CN110960834A - Respiratory muscle training method - Google Patents
Respiratory muscle training method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110960834A CN110960834A CN201811144171.6A CN201811144171A CN110960834A CN 110960834 A CN110960834 A CN 110960834A CN 201811144171 A CN201811144171 A CN 201811144171A CN 110960834 A CN110960834 A CN 110960834A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- training
- respiratory
- respiratory muscle
- impedance
- muscle training
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 210000003019 respiratory muscle Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003434 inspiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000029549 Muscle injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004199 lung function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004202 respiratory function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B23/00—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body
- A63B23/18—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body for improving respiratory function
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B21/00—Exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles or joints of the body by working against a counterforce, with or without measuring devices
- A63B21/00058—Mechanical means for varying the resistance
- A63B21/00069—Setting or adjusting the resistance level; Compensating for a preload prior to use, e.g. changing length of resistance or adjusting a valve
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B24/00—Electric or electronic controls for exercising apparatus of preceding groups; Controlling or monitoring of exercises, sportive games, training or athletic performances
- A63B24/0087—Electric or electronic controls for exercising apparatus of groups A63B21/00 - A63B23/00, e.g. controlling load
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B2220/00—Measuring of physical parameters relating to sporting activity
- A63B2220/50—Force related parameters
- A63B2220/56—Pressure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B2230/00—Measuring physiological parameters of the user
- A63B2230/40—Measuring physiological parameters of the user respiratory characteristics
- A63B2230/405—Measuring physiological parameters of the user respiratory characteristics used as a control parameter for the apparatus
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Rehabilitation Tools (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a respiratory muscle training method, which is applied to a respiratory muscle training device, wherein the respiratory muscle training device comprises a host and a respiratory channel assembly, and the respiratory channel assembly comprises a vent hole, an adjustable valve and a mouthpiece; the breathing resistance can be automatically set through adaptive training, and the breathing resistance is kept stable according to the opening area of the automatic regulating valve of the breathing resistance in the training of the breathing muscles. Compared with the existing respiratory muscle training device adopting a constant load impedance respiratory muscle training method, the respiratory muscle training device has the characteristics that adaptive impedance training is adopted, load impedance is dynamically loaded according to the strength of the respiratory muscle, the respiratory impedance is kept stable, and the respiratory muscle training injury can be greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of respiratory muscle training, in particular to a respiratory muscle training method.
Background
The lung function instrument used in the existing hospital is large in size and inconvenient to carry, can only detect the respiratory function index of a human body, and cannot be used for respiratory muscle training. The existing simple mechanical training device (such as a three-ball type or spring type respiratory muscle training device) of the respiratory muscle training device can only perform constant load impedance respiratory muscle training on a user.
The traditional respiratory muscle trainer adopts the respiratory muscle training with constant load impedance, and the respiratory muscle is overloaded and easily injured under the condition of high lung volume due to the constant load impedance.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, an object of the present invention is to provide a respiratory muscle training method, which sets a suitable respiratory impedance (i.e., a load impedance) according to the physical condition of a user to perform respiratory muscle training, and dynamically loads the respiratory impedance according to the respiratory muscle strength to keep the respiratory impedance stable, thereby greatly reducing the respiratory muscle injury caused by overload.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a respiratory muscle training method, which is applied to a respiratory muscle training device, wherein the respiratory muscle training device comprises a host and a respiratory channel assembly, and the respiratory channel assembly comprises a vent hole, an adjustable valve and a mouthpiece; the user inhales or exhales through the mouthpiece; during expiration or inspiration, the host computer instantly acquires a pressure value P between the vent hole and the mouthpiece through periodic sampling;
the respiratory muscle training device executes a respiratory muscle training sequence, wherein the respiratory muscle training sequence comprises preparatory training, warm-up training and normal training; the respiratory muscle training device is set in each stage as follows:
preliminary training, automatically setting a first respiratory impedance Pload 0; said first breathing impedance Pload0 is a function of said pressure value P;
training of warming-up, setting a second respiratory impedance Pload
Pload＝Pload0*K
Wherein: k is more than 0 and less than 1;
normal training, setting the second breathing impedance Pload equal to the first breathing impedance Pload 0;
the valve is adjusted by the ventilator training device during warm-up training and normal training, including
and step 13, when the pressure value P is detected to be smaller than the second breathing impedance Pload, reducing the opening of the valve, and keeping the second breathing impedance Pload until the valve is closed.
