, 40Hz, 41Hz, 42Hz, 43Hz, 44Hz, 45Hz, 46Hz, 47Hz, 48Hz, 49Hz, 50Hz, 100Hz, 150Hz, 200Hz , 250Hz, 300Hz, 350Hz, 400Hz, 450Hz, 500Hz, 550Hz, 600Hz, 650Hz, 700Hz, 750Hz, 800Hz, 850Hz, 900Hz, 950Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz, 7kHz, 8kHz, 9kHz, 10kHz , 11kHz, 12kHz, 13kHz, 14kHz, 15kHz, 16kHz, 17kHz, 18kHz, 19kHz, 20kHz, 21kHz, 22kHz, 23kHz, 24kHz, 25kHz, 26kHz, 27kHz, 28kHz, 29kHz, 30kHz, 31kHz, 32kHz, 33kHz, 34kHz, 35kHz, 36kHz, 37kHz, 38kHz, 39kHz, 40kHz, 41kHz, 42kHz, 43kHz, 44kHz, 45kHz, 46kHz, 47kHz, 48kHz, 49kHz, 50kHz, 100kHz, 150kHz, 200kHz, 250kHz, 300kHz, 350kHz, 400kHz, 450kHz, 500kHz , 550kHz, 600kHz, 650kHz, 700kHz, 750kHz, 800kHz, 850kHz, 900kHz, 950kHz, 1MHz, 2MHz, 3MHz, 4MHz, 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHz, 9MHz, 10MHz, 11MHz, 12MHz, 13MHz, 14MHz, 15MHz, 16MHz , 17MHz, 18MHz, 19MHz, 20MHz, 21MHz, 22MHz, 23MHz, 24MHz, 25MHz, 26MHz, 27MHz, 28MHz, 29MHz, 30MHz, 31MHz, 32MHz, 33MHz, 34MHz, 35MHz, 36MHz, 37MHz, 38MHz, 39MHz, 40MHz, 41MHz , 42MHz, 43MHz, 44MHz, 45MHz, 46MHz, 47MHz, 48MHz, 49MHz, 50MHz, or 100MHz.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are illuminated, the obtained particles and/or nanoparticles 3 having a light spot area of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 square microns , 60 square microns, 70 square microns, 80 square microns, 90 square microns, 100 square microns, 200 square microns, 300 square microns, 400 square microns, 500 square microns, 600 square microns, 700 square microns, 800 square microns, 900 square micron, 10 ³ square micron, 10 ⁴ square micron, 10 ⁵ square micron, 1 square millimeter, 10 square millimeter, 20 square millimeter, 30 square millimeter, 40 square millimeter, 50 square millimeter, 60 square millimeter, 70 square millimeter, 80 square millimeters, 90 square millimeters, 100 square millimeters, 200 square millimeters, 300 square millimeters, 400 square millimeters, 500 square millimeters, 600 square millimeters, 700 square millimeters, 800 square millimeters, 900 square millimeters, 10 ³ square millimeters, 10 ⁴ mm2, 105 mm2, 1 ^m2 , ¹⁰ m2, 20 m2, 30 m2, 40 m2, 50 m2, 60 m2, 70 m2, 80 m2, 90 m2, or 100 square meters

According to one embodiment, the peak pulse power of the pulsed light is at least 1W.cm ^-2 , 5-W.cm-2, 10W.cm- ² , 20W.cm- ² , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^{- 2 2} , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W. cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^{- 2} , 100kW.cm ^-2 , 2 00kW.cm ^-2 , 3 00kW.cm ^-2 , 4 00kW.cm ^-2 , 500kW.cm ^-2 , 6 00kW.cm ^-2 , 7 00kW.cm ^-2 , 8 At 00 kW.cm ^-2 , 9 00 kW.cm ^-2 , or 1 MW.cm ^-2 , the obtained particles 1 and/or nanoparticles 3 reach their luminescence saturation.

According to one embodiment, the peak pulse power at continuous illumination is at least 1W.cm ^-2 , 5-W.cm-2, 10W.cm- ² , 20W.cm- ² , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^{- 2 2} , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W. cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , or 1kW.cm ^-2 , obtained The particle 1, the resulting particle, and/or the nanoparticle 3 reach their luminescence saturation.

Luminescence saturation of a particle occurs when the particle cannot emit more photons at a given photon flux. In other words, a higher photon flux does not cause the particle to emit a higher number of photons.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1, and the obtained particles and/or nanoparticles 3 have an FCE (Frequency Conversion Efficiency) under illumination of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% %, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%. In this example, FCE was measured at 480 nm.

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W. cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^{- 2} , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W. cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 irradiates at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 of luminous flux or average peak pulse power ,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000,11000,12000,13000,14000,15000,16000,17000,18000,190000,20000,21000,20000,2030,20000,24 The After 50000 hours, the obtained particles 1 showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY).

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W. cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^{- 2} , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W. cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 irradiated with a luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 ,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000,11000,12000,13000,14000,15000,16000,17000,18000,190000,20000,21000,20000,2030,20000,24 The After 50000 hours, the obtained particles 1 showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have an average fluorescence lifetime of at least 0.1 ns, 0.2 ns, 0.3 ns, 0.4 ns, 0.5 ns, 0.6 ns, 0.7 ns, 0.8 ns, 0.9 ns seconds, 1 ns, 2 ns, 3 ns, 4 ns, 5 ns, 6 ns, 7 ns, 8 ns, 9 ns, 10 ns, 11 ns, 12 ns, 1 3 ns, 14 ns, 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns, 25 ns ns, 26 ns, 27 ns, 28 ns, 29 ns, 30 ns, 31 ns, 32 ns, 33 ns, 34 ns, 35 ns, 36 ns, 37 ns , 38 ns, 39 ns, 40 ns, 41 ns, 42 ns, 43 ns, 44 ns, 45 ns, 46 ns, 47 ns, 48 ns, 49 ns, 50 ns, 100 ns, 150 ns, 200 ns, 250 ns, 300 ns, 350 ns, 400 ns, 450 ns, 500 ns, 550 ns, 600 ns, 650 ns nanoseconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 microsecond.

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W under pulsed light irradiation .cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W .cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 23000, 20000 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 47000, 47000, 49000,, 49000, 49000, 49000 or after 50000 hours, the obtained particles 1 show less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY). In this example, the obtained particles 1 preferably comprise quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanosheets.

In a preferred embodiment, at least 1 mW.cm ^-2 , 50 mW.cm ^-2 , 100 mW.cm ^-2 , 500 mW.cm ^-2 , 1 W.cm ^-2 , 5 W.cm under pulsed or continuous light irradiation ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W .cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 , the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000 After 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, the obtained particles 1 showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY).

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W under pulsed light irradiation .cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W .cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 23000, 20000 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 47000, 47000, 49000,, 49000, 49000, 49000 or after 50000 hours, the obtained particles 1 show less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE. In this example, the obtained particles 1 preferably comprise quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanosheets.

In a preferred embodiment, at least 1 mW.cm ^-2 , 50 mW.cm ^-2 , 100 mW.cm ^-2 , 500 mW.cm ^-2 , 1 W.cm ^-2 , 5 W.cm under pulsed or continuous light irradiation ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W .cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 , the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000 After 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, the obtained particles 1 showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are surfactant-free. In this example, the surface of the obtained particle 1 will be easily functionalized, since the surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecules.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not surfactant-free.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are completely crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are single crystal.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are colloidal particles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain spherical porous beads, preferably the obtained particles 1 do not contain central spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain spherical porous beads, wherein the nanoparticles 3 are attached to the surface of the spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain beads and nanoparticles 3 of opposite charge.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are porous.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably 700 mmHg, When the adsorption amount of particle 1 exceeds 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a porous material.

According to one embodiment, the organization of the pores of the particles 1 obtained may be hexagonal, worm-like or cubic.

According to one embodiment, the pore size of the organized pores of the particles 1 obtained is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm , 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, 16nm, 17nm, 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, 21nm, 22nm, 23nm, 24nm, 25nm, 26nm, 27nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm, 38 nm, 39 nm, 40 nm, 41 nm, 42 nm, 43 nm, 44 nm, 45 nm, 46 nm, 47 nm, 48 nm, 49 nm, or 50 nm.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not porous.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably 700 mmHg, When the adsorption amount of particle 1 is less than 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a non-porous material.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained do not contain pores or cavities.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are permeable.

According to one embodiment, the fluid permeability of the obtained particles 1 of permeable properties is higher than or equal to ^{10-11 cm2} , ^{10-10 cm2} , ^{10-9 cm2} , ^{10-8 cm2} , ^{10-7 cm2} , ^{10-6 cm2} , ^{10-5 cm2} , ^{10-4 cm2} , or ^{10-3 cm2} .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are impermeable to external molecular species, gases or liquids. In this embodiment, the external molecular species, gas or liquid refers to the molecular species, gas or liquid outside the obtained particle 1 .

According to one embodiment, the fluid permeability of the impermeable obtained particles 1 is less than or equal ^{to 10-11} cm ² , ^10-12 cm ² , ^10-13 cm ² , ^10-14 cm ² , or ^10-15 cm ² .

According to one embodiment, the oxygen permeability of the obtained particles 1 at room temperature is 10 ^-7 to 10 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , preferably 10 ^-7 to 1 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , 10 ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻¹ cm ³ ·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ is more preferred, and 10 ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻⁴ cm ³ ·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ is even more preferred.

According to one embodiment, the water vapour permeability of the obtained particles 1 is 10 ^-7 to 10 g·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , preferably 10 ^-7 to 1 g·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , preferably 10 -7 to 1 g·m -2 ·day -1 at room temperature 10 ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻¹ g·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ , even more preferably 10 ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻⁴ g·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ . Among them, the water vapor permeability of 10 ^-6 g·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 is particularly suitable for use on LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, Less than 100%, 90%, 80% degradation of specified characteristics after 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 have a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, June, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years, or 10 Years.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, At 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, the degradation of specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% , 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10% degradation of specific properties at 90%, 95% or 99% humidity , 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% degradation of specific characteristics , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, At 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, Less than 100%, 90% degradation of specified characteristics after 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years later , the degradation of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2 %, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% after 10 years , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃ for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, At 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55% at 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years After a period of 10 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day , 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years , 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the particles 1 obtained include one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, ability to increase local electromagnetic fields, light absorption, magnetization, magnetic coercivity, catalytic yield, Catalytic properties, photovoltaic properties, photovoltaic power generation, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, molecular oxygen permeability, molecular water permeability or any other characteristic.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, After 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence performance is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and/or phosphorescence.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, Under the temperature of 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the degradation of photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, At 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, Under 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, At 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years later , the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or After a period of 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃ for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% degradation in photoluminescence properties after a period of 10 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, At 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55% at 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years Degradation of its photoluminescence properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5 %, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day , 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years , 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% , 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, Degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100 after 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years %, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, Under the temperature of 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the degradation of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% %, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, Under 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25% %, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, Under 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70 %, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, At 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) Deterioration is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years later , its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or After 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10 %, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃ for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, At 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55% at 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years Degradation of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20% after a period of 10 years or 10 years , 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day , 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years , 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, After 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, Under the temperature of 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, Under 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, Under 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, At 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years later , its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% , 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or After 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃ for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 Degraded FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25 after 10 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, At 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55% at 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years Deterioration of its FCE less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles 1 are obtained at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C , 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day , 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years , 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% , 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are optically transparent, ie the particles 1 obtained are at 200 nm to 50 μm, 200 nm to 10 μm, 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, Transparent at wavelengths between 400nm to 700nm, 400nm to 600nm or 400nm to 470nm.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is completely surrounded by or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is partially surrounded by or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35% 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% of the nanoparticles 3 are on their surface.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained do not contain nanoparticles 3 on their surface. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 contains at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 1% nanoparticles 3. In this embodiment, each of said nanoparticles 3 is completely surrounded by inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtained particle 1 . This embodiment is advantageous because at least one nanoparticle 3 will be better excited by incident light than if said nanoparticles 3 are dispersed in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2 , ie it is completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2 ; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of the luminescent particle 1 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, characterized in that the nanoparticles 3 emit wavelengths in the range of 500 to 560 nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located in the said On the surface of the particles 1 obtained, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 600 to 2500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, characterized in that said nanoparticles 3 emit at wavelengths ranging from 600 to 2500 nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located in said said On the surface of the particles 1 obtained, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtained particle 1 can be chemically or physically adsorbed on said surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtained particle 1 can be adsorbed on said surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtained particle 1 may be adsorbed on said surface by cement.

According to one embodiment, examples of cement include, but are not limited to, polymers, silicones, oxides, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtained particle 1 may have at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% %, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of its volume is enclosed in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the plurality of nanoparticles 3 are evenly spaced on the surface of the particles 1 obtained.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 is separated from its adjacent nanoparticle 3 by an average minimum distance, which is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are homogeneous.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 is a core/shell structure, wherein the core does not comprise nanoparticles 3 and the shell contains nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 is a heterostructure comprising a core 11 and at least one shell 12 .

According to one embodiment, the outer shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 contains an inorganic material 21 . In this embodiment, the inorganic material 21 is the same as or different from the inorganic material 2 contained in the core 11 of the core/shell obtained particle 1 .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 as described herein, while the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 does not comprise nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 as described herein, while the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, in the obtained core/shell particle 1 , the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are the same as the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12 , in the obtained core/shell particles 1 , the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are different from the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 . In this example, the resulting obtained core/shell particles 1 will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group consisting of: Magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 and the shell 12 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths. This means that the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle with different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits luminescence in the range of 500-560 nm wavelength, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum area, so the obtained core/shell particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be a white light emitter.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits luminescence in the range of 400-490 nm wavelength, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the visible spectrum red region, so the obtained core/shell particle 1 is a white luminophore.

In one embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490 nm, And at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 500-560 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle 1 and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum color area.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Piezoelectric Nanoparticles, Pyroelectric Nanoparticles, Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Light Scattering Nanoparticles, Electrically Insulating Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one plasmonic nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising At least one nanoparticle 3: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one dielectric nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Pyroelectric Nanoparticles, Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Light Scattering Nanoparticles, Electrically Insulating Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one thermoelectric nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Piezoelectric Nanoparticles, Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Light Scattering Nanoparticles, Electrically Insulating Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Piezoelectric Nanoparticles, Pyroelectric Nanoparticles, Light Scattering Nanoparticles, Electrically Insulating Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one light scattering nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Piezoelectric Nanoparticles, Pyroelectric Nanoparticles, Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Electrically Insulating Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent Nanoparticles, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Dielectric Nanoparticles, Piezoelectric Nanoparticles, Pyroelectric Nanoparticles, Ferroelectric Nanoparticles, Light Scattering Nanoparticles, Thermally Insulating Nanoparticles or Catalytic Nanoparticles nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtained core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one catalytic nanoparticle, and the obtained shell 12 of the core/shell particle 1 comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermal Insulating nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the obtained particle 1 is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm , 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm , 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the obtained shell 12 of the particle 1 has a uniform thickness over the entire core 11 , ie the obtained shell 12 of the particle 1 has the same thickness over the entire core 11 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained shell 12 of the particle 1 has a uniform thickness over the entire core 11, ie the obtained shell 12 of the particle 1 has the same thickness over the entire core 11, ie the thickness is along the core 11 varies.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained are not core/shell particles, wherein the core is an aggregate of metal particles and the shell contains inorganic material 2 . According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 is a core/shell particle, wherein the core is filled with a solvent and the shell comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, ie the obtained particle 1 is a core with a solvent filling hollow beads.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is as described above.

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 4, the obtained particle 1 comprises a combination (31, 32) of at least two different nanoparticles. In this example, the resulting resulting particles 1 will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 of the group selected from the group consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles , pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 500-560 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range 600-2500 nm wavelength within. In the present example, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the obtained particle 1 with blue LED The pairing will be the white glow.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range 600-2500 nm wavelength within. In the present embodiment, the obtained particle 1 includes at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, so the obtained particle 1 is a white luminophore .

In one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range 500-560 nm wavelength. In this embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 500-560 nm , and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the visible spectrum the red area.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric Nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric Nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one dielectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one pyroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticle, magnetic nanoparticle, plasmonic nanoparticle Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one light scattering nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonics Nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least one catalytic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermally insulating nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one shellless nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3, and core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 comprises at least one core 33/insulator shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3, and core 33/shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 comprise at least two nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 contain more than ten nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained comprise at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40 , at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90 , at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, At least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500, at least 10000, at least 15000, at least 20000, at least 25000, at least 30000, at least 35000, at least 40000, at least 45000, at least 50000, at least 55000, at least 60000, at least 65000, at least 70000, at least 75000 , at least 80,000, at least 85,000, at least 90,000, at least 95,000, or at least 100,000 nanoparticles3.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 do not aggregate.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 have a filling rate of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45 %, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23% , 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40 %, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73% , 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90 %, or 95%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 are not in contact with each other.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 are separated by the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 can be individually characterized.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 can be individually characterized by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy or any other means of characterization known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material 2 contained in the obtained particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 are uniformly dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in said particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the particles 1 obtained are dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in the particles 1 obtained.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the particles 1 obtained are uniformly and equidistantly dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in the particles 1 obtained.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the particles 1 obtained are dispersed equidistantly between the inorganic materials 2 contained in the particles 1 obtained.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtained particles 1 are uniformly dispersed among the inorganic materials 2 contained in the obtained particles 1 .

According to one embodiment, the dispersed shape of the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 is not the shape of a ring or a monolayer.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles is separated from its adjacent nanoparticle 3 by an average minimum distance.