Further, the automatic setting of the first breathing impedance Pload0 includes:
step 21, carrying out periodic sampling to obtain a pressure value P;
step 22 calculates the flow Q
Q＝μ*A*(2*P/ρ)^2
Wherein, mu is the flow coefficient; a is the opening area of the valve; ρ is the density of the fluid;
step 23, acquiring the maximum value Qmax of the flow Q;
step 24 calculates a maximum pressure value Pmax
Pmax＝B*Qmax+P0
Wherein Qmax is the maximum value of Q; b: a constant; p0: a gas pressure constant; in expiration, Pmax is the maximum expiration pressure value MEP; at inspiration, Pmax is the maximum inspiration pressure value MIP;
step 25 calculates a first respiratory impedance Pload0
Pload0＝C*Pmax
Wherein C is the training intensity.
Further, the air pressure constant P0 is 3cmH2O。
Further, the training intensity C is less than 1.
Further, n respiratory muscle trains are performed in the warm-up training, wherein K is K1, K2, …, Kn,0 & ltK 1 & ltK 2 & lt … & ltKn & lt 1, and n is larger than or equal to 2.
Further, n is equal to 2.
Furthermore, the valve is adjusted through a stepping motor, so that high valve adjusting precision can be guaranteed.
Compared with the existing respiratory muscle training device adopting a constant load impedance respiratory muscle training method, the respiratory muscle training device has the characteristics that adaptive impedance training is adopted, load impedance is dynamically loaded according to the strength of the respiratory muscle, the respiratory impedance is kept stable, and the respiratory muscle training injury can be greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a respiratory muscle training apparatus in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a respiratory muscle training sequence of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the automatic setting of the first respiratory impedance Pload0 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flow chart of the valve adjustment during respiratory muscle training of the present invention.
Detailed Description
To further illustrate the various embodiments, the invention provides the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate still other possible embodiments and advantages of the present invention with reference to these figures. Elements in the figures are not drawn to scale and like reference numerals are generally used to indicate like elements.
The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Fig. 1 shows a functional block diagram of a respiratory muscle training device according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The breathing passage assembly shown in fig. 1 comprises a valve assembly 3, a mouthpiece 6 and a vent (not shown), an ambient air passage 7 and a mouth air pressure passage 8 for connecting the two ends of a pressure sensor 9 on the host machine.
The user interacts with the device through the touch screen 1, and the central processing unit 12 loads corresponding training configuration files according to the information input by the user. The central processor 12 issues a command to the microprocessor 5 to wait for the corresponding user to start a respiratory muscle training sequence.
When the respiratory muscle is trained, the mouth of the user exhales and inhales through the mouthpiece 6, and an air pressure difference is formed between the mouth air pressure channel 8 and the ambient air channel 7.
The pressure sensor 9 detects the air pressure difference to form a pressure difference P, which is sent to the microprocessor 5 through the sensor signal processing circuit 10.
The microprocessor 5 detects the pressure difference P every several milliseconds, determines whether the valve of the valve component 3 is continuously opened or closed after arithmetic operation, the microprocessor 5 sends a signal to control the motor drive IC 4, and the motor drive IC 4 controls the stepping motor 2 to advance or retreat by several steps according to the signal instruction of the microprocessor 5 to control the size of the opening area of the valve, thereby realizing training and keeping a preset breathing impedance.
The central processing unit 12 runs the android operating system, and is connected with the microprocessor 5 through a serial port, the microprocessor 5 transmits training or testing data (pressure difference and flow rate) of the device to the central processing unit 12 through the serial port for further operation, the operation mainly comprises gas flow integration, calculation of respiratory power, respiratory work doing and the like, and the display device liquid crystal screen 1 displays a final training and testing data chart, for example: maximum inspiratory pressure, lung volume, maximum inspiratory flow rate, work of breathing, etc. facilitates the user in viewing the results. The data can be stored in the storage unit 15, and user report data can be stored, so that the user can conveniently refer to historical data. This device passes through wifi bluetooth module 13 and antenna 11 joinable wireless network, and user training, test data upload cloud server through wireless network, and the doctor carries out long-range interpretation diagnosis and recovered nature through the cloud platform and guides, data statistics analysis.
The power supply of the device is provided by a power management system 14 and a battery 16.
As shown in fig. 2, fig. 3 and fig. 4, in the respiratory muscle training method provided by the present invention, the whole respiratory muscle training sequence includes three stages: the method comprises the following steps of preliminary training, transition warming-up training and normal training, wherein a user exhales and inhales according to training prompts on a respiratory muscle training device, the respiratory muscle training device adjusts second respiratory impedance Pload according to different stages, the second respiratory impedance Pload corresponds to the pressure value of opening of a valve, and when the monitored pressure value P is larger than the Pload, the valve is opened and forms the second respiratory impedance Pload.
(1) Preliminary training, the automatic setting of the first breathing impedance Pload0, will be initiated during the first two breaths of each training, the second breathing impedance Pload being constant 3c during the first two breathsmH20, at which time the valve will open to a maximum and the second breathing impedance Pload is at a minimum. The maximum expiratory pressure value MEP and the maximum inspiratory pressure value MIP for two breaths are calculated.
The specific calculation steps are as follows:
step 21, acquiring a sequence of pressure values P through periodic sampling of the pressure sensor 9;
step 22 calculates the flow Q by formula
Q＝μ*A*(2*P/ρ)^2
Wherein, mu is flow coefficient (obtained by experiment); a is the opening area of the valve; ρ is the density of the fluid;
step 23, acquiring the maximum value Qmax of Q;
step 24 calculates a maximum pressure value Pmax
Pmax＝B*Qmax+P0
Wherein Qmax is the maximum value of Q; b is a constant (obtained experimentally); p0 is the minimum respiratory impedance, and P0 is 3cmH in this device20; in expiration, Pmax is the maximum expiration pressure value MEP; at inspiration, Pmax is the maximum inspiration pressure value MIP;
step 25 calculates a first respiratory impedance Pload 0. According to the training intensity setting of the respiratory muscle training, the first respiratory impedance Pload0 is equal to 0.1-1 times of MEP or MIP, and is preferably 30% -70%.
(2) Breath 3,4 was transient warming training with Pload set at 50% and 75% of Pload 0.
(3) The training was normal starting from breath 5, and Pload was set to Pload 0.
During respiratory muscle training (including exhalation training and inhalation training), the microprocessor 5 periodically detects the pressure value P of exhalation or inhalation, and adjusts the opening size of the valve according to the comparison result between the detected pressure value P and Pload to form stable respiratory impedance, as described in detail below:
and step 13, when the monitored pressure value P is smaller than Pload, the central processing unit 12 transmits a valve adjusting signal to the motor driving IC 4 through the microprocessor 5, the stepping motor 2 retreats for a plurality of steps, and the opening size of the valve is reduced, so that the pressure value P approaches Pload until the valve is closed.
Through the real-time monitoring pressure value P of once a few milliseconds and the real-time adjustment of the valve, the breathing impedance can be kept stable in the training of the respiratory muscles, and the training injury of the respiratory muscles can be greatly reduced.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A respiratory muscle training method is characterized in that: the breathing muscle training device is applied to a breathing muscle training device, and comprises a host and a breathing channel assembly, wherein the breathing channel assembly comprises a vent hole, an adjustable valve and a mouthpiece; the user inhales or exhales through the mouthpiece; during expiration or inspiration, the host computer instantly acquires a pressure value P between the vent hole and the mouthpiece through periodic sampling;
the respiratory muscle training device executes a respiratory muscle training sequence, wherein the respiratory muscle training sequence comprises preparatory training, warm-up training and normal training; the respiratory muscle training device is set in each stage as follows:
preliminary training, automatically setting a first respiratory impedance Pload 0; said first breathing impedance Pload0 is a function of said pressure value P;
training of warming-up, setting a second respiratory impedance Pload
Pload＝Pload0*K
Wherein: k is more than 0 and less than 1;
normal training, setting the second breathing impedance Pload equal to the first breathing impedance Pload 0;
the valve is adjusted by the ventilator training device during warm-up training and normal training, including
Step 11, detecting a pressure value P during expiration or inspiration;
step 12, when detecting that the pressure value P is larger than a second breathing impedance Pload, opening the valve, and adjusting the opening size of the valve to form the second breathing impedance Pload;
and step 13, when the pressure value P is detected to be smaller than the second breathing impedance Pload, reducing the opening of the valve, and keeping the second breathing impedance Pload until the valve is closed.
2. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 1, wherein: automatic setting of the first respiratory impedance Pload0, comprising:
step 21, carrying out periodic sampling to obtain a pressure value P;
step 22 calculates the flow Q
Q＝μ*A*(2*P/ρ)^2
Wherein, mu is the flow coefficient; a is the opening area of the valve; ρ is the density of the fluid;
step 23, acquiring the maximum value Qmax of the flow Q;
step 24 calculates a maximum pressure value Pmax
Pmax＝B*Qmax+P0
Wherein Qmax is the maximum value of Q; b: a constant; p0: a gas pressure constant; in expiration, Pmax is the maximum expiration pressure value MEP; at inspiration, Pmax is the maximum inspiration pressure value MIP;
step 25 calculates a first respiratory impedance Pload0
Pload0＝C*Pmax
Wherein C is the training intensity.
3. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 2, wherein: the air pressure constant P0 is 3cmH2O。
4. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 2, wherein: the training intensity C is less than 1.
5. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 1, wherein: the warm-up training is to execute n times of respiratory muscle training, wherein K is K1, K2, …, Kn, K1 is more than 0 and more than K2 and more than … and more than Kn is less than 1, and n is more than or equal to 2.
6. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 5, wherein: n is equal to 2.
7. The respiratory muscle training method of claim 1, wherein: the valve is adjusted by a stepper motor.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811144171.6A CN110960834A (en) | 2018-09-29 | 2018-09-29 | Respiratory muscle training method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811144171.6A CN110960834A (en) | 2018-09-29 | 2018-09-29 | Respiratory muscle training method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN110960834A true CN110960834A (en) | 2020-04-07 |
Family
ID=70027084
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811144171.6A Pending CN110960834A (en) | 2018-09-29 | 2018-09-29 | Respiratory muscle training method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN110960834A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20220022772A1 (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | Actuate Health, Inc. | Handheld respiratory diagnostic, training, and therapy devices and methods |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110124470A1 (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2011-05-26 | David Alastair Spurling | Respiratory muscle training device |
| CN104080503A (en) * | 2011-12-27 | 2014-10-01 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | Compensation of breath delivery |
| KR20160080582A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-08 | 이장춘 | A method of breathing exercises using smartphone and device |
| CN106581948A (en) * | 2017-01-19 | 2017-04-26 | 广州昊熹医疗科技有限公司 | Intelligent monitoring method and apparatus based on respiratory trainer |
| CN207769100U (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-08-28 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of lung rehabilitation training system based on respiration EMG feedback |
-
2018
- 2018-09-29 CN CN201811144171.6A patent/CN110960834A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110124470A1 (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2011-05-26 | David Alastair Spurling | Respiratory muscle training device |
| CN104080503A (en) * | 2011-12-27 | 2014-10-01 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | Compensation of breath delivery |
| KR20160080582A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-08 | 이장춘 | A method of breathing exercises using smartphone and device |
| CN106581948A (en) * | 2017-01-19 | 2017-04-26 | 广州昊熹医疗科技有限公司 | Intelligent monitoring method and apparatus based on respiratory trainer |
| CN207769100U (en) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-08-28 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of lung rehabilitation training system based on respiration EMG feedback |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20220022772A1 (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | Actuate Health, Inc. | Handheld respiratory diagnostic, training, and therapy devices and methods |
| EP4185201A4 (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2025-01-08 | Actuate Health Inc | PORTABLE BREATHROAT DIAGNOSTIC, TRAINING AND THERAPY DEVICES AND METHODS |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US11638796B2 (en) | Methods and systems for exhalation control and trajectory optimization | |
| US11759677B2 (en) | Respiratory training and airway pressure monitoring device | |
| US6709405B2 (en) | Breathing apparatus and method for operation thereof for examining pulmonary mechanics of a respiratory system | |
| US11931509B2 (en) | Systems and methods for drive pressure spontaneous ventilation | |
| US11202875B2 (en) | Cough assistance and measurement system and method | |
| SE1230100A1 (en) | System for optimal mechanical ventilation | |
| WO2008134244A1 (en) | Integrated ventilator with calibration | |
| US20140000613A1 (en) | Apparatus, System and Method of Remotely Actuating a Manual Ventilation Bag | |
| JP4276948B2 (en) | Pressure-volume curve monitoring device | |
| CN115944820A (en) | Control method and device for accurately quantifying respirator parameters | |
| US20230169888A1 (en) | System for simulating the breathing of a living being | |
| EP2846861B1 (en) | Systems to determine the fraction of inhaled oxygen during ventilation. | |
| CN110960834A (en) | Respiratory muscle training method | |
| US20130104899A1 (en) | Respirator and adjustment method for same | |
| WO2023115531A1 (en) | Respiration monitoring method and respiration monitoring apparatus | |
| CN117323525B (en) | Pressure control method and device of breathing machine | |
| CN117642201A (en) | Medical ventilation equipment and ventilation control method | |
| WO2016072948A1 (en) | A spirometer with feedback unit and a control method thereof | |
| EP4265291A1 (en) | Breathing assembly supporting voice function and ventilation method thereof, and breathing machine | |
| CN116870309A (en) | Visual feedback breathing leather bag oxygen supply using device and application method thereof | |
| EP4436643A1 (en) | End tidal carbon dioxide measurement during high flow oxygen therapy | |
| CN111556769A (en) | Manual ventilation method and system |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20200407 |