According to one embodiment, the average minimum distance between two nanoparticles 3 can be controlled.

According to one embodiment, the average minimum distance is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm , 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm ,19nm,19.5nm,20nm,30nm,40nm,50nm,60nm,70nm,80nm,100nm,110nm,120nm,130nm,140nm,150nm,160nm,170nm,180nm,190nm,200nm,210nm,220nm,230nm,240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm , 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm , 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm , 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm , 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm , 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μ m, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 300μm, 400μm, 500μm, 600μm, 700μm, 800μm, 900μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the average distance between two nanoparticles 3 in the same particle 1 is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5 nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm , 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm a μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5 μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm μm, 42 μm, 42.5 μm, 43 μm, 43.5 μm, 44 μm, 44.5 μm, 45 μm, 45.5 μm, 4 6μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 300μm, 400μm, 500μm, 600μm, 700μm, 800μm, 900μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the mean distance deviation between two nanoparticles 3 in the same particle 1 may be less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09 %, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3% , 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5 %, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3% , 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9% or 10 %.

According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 include one or more of the following properties: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, localized electromagnetic field with increased capacity, brightness absorption, magnetization, coercivity, catalytic yield, catalytic performance, photovoltaic properties, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, molecular oxygen permeability, molecular water permeability or any other property.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, Less than 100%, 90% degradation of specified characteristics after 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, At 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the degradation of specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20% degradation of specific characteristics at 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity , 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% degradation of specific properties , 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Less than 100% degradation of specified characteristics after 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after a period of 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5% degradation of its specific characteristics after a period of 9.5 or 10 years , 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40 %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence performance is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the degradation of photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, At 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Deterioration of photoluminescence properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its photoluminescence characteristics are less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5% , 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After a period of 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% degradation in photoluminescence properties after a period of 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10 %, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) Deterioration is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the degradation of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70% %, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Under 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80 %, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Its photoluminescence quantum yield ( PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After 9.5 or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20 %, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years , 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 9.5 years or 10 years , 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Under 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, After 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Degraded FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 after 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5 %, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% , 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, at least 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% , 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the obtained particles 1 are empty, i.e. they do not contain any nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 also comprise at least one dense particle dispersed in the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the at least one dense particle comprises a dense material having a density higher than that of the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the dense material has an energy gap greater than or equal to 3 eV.

According to one embodiment, examples of dense materials include, but are not limited to, oxides such as tin oxide, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, ytterbium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide , thorium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, actinide oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, mixed oxides, their mixed oxides; metal sulfides; carbides; nitrides or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one dense particle has a maximum filling factor of 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 1%.

According to one embodiment, the at least one dense particle has a density of at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of the obtained particles 1 include but are not limited to: semiconductor nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanosheets encapsulated in inorganic materials, encapsulated Perovskite nanoparticles in inorganic materials, phosphor nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanosheets coated with grease and then coated with inorganic materials such as _Al2O3 or _mixtures thereof. In this example, lipids can refer to lipids, such as long non-polar carbon chain molecules; phospholipid molecules with charged end groups; polymers, such as block copolymers or copolymers, some of which have long Non-polar carbon chain domains, which are part of the main chain or part of a polymer side chain; or long hydrocarbon chains with terminal functional groups including carboxylates, sulfates, phosphonates or Thiol.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of particles 1 obtained include, but are not limited to: CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS@ _Six Cd _y Zn _z O _w , CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , InP /ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ ,CH ₅ N ₂ -PbBr ₃ @Al ₂ O ₃ ,CdSe/CdZnS-Au@SiO ₂ ,Fe ₃ O ₄ @Al ₂ O ₃ -CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ ,CdS/ZnS @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSeS/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , InP/ZnSe/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CuInS _2/ZnS @Al ₂ O ₃ , CuInSe _{2/ ZnS} @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSeS/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , InP/ZnSe/ ZnS@SiO ₂ , Fe ₃ O ₄ @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO, CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO, CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ @MgO, CdSe/CdZnS-Fe ₃ O ₄ @SiO ₂ , Phosphor@Al ₂ O ₃ , Phosphor@ZnO, Phosphor@SiO ₂ , Phosphor@HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@HfO ₂ , InP/ZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@ HfO ₂ , InP/ZnSe/ZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS-Fe ₃ O ₄ @HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ or their mixtures; wherein phosphor nanoparticles include but are not limited to: Yttrium Aluminum Pomegranate Stone particles (YAG, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), (Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON:Eu particles, ((Y, Gd) ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce) particles, CaAlSiN ₃ :Eu Particles, sulfide-based phosphor particles, PFS:Mn ⁴⁺ particles (potassium fluorosilicate).

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not comprise: quantum dots encapsulated in TiO ₂ , semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in TiO ₂ or semiconductor nanosheets encapsulated in TiO ₂ .

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained do not contain a spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 does not contain a core/shell nanoparticle, wherein the core is luminescent and emits red light, and the shell is the spacer layer between the nanoparticle 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 does not contain core/shell nanoparticles and a plurality of nanoparticles 3 , wherein the core is luminescent and emits red light, and the shell is the spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particle 1 does not comprise at least one luminescent nucleus, a spacer layer, an encapsulation layer and a plurality of quantum dots, wherein the luminescent nucleus emits red light and the spacer layer is located between the luminescent nucleus and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain luminescent nuclei surrounded by a spacer layer and emitting red light.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain nanoparticles covering or surrounding the luminescent core.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 do not contain nanoparticles covering or surrounding the red-emitting luminescent core.

According to one embodiment, the particles 1 obtained do not contain luminescent cores made of specific materials selected from: silicate phosphors, aluminate phosphors, phosphate phosphors, sulfide phosphors, nitride phosphors , an oxynitride phosphor, and a combination of the above two or more materials; wherein the luminescent core is covered by an isolation layer.

According to one embodiment, the obtained particles 1 are functionalized as described above.

Another object of the present invention relates to particles obtainable by the method of the present invention, wherein the obtainable particles comprise a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2, wherein the plurality of nanoparticles 3 are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material 2 in.

The uniform dispersion of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles 3, thereby preventing deterioration of their properties. For example, in the case of inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles, a homogeneous dispersion will allow the optical properties of the nanoparticles to be preserved and quenching can be avoided.

The obtainable particles of the present invention are also of particular interest because, depending on the inorganic material 2 chosen, they can readily comply with ROHS specifications. It is thus possible to obtain ROHS compliant particles while retaining properties of nanoparticles 3 that may not themselves be ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, the available particles are air-useable. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for manipulating or transporting available particles, and for using available particles in devices such as optoelectronic devices.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are compatible with standard lithography processes. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for using the available particles in devices such as optoelectronic devices.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are composite particles.

According to one embodiment, the maximum size of the particles obtainable is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63. 5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the smallest size of particles obtainable is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63. 5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the achievable size ratio between particles and nanoparticles 3 is 1.25 to 1000, preferably 2 to 500, more preferably 5 to 250, even more preferably 5 to 100.

According to one embodiment, the ratio (aspect ratio) between the smallest dimensional dimension of the particles obtainable and the largest dimension of the particles obtainable is at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5 , at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5, at least 10, at least 10.5, at least 11, at least 11.5, at least 12, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, at least 14, at least 14.5, at least 15, at least 15.5, at least 16, at least 16.5, at least 17, at least 17.5, at least 18, at least 18.5, at least 19, at least 19.5, at least 20 , at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, at least 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, at least 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950 At least 1000.

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable with an average size of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63. 5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

The obtained particles with an average size of less than 1 μm have several advantages compared to larger particles containing the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) increased light scattering compared to larger particles; ii) when dispersed in a solvent, comparable to Compared to larger particles, a more stable colloidal suspension can be obtained; iii) a size compatible with pixels of at least 100 nm.

The obtained particles with an average size greater than 1 μm have several advantages compared to smaller particles containing the same number of nanoparticles 3: i) reduced light scattering compared to smaller particles; ii) has a whispering gallery mode ); iii) dimensions compatible with pixels equal to or greater than 1 μm; iv) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles 3 contained in said obtainable particles, resulting in better heat dissipation. v) increasing the average distance between the nanoparticles 3 contained in the obtainable particles and the surface of the obtainable particles, thereby better protecting the nanoparticles 3 from oxidation, or delaying the effects of chemical reactions from outside the particles Oxidation caused by chemical reactions of species; vi) increased mass ratio between the resulting particles and nanoparticles 3 contained in said resulting particles compared to smaller resulting particles, thereby reducing ROHS-compliant chemical elements The mass concentration makes it easier to comply with ROHS requirements.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable contain cadmium in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the available particles contain lead in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400ppm, less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm, 6000ppm, less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the available particles contain mercury in a weight concentration of less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm , less than 450ppm, less than 500ppm, less than 550ppm, less than 600ppm, less than 650ppm, less than 700ppm, less than 750ppm, less than 800ppm, less than 850ppm, less than 900ppm, less than 950ppm, less than 1000ppm, less than 2000ppm, less than 3000ppm, less than 4000ppm, less than 5000ppm and less than 6000ppm , less than 7000ppm, less than 8000ppm, less than 9000ppm, less than 10000ppm.

According to one embodiment, the particle particles obtainable contain chemical elements heavier than the main chemical elements present in the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the heavy chemical elements in the available particles will reduce the mass concentration of the ROHS compliant chemical elements so that the available particles are ROHS compliant.

According to one embodiment, examples of heavy chemical elements include, but are not limited to, B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe , Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te , I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd , Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have a minimum curvature of at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20 μm ⁻¹ . , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7 μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^{-1 ,} 2.4μm -1 ¹ , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^-1 , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^-1 , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm ^-1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , 0.1333μm ^-1 , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , 0.1026μm ^-1 , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.08 51μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^{- 1} , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^{- 1} , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , ^0.028μm -1 ¹ , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 ; 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , ^0.0261μm -1 ¹ , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^{- 1} , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , ^0.231μm -1 ¹ , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , ^0.0219μm -1 ¹ , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^{- 1} , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^{- 1} , or 0.002 μm ⁻¹ .

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have a maximum curvature of at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ^{−1 , 20 μm −1} , 20 μm ⁻¹ , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5 μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^-1 , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^-1 , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm ^-1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , 0.1333μm ^-1 , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , 0.1026μm ^-1 , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.085 1μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 ; 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^-1 , or 0.002 μm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are polydisperse.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are monodisperse.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles have a narrow size distribution.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not aggregated.

According to one embodiment, the available particles are not in contact, not in contact.

According to one embodiment, the available particles are concomitant, touching.

According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the particles obtainable is less than or equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002 %, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26% , 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43 %, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% as described The largest dimension of the particle that can be obtained, which means that the surface of the particle that can be obtained is completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the surface roughness of the obtainable particles is less than or equal to 0.5% of the largest dimension of said obtainable particles. This means that the surface of the obtainable particles is completely smooth.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles have spherical, oval, disc, cylindrical, faceted, hexagonal, triangular, cubic or platelet shapes.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have a raspberry shape, a prismatic shape, a polyhedral shape, a snowflake shape, a flower shape, a thorn shape, a hemispherical shape, a conical shape, a wild child shape, a filamentous shape, a biconcave disk shape, a worm shape , tree-shaped, dendrite-shaped, necklace-shaped, chain-shaped or shrub-shaped.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are spherical in shape, or the obtainable particles are beads.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are hollow, ie the obtainable particles are hollow beads.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not have a core/shell structure.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles have a core/shell structure as described below.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not fibers.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not matrices of indeterminate shape.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are not macroscopic glass flakes. In this example, a piece of glass refers to glass obtained, for example, by cutting from a larger glass body, or by using a mold. In one embodiment, a piece of glass has at least one dimension in excess of 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are not obtained by reducing the size of the inorganic material 2 . For example, the available particles are not obtained by grinding a piece of inorganic material 2 or by cutting, nor by shooting inorganic material 2 with eg particles, atoms or electrons, or by any other method.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not obtained by grinding larger particles or by spraying powders.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particle is not a piece of nanoporous glass doped with nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are not glass monoliths.

According to one embodiment, the spherical particles obtained have a diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm , 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm a μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5 μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm μm, 62 μm, 62.5 μm, 63 μm, 63.5 μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the average diameter of the population of particles 1 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm , 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm , 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μ m, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm , 550μm, 600μm, 650μm, 700μm, 750μm, 800μm, 850μm, 900μm, 950μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, a population of 1 of particles can be obtained whose mean diameters have deviation values less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% , 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7 %, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5% , 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7 %, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10% , 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130 %, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 155%, 160%, 165%, 170%, 175%, 180%, 185%, 190%, 195%, or 200%.

According to one embodiment, spherical particles are obtainable with a unique curvature of 1 of at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20 μm −1 ^{. 1} , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^-1 , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4μm ^{- 1} , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2μm ^{- 1} , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm -1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , ^{0.1333μm -1 1} , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , ^0.1026μm -1 ¹ , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0.0 851μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702 μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597 μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519 μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.04600 μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412 μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374 μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342 μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μm ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 , 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μm ^-1 , or 0.002 μm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the unique curvature of the population of spherical particles 1 obtainable is at least 200 μm ⁻¹ , 100 μm ⁻¹ , 66.6 μm ⁻¹ , 50 μm ⁻¹ , 33.3 μm ⁻¹ , 28.6 μm ⁻¹ , 25 μm ⁻¹ , 20μm ^-1 , 18.2μm ^-1 , 16.7μm ^-1 , 15.4μm ^-1 , 14.3μm ^-1 , 13.3μm ^-1 , 12.5μm ^-1 , 11.8μm ^-1 , 11.1μm ^-1 , 10.5μm ^-1 , 10μm ^-1 , 9.5μm ^-1 , 9.1μm ^-1 , 8.7μm ^-1 , 8.3μm ^-1 , 8μm ^-1 , 7.7μm ^-1 , 7.4μm ^-1 , 7.1μm ^-1 , 6.9μm ^-1 , 6.7μm ^{- 1} , 5.7μm ^-1 , 5μm ^-1 , 4.4μm ^-1 , 4μm ^-1 , 3.6μm ^-1 , 3.3μm ^-1 , 3.1μm ^-1 , 2.9μm ^-1 , 2.7μm ^-1 , 2.5μm ^-1 , 2.4μm ^-1 , 2.2μm ^{-1 , 2.1μm -1 , 2μm -1 , 1.3333μm -1 , 0.8μm -1 ,} 0.6666μm ^-1 , 0.5714μm ^-1 , 0.5μm ^-1 , 0.4444μm ^-1 , 0.4 μm ^-1 , 0.3636μm ^-1 , 0.3333μm ^-1 , 0.3080μm ^-1 , 0.2857μm ^-1 , 0.2667μm ^-1 , 0.25μm ^-1 , 0.2353μm ^-1 , 0.2222μm ^-1 , 0.2105μm ^-1 , 0.2 μm ^-1 , 0.1905μm ^-1 , 0.1818μm ^-1 , 0.1739μm ^-1 , 0.1667μm ^-1 , 0.16μm ^-1 , 0.1538μm ^-1 , 0.1481μm ^-1 , 0.1429μm ^-1 , 0.1379μm ^-1 , 0.1333 μm ^-1 , 0.1290μm ^-1 , 0.125μm ^-1 , 0.1212μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1176μm ^-1 , 0.1143μm ^-1 , 0.1111μm ^-1 , 0.1881μm ^-1 , 0.1053μm ^-1 , 0.1026 μm ^-1 , 0.1μm ^-1 , 0.0976μm ^-1 , 0.9524μm ^-1 , 0.0930μm ^-1 , 0.0909μm ^-1 , 0.0889μm ^-1 , 0.870μm ^-1 , 0 .0851μm ^-1 , 0.0833μm ^-1 , 0.0816μm ^-1 , 0.08μm ^-1 , 0.0784μm ^-1 , 0.0769μm ^-1 , 0.0755μm ^-1 , 0.0741μm ^-1 , 0.0727μm ^-1 , 0.0714μm ^-1 , 0.0702μm ^-1 , 0.0690μm ^-1 , 0.0678μm ^-1 , 0.0667μm ^-1 , 0.0656μm ^-1 , 0.0645μm ^-1 , 0.0635μm ^-1 , 0.0625μm ^-1 , 0.0615μm ^-1 , 0.0606μm ^-1 , 0.0597μm ^-1 , 0.0588μm ^-1 , 0.0580μm ^-1 , 0.0571μm ^-1 , 0.0563μm ^-1 , 0.0556μm ^-1 , 0.0548μm ^-1 , 0.0541μm ^-1 , 0.0533μm ^-1 , 0.0526μm ^-1 , 0.0519μm ^-1 , 0.0513μm ^-1 , 0.0506μm ^-1 , 0.05μm ^-1 , 0.0494μm ^-1 , 0.0488μm ^-1 , 0.0482μm ^-1 , 0.0476μm ^-1 , 0.0471μm ^-1 , 0.0465μm ^-1 , 0.0460μm ^-1 , 0.0455μm ^-1 , 0.0450μm ^-1 , 0.0444μm ^-1 , 0.0440μm ^-1 , 0.0435μm ^-1 , 0.0430μm ^-1 , 0.0426μm ^-1 , 0.0421μm ^-1 , 0.0417μm ^-1 , 0.0412μm ^-1 , 0.0408μm ^-1 , 0.0404μm ^-1 , 0.04μm ^-1 , 0.0396μm ^-1 , 0.0392μm ^-1 , 0.0388μm ^-1 , 0.0385μm ^-1 ; 0.0381μm ^-1 , 0.0377μm ^-1 , 0.0374μm ^-1 , 0.037μm ^-1 , 0.0367μm ^-1 , 0.0364μm ^-1 , 0.0360μm ^-1 , 0.0357μm ^-1 , 0.0354μm ^-1 , 0.0351μm ^-1 , 0.0348μm ^-1 , 0.0345μm ^-1 , 0.0342μm ^-1 , 0.0339μm ^-1 , 0.0336μm ^-1 , 0.0333μm ^-1 , 0.0331μm ^-1 , 0.0328μm ^-1 , 0.0325μm ^-1 , 0.0323μ m ^-1 , 0.032μm ^-1 , 0.0317μm ^-1 , 0.0315μm ^-1 , 0.0312μm ^-1 , 0.031μm ^-1 , 0.0308μm ^-1 , 0.0305μm ^-1 , 0.0303μm ^-1 , 0.0301μm ^-1 , 0.03 μm ^-1 , 0.0299μm ^-1 , 0.0296μm ^-1 , 0.0294μm ^-1 , 0.0292μm ^-1 , 0.029μm ^-1 , 0.0288μm ^-1 , 0.0286μm ^-1 , 0.0284μm ^-1 , 0.0282μm ^-1 , 0.028 μm ^-1 , 0.0278μm ^-1 , 0.0276μm ^-1 , 0.0274μm ^-1 , 0.0272μm ^-1 , 0.0270μm ^-1 , 0.0268μm ^-1 , 0.02667μm ^-1 , 0.0265μm ^-1 , 0.0263μm ^-1 , 0.0261 μm ^-1 , 0.026μm ^-1 , 0.0258μm ^-1 , 0.0256μm ^-1 , 0.0255μm ^-1 , 0.0253μm ^-1 , 0.0252μm ^-1 , 0.025μm ^-1 , 0.0248μm ^-1 , 0.0247μm ^-1 , 0.0245 μm ^-1 , 0.0244μm ^-1 , 0.0242μm ^-1 , 0.0241μm ^-1 , 0.024μm ^-1 , 0.0238μm ^-1 , 0.0237μm ^-1 , 0.0235μm ^-1 , 0.0234μm ^-1 , 0.0233μm ^-1 , 0.231 μm ^-1 , 0.023μm ^-1 , 0.0229μm ^-1 , 0.0227μm ^-1 , 0.0226μm ^-1 , 0.0225μm ^-1 , 0.0223μm ^-1 , 0.0222μm ^-1 , 0.0221μm ^-1 , 0.022μm ^-1 , 0.0219 μm ^-1 , 0.0217μm ^-1 , 0.0216μm ^-1 , 0.0215μm ^-1 , 0.0214μm ^-1 , 0.0213μm ^-1 , 0.0212μm ^-1 , 0.0211μm ^-1 , 0.021μm ^-1 , 0.0209μm ^-1 , 0.0208 μm ^-1 , 0.0207μm ^-1 , 0.0206μm ^-1 , 0.0205μm ^-1 , 0.0204μm ^-1 , 0.0203μm ^-1 , 0.0202μm ^-1 , 0.0201μm ^-1 , 0.02μ m ^-1 , or 0.002 μm ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, there is no deviation in the curvature of the spherical particles 1 obtainable, which means that the obtainable particles have an ideal spherical shape. Perfect spherical shape prevents fluctuations in scattered light intensity.

According to one embodiment, spherical particles are obtained, the deviation of the unique curvature of which along the surface of said obtainable particles may be less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07% , 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5 %, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8% , 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5 %, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8% , 9.9% or 10%.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are luminescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are fluorescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are phosphorescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are electroluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are chemiluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are triboluminescent.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the available particles are sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of light emission that can be altered by changes in external pressure.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peak of the available particles is sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by changes in external pressure, ie, changes in external pressure can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the available particles is sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external pressure changes, ie, external temperature changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the available particles is sensitive to external pressure changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be changed by external pressure changes, ie, external temperature changes can cause the PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the available particles are sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of light emission that can be changed by external temperature changes.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peaks of the available particles are sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external temperature changes, ie external temperature changes can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the available particles is sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external temperature changes, ie, the external temperature changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the available particles is sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the PLQY can be changed by external temperature changes, ie, the external temperature changes can cause the PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the luminescence characteristics of the obtainable particles are sensitive to external pH changes. In this example, "sensitive" refers to a characteristic of luminescence that can be altered by external pH changes.

According to one embodiment, the wavelength emission peaks of the available particles are sensitive to external pH changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be changed by external pH quality changes, ie, external pH quality changes can cause a wavelength shift.

According to one embodiment, the FWHM of the particles obtainable is sensitive to external pH qualitative changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that the FWHM can be changed by external pH qualitative changes, ie, external pH changes can cause the FWHM to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the PLQY of the particles obtainable is sensitive to external pH qualitative changes. In this example, "sensitive" means that PLQY can be changed by external pH qualitative changes, ie, external pH changes can cause PLQY to decrease or increase.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one nanoparticle 3, wherein the wavelength emission peak is sensitive to external temperature changes; preferably, the wavelength of said nanoparticle 3 is sensitive to external temperature changes. and at least one nanoparticle 3 in which the wavelength emission peak is insensitive or less sensitive to external temperature changes. In this embodiment, "sensitive" means that the wavelength emission peak can be modified by external temperature changes, ie the wavelength emission peak can be decreased or increased. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for temperature sensor applications.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum of at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range from 400 nm to 50 μm.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the available particles emit blue light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein the emission peak is in the range from 500 nm to 560 nm, preferably in the range from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the available particles emit green light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is in the range of 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the obtainable particles emit yellow light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength of 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the available particles emit red light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak is an emission peak in the range of 750 nm to 50 μm. In this embodiment, the available particles emit near infrared light, mid infrared light or infrared light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are magnetic.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are ferromagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are paramagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are superparamagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are diamagnetic.

According to one embodiment, the available particles are plasma.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have catalytic properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles have photovoltaic properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are piezoelectric.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are thermoelectric.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are ferroelectric.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have drug delivery characteristics.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are light scatterers.

According to one embodiment, the available particles absorb wavelengths less than 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, Incident light at 300 nm, 250 nm or less.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are electrical insulators. In this embodiment, when the quenching of the fluorescent properties of the fluorescent nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 is due to electron transport, it can be prevented. In this embodiment, the obtained particle 1 can be used as an electrical insulator material and has the same properties as the nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are electrical conductors. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for applying the available particles to applications such as photovoltaics or LEDs.

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable having a conductivity of 1×10 ⁻²⁰ to 10 ⁷ S/m under standard conditions, preferably from 1×10 ⁻¹⁵ to 5 S/m, more preferably 1×10 ^{− 7} to 1S/m.

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable with electrical conductivity under standard conditions of at least 1×10 ⁻²⁰ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 1×10 ⁻¹⁹ S/m, 0.5×10 ⁻¹⁸ S/m, 1×10 ^-18 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-17 S/m, 1×10 ^-17 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{- 16} S/m, 1×10 ^-16 S/m, 0.5 ×10 ^-15 S/m, 1×10 ^-15 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-14 S/m, 1×10 ^-14 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-13 S/m, 1×10 ^-13 S /m, 0.5×10 ^-12 S/m, 1×10 ^-12 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-11 S/m, 1×10 ^-11 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-10 S/m, 1× ^10-10 S/m, 0.5× ^10-9 S/m, 1× ^10-9 S/m, 0.5× ^10-8 S/m, 1× ^10-8 S/m, 0.5× ^10-7 S/ m, 1×10 ^-7 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-6 S/m, 1×10 ^-6 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-5 S/m, 1×10 ^-5 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-4 S/m, 1×10 ^-4 S/m, 0.5×10 ^{-3 S} /m, 1×10 ^-3 S/m, 0.5×10 ^-2 S/m, 1×10 ^-2 S/m , 0.5×10 ^-1 S/m, 1×10 ^-1 S/m, 0.5S/m, 1S/m, 1.5S/m, 2S/m, 2.5S/m, 3S/m, 3.5S/m , 4S/m, 4.5S/m, 5S/m, 5.5S/m, 6S/m, 6.5S/m, 7S/m, 7.5S/m, 8S/m, 8.5S/m, 9S/m, 9.5S/m, 10S/m, 50S/m, 10 ² S/m, 5×10 ² S/m, 10 ³ S/m, 5×10 ³ S/m, 10 ⁴ S/m, 5×10 ⁴ S/m, 10 ⁵ S/m, 5×10 ⁵ S/m, 10 ⁶ S/m, 5×10 ⁶ S/m or 10 ⁷ S/m.

According to one embodiment, the conductivity of the available particles may be measured using, for example, an impedance spectrometer.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are thermal insulators.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are thermal conductors. In this embodiment, the available particles are able to dissipate heat originating from nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in inorganic material 2 or heat originating from the environment.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable have a thermal conductivity under standard conditions of 0.1 to 450 W/(mK), preferably 1 to 200 W/(mK), more preferably 10 to 150 W/(mK).

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable with thermal conductivities under standard conditions of at least 0.1W/(m.K), 0.2W/(m.K), 0.3W/(m.K), 0.4W/(m.K), 0.5W/ (m.K), 0.6W/(m.K), 0.7W/(m.K), 0.8W/(m.K), 0.9W/(m.K), 1W/(m.K), 1.1W/(m.K), 1.2W/(m.K ), 1.3W/(m.K), 1.4W/(m.K), 1.5W/(m.K), 1.6W/(m.K), 1.7W/(m.K), 1.8W/(m.K), 1.9W/(m.K) , 2W/(m.K), 2.1W/(m.K), 2.2W/(m.K), 2.3W/(m.K), 2.4W/(m.K), 2.5W/(m.K), 2.6W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K), 2.8W/(m.K), 2.9W/(m.K), 3W/(m.K), 3.1W/(m.K), 3.2W/(m.K), 3.3W/(m.K), 3.4W/ (m.K), 3.5W/(m.K), 3.6W/(m.K), 3.7W/(m.K), 3.8W/(m.K), 3.9W/(m.K), 4W/(m.K), 4.1W/(m.K ), 4.2W/(m.K), 4.3W/(m.K), 4.4W/(m.K), 4.5W/(m.K), 4.6W/(m.K), 4.7W/(m.K), 4.8W/(m.K) , 4.9W/(m.K), 5W/(m.K), 5.1W/(m.K), 5.2W/(m.K), 5.3W/(m.K), 5.4W/(m.K), 5.5W/(m.K), 5.6 W/(m.K), 5.7W/(m.K), 5.8W/(m.K), 5.9W/(m.K), 6W/(m.K), 6.1W/(m.K), 6.2W/(m.K), 6.3W/ (m.K), 6.4W/(m.K), 6.5W/(m.K), 6.6W/(m.K), 6.7W/(m.K), 6.8W/(m.K), 6.9W/(m.K), 7W/(m.K ), 7.1W/(m.K), 7.2W/(m.K), 7.3W/(m.K), 7.4W/(m.K), 7.5W/(m.K), 7.6W/(m.K), 7.7W/(m.K) , 7.8W/(m.K), 7.9W/(m.K), 8W/(m.K), 8.1W/(m.K), 8.2W/(m.K), 8.3W/(m.K), 8.4W/(m.K), 8.5 W/(m.K), 8.6W/(m.K), 8.7W/(m.K), 8.8W/(m.K), 8.9W/(m.K), 9W/(m.K), 9 .1W/(m.K), 9.2W/(m.K), 9.3W/(m.K), 9.4W/(m.K), 9.5W/(m.K), 9.6W/(m.K), 9.7W/(m.K), 9.8 W/(m.K), 9.9W/(m.K), 10W/(m.K), 10.1W/(m.K), 10.2W/(m.K), 10.3W/(m.K), 10.4W/(m.K), 10.5W/ (m.K), 10.6W/(m.K), 10.7W/(m.K), 10.8W/(m.K), 10.9W/(m.K), 11W/(m.K), 11.1W/(m.K), 11.2W/(m.K) ), 11.3W/(m.K), 11.4W/(m.K), 11.5W/(m.K), 11.6W/(m.K), 11.7W/(m.K), 11.8W/(m.K), 11.9W/(m.K) , 12W/(m.K), 12.1W/(m.K), 12.2W/(m.K), 12.3W/(m.K), 12.4W/(m.K), 12.5W/(m.K), 12.6W/(m.K), 12.7 W/(m.K), 12.8W/(m.K), 12.9W/(m.K), 13W/(m.K), 13.1W/(m.K), 13.2W/(m.K), 13.3W/(m.K), 13.4W/ (m.K), 13.5W/(m.K), 13.6W/(m.K), 13.7W/(m.K), 13.8W/(m.K), 13.9W/(m.K), 14W/(m.K), 14.1W/(m.K ), 14.2W/(m.K), 14.3W/(m.K), 14.4W/(m.K), 14.5W/(m.K), 14.6W/(m.K), 14.7W/(m.K), 14.8W/(m.K) , 14.9W/(m.K), 15W/(m.K), 15.1W/(m.K), 15.2W/(m.K), 15.3W/(m.K), 15.4W/(m.K), 15.5W/(m.K), 15.6 W/(m.K), 15.7W/(m.K), 15.8W/(m.K), 15.9W/(m.K), 16W/(m.K), 16.1W/(m.K), 16.2W/(m.K), 16.3W/ (m.K), 16.4W/(m.K), 16.5W/(m.K), 16.6W/(m.K), 16.7W/(m.K), 16.8W/(m.K), 16.9W/(m.K), 17W/(m.K ), 17.1W/(m.K), 17.2W/(m.K), 17.3W/(m.K), 17.4W/(m.K), 17.5W/(m.K), 17.6W/ (m.K), 17.7W/(m.K), 17.8W/(m.K), 17.9W/(m.K), 18W/(m.K), 18.1W/(m.K), 18.2W/(m.K), 18.3W/(m.K ), 18.4W/(m.K), 18.5W/(m.K), 18.6W/(m.K), 18.7W/(m.K), 18.8W/(m.K), 18.9W/(m.K), 19W/(m.K), 19.1W/(m.K), 19.2W/(m.K), 19.3W/(m.K), 19.4W/(m.K), 19.5W/(m.K), 19.6W/(m.K), 19.7W/(m.K), 19.8 W/(m.K), 19.9W/(m.K), 20W/(m.K), 20.1W/(m.K), 20.2W/(m.K), 20.3W/(m.K), 20.4W/(m.K), 20.5W/ (m.K), 20.6W/(m.K), 20.7W/(m.K), 20.8W/(m.K), 20.9W/(m.K), 21W/(m.K), 21.1W/(m.K), 21.2W/(m.K) ), 21.3W/(m.K), 21.4W/(m.K), 21.5W/(m.K), 21.6W/(m.K), 21.7W/(m.K), 21.8W/(m.K), 21.9W/(m.K) , 22W/(m.K), 22.1W/(m.K), 22.2W/(m.K), 22.3W/(m.K), 22.4W/(m.K), 22.5W/(m.K), 22.6W/(m.K), 22.7 W/(m.K), 22.8W/(m.K), 22.9W/(m.K), 23W/(m.K), 23.1W/(m.K), 23.2W/(m.K), 23.3W/(m.K), 23.4W/ (m.K), 23.5W/(m.K), 23.6W/(m.K), 23.7W/(m.K), 23.8W/(m.K), 23.9W/(m.K), 24W/(m.K), 24.1W/(m.K ), 24.2W/(m.K), 24.3W/(m.K), 24.4W/(m.K), 24.5W/(m.K), 24.6W/(m.K), 24.7W/(m.K), 24.8W/(m.K) , 24.9W/(m.K), 25W/(m.K), 30W/(m.K), 40W/(m.K), 50W/(m.K), 60W/(m.K), 70W/(m.K), 80W/(m.K), 90W/(m.K), 100W/(m.K), 110W/(m.K), 120W/(m.K), 130W/(m.K), 140W/(m.K) K), 150W/(m.K), 160W/(m.K), 170W/(m.K), 180W/(m.K), 190W/(m.K), 200W/(m.K), 210W/(m.K), 220W/(m.K) , 230W/(m.K), 240W/(m.K), 250W/(m.K), 260W/(m.K), 270W/(m.K), 280W/(m.K), 290W/(m.K), 300W/(m.K), 310W /(m.K), 320W/(m.K), 330W/(m.K), 340W/(m.K), 350W/(m.K), 360W/(m.K), 370W/(m.K), 380W/(m.K), 390W/( m.K), 400W/(m.K), 410W/(m.K), 420W/(m.K), 430W/(m.K), 440W/(m.K), or 450W/(m.K).

According to one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the achievable particles can be measured using, for example, a steady-state method or a transient method.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are local high temperature heating systems.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are hydrophobic.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are hydrophilic.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are dispersible in aqueous solvents, organic solvents and/or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at half maximum is strictly below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, obtainable particles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at a quarter maximum is less than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25nm, 20nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak whose full width at the quarter maximum is strictly below 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm , 25nm, 20nm, 15nm or 10nm.

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.

In one embodiment, at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000、13000、14000、15000、16000、17000、18000、19000、20000、21000、22000、23000、24000、25000、26000、27000、28000、29000、30000、31000、32000、33000，34000、35000、36000、 After 37,000, 38,000, 39,000, 40,000, 41,000, 42,000, 43,000, 44,000, 45,000, 46,000, 47,000, 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, it exhibited a reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 80%, 70% , 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the illumination of the light is provided by a blue, green, red or ultraviolet light source, such as a laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or xenon arc lamp. According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination ranges between 1 mW.cm ⁻² and 100 kW.cm ⁻² mW.cm, preferably between 10 ⁻² and 100 W.cm ⁻² , and Even more preferred is between 10mW.cm ^-2 30 and W.cm ^-2 .

According to one embodiment, the photon flux or average peak pulse power of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm ⁻² , 50 mW.cm ⁻² , 100 mW.cm ⁻² , 500 mW.cm ⁻² , 1 W.cm ⁻² , 5- W.cm ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W. cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 10 0W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 or 100kW.cm ^-2 .

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is continuous illumination.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is pulsed light. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows heat and/or charge to escape from the nanoparticles 3 . This embodiment is also particularly advantageous because the use of pulsed light allows for a longer lifetime of the nanoparticles 3, and therefore longer lifetimes of the composite particles, in fact the degradation of the nanoparticles 3 is faster under continuous light than under pulsed light.

According to one embodiment, the light illumination described herein is pulsed light. In this embodiment, a continuous light may be considered pulsed light if it illuminates the material with a regular period during which the material is voluntarily removed from the illumination. This embodiment is particularly advantageous as it allows heat and/or charge to escape from the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the off time (or the time without illumination) of the pulsed light is at least 1 microsecond, 2 microseconds, 3 microseconds, 4 microseconds, 5 microseconds, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds, 18 microseconds, 19 microseconds, 20 microseconds , 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds, 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds , 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, 50 microseconds, 100 microseconds, 150 microseconds, 200 microseconds, 250 microseconds, 300 microseconds, 350 microseconds, 400 microseconds, 450 microseconds microseconds, 500 microseconds, 550 microseconds, 600 microseconds, 650 microseconds, 700 microseconds, 750 microseconds, 800 microseconds, 850 microseconds, 900 microseconds, 950 microseconds, 1 millisecond, 2 milliseconds, 3 ms, 4 ms, 5 ms, 6 ms, 7 ms, 8 ms, 9 ms, 10 ms, 11 ms, 12 ms, 13 ms, 14 ms, 15 ms, 16 ms, 17 ms, 18 ms, 19 ms, 20 ms, 21 ms, 22 ms, 23 ms, 24 ms, 25 ms, 26 ms, 27 ms, 28 ms, 29 ms, 30 ms, 31 ms, 32 ms, 33 ms, 34 ms, 35 ms, 36 ms , 37 ms, 38 ms, 39 ms, 40 ms, 41 ms, 42 ms, 43 ms, 44 ms, 45 ms, 46 ms, 47 ms, 48 ms, 49 ms, or 50 ms.

According to one embodiment, the on time (or illumination time) of the pulsed light is at least 0.1 ns, 0.2 ns, 0.3 ns, 0.4 ns, 0.5 ns, 0.6 ns, 0.7 ns, 0.8 ns , 0.9 ns, 1 ns, 2 ns, 3 ns, 4 ns, 5 ns, 6 ns, 7 ns, 8 ns, 9 ns, 10 ns, 11 ns, 12 ns ns, 13 ns, 14 ns, 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns , 25 ns, 26 ns, 27 ns, 28 ns, 29 ns, 30 ns, 31 ns, 32 ns, 33 ns, 34 ns, 35 ns, 36 ns , 37 ns, 38 ns, 39 ns, 40 ns, 41 ns, 42 ns, 43 ns, 44 ns, 45 ns, 46 ns, 47 ns, 48 ns, 49 ns, 50 ns, 100 ns, 150 ns, 200 ns, 250 ns, 300 ns, 350 ns, 400 ns, 450 ns, 500 ns, 550 ns, 600 ns , 650 ns, 700 ns, 750 ns, 800 ns, 850 ns, 900 ns, 950 ns, 1 μs, 2 μs, 3 μs, 4 μs, 5 μs, 6 microseconds, 7 microseconds, 8 microseconds, 9 microseconds, 10 microseconds, 11 microseconds, 12 microseconds, 13 microseconds, 14 microseconds, 15 microseconds, 16 microseconds, 17 microseconds, 18 microseconds , 19 microseconds, 20 microseconds, 21 microseconds, 22 microseconds, 23 microseconds, 24 microseconds, 25 microseconds, 26 microseconds, 27 microseconds, 28 microseconds, 29 microseconds, 30 microseconds, 31 microseconds, 32 microseconds, 33 microseconds, 34 microseconds, 35 microseconds, 36 microseconds, 37 microseconds, 38 microseconds, 39 microseconds, 40 microseconds, 41 microseconds, 42 microseconds, 43 microseconds , 44 microseconds, 45 microseconds, 46 microseconds, 47 microseconds, 48 microseconds, 49 microseconds, or 50 microseconds.

According to one embodiment, the frequency of the pulsed light is at least 10Hz, 11Hz, 12Hz, 13Hz, 14Hz, 15Hz, 16Hz, 17Hz, 18Hz, 19Hz, 20Hz, 21Hz, 22Hz, 23Hz, 24Hz, 25Hz, 26Hz, 27Hz, 28Hz , 29Hz, 30Hz, 31Hz, 32Hz, 33Hz, 34Hz, 35Hz, 36Hz, 37Hz, 38Hz, 39Hz, 40Hz, 41Hz, 42Hz, 43Hz, 44Hz, 45Hz, 46Hz, 47Hz, 48Hz, 49Hz, 50Hz, 100Hz, 150Hz, 200Hz , 250Hz, 300Hz, 350Hz, 400Hz, 450Hz, 500Hz, 550Hz, 600Hz, 650Hz, 700Hz, 750Hz, 800Hz, 850Hz, 900Hz, 950Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz, 7kHz, 8kHz, 9kHz, 10kHz , 11kHz, 12kHz, 13kHz, 14kHz, 15kHz, 16kHz, 17kHz, 18kHz, 19kHz, 20kHz, 21kHz, 22kHz, 23kHz, 24kHz, 25kHz, 26kHz, 27kHz, 28kHz, 29kHz, 30kHz, 31kHz, 32kHz, 33kHz, 34kHz, 35kHz , 36kHz, 37kHz, 38kHz, 39kHz, 40kHz, 41kHz, 42kHz, 43kHz, 44kHz, 45kHz, 46kHz, 47kHz, 48kHz, 49kHz, 50kHz, 100kHz, 150kHz, 200kHz, 250kHz, 300kHz, 350kHz, 400kHz, 450kHz, 500kHz 550kHz, 600kHz, 650kHz, 700kHz, 750kHz, 800kHz, 850kHz, 900kHz, 950kHz, 1MHz, 2MHz, 3MHz, 4MHz, 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHz, 9MHz, 10MHz, 11MHz, 12MHz, 13MHz, 14MHz, 15MHz, 16MHz, 17MHz, 18MHz, 19MHz, 20MHz, 21MHz, 22MHz, 23MHz, 24MHz, 25MHz, 26MHz, 27MHz, 28MHz, 29MHz, 30MHz, 31MHz, 32MHz, 33MHz, 34MHz, 35MHz, 36MHz, 37MHz, 38MHz, 39MHz, 40MHz, 41MHz, 42MHz, 43MHz, 4 4MHz, 45MHz, 46MHz, 47MHz, 48MHz, 49MHz, 50MHz, or 100MHz.

According to one embodiment, the spot area of the light illuminating the available particles and/or nanoparticles 3 is at least 10 square microns, 20 square microns, 30 square microns, 40 square microns, 50 square microns, 60 square microns, 70 square microns, 80 square microns, 90 square microns, 100 square microns, 200 square microns, 300 square microns, 400 square microns, 500 square microns, 600 square microns, 700 square microns, 800 square microns, 900 square microns Micron, 10 ³ square microns, 10 ⁴ square microns, 10 ⁵ square microns, 1 square millimeter, 10 square millimeters, 20 square millimeters, 30 square millimeters, 40 square millimeters, 50 square millimeters, 60 square millimeters, 70 square millimeters, 80 mm2, 90 mm2, 100 mm2, 200 mm2, 300 mm2, 400 mm2, 500 mm2, 600 mm2, 700 mm2, 800 mm2, 900 mm2, ¹⁰³ mm2, ¹⁰⁴ mm2, 10 ⁵ mm2, 1 sqm, 10 sqm, 20 sqm, 30 sqm, 40 sqm, 50 sqm, 60 sqm, 70 sqm, 80 sqm, 90 sqm or 100 sqm Meter.

According to one embodiment, the peak pulse power of the pulsed light is at least 1W.cm ^-2 , 5-W.cm-2, 10W.cm- ² , 20W.cm- ² , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^{- 2 2} , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W. cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^{- 2} , 100kW.cm ^-2 , 2 00kW.cm ^-2 , 3 00kW.cm ^-2 , 4 00kW.cm ^-2 , 500kW.cm ^-2 , 6 00kW.cm ^-2 , 7 00kW.cm ^-2 , 8 At 00 kW.cm ^-2 , 9 00 kW.cm ^-2 , or 1 MW.cm ^-2 , the obtainable particles and/or nanoparticles 3 reach their luminescence saturation.

According to one embodiment, the peak pulse power at continuous illumination is at least 1W.cm ^-2 , 5-W.cm-2, 10W.cm- ² , 20W.cm- ² , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^{- 2 2} , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W. cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , or 1kW.cm ^-2 , you can obtain The particles, the resulting particles, and/or nanoparticles 3 reach their luminescence saturation.

Luminescence saturation of a particle occurs when the particle cannot emit more photons at a given photon flux. In other words, a higher photon flux does not cause the particle to emit a higher number of photons.

According to one embodiment, the available particles, available particles and/or nanoparticles 3, have an FCE (Frequency Conversion Efficiency) under illumination of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% , 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30 %, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%. In this example, FCE was measured at 480 nm.

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W. cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^{- 2} , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W. cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 irradiates at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 of luminous flux or average peak pulse power ,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000,11000,12000,13000,14000,15000,16000,17000,18000,190000,20000,21000,20000,2030,20000,24 The After 50,000 hours, the obtained particles showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY).

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W. cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^{- 2} , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W. cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 irradiates at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 of luminous flux or average peak pulse power ,1000,2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000,8000,9000,10000,11000,12000,13000,14000,15000,16000,17000,18000,190000,20000,21000,20000,2030,20000,24 The After 50,000 hours, the obtained particles showed less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE.

According to one embodiment, particles are obtainable with an average fluorescence lifetime of at least 0.1 ns, 0.2 ns, 0.3 ns, 0.4 ns, 0.5 ns, 0.6 ns, 0.7 ns, 0.8 ns, 0.9 ns , 1 ns, 2 ns, 3 ns, 4 ns, 5 ns, 6 ns, 7 ns, 8 ns, 9 ns, 10 ns, 11 ns, 12 ns, 1 3 ns, 14 ns, 15 ns, 16 ns, 17 ns, 18 ns, 19 ns, 20 ns, 21 ns, 22 ns, 23 ns, 24 ns, 25 ns seconds, 26 ns, 27 ns, 28 ns, 29 ns, 30 ns, 31 ns, 32 ns, 33 ns, 34 ns, 35 ns, 36 ns, 37 ns, 38 ns, 39 ns, 40 ns, 41 ns, 42 ns, 43 ns, 44 ns, 45 ns, 46 ns, 47 ns, 48 ns, 49 ns, 50 ns seconds, 100 ns, 150 ns, 200 ns, 250 ns, 300 ns, 350 ns, 400 ns, 450 ns, 500 ns, 550 ns, 600 ns, 650 ns seconds, 700 nanoseconds, 750 nanoseconds, 800 nanoseconds, 850 nanoseconds, 900 nanoseconds, 950 nanoseconds, or 1 microsecond.

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W under pulsed light irradiation .cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W .cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 23000, 20000 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 47000, 47000, 49000,, 49000, 49000 or 50,000 hours later, obtainable particles show less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY). In this embodiment, the available particle preferences comprise quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanosheets.

In a preferred embodiment, at least 1 mW.cm ^-2 , 50 mW.cm ^-2 , 100 mW.cm ^-2 , 500 mW.cm ^-2 , 1 W.cm ^-2 , 5 W.cm under pulsed or continuous light irradiation ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W .cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 , the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000 After 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, obtainable particles exhibit less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY).

In one embodiment, at least 1mW.cm ^-2 , 50mW.cm ^-2 , 100mW.cm ^-2 , 500mW.cm ^-2 , 1W.cm ^-2 , 5W.cm ^-2 , 10W under pulsed light irradiation .cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W.cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W .cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 23000, 20000 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 47000, 47000, 49000,, 49000, 49000, 49000 or 50,000 hours later, obtainable particles show less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE. In this embodiment, the available particle preferences comprise quantum dots, semiconductor nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals or semiconductor nanosheets.

In a preferred embodiment, at least 1 mW.cm ^-2 , 50 mW.cm ^-2 , 100 mW.cm ^-2 , 500 mW.cm ^-2 , 1 W.cm ^-2 , 5 W.cm under pulsed or continuous light irradiation ^-2 , 10W.cm ^-2 , 20W.cm ^-2 , 30W.cm ^-2 , 40W.cm ^-2 , 50W.cm ^-2 , 60W.cm ^-2 , 70W.cm ^-2 , 80W.cm ^-2 , 90W.cm ^-2 , 100W.cm ^-2 , 110W.cm ^-2 , 120W.cm ^-2 , 130W.cm ^-2 , 140W.cm ^-2 , 150W.cm ^-2 , 160W.cm ^-2 , 170W .cm ^-2 , 180W.cm ^-2 , 190W.cm ^-2 , 200W.cm ^-2 , 300W.cm ^-2 , 400W.cm ^-2 , 500W.cm ^-2 , 600W.cm ^-2 , 700W.cm ^-2 , 800W.cm ^-2 , 900W.cm ^-2 , 1kW.cm ^-2 , 50kW.cm ^-2 , or 100kW.cm ^-2 , the luminous flux or average peak pulse power of at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 42000, 43000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000, 47000 After 48,000, 49,000, or 50,000 hours, obtainable particles exhibit less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% reduction in FCE.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are surfactant-free. In this embodiment, the surface of the particles that can be obtained will be easily functionalized since the surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecules.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are not surfactant free.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are amorphous.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are fully crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are partially crystalline.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are single crystal.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are polycrystalline. In this embodiment, the available particles include at least one grain boundary.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are colloidal particles.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not contain spherical porous beads, and preferably the obtainable particles do not contain central spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not comprise spherical porous beads, wherein the nanoparticles 3 are attached to the surface of the spherical porous beads.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not contain beads and nanoparticles 3 with opposite charges.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are porous.

According to one embodiment, the particles that can be obtained are determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg, when When the particle adsorption amount exceeds 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a porous material.

According to one embodiment, the organization of the pores of the available particles may be hexagonal, worm-like or cubic.

According to one embodiment, the pore size of the organized pores of the particles obtainable is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 11nm, 12nm, 13nm, 14nm, 15nm, 16nm, 17nm, 18nm, 19nm, 20nm, 21nm, 22nm, 23nm, 24nm, 25nm, 26nm, 27nm, 28nm , 29nm, 30nm, 31nm, 32nm, 33nm, 34nm, 35nm, 36nm, 37nm, 38nm, 39nm, 40nm, 41nm, 42nm, 43nm, 44nm, 45nm, 46nm, 47nm, 48nm, 49nm, or 50nm.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not porous.

According to one embodiment, the particles that can be obtained are determined by Bruno-Emmett-Teller (BET) theoretical measurement of nitrogen adsorption-separation at 650 mmHg or more preferably at 700 mmHg, when When the particle adsorption amount is less than 20cm3/g, 15cm3/g, 10cm3/g, 5cm3/g, it can be regarded as a non-porous material.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not contain pores or cavities.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are permeable.

According to one embodiment, the fluid permeability of the obtainable particles of permeable character is higher than or equal to ^{10-11 cm2} , ^{10-10 cm2} , ^{10-9 cm2} , ^{10-8 cm2} , ^10-7 cm2 ² , ^{10-6 cm2} , ^{10-5 cm2} , ^{10-4 cm2} , or ^{10-3 cm2} .

According to one embodiment, the available particles are impermeable to external molecular species, gases or liquids. In this embodiment, external molecular species, gas or liquid, refers to molecular species, gas or liquid, external to the available particles.

According to one embodiment, the impermeable obtainable particles have a fluid permeability of less than or equal ^{to 10-11} cm ² , ^10-12 cm ² , ^10-13 cm ² , ^10-14 cm ² , or ^10-15 cm ² .

According to one embodiment, the oxygen permeability of the available particles at room temperature is ^10-7 to 10 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day- ¹ , preferably ^10-7 to 1 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , more The preference is 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-1 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 , and even more preferred is 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-4 cm ³ ·m ^-2 ·day ^-1 .

According to one embodiment, the water vapour permeability of the particles obtainable is ^10-7 to 10 g.m- ^2.day - ¹ , preferably ^10-7 to 1 g.m-2.day ^{- 1} , more preferably 10 at room temperature ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻¹ g·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ , even more preferably 10 ⁻⁷ to 10 ⁻⁴ g·m ⁻² ·day ⁻¹ . Among them, the water vapor permeability of 10 ^-6 g·m ^{-2 ·} · day ^-1 is particularly suitable for use on LEDs.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable in at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months Months, 7 Months, 8 Months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the available particles have a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Month, June, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years , 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 Month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, The degradation of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% , 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month , 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 Years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years Deterioration of its specific characteristics after time is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% molecular oxygen concentration for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 Month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months , 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of years, the degradation of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days , 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years , 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25 %, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after a period of 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, At 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months , 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% degradation of specific characteristics after a period of 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the particles that can be obtained include one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, ability to increase local electromagnetic fields, light absorption, magnetization, magnetic coercivity, catalytic yield, catalytic properties, photovoltaic properties, photovoltaic power generation, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, molecular oxygen permeability, molecular water permeability or any other characteristic.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable in at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months Months, 7 Months, 8 Months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Degradation of photoluminescence performance is less than 100%, 90%, 80 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years %, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and/or phosphorescence.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C ℃, 175 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 275 ℃ or 300 ℃ temperature, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10 %, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50 %, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 Less than 100% degradation in photoluminescence characteristics after 10 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 Month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, The degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month , 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 Years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After time, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% molecular oxygen concentration for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 Month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months , 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years The degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 years after %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days , 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years , 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30% , 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its photoluminescence characteristics are less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5% , 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, At 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months , 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, After 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable in at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months Months, 7 Months, 8 Months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Less than 100% degradation in Photoluminescence Quantum Yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years , 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C Under the temperature of ℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the degradation of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% , 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25% , 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70% , 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 Degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after a period of 10 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0 %.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 Month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, Its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month , 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 Years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After time, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5 %, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% molecular oxygen concentration for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 Month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months , 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10% , 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days , 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years , 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, At 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months , 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years %, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable in at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months Months, 7 Months, 8 Months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70 years after 10 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C ℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5 %, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40 %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% %, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 Degraded FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 Month, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, The deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles are obtainable at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C °C, 175 °C, 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C, or 300 °C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65 %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month , 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 Years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After time, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% molecular oxygen concentration for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 Month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months , 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years Years later, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days , 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years , 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25% , 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, particles are available at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% %, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% oxygen molecular concentration, at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, At 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months , 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, After 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are optically transparent, i.e. particles between 200 nm to 50 μm, 200 nm to 10 μm, 200 nm to 2500 nm, 200 nm to 2000 nm, 200 nm to 1500 nm, 200 nm to 1000 nm, 200 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to Transparent at wavelengths between 700nm, 400nm to 600nm or 400nm to 470nm.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is completely surrounded by or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 is partially surrounded by or encapsulated in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, obtainable particles comprise at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%30 %, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% of the nanoparticles 3 on their surface.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not contain nanoparticles 3 on their surface. In this embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are completely surrounded by the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 contains at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or 1% nanoparticles 3. In this embodiment, each of said nanoparticles 3 is completely surrounded by inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said obtainable particles. This embodiment is advantageous because at least one nanoparticle 3 will be better excited by incident light than if said nanoparticles 3 are dispersed in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, ie they are completely surrounded by said inorganic material 2; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located on the surface of said luminescent particle.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, characterized in that the nanoparticles 3 emit wavelengths in the range of 500 to 560 nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located in the obtainable on the surface of the particles, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 600 to 2500 nm.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, characterized in that the nanoparticles 3 emit at wavelengths ranging from 600 to 2500 nm; and at least one nanoparticle 3 is located in the obtainable on the surface of the particles, wherein the at least one nanoparticle 3 emits a wavelength in the range of 500 to 560 nm.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the available particle can be chemically or physically adsorbed on the surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the available particles can be adsorbed on the surface.

According to one embodiment, at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of said available particles can be adsorbed on said surface by cement.

According to one embodiment, examples of cement include, but are not limited to, polymers, silicones, oxides, or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one nanoparticle 3 located on the surface of the available particle may be at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% , 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90 %, 95% or 100% of its volume, is enclosed in the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the plurality of nanoparticles 3 are evenly spaced on the surface of the available particles.

According to one embodiment, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles 3 is separated from its adjacent nanoparticle 3 by an average minimum distance, which is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are homogeneous.

According to one embodiment, the particle that can be obtained is a core/shell structure, wherein the core does not comprise nanoparticles 3 and the shell contains nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are heterostructures comprising a core 11 and at least one shell 12 .

According to one embodiment, the outer shell 12 of the core/shell particle can be obtained, comprising an inorganic material 21 . In this embodiment, the inorganic material 21 is the same as or different from the inorganic material 2 contained in the core 11 of the core/shell obtained particle.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particle comprises the nanoparticles 3 described herein, while the shell 12 of the available core/shell particle does not comprise the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the obtainable core/shell particle comprises the nanoparticles 3 described herein, while the shell 12 of the obtainable core/shell particle comprises the nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, of the core/shell particles available, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are the same as the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12 , of the core/shell particles that can be obtained, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the core 11 are different from the nanoparticles 3 contained in the shell 12 . In this example, the resulting obtainable core/shell particles will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle 3 selected from the group consisting of: magnetic nanoparticle Particles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths. This means that the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and the shell 12 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle with different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle are available, comprising at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range of 500-560 nm wavelength, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, The resulting core/shell particles paired with blue LEDs will thus be white emitters.

In a preferred embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle are available, comprising at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range of 400-490 nm wavelength, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum , so the obtained core/shell particles are white emitters.

In one embodiment, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle are available, comprising at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits a wavelength in the range of 400-490 nm , and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 500-560 nm. In this example, the core 11 of the core/shell particle and the shell 12 of the core/shell particle can be obtained, including at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the visible spectrum blue area.

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one selected from the group 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one plasmonic nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one comprising at least one selected from the group Nanoparticles 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one dielectric nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one nanoparticle selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one thermoelectric nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one selected from the group 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one nanoparticle selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one light scattering nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one nanoparticle selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one nanoparticle selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one nanoparticle selected from the group Particle 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles .

According to one embodiment, the core 11 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one catalytic nanoparticle, and the shell 12 of the available core/shell particles comprises at least one nanoparticle comprising at least one selected from the group 3: Luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermally insulating nanoparticles particles.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the particles obtainable is at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm , 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm ,15.5nm,16nm,16.5nm,17nm,17.5nm,18nm,18.5nm,19nm,19.5nm,20nm,30nm,40nm,50nm,60nm,70nm,80nm,100nm,110nm,120nm,130nm,140nm,150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm , 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm , 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm , 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm , 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 4 4.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 250μm, 300μm, 350μm, 400μm, 450μm, 500μm, 550μm, 600μm 700 μm, 750 μm, 800 μm, 850 μm, 900 μm, 950 μm, or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the obtainable particles has a uniform thickness over the entire core 11 , ie the shell 12 of the obtainable particles has the same thickness over the entire core 11 .

According to one embodiment, the shell 12 of the particles obtainable has a uniform thickness over the entire core 11 , ie the shell 12 of the particles obtainable has the same thickness over the entire core 11 , ie the thickness is along the core 11 and change.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable are not core/shell particles, wherein the core is an aggregate of metal particles and the shell comprises inorganic material 2 . According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles are core/shell particles, wherein the core is filled with a solvent and the shell comprises nanoparticles 3 dispersed in the inorganic material 2, ie the obtainable particles are hollow with a solvent-filled core beads.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 are as described above.

According to one embodiment, the inorganic material 2 is as described above.

According to one embodiment, as shown in Fig. 4, the obtainable particles comprise a combination of at least two different nanoparticles (31, 32). In this example, the resulting resulting particles will exhibit different properties.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 of the group selected from the group consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, Thermoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

In a preferred embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 500-560 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range 600-2500 nm wavelength. In this example, the available particles include at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits in the red region of the visible spectrum, so that pairing of the available particles with a blue LED will Become a white luminous body.

In a preferred embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits in the range 600-2500 nm wavelength. In this embodiment, the available particles include at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle that emits in the red region of the visible spectrum, and thus the available particles are white emitters.

In one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 500-560 nm . In this embodiment, the available particles include at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum.

In a preferred embodiment, the particles 1 obtainable comprise at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein the luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.

In one embodiment, the particles 1 obtainable comprise at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 400-490 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range 500-560 nm , and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits wavelengths in the range of 600-2500 nm. In this embodiment, the particles 1 that can be obtained comprise at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the visible spectrum the red area.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one magnetic nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles Particles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one plasmonic nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dielectric nanoparticles Particles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one dielectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one piezoelectric nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one pyroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one ferroelectric nanoparticle and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one light-scattering nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one electrically insulating nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, thermally insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one thermally insulating nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles Particles, dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles or catalytic nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable comprise at least one catalytic nanoparticle, and at least one nanoparticle 3 comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of: luminescent nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles , dielectric nanoparticles, piezoelectric nanoparticles, pyroelectric nanoparticles, ferroelectric nanoparticles, light scattering nanoparticles, electrically insulating nanoparticles, or thermally insulating nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, obtainable particles include at least one shellless nanoparticle 3 , and at least one nanoparticle 3 of the following: core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticle 3.

According to one embodiment, obtainable particles include at least one core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3, and core 33/insulator shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, obtainable particles include at least one core 33/insulator shell 34 nanoparticle 3, and at least one of the following nanoparticles 3: shellless nanoparticles 3, and core 33/shell 36 nanoparticles 3.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least two nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise more than ten nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles comprise at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57 , at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800 , at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000, at least 2500, at least 3000, at least 3500, at least 4000, at least 4500, at least 5000, at least 5500, at least 6000, at least 6500, at least 7000, at least 7500, at least 8000, at least 8500, at least 9000, at least 9500, at least 10000, at least 15000, at least 20000, at least 25000, at least 30000, at least 35000, at least 40000, at least 45000, at least 50000, at least 55000, at least 60000, at least 65000, at least 70000, at least 75000, At least 80,000, at least 85,000, at least 90,000, at least 95,000 or at least 100,000 nanoparticles 3 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles do not aggregate.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles have a filling rate of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45% , 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7 %, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40% , 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57 %, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90% , that is, 95%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are not in contact with each other.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are separated by the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles can be individually characterized.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles can be individually characterized by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy or any other means of characterization known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material 2 contained in the available particles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are uniformly dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in said particles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in the available particles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are uniformly and equidistantly dispersed between the inorganic materials 2 contained in said available particles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are dispersed equidistantly between the inorganic materials 2 contained in the available particles.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 contained in the available particles are uniformly dispersed among the inorganic materials 2 contained in the available particles.

According to one embodiment, among the particles available, the dispersed shape of the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 is not the shape of a ring or a monolayer.

According to one embodiment, in the particles available, each nanoparticle 3 of the plurality of nanoparticles is separated from its neighbouring nanoparticle 3 by an average minimum distance.

According to one embodiment, the average minimum distance between two nanoparticles 3 can be controlled.

According to one embodiment, the average minimum distance within the same obtainable particle is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm ,220nm,230nm,240nm,250nm,260nm,270nm,280nm,290nm,300nm,350nm,400nm,450nm,500nm,550nm,600nm,650nm,700nm,750nm,800nm,850nm,900nm,950nm,1μm,1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm, 96μm, 96.5μm, 97μm, 97.5μm, 98μm, 98.5μm, 99μm, 99.5μm, 100μm, 200μm, 300μm, 400μm, 500μm, 600μm, 700μm, 800μm, 900μm, or 1mm.

According to one embodiment, the average distance between two nanoparticles 3 in the same available particle is at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, 10.5nm, 11nm, 11.5nm, 12nm, 12.5nm, 13nm, 13.5nm, 14nm, 14.5nm, 15nm, 15.5nm, 16nm, 16.5nm, 17nm, 17.5nm, 18nm, 18.5nm, 19nm, 19.5nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 160nm, 170nm, 180nm, 190nm, 200nm, 210nm, 220nm, 230nm, 240nm, 250nm, 260nm, 270nm, 280nm, 290nm, 300nm, 350nm, 400nm, 450nm, 500nm, 550nm, 600nm, 650nm, 700nm, 750nm, 800nm, 850nm, 900nm, 950nm, 1μm, 1.5μm, 2.5μm, 3μm, 3.5μm, 4μm, 4.5μm, 5μm, 5.5μm, 6μm, 6.5μm, 7μm, 7.5μm, 8μm, 8.5μm, 9μm, 9.5μm, 10μm, 10.5μm, 11μm, 11.5μm, 12μm, 12.5μm, 13μm, 13.5μm, 14μm, 14.5μm, 15μm, 15.5μm, 16μm, 16.5μm, 17μm, 17.5μm, 18μm, 18.5μm, 19μm, 19.5μm, 20μm, 20.5μm, 21μm, 21.5μm, 22μm, 22.5μm, 23μm, 23.5μm, 24μm, 24.5μm, 25μm, 25.5μm, 26μm, 26.5μm, 27μm, 27.5μm, 28μm, 28.5μm, 29μm, 29.5μm, 30μm, 30.5μm, 31μm, 31.5μm, 32μm, 32.5μm, 33μm, 33.5μm, 34μm, 34.5μm, 35μm, 35.5μm, 36μm, 36.5μm, 37μm, 37.5μm, 38μm, 38.5μm, 39μm, 39.5μm, 40μm, 40.5μm, 41μm, 41.5μm, 42μm, 42.5μm, 43μm, 43.5μm, 44μm, 44.5μm, 45μm, 45.5 μm, 46μm, 46.5μm, 47μm, 47.5μm, 48μm, 48.5μm, 49μm, 49.5μm, 50μm, 50.5μm, 51μm, 51.5μm, 52μm, 52.5μm, 53μm, 53.5μm, 54μm, 54.5μm, 55μm, 55.5μm μm, 56μm, 56.5μm, 57μm, 57.5μm, 58μm, 58.5μm, 59μm, 59.5μm, 60μm, 60.5μm, 61μm, 61.5μm, 62μm, 62.5μm, 63μm, 63.5μm, 64μm, 64.5μm, 65μm, 65.5μm μm, 66μm, 66.5μm, 67μm, 67.5μm, 68μm, 68.5μm, 69μm, 69.5μm, 70μm, 70.5μm, 71μm, 71.5μm, 72μm, 72.5μm, 73μm, 73.5μm, 74μm, 74.5μm, 75μm, 75.5μm μm, 76μm, 76.5μm, 77μm, 77.5μm, 78μm, 78.5μm, 79μm, 79.5μm, 80μm, 80.5μm, 81μm, 81.5μm, 82μm, 82.5μm, 83μm, 83.5μm, 84μm, 84.5μm, 85μm, 85.5μm μm, 86μm, 86.5μm, 87μm, 87.5μm, 88μm, 88.5μm, 89μm, 89.5μm, 90μm, 90.5μm, 91μm, 91.5μm, 92μm, 92.5μm, 93μm, 93.5μm, 94μm, 94.5μm, 95μm, 95.5μm μm, 96 μm, 96.5 μm, 97 μm, 97.5 μm, 98 μm, 98.5 μm, 99 μm, 99.5 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, 400 μm, 500 μm, 600 μm, 700 μm, 800 μm, 900 μm, or 1 mm.

According to one embodiment, the mean distance deviation between two nanoparticles 3 in the same available particle may be less than or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08 %, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2% , 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9 %, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8%, 8.1%, 8.2% , 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9 % or 10%.

According to one embodiment, the specific properties of the nanoparticles 3 include one or more of the following properties: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, localized electromagnetic field with increased capacity, brightness absorption, magnetization, coercivity, catalytic yield, catalytic performance, photovoltaic properties, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, molecular oxygen permeability, molecular water permeability or any other property.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, Less than 100%, 90% degradation of specified characteristics after 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, At 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the degradation of specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20% degradation of specific characteristics at 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity , 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% degradation of specific properties , 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Less than 100% degradation of specified characteristics after 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years , 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its specific characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3 %, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after a period of 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4 %, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5% degradation of its specific characteristics after a period of 9.5 or 10 years , 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 years with less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40 %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence performance is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the degradation of photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, At 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Deterioration of photoluminescence properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% .

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its photoluminescence characteristics are less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5% , 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After a period of 9.5 or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence properties is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% degradation in photoluminescence properties after a period of 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10 %, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the degradation of its photoluminescence characteristics is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% , 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) Deterioration is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, the degradation of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70% %, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Under 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80 %, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, Its photoluminescence quantum yield ( PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years or after 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After 9.5 or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20 %, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years , 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25% degradation in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) after 10 years, 9.5 years or 10 years , 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 Months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, After 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, Under the temperature of 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, Under 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, Under 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 Month, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, After 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years After a period of time, the deterioration of its FCE is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3% , 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, °C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C or 300°C, and at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days , 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Years, 9.5 Years Or after 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4% , 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, At 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months , 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, After 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, and at least 1 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 Months, 10 Months, 11 Months, 12 Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Degraded FCE of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30 after 10 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years %, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration , 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity, and at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months Months, 18 Months, 2 Years, 2.5 Years, 3 Years, 3.5 Years, 4 Years, 4.5 Years, 5 Years, 5.5 Years, 6 Years, 6.5 Years, 7 Years, 7.5 Years, 8 Years, 8.5 Years, 9 Less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5 %, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or 0%.

According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 3 in the inorganic material 2 are at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% molecular oxygen concentration at 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C , 60℃, 70℃, ℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 125℃, 150℃, 175℃, 200℃, 225℃, 250℃, 275℃ or 300℃, at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% humidity and at At least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months , 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years , 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years or 10 years, its FCE degradation is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40% , 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0%.

According to one embodiment, at least 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% , 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the particles available are empty, i.e. they do not contain any nanoparticles3.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles also comprise at least one dense particle dispersed in the inorganic material 2 . In this embodiment, the at least one dense particle comprises a dense material having a density higher than that of the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the dense material has an energy gap greater than or equal to 3 eV.

According to one embodiment, examples of dense materials include, but are not limited to, oxides such as tin oxide, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, ytterbium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide , thorium oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, actinide oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, mixed oxides, their mixed oxides; metal sulfides; carbides; nitrides or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the at least one dense particle has a maximum filling factor of 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 1%.

According to one embodiment, the at least one dense particle has a density of at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of particles that can be obtained include, but are not limited to, semiconductor nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanosheets encapsulated in inorganic materials, encapsulated in inorganic materials Perovskite nanoparticles in inorganic materials, phosphor nanoparticles encapsulated in inorganic materials, semiconductor nanosheets coated with grease and then coated with inorganic materials such as _Al2O3 or _mixtures thereof. In this example, lipids can refer to lipids, such as long non-polar carbon chain molecules; phospholipid molecules with charged end groups; polymers, such as block copolymers or copolymers, some of which have long Non-polar carbon chain domains, which are part of the main chain or part of a polymer side chain; or long hydrocarbon chains with terminal functional groups including carboxylates, sulfates, phosphonates or Thiol.

According to a preferred embodiment, examples of available particles include, but are not limited to: CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS@ _Six Cd _y Zn _z O _w , CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , InP/ ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CH ₅ N ₂ -PbBr ₃ @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdZnS-Au@SiO ₂ , Fe ₃ O ₄ @Al ₂ O ₃ -CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , CdS/ZnS@ Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSeS/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , InP/ZnSe/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CuInS _2/ZnS @Al ₂ O ₃ , CuInSe _2/ZnS @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSeS/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@SiO ₂ , InP/ZnSe/ZnS @SiO ₂ , Fe ₃ O ₄ @Al ₂ O ₃ , CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO, CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO, CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ @MgO, CdSe/CdZnS-Fe ₃ O ₄ @SiO ₂ , phosphorescence Bulk@Al ₂ O ₃ , Phosphor@ZnO, Phosphor@SiO ₂ , Phosphor@HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@HfO ₂ , InP/ZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSeS/CdZnS@HfO ₂ , InP/ZnSe/ZnS@HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdZnS-Fe ₃ O ₄ @HfO ₂ , CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ or their mixtures; wherein phosphor nanoparticles include but are not limited to: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Particles (YAG, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), (Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON:Eu particles, ((Y, Gd) ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce) particles, CaAlSiN ₃ :Eu particles , sulfide-based phosphor particles, PFS:Mn ⁴⁺ particles (potassium fluorosilicate).

According to one embodiment, the available particles do not include: quantum dots encapsulated in _TiO2 , semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated in _TiO2 , or semiconductor nanosheets encapsulated in _TiO2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not contain a spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not contain a core/shell nanoparticle, wherein the core is luminescent and emits red light, and the shell is the spacer layer between the nanoparticle 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the particles that can be obtained do not contain core/shell nanoparticles and a plurality of nanoparticles 3 , wherein the core is luminescent and emits red light, and the shell is the spacer layer between the nanoparticles 3 and the inorganic material 2 .

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not comprise at least one luminescent core emitting red light, and a spacer layer between said luminescent core and the inorganic material 2 , a spacer layer, an encapsulation layer and a plurality of quantum dots.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not contain luminescent nuclei surrounded by a spacer layer and emitting red light.

According to one embodiment, the obtainable particles do not contain nanoparticles covering or surrounding the luminescent core.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not comprise nanoparticles covering or surrounding red-emitting luminescent cores.

According to one embodiment, the particles obtainable do not contain luminescent cores made of specific materials selected from: silicate phosphors, aluminate phosphors, phosphate phosphors, sulfide phosphors, nitride phosphors, An oxynitride phosphor, and a combination of the above two or more materials; wherein the luminescent core is covered by a spacer layer.

Another object of the invention relates to a device 4 for implementing the method of the invention, as shown in FIG. 6 . The device 4 includes:

at least one gas supply device 41;

a first device 42 for forming droplets of the first solution;

a second device 43 for forming droplets of the second solution;

optional, optional means for forming reactive vapors of the third solution;

Optionally, a device for releasing gas;

a tube 441;

means 44 for heating the droplets to obtain at least one particle 1;

means 46 for cooling at least one particle 1;

means 47 for separating and collecting at least one particle 1;

pump means 48; and

Connection device 45 .

The connecting means 45 connect at least one gas supply means 41 to: i) a first means 42 for forming droplets of the first solution; ii) a second means 43 for forming droplets of a second solution; iii) can be Optionally, means for forming reactive vapors of the third solution; iv) optionally, means for releasing gas; said at least one gas supply means 41 is independently connected to each of the means mentioned here. The connecting means 45 can connect the devices mentioned here to each other. Connection means 45 connect the means mentioned here to the tube 441 . The tube 441 is placed in the device for heating the droplet 44 . The connection means 45 can connect the tube 441 to the means 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 or the tube 441 can be connected to the means 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 droplet without any connection means 45 being required. The connecting means 45 may connect the means 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 to the means 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1, or may connect the means 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 to the means 46 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1. The at least one particle 1 is collected on the device 47 without any connecting device 45 . The connecting means 45 connect the pumping means 48 to the means 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1 or other parts of the apparatus 4 .

The apparatus 4 may comprise first and second means for forming droplets, which may use at least two different precursor solutions. This allows fine control over the synthetic conditions of the different precursors used and results in complex particles that can contain multiple nanoparticles.

According to one embodiment, the device further comprises at least one valve 413 which can control the gas flow provided by the at least one gas supply device 41 .

According to one embodiment, at least one gas supply device 41 is a gas cylinder, gas generating system, or container for releasing a specific gas or general atmosphere.

According to one embodiment, the at least one gas supply device 41 comprises at least one gas supply device 41, such as a gas cylinder, a gas generation system, a container releasing gas or atmosphere.

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7 , the gas supply device 41 includes two gas supply sources ( 411 , 412 ), such as gas cylinders, gas production systems, containers releasing gas or atmosphere. Each of the two gas supplies is connected to a device (42, 43) for forming droplets or a container 49 (not shown in Figure 7). In this example, the feed rates of solution A and solution B, ie the flow of solution A and solution B sprayed into the device, are controlled by independent inlet pressures.

According to one embodiment, the feed rate of solution A and solution B, ie the flow rate of solution A and solution B sprayed into the device, ranges from 1 mL/h to 10000 mL/h, from 5 mL/h to 5000 mL /h, from 10 mL/h to 2000 mL/h, or from 30 mL/h to 1000 mL/h.

According to one embodiment, the feed rate of the solution A is at least 1 mL/h, 1.5 mL/h, 2.5 mL/h, 3 mL/h, 3.5 mL/h, 4 mL/h, 4.5 mL/h, 5 mL/h , 5.5mL/h, 6mL/h, 6.5mL/h, 7mL/h, 7.5mL/h, 8mL/h, 8.5mL/h, 9mL/h, 9.5mL/h, 10mL/h, 10.5mL/h , 11mL/h, 11.5mL/h, 12mL/h, 12.5mL/h, 13mL/h, 13.5mL/h, 14mL/h, 14.5mL/h, 15mL/h, 15.5mL/h, 16mL/h, 16.5mL/h, 17mL/h, 17.5mL/h, 18mL/h, 18.5mL/h, 19mL/h, 19.5mL/h, 20mL/h, 20.5mL/h, 21mL/h, 21.5mL/h, 22mL/h, 22.5mL/h, 23mL/h, 23.5mL/h, 24mL/h, 24.5mL/h, 25mL/h, 25.5mL/h, 26mL/h, 26.5mL/h, 27mL/h, 27.5mL/h mL/h, 28mL/h, 28.5mL/h, 29mL/h, 29.5mL/h, 30mL/h, 30.5mL/h, 31mL/h, 31.5mL/h, 32mL/h, 32.5mL/h, 33mL /h, 33.5mL/h, 34mL/h, 34.5mL/h, 35mL/h, 35.5mL/h, 36mL/h, 36.5mL/h, 37mL/h, 37.5mL/h, 38mL/h, 38.5mL /h, 39mL/h, 39.5mL/h, 40mL/h, 40.5mL/h, 41mL/h, 41.5mL/h, 42mL/h, 42.5mL/h, 43mL/h, 43.5mL/h, 44mL/h h, 44.5mL/h, 45mL/h, 45.5mL/h, 46mL/h, 46.5mL/h, 47mL/h, 47.5mL/h, 48mL/h, 48.5mL/h, 49mL/h, 49.5mL/h h, 50mL/h, 50.5mL/h, 51mL/h, 51.5mL/h, 52mL/h, 52.5mL/h, 53mL/h, 53.5mL/h, 54mL/h, 54.5mL/h, 55mL/h , 55.5mL/h, 56mL/h, 56.5mL/h, 57mL/h, 57.5mL/h, 58mL/h, 58.5mL/h, 59mL/h, 59.5mL/h, 60mL/h, 60.5mL/h , 61mL/h, 61.5mL/h, 62mL/h, 62.5mL/h, 63mL/h, 63.5mL/h mL/h, 64mL/h, 64.5mL/h, 65mL/h, 65.5mL/h, 66mL/h, 66.5mL/h, 67mL/h, 67.5mL/h, 68mL/h, 68.5mL/h, 69mL /h, 69.5mL/h, 70mL/h, 70.5mL/h, 71mL/h, 71.5mL/h, 72mL/h, 72.5mL/h, 73mL/h, 73.5mL/h, 74mL/h, 74.5mL /h, 75mL/h, 75.5mL/h, 76mL/h, 76.5mL/h, 77mL/h, 77.5mL/h, 78mL/h, 78.5mL/h, 79mL/h, 79.5mL/h, 80mL/h h, 80.5mL/h, 81mL/h, 81.5mL/h, 82mL/h, 82.5mL/h, 83mL/h, 83.5mL/h, 84mL/h, 84.5mL/h, 85mL/h, 85.5mL/h h, 86mL/h, 86.5mL/h, 87mL/h, 87.5mL/h, 88mL/h, 88.5mL/h, 89mL/h, 89.5mL/h, 90mL/h, 90.5mL/h, 91mL/h , 91.5mL/h, 92mL/h, 92.5mL/h, 93mL/h, 93.5mL/h, 94mL/h, 94.5mL/h, 95mL/h, 95.5mL/h, 96mL/h, 96.5mL/h , 97mL/h, 97.5mL/h, 98mL/h, 98.5mL/h, 99mL/h, 99.5mL/h, 100mL/h, 200mL/h, 250mL/h, 300mL/h, 350mL/h, 400mL/h h, 450mL/h, 500mL/h, 550mL/h, 600mL/h, 650mL/h, 700mL/h, 750mL/h, 800mL/h, 850mL/h, 900mL/h, 950mL/h, 1000mL/h, 1500mL/h, 2000mL/h, 2500mL/h, 3000mL/h, 3500mL/h, 4000mL/h, 4500mL/h, 5000mL/h, 5500mL/h, 6000mL/h, 6500mL/h, 7000mL/h, 7500mL/ h, 8000mL/h, 8500mL/h, 9000mL/h, 9500mL/h or 10000mL/h.

According to one embodiment, the feed rate of the solution B is at least 1 mL/h, 1.5 mL/h, 2.5 mL/h, 3 mL/h, 3.5 mL/h, 4 mL/h, 4.5 mL/h, 5 mL/h , 5.5mL/h, 6mL/h, 6.5mL/h, 7mL/h, 7.5mL/h, 8mL/h, 8.5mL/h, 9mL/h, 9.5mL/h, 10mL/h, 10.5mL/h , 11mL/h, 11.5mL/h, 12mL/h, 12.5mL/h, 13mL/h, 13.5mL/h, 14mL/h, 14.5mL/h, 15mL/h, 15.5mL/h, 16mL/h, 16.5mL/h, 17mL/h, 17.5mL/h, 18mL/h, 18.5mL/h, 19mL/h, 19.5mL/h, 20mL/h, 20.5mL/h, 21mL/h, 21.5mL/h, 22mL/h, 22.5mL/h, 23mL/h, 23.5mL/h, 24mL/h, 24.5mL/h, 25mL/h, 25.5mL/h, 26mL/h, 26.5mL/h, 27mL/h, 27.5mL/h mL/h, 28mL/h, 28.5mL/h, 29mL/h, 29.5mL/h, 30mL/h, 30.5mL/h, 31mL/h, 31.5mL/h, 32mL/h, 32.5mL/h, 33mL /h, 33.5mL/h, 34mL/h, 34.5mL/h, 35mL/h, 35.5mL/h, 36mL/h, 36.5mL/h, 37mL/h, 37.5mL/h, 38mL/h, 38.5mL /h, 39mL/h, 39.5mL/h, 40mL/h, 40.5mL/h, 41mL/h, 41.5mL/h, 42mL/h, 42.5mL/h, 43mL/h, 43.5mL/h, 44mL/h h, 44.5mL/h, 45mL/h, 45.5mL/h, 46mL/h, 46.5mL/h, 47mL/h, 47.5mL/h, 48mL/h, 48.5mL/h, 49mL/h, 49.5mL/h h, 50mL/h, 50.5mL/h, 51mL/h, 51.5mL/h, 52mL/h, 52.5mL/h, 53mL/h, 53.5mL/h, 54mL/h, 54.5mL/h, 55mL/h , 55.5mL/h, 56mL/h, 56.5mL/h, 57mL/h, 57.5mL/h, 58mL/h, 58.5mL/h, 59mL/h, 59.5mL/h, 60mL/h, 60.5mL/h , 61mL/h, 61.5mL/h, 62mL/h, 62.5mL/h, 63mL/h, 63.5mL/h mL/h, 64mL/h, 64.5mL/h, 65mL/h, 65.5mL/h, 66mL/h, 66.5mL/h, 67mL/h, 67.5mL/h, 68mL/h, 68.5mL/h, 69mL /h, 69.5mL/h, 70mL/h, 70.5mL/h, 71mL/h, 71.5mL/h, 72mL/h, 72.5mL/h, 73mL/h, 73.5mL/h, 74mL/h, 74.5mL /h, 75mL/h, 75.5mL/h, 76mL/h, 76.5mL/h, 77mL/h, 77.5mL/h, 78mL/h, 78.5mL/h, 79mL/h, 79.5mL/h, 80mL/h h, 80.5mL/h, 81mL/h, 81.5mL/h, 82mL/h, 82.5mL/h, 83mL/h, 83.5mL/h, 84mL/h, 84.5mL/h, 85mL/h, 85.5mL/h h, 86mL/h, 86.5mL/h, 87mL/h, 87.5mL/h, 88mL/h, 88.5mL/h, 89mL/h, 89.5mL/h, 90mL/h, 90.5mL/h, 91mL/h , 91.5mL/h, 92mL/h, 92.5mL/h, 93mL/h, 93.5mL/h, 94mL/h, 94.5mL/h, 95mL/h, 95.5mL/h, 96mL/h, 96.5mL/h , 97mL/h, 97.5mL/h, 98mL/h, 98.5mL/h, 99mL/h, 99.5mL/h, 100mL/h, 200mL/h, 250mL/h, 300mL/h, 350mL/h, 400mL/h h, 450mL/h, 500mL/h, 550mL/h, 600mL/h, 650mL/h, 700mL/h, 750mL/h, 800mL/h, 850mL/h, 900mL/h, 950mL/h, 1000mL/h, 1500mL/h, 2000mL/h, 2500mL/h, 3000mL/h, 3500mL/h, 4000mL/h, 4500mL/h, 5000mL/h, 5500mL/h, 6000mL/h, 6500mL/h, 7000mL/h, 7500mL/ h, 8000mL/h, 8500mL/h, 9000mL/h, 9500mL/h or 10000mL/h.

According to one embodiment, the gas supply sources (411, 412) provide the same inlet pressure.

According to one embodiment, the gas supply sources (411, 412) provide different inlet pressures.

According to one embodiment, the gas supply sources (411, 412) provide the same gas flow rate.

According to one embodiment, the gas supply sources (411, 412) provide different gas flow rates.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus 4 further comprises a valve 413 which controls the gas flow provided by each gas supply (411, 412).

According to one embodiment, the device 4 also includes a plurality of valves. In this embodiment, the valve can be placed anywhere on the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8 , the first device 42 for forming droplets produces first droplets 421 and the second device 43 for forming droplets produces second droplets 431 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in Fig. 8, the device 4 further comprises at least one mixing chamber 5 in which the droplets of solution A and solution B are mixed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and solution B are uniformly mixed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and solution B cannot be uniformly mixed, especially if solution A and solution B are immiscible.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and solution B are mixed, but the resulting droplets do not collide with each other in the at least one mixing chamber 5 .

According to one embodiment, as shown in Figures 9C-D, the apparatus 4 further includes a vessel 49 containing a solution capable of generating reactive vapors.

According to one embodiment, the device 4 also comprises a container 49 containing a solution capable of releasing the reactive gas.

According to one embodiment, the optional means for forming the reactive gas of the third solution is vessel 49 .

According to one embodiment, the optional means for releasing the reactive gas is the container 49 .

According to one embodiment, the apparatus 4 comprises, in addition to the means (42, 43) for forming droplets, a container 49 containing a solution capable of generating a reactive gas.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus 4 comprises, in addition to the means (42, 43) for forming droplets, a container 49 containing a solution capable of releasing reactive gases.

According to one embodiment, the reactive gas reacts with at least one precursor contained in solution A or solution B.

According to one embodiment, examples of gases released include, but are not limited to, air, nitrogen, argon, dihydrogen, dioxygen, helium, carbon _dioxide , carbon monoxide, NO, NO2, _N2O , _F2 , _Cl2 , H _2Se , _CH4 , _PH3 , _NH3 , _SO2 , _H2S or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the released gas reacts with at least one precursor contained in solution A or solution B.

According to one embodiment, one of the means (42, 43) for forming droplets comprises a container 49 containing a solution capable of generating reactive gases. In this embodiment, the means ( 42 , 43 ) for forming droplets do not form droplets, but use the reactive gas contained in the container 49 .

According to one embodiment, one of the means (42, 43) for forming droplets comprises a container 49 containing a gas. In this embodiment, the means ( 42 , 43 ) for forming droplets do not form droplets, but release gas from the container 49 .

According to one embodiment, the device (42, 43) for forming droplets is included in a spray drying or spray pyrolysis device.

According to one embodiment, the apparatus for forming droplets (42, 43) and reactive gas 49 is included in a spray drying or spray pyrolysis apparatus.

According to one embodiment, the means for forming droplets (42, 43) and releasing gas are included in a spray drying or spray pyrolysis device.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets is a droplet former.

According to one embodiment, the device (42, 43) for forming droplets is configured to generate droplets as described above.

According to one embodiment, the device (42, 43) for forming droplets comprises an atomizer.

According to one embodiment, the device for forming the droplets (42, 43) is a spray drying or spray pyrolysis device.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets comprise ultrasonic dispensers or drop-by-drop delivery systems using gravity, centrifugal force or electrostatics.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets comprise tubes or cylinders.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9A, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are configured to work in series.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9B, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are configured to work in parallel.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets do not face each other.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are not arranged coaxially opposite each other.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets and/or the means 49 for forming reactive gases are configured to form an angle Θ.

According to one embodiment, the angle θ separating the means for forming droplets (42, 43) and/or the means for forming reactive gas 49 is at least 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° , 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°, 90°, 95°, 100°, 105 °, 110°, 115°, 120°, 125°, 130°, 135°, 140°, 145°, 150°, 155°, 160°, 165°, 170°, 175° or 180°.

According to one embodiment, droplets of solution A and solution B are formed simultaneously.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are formed before the droplets of solution B are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A are formed before or after the droplets of solution B are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution B are formed before the droplets of solution A are formed.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are dispersed in the same connection device 45 with a gas flow.

According to one embodiment, the droplets of solution A and the droplets of solution B are dispersed in two different connecting means 45 in the gas flow.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9C, a first device 42 for forming droplets of a first solution and a vessel 49 comprising a solution capable of generating a reactive vapor are operated in series.

According to one embodiment shown in Figure 9D, the first device 42 for forming droplets of the first solution and the vessel 49 comprising the solution capable of generating reactive vapors work in parallel.

According to one embodiment shown in FIG. 10, a first device 42 for forming droplets of a first solution, a second device 43 for forming droplets of a second solution and a third solution comprising a reactive vapor can be generated The vessels 49 work in series.

According to one embodiment, the first device 42 for forming droplets of the first solution, the second device 43 for forming droplets of the second solution and the vessel 49 comprising the third solution capable of generating reactive vapors operate in parallel .

According to one embodiment, the first device 42 for forming droplets of the first solution and the vessel 49 comprising the solution capable of releasing the gas work in series.

According to one embodiment, the first device 42 for forming droplets of the first solution and the vessel 49 comprising the solution capable of releasing gas are operated in parallel.

According to one embodiment, the first means 42 for forming droplets of the first solution, a vessel 49 comprising a third solution capable of generating reactive vapors and a vessel comprising a solution capable of releasing gas work in series.

According to one embodiment, the first means 42 for forming droplets of the first solution, a vessel 49 comprising a third solution capable of generating reactive vapors, and a vessel comprising a solution capable of releasing gas operate in parallel.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets are tubes or cylinders.

According to one embodiment, the means (42, 43) for forming droplets comprise tubes for the inlet gas, tubes for pushing the liquid, a mixing chamber and an impingement surface for forming the droplets.

According to one embodiment, the container 49 is screwed onto the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the container 49 is clamped on the device 4 .

According to one embodiment, the upper part of the vessel 49 is adapted to generate and/or release reactive steam into the device.

According to one embodiment, the device 4 is configured to resist acidic pH.

According to one embodiment, the device 4 is configured to resist alkaline pH.

According to one embodiment, the device 4 is configured to be resistant to organic solvents as described above.

According to one embodiment, the gas is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the gas flow rate is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the air pressure is as described above.

According to one embodiment, the means for heating the droplets 44 is a heating system.

According to one embodiment, the means for heating the droplets 44 is a flame, a tube furnace, a heat gun or any other means known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by convection as heat transfer.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by infrared radiation.

According to one embodiment, the droplets are heated by microwaves.

According to one embodiment, the device 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 is a cooling system.

According to one embodiment, the temperature of the means 46 for cooling the at least one particle 1 is lower than the heating temperature.

According to one embodiment, the means 46 for cooling comprises a refrigerant fluid known to those skilled in the art, circulating outside the tubes, wherein the temperature of the fluid is lower than the heating temperature.

According to one embodiment, the means 46 for cooling comprises a gas such as air, nitrogen, argon, dioxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, _N2O or mixtures thereof, wherein the temperature of the gas is lower than the heating temperature.

According to one embodiment, the device 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1 is a particle separator-collector.

According to one embodiment, the device 47 for separating and collecting at least one particle 1 uses: a unique filter membrane with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 μm; at least two filter membranes with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 μm; an ultrasonic oscillator; An electrostatic precipitator; a sonic or gravity precipitator; or any other device known to those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment, the material of the filter membrane includes, but is not limited to: hydrophobic teflon, hydrophilic teflon, polyethersulfone, nylon, cellulose, glass fiber, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polychlorinated Ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, silver, polyolefin, polypropylene pre-filter or mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, after step (c), after step (d) or after step (e), the droplets are separated according to their size, allowing the average size of the resulting particles 1 to be selected.

According to one embodiment, the means 47 for separating and collecting at least one particle 1 comprises temperature-induced separation, magnetic-induced separation, electrostatic-induced separation or cyclonic separation.

According to one embodiment, the means 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1 comprise a system for limiting temperature-induced separation or limiting thermophoresis.

According to one embodiment, the means 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle 1 comprise a system for limiting temperature-induced separation or limiting thermophoresis.

According to one embodiment, the device 47 for separating and collecting at least one particle 1 comprises a system for adhering said particle 1 to the inner wall of the curved tube.

According to one embodiment, the system for limiting temperature-induced separation or limiting thermophoresis comprises at the outlet of the heating device 44 in the tube 441 surrounding a flow of cold gas containing a hotter gas, wherein the hotter gas contains at least a seed particle 1. The temperature of the cold gas stream is lower than the temperature of the heating device 44 . In this example, the particles 1 do not adhere to the surface of the tube, thereby improving the collection of the particles on the device collecting the particles by limiting thermophoresis.

According to one embodiment, the flow of the cold gas is laminar.

According to one embodiment, the flow of cold gas is turbulent.

According to one embodiment, the flow of cold gas is unstable.

According to one embodiment, the cold gas is air, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen peroxide, helium, carbon dioxide or a mixture thereof.

According to one embodiment, the pumping device 48 is a mechanical pumping device, such as a gear pump, scroll pump, rotary vane pump, screw pump, piston pump, peristaltic pump or turbomolecular pump.

According to one embodiment, the connecting means 45 is at least one tube, cannula, tube or conduit.

While various embodiments have been described and illustrated, the detailed description should not be construed as limited thereto. Various modifications may be made to the embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims.

While various embodiments have been described and illustrated, this detailed description should not be construed as limited thereto. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications to the embodiments without departing from the scope of the patent application defined by the present invention and its true spirit.

Description of drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram 1 of a particle comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 3 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 .

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram 1 of a particle including a plurality of spherical nanoparticles 31 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 .

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram 1 of a particle comprising a plurality of 2D nanoparticles 32 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 .

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram 1 of a particle including a plurality of spherical nanoparticles 31 and a plurality of 2D nanoparticles 32 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 .

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of different types of nanoparticles 3 .

Figure 5A shows a core nanoparticle 33 without a shell.

FIG. 5B is a core 33/shell 34 nanoparticle 3 that includes a shell 34. FIG.

Figure 5C is a core 33/shell (34, 35) nanoparticle 3 comprising two different shells (34, 35).

5D is a core 33/shell (34, 35, 36) nanoparticle 3 comprising two distinct shells (34, 35) surrounded by a shell 36 of oxide insulator.

Figure 5E is a core 33/crown 37 2D nanoparticle 32.

FIG. 5F is a core 33/shell 34 2D nanoparticle 32 and a shell 34. FIG.

Figure 5G is a core 33/shell (34, 35) 2D nanoparticle 32 comprising two distinct shells (34, 35).

FIG. 5H is a core 33/shell ( 34 , 35 , 36 ) 2D nanoparticle 32 that contains two distinct shells ( 34 , 35 ) surrounded by an oxide insulator shell 36 .

Figure 6 shows an apparatus 4 for carrying out the method of the invention, comprising a gas supply device 41; a first device 42 for forming a droplet of the first solution; a droplet forming a droplet of the second solution a second device 43; a tube 441; a device 44 for heating said droplet to obtain at least one particle; a device 46 for cooling said at least one particle; means 47; a pump means 48; and connecting means 45.

Figure 7 shows an apparatus 4 for carrying out the method of the invention comprising two gas supply means (411, 412); a first means 42 for forming a droplet of a first solution; one for forming a second a second device 43 for a drop of solution; a tube 441; a device 44 for heating said drop to obtain at least one particle; a device 46 for cooling said at least one particle; a device for separation and collection At least one particle means 47; a pump means 48; and connecting means 45.

Figure 8 is an industrial plant 4 for carrying out the method of the invention, comprising two gas supply means (411, 412); two valves 413; a first means 42 for forming a droplet of a first solution; a second device 43 for forming a droplet of the second solution; droplets (421, 431) resulting from the two sprays; a mixing chamber 5; a device 44 for heating said droplets to obtain at least one particle ; means 46 for cooling said at least one particle; means 47 for separating and collecting the at least one particle; a pump means 48 ;

Figure 9 shows a first apparatus 42 for forming a drop of a first solution and a second apparatus 43 for forming a drop of a second solution.

Figure 9A shows a first device 42 for forming a drop of a first solution and a second device 43 for forming a drop of a second solution, both operating in series.

Figure 9B shows a first device 42 for forming a drop of the first solution and a second device 43 for forming a drop of the second solution, both operating in parallel.

Figure 9C shows a first apparatus 42 for forming a droplet of a first solution and a vessel 49 containing a solution capable of producing reactive vapors, both operating in tandem.

Figure 9D shows a first apparatus 42 for forming a droplet of a first solution and a vessel 49 containing a solution capable of producing reactive vapors, both operating in parallel.

10 is a first apparatus 42 for forming a droplet of a first solution, a second apparatus 43 for forming a droplet of a second solution, and a solution containing a solution capable of producing reactive vapors Containers 49, which work in series.

Figure 11 is a series of TEM images showing the obtained Particle 1 (bright contrast) comprising nanoparticles (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material.

FIG. 11A is a TEM image of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in SiO ₂ (bright contrast-@SiO ₂ ).

FIG. 11B is a TEM image of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in SiO ₂ (bright contrast-@SiO ₂ ).

Figure 11C is a TEM image of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in Al ₂ O ₃ (bright contrast-@Al ₂ O ₃ ).

FIG. 11D is a TEM image of the obtained particle 1, which contains nanoparticles (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in an inorganic material (bright contrast) produced by using water vapor.

Figure 11E is a TEM image of Fe ₃ O ₄ nanoparticles (dark contrast) uniformly dispersed in Al ₂ O ₃ (bright contrast-@Al ₂ O ₃ ).

FIG. 12 is a particle 1 comprising a core 11 comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 32 encapsulated in an inorganic material 2 , and a shell 12 comprising a plurality of nanoparticles 31 encapsulated in an inorganic material 21 .

Figure 13 is 4 transmission electron microscope (TEM) images.

13A-B are InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ prepared using inverse microemulsion.

13C-D are CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ prepared using the method detailed in Example 26. FIG.

FIG. 14 is the N ₂ adsorption curve of composite particle 1. FIG.

Figure 14A is the N ₂ adsorption curve of composite particle 1 (CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ ) prepared from an alkaline aqueous solution and from an acidic solution.

Figure 14B is the N ₂ adsorption curve of composite particle 1 (CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ ) obtained by heating droplets at 150°C, 300°C and 550°C.

Detailed ways

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1: Preparation of Inorganic Nanoparticles

The nanoparticles used in the examples herein were prepared according to methods in the art (Lhuillier E. et al., Acc. Chem. Res., 2015, 48(1), pp 22-30; Pedetti S. et al., J .Am.Chem.Soc., 2014, 136(46), pp 16430–16438; Ithurria S. et al., J.Am.Chem.Soc., 2008, 130, 16504–16505; Nasilowski M. et al. , Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 10934-10982).

The nanoparticles used in the examples herein are selected from: CdSe/CdZnS, CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS , CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS _2/ZnS , CuInSe _2/ZnS , InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS /ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS , CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS , InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP /GaP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS, nanosheets or quantum dots.

Example 2: Exchange Ligands for Phase Transfer in Basic Aqueous Solutions

100 μL of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in heptane were mixed with 3-mercaptopropionic acid and heated at 60°C for several hours. The nanoparticles were then pelleted by centrifugation and redispersed in dimethylformamide. Potassium tert-butoxide was added to the solution, followed by ethanol and centrifugation. The final colloidal nanoparticles were redispersed in water.

Example 3: Exchange Ligands for Phase Transfer in Acidic Aqueous Solutions

100 μL of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in alkaline aqueous solution were mixed with ethanol and centrifuged. The PEG-based polymer was dissolved in water and then added to the precipitated nanosheets. The acetic acid was dissolved in the colloidal suspension to control the acidic pH.

Example 4: Preparation of Composite Particles-CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ from Alkaline Aqueous Solution

100 μL of CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in alkaline aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS alkaline aqueous solution, hydrolyzed in advance for 24 hours, and then loaded into a spray drying device. The mixed solution was sprayed into a tube furnace heated to a temperature from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C under nitrogen flow. The composite particles are collected on the surface of the filter.

11A-B are TEM images of the resulting particles.

Figure 14A is the _N2 adsorption curve of the resulting particles. The obtained particles are porous.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 5: Preparation of composite particles - CdSe/CdZnS@SiO ₂ from acidic aqueous solution

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then mounted on a spray drying device. The liquid mixture was sprayed by a stream of nitrogen gas into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. The resulting composite particles were collected from the surface of the filter.

Figure 14A is the _N2 adsorption and desorption curves of the resulting particles. The resulting particles are not porous.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 6: Preparation of composite particles - CdSe/CdZnS@Si _x Cd _y Zn _z O _w from an acidic aqueous solution containing heteroelements

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS acidic aqueous solution containing 0.01 M cadmium acetate, 0.01 M zinc oxide, and 0.13 M TEOS pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then mounted on a spray drying device. The liquid mixture was sprayed by a stream of nitrogen gas into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. The resulting composite particles were collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 7: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions - CdSe/CdZnS@Al2O3

CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5 mL of pentane, and loaded onto a spray-drying device. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but its installation location was different from that of the heptane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

Figure 11C is a TEM image of the resulting particle.

Figure 14B shows the N ₂ adsorption and desorption curves of the particles obtained after heating the droplets at 150°C, 300°C and 550°C in this example. Increasing the heating temperature results in a decrease in porosity. Therefore, the particles obtained by heating at 150°C are porous, while the particles obtained by heating at 300°C and 550°C are not porous.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 8: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions - InP/ZnS@Al ₂ O ₃

InP/ZnS nanoparticles suspended in 4 mL of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, and 400 mL of pentane, and loaded onto a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an acidic aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a location different from that of the heptane solution. Both liquids were sprayed simultaneously with a stream of nitrogen gas but using different droplet generators towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures are used to replace InP/ZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace InP/ZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 9: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions - CH ₅ N ₂ -PbBr ₃ @Al ₂ O ₃

CH ₅ N ₂ -PbBr ₃ nanoparticles suspended in 100 μL of hexane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5 mL of hexane, and loaded onto the spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a location different from that of the hexane solution. Both liquids were sprayed simultaneously with a stream of nitrogen gas but using different droplet generators towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 10: Preparation of composite particles from acidic aqueous solution - CdSe/CdZnS-Au@SiO ₂

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution, 100 μL of gold nanoparticles solution, and 0.13 M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours were mixed, and then mounted on a spray drying device. The liquid mixture was sprayed by a stream of nitrogen gas into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. The resulting composite particles were collected from the surface of the filter. The composite material particles were collected on the surface of the GaN substrate. Next, the GaN substrate on which the composite particles are deposited is then cut into units of 1 mm x 1 mm, and connected to a circuit to obtain an LED that emits a light color that mixes blue light and fluorescent nanoparticles.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using ZnTe, Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO 2 , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of SiO ₂ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of SiO2. The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 11: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions _{- Fe3O4} @ _{SiO2 -} CdSe/CdZnS@ _Al2O3

On one side, Fe ₃ O ₄ nanoparticles suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution, mixed with 0.13 M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h, and then mounted on a spray drying apparatus. On the other hand, CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5 mL of heptane, were loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a different location than that of the aqueous solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. The composite material particles comprise SiO ₂ cores containing Fe ₃ O ₄ particles, and alumina shells containing CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 12: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions - CdS/ZnS nanosheets @Al ₂ O ₃

The CdS/ZnS nanosheets suspended in 4 mL of heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and mounted on a spray drying device. On the other side, an acidic aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray drying apparatus, but in a different location than the heptane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS _2/ZnS , CuInSe _2/ZnS , InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures, to replace (wherein CdSe/ZnS nanosheets are performed.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO ₂ , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 13: Preparation of composite particles from acidic aqueous solution - InP/ZnS@SiO ₂

The InP/ZnS nanoparticles suspended in 100 mL of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then mounted on a spray drying device. The liquid mixture was sprayed by a stream of nitrogen gas into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to within 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS _2/ZnS , CuInSe _2/ZnS , InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace InP/ZnS nanoparticles.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace InP/ZnS nanoparticles.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using ZnTe, Al ₂ O ₃ , TiO 2 , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, ZnO, ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of SiO ₂ . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of _SiO2 . The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 14: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions followed by treatment with ammonia vapor - CdSe/CdZnS@ZnO

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane, mixed with zinc methoxyethoxide and 5 mL of pentane, were loaded with the spray drying apparatus described in the present invention. On the other side, an aqueous alkaline solution was prepared and loaded in the same spray-dried setup, but in a different location than the pentane solution. On the other side, the ammonium hydroxide solution was loaded on the same spray drying system, and its loading position was between the tube furnace and the filter. The first two liquids were sprayed as before towards the heated tube furnace, while the third was heated by an external heating system at 35°C to produce ammonia vapor, where the temperature of the heated tube furnace ranged from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C . Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also performed using ZnTe, SiO ₂ , TiO 2 , HfO ₂ , ZnSe, Al ₂ O ₃ , ZnS or MgO or their mixtures instead of ZnO. The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of ZnO. The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected inorganic material.

Example 15: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions and adding an additional shell coating – CdSe/CdZnS@Al ₂ O ₃ @MgO

CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane, mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5 mL of pentane, and loaded onto a spray-drying device. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a location different from that of the pentane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. The resulting composite particles are then collected from the surface of the filter. The particles are then directed towards the other tube so that the particles are coated by an ALD process with an additional MgO shell on the surface of the particles and the particles are suspended in the gas. Finally, the particles are collected from the inner wall of the ALD tube.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 16: Preparation of composite particles from organic and aqueous solutions - CdSe/CdZnS-Fe ₃ O ₄ @SiO ₂

_On one side, CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets and 100 μL _Fe3O4 nanoparticles suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS in acidic aqueous solution that had been pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h, and then mounted on the spray-drying device. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution is prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but its installation location is different from that of the acidic aqueous solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 17: Preparation of core/shell particles from organic and aqueous solutions _- Au@ _Al2O3 as core and CdSe/CdZnS@ _SiO2 as shell

On one side, CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of acidic aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS in acidic aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 h, and then mounted on the spray drying apparatus. On the other side, Au nanoparticles suspended in 100 μL of heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 5 mL of pentane and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a different location than the acidic aqueous solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. The particles comprise a core of alumina containing gold nanoparticles, and a shell of silica containing CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 18: Composite Particle Preparation - Phosphorescent Nanoparticles@ _SiO2

The phosphorescent nanoparticles suspended in alkaline aqueous solution were mixed with 0.13 M TEOS alkaline aqueous solution pre-hydrolyzed for 24 hours, and then mounted on a spray drying apparatus. The liquid mixture was sprayed by a stream of nitrogen gas into a heated tube furnace, the temperature of which was maintained from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), nanoparticles of (Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON:Eu, ((Y, Gd) ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce) nanoparticles, CaAlSiN ₃ :Eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS:Mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluorosilicate).

Example 19: Composite Particle Preparation - Phosphorescent Nanoparticles @Al ₂ O ₃

The phosphorescent nanoparticles suspended in heptane were mixed with aluminum tri-sec-butoxide and 400 mL of heptane, and then mounted on a spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but its installation location was different from that of the heptane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), nanoparticles of (Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON:Eu, ((Y, Gd) ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce) nanoparticles, CaAlSiN ₃ :Eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS:Mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluorosilicate).

Example 20: Preparation of Composite Particles - CdSe/CdZnS@HfO ₂

CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane, mixed with hafnium n-butoxide and 5 mL of pentane, and loaded onto the spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a location different from that of the pentane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

Example 21: Composite Particle Preparation - Phosphorescent Nanoparticles @HfO ₂

Phosphorescent nanoparticles (see list below) suspended in 1 [mu]L of heptane (10 mg/mL), mixed with hafnium n-butoxide and 5 mL of pentane were loaded onto the spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a different location than the pentane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting phosphor particles@HfO ₂ particles were collected from the surface of the filter.

The phosphorescent nanoparticles used in this example were: nanoparticles of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ ), nanoparticles of (Ca, Y)-α-SiAlON:Eu, ((Y, Gd) ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ :Ce) nanoparticles, CaAlSiN ₃ :Eu nanoparticles, sulfide-based phosphor nanoparticles, PFS:Mn ⁴⁺ nanoparticles (potassium fluorosilicate).

Example 22: Preparation of Composite Particles from Organometallic Precursors

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane were mixed with the following organometallic precursors and 5 mL of pentane under the specified ambient atmosphere, and then mounted on the spray drying apparatus. At the same time, an alkaline aqueous solution was prepared and loaded into the same spray-drying device, but in a location different from that of the pentane solution. Both liquids were simultaneously sprayed with a stream of nitrogen gas towards a heated tube furnace at a temperature ranging from the boiling point of the solvent to 1000°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

This example was performed using an organometallic precursor selected from the group consisting of: Al[N(SiMe ₃ ) ₂ ] ₃ , trimethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, triphenyl, dimethylaluminum, Trimethylzinc, Dimethylzinc, Diethylzinc, Zn[(N(TMS) ₂ ] ₂ , Zn[(CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ N] ₂ , Zn(Ph) ₂ , Zn(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ , Zn(TMHD) ₂ (β-diketonate), Hf[C ₅ H ₄ (CH ₃ )] ₂ (CH ₃ ) ₂ , HfCH ₃ (OCH ₃ )[C ₅ H ₄ (CH ₃ )] ₂ , [[(CH ₃ ) ₃ Si] ₂ N] ₂ HfCl ₂ , (C ₅ H ₅ ) ₂ Hf(CH ₃ ) ₂ , [(CH ₂ CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ )(C ₂ H ₅ )N] ₄ Hf, [(CH ₃ )(C ₂ H ₅ )N] ₄ Hf, 2, 2',6,6'-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione zirconium(Zr(THD) ₄ ), C ₁₀ H ₁₂ Zr, Zr(CH ₃ C ₅ H ₄ ) ₂ CH ₃ OCH ₃ , C ₂₂ H ₃₆ Zr , [(C ₂ H ₅ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₄ Zr, Zr(NCH ₃ C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ , Zr(NCH ₃ C ₂ H ₅ ) ₄ , C ₁₈ H ₃₂ O ₆ Zr, Zr(C ₈ H ₁₅ O ₂ ) ₄ , Zr(OCC(CH ₃ ) ₃ CHCOC(CH ₃ ) ₃ ) ₄ , Mg(C ₅ H ₅ ) ) ₂ , or C ₂₀ H ₃₀ Mg or a mixture thereof. The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected organometallic precursor.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

_The same procedure was also carried out using ZnO, _TiO2 , MgO, _HfO2 or ZrO2 or their mixtures instead _{of Al2O3} .

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of Al ₂ O ₃ .

The same procedure was also used, using another liquid or vapor instead of the aqueous solution as the oxidizing source.

Example 23: Preparation of composite particles from organometallic precursors - CdSe/CdZnS@ZnTe

The CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane were mixed with the following two organometallic precursors dissolved in pentane under an inert atmosphere, and then loaded on the spray drying apparatus. The suspension was sprayed with a stream of nitrogen into a tube furnace heated from room temperature to 300°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The first organometallic precursor used in this preparation procedure was selected from the following group consisting of: dimethyl telluride, diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, di-tert-butyl telluride , diallyl telluride, methallyl telluride, dimethylselenide or dimethylsulfide. The reaction temperature in the aforementioned preparation procedure is adjusted according to the selected organometallic precursor.

The second organometallic precursor used in this preparation procedure was selected from the following group consisting of: dimethylzinc, trimethylzinc, diethylzinc, Zn[(N(TMS) ₂ ] ₂ , Zn[(CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ N] ₂ , Zn(Ph) ₂ , Zn(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ or Zn(TMHD) ₂ (β-diketonate). Selected organometallic precursor tuning.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnS or ZnSe or their mixtures instead of ZnTe.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of ZnTe.

Example 24: Preparation of composite particles from organometallic precursors - CdSe/CdZnS@ZnS

CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets suspended in 100 μL of heptane were mixed with organometallic precursors dissolved in pentane under an inert atmosphere, and then loaded onto a spray-drying device. The suspension was sprayed with a stream of nitrogen into a tube furnace heated from room temperature to 300°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter. At the same time, in the same spray drying apparatus, install a source of _H2S vapor. The suspension was sprayed with a stream of nitrogen into a tube furnace heated from room temperature to 300°C. Finally, the resulting composite particles are collected from the surface of the filter.

The organometallic precursors used in this preparation procedure were selected from the following collections comprising: dimethylzinc, trimethylzinc, diethylzinc, Zn[(N(TMS) ₂ ] ₂ , Zn[ (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ N] ₂ , Zn(Ph) ₂ , Zn(C ₆ F ₅ ) ₂ or Zn(TMHD) ₂ (β-diketonate). The reaction temperature in the preceding preparation procedure depends on the organic Metal precursor tweaks.

The same preparation procedure was used for CdSe, CdS, CdTe, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdZnS, CdS/ZnS, CdS/CdZnS, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS, CdSeS/CdZnS, CuInS ₂ /ZnS, CuInSe ₂ /ZnS, InP/CdS, InP/ZnS, InZnP/ZnS, InP/ZnSeS, InP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS, CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/ZnS, CdSeS/CdS/CdZnS, CdSeS/CdZnS/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSeS/ZnSe/CdZnS, CdSeS/ ZnS/CdZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSeS/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS, InP/CdS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdS, InP/ GaP/ZnS, InP/GaP/ZnSe, InP/CdZnS/ZnS, InP/ZnS/CdZnS, InP/CdS/CdZnS, InP/ZnSe/CdZnS, InP/ZnS/ZnSe, InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS or InP/ ZnS/ZnSe/ZnS nanosheets or quantum dots or their mixtures were used to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure is also used for organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal nanoparticles, halide nanoparticles, chalcogenide nanoparticles, phosphide nanoparticles, sulfide nanoparticles, non-metallic nanoparticles, metal alloy nanoparticles , fluorescent nanoparticles, phosphorescent nanoparticles, perovskite ceramic nanoparticles, such as oxide nanoparticles, cemented carbide nanoparticles, nitride nanoparticles or mixtures thereof, to replace CdSe/CdZnS nanosheets.

The same preparation procedure was also carried out using ZnTe or ZnSe or their mixtures instead of ZnS.

The same preparation procedure, also used metal materials, halide materials, chalcogenide materials, phosphide materials, sulfide materials, metal materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, glass, enamel , ceramics, stones, gemstones, pigments, cement and/or inorganic polymers or their mixtures instead of ZnS.

_The same preparation procedure was also carried out using _H2Se , _H2Te or other gases instead of H2S.

Example 25 : Preparation of InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ by the inverse microemulsion method compared to InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ using the method of the present invention

InP/ZnS@ _SiO2 prepared by inverse microemulsion: InP/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (70 mg) were mixed with 0.1 mL of (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMOPMA) , 0.5 mL of triethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was mixed to form a clear solution, which was stored under N overnight, and then the mixture was injected into ₁₀ mL of inverse microemulsion (cyclohexane/CO) in a 50 mL flask with stirring at 600 rpm. -520, 18ml/1.35g). The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, then 0.1 mL of ₄ % NH4OH was injected to start the bead formation reaction. The reaction was stopped the next day, and the reaction solution was centrifuged to collect the solid phase, which would yield The particles were washed twice with 20 mL of cyclohexane and then dried in vacuo.

Figures 13A-B show TEM pictures of InP/ZnS@SiO ₂ prepared by inverse microemulsion. It can be clearly discerned from the TEM pictures that the nanoparticles encapsulated in the inorganic material by the inverse microemulsion method cannot and will be dispersed non-uniformly in the inorganic material.

Figures 13A-B also show that the use of the inverse microemulsion method does not produce discrete particles, but instead results in a network structure of the inorganic material.

Example 26 : CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ prepared by the prior art method compared to CdSe/CdS/ZnS@SiO ₂ prepared by the method of the present invention

0.6 mL of a suspension containing CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanosheets with an emission wavelength of 694 nm and 6.2 mL of a perhydropolysilazane solution (18.6 wt. % solution in dibutyl ether) were mixed in a beaker to prepare mixture. After that, pour the mixed solution into a Teflon-coated container and let it dry naturally at room temperature for 24 hours while shielding from light. The dried cured product was collected, pulverized into powder using a mortar and pestle, and then dried in an oven at 60°C for 7 hours and 30 minutes.

Figures 13C-D show the TEM images of CdSe/CdS/ZnS@ _SiO2 prepared by the above method. It can be clearly distinguished from the TEM pictures that the nanoparticles encapsulated in the inorganic material by the method cannot and will be dispersed non-uniformly in the inorganic material.

Figures 13C-D also show that the method does not produce discrete particles, but rather a network structure of inorganic materials.

Symbol Description

1 = particles obtained

11 = particle core

12 = particle shell

2 = inorganic material

21 = inorganic materials

3 = Nanoparticles

31 = spherical nanoparticles

32 = 2D nanoparticles

33 = core of a nanoparticle

34 = shell of a nanoparticle

35 = shell of a nanoparticle

36 = insulator shell of a nanoparticle

37 = crown of one nanoparticle

4 = device

41 = Gas supply device

411 = Gas supply device

412 = Gas supply device

413=Valve

42 = first device for forming droplets of first solution

421 = droplets of the first solution

43 = Second device for forming droplets of second solution

431 = droplets of the second solution

44 = Device for heating droplets

441=Tube

45 = Connection device

46 = Means for cooling said at least one particle

47 = Device for separating and collecting at least one particle 1

48 = Pump device

49 = container

5 = mixing chamber

Claims (18)

1. A method of obtaining at least one particle, comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a solution a containing a precursor of at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine; at least one precursor of at least one element is a precursor of an inorganic material;

(b) preparing an aqueous solution B;

(c) forming droplets of solution a by a first method of forming droplets;

(d) forming droplets of solution B by a second method of forming droplets;

(e) Mixing the droplets;

(f) dispersing the mixed droplets in a gas stream;

(g) heating the dispersed droplets at a temperature sufficient to obtain at least one particle;

(h) cooling said at least one particle; and is

(i) Separating and collecting said at least one particle;

wherein the aqueous solution may be acidic, neutral or basic;

wherein at least one colloidal suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles is mixed with solution a in step (a) and/or with solution B in step (B); and is

Wherein the nanoparticles are inorganic nanoparticles.

2. The method for obtaining at least one particle according to claim 1, wherein at least one precursor of at least one hetero element selected from cadmium, sulfur, selenium, indium, tellurium, mercury, tin, copper, nitrogen, gallium, antimony, thallium, molybdenum, palladium, cerium, tungsten, cobalt, manganese, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminum, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, vanadium, silver, beryllium, iridium, scandium, niobium, or tantalum is added to solution a in step (a) and/or added to solution B in step (B).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplets are formed by spray drying or spray pyrolysis.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein droplets of solution a and solution B are formed simultaneously.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplets of solution a are formed before or after the droplets of solution B are formed.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the droplets of solution B or solution a are replaced by vapors of solution B or solution a, respectively.

7. The method for obtaining at least one particle of claim 1, wherein said nanoparticles are luminescent.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the luminescent nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal comprising a core comprising a chemical formula M_xN_yE_zA_wThe material of (a), wherein: m is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; n is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs and mixtures thereof (ii) a E is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof; a is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 simultaneously; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 simultaneously.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell comprising a chemical formula M_xN_yE_zA_wThe material of (a), wherein: m is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; n is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; e is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof; a is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one corona comprising a chemical formula M_xN_yE_zA_wThe material of (a), wherein: m is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, NdSm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; n is selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or mixtures thereof; e is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or mixtures thereof; a is selected from O, S, Se, Te, C, N, P, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I or their mixture; and x, y, z and w are decimal numbers independently from 0 to 5; x, y, z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time; x and y are not equal to 0 at the same time; z and w are not equal to 0 at the same time.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor nanoplatelets.

12. A particle obtained according to the method of claim 1, wherein the obtained particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material.

13. The particle according to claim 12, wherein the loading rate of nanoparticles in the obtained particle is at least 10%, said loading rate referring to the mass ratio between the mass of nanoparticles comprised in the particle and the mass of said particle.

14. The particle of claim 12 wherein the inorganic material is an oxide material.

15. A particle obtained according to the method of claim 1, wherein the obtained particle comprises a plurality of nanoparticles encapsulated in an inorganic material, and wherein the plurality of nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the inorganic material.

16. The particle according to claim 15, wherein the loading rate of nanoparticles in the obtained particle is at least 10%, said loading rate referring to the mass ratio between the mass of nanoparticles comprised in the particle and the mass of said particle.

17. The particle of claim 15, wherein the inorganic material is an oxide material.

18. An apparatus for implementing the method of claim 1, the apparatus comprising:

-at least one gas supply;

-first means for forming droplets of a first solution;

-second means for forming droplets of a second solution;

-optionally, means for forming a reactive vapour of the third solution;

-optionally, means for releasing gas;

-a tube;

-means for heating the droplets to obtain at least one particle;

-means for cooling at least one particle;

-means for separating and collecting at least one particle;

-pumping means; and

-connection means;

-wherein the means for forming droplets are arranged to operate in series or in parallel.

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