CN110922883A - High-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion - Google Patents
High-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion Download PDFInfo
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- CN110922883A CN110922883A CN201911243444.7A CN201911243444A CN110922883A CN 110922883 A CN110922883 A CN 110922883A CN 201911243444 A CN201911243444 A CN 201911243444A CN 110922883 A CN110922883 A CN 110922883A
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- Prior art keywords
- parts
- polyimide
- polyurethane emulsion
- hardness
- water
- Prior art date
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- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 46
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 230000003678 scratch resistant effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 19
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1mqpva Chemical compound CC12C(=O)OC(=O)C1(C)C1(C)C2(C)C(=O)OC1=O GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920001730 Moisture cure polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000005056 polyisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920001228 polyisocyanate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N isethionic acid Chemical compound OCCS(O)(=O)=O SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004970 Chain extender Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 acetylene glycol Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)NSC2=C1 DMSMPAJRVJJAGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N caprylic alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCO OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CUDYYMUUJHLCGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxypropoxy)propan-1-ol Chemical compound COC(C)COC(C)CO CUDYYMUUJHLCGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- MGIYRDNGCNKGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiazolinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CSN1 MGIYRDNGCNKGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- ZBBLRPRYYSJUCZ-GRHBHMESSA-L (z)-but-2-enedioate;dibutyltin(2+) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)\C=C/C([O-])=O.CCCC[Sn+2]CCCC ZBBLRPRYYSJUCZ-GRHBHMESSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043375 1,5-pentanediol Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- CUVLMZNMSPJDON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1-butoxypropan-2-yloxy)propan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCOCC(C)OCC(C)O CUVLMZNMSPJDON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RWNUSVWFHDHRCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCOCC(C)O RWNUSVWFHDHRCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IBLKWZIFZMJLFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC1=CC=CC=C1 IBLKWZIFZMJLFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QNYBOILAKBSWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(phenylmethoxymethyl)oxirane Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1=CC=CC=C1 QNYBOILAKBSWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WJIOHMVWGVGWJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-n-[4-[(3-methylpyrazole-1-carbonyl)amino]butyl]pyrazole-1-carboxamide Chemical compound N1=C(C)C=CN1C(=O)NCCCCNC(=O)N1N=C(C)C=C1 WJIOHMVWGVGWJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-dimethylaminoethanol Chemical compound CN(C)CCO UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane-1,5-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCO ALQSHHUCVQOPAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NGDCLPXRKSWRPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triptycene Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2C3=CC=CC=C3C1C1=CC=CC=C12 NGDCLPXRKSWRPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ISKQADXMHQSTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=C(CN)C=C1 ISKQADXMHQSTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical class O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WKDNYTOXBCRNPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bpda Chemical compound C1=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=CC(C=2C=C3C(=O)OC(C3=CC=2)=O)=C1 WKDNYTOXBCRNPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960002887 deanol Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012975 dibutyltin dilaurate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012972 dimethylethanolamine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009775 high-speed stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GIWKOZXJDKMGQC-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead(2+);naphthalene-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Pb+2].C1=CC=CC2=CC(C(=O)[O-])=CC=C21.C1=CC=CC2=CC(C(=O)[O-])=CC=C21 GIWKOZXJDKMGQC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-n'-phenylcarbamimidoyl chloride Chemical compound CN(C)C(Cl)=NC1=CC=CC=C1 GEMHFKXPOCTAIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940113115 polyethylene glycol 200 Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940068886 polyethylene glycol 300 Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004063 propylene glycol Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(ii) 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Sn+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-O tributylphosphanium Chemical compound CCCC[PH+](CCCC)CCCC TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000771208 Buchanania arborescens Species 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011527 polyurethane coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
- C09D175/08—Polyurethanes from polyethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
- C08G18/667—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
- C08G18/6674—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3203
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
- C08G18/667—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
- C08G18/6681—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or C08G18/3271 and/or polyamines of C08G18/38
- C08G18/6685—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or C08G18/3271 and/or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3225 or polyamines of C08G18/38
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6692—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/34
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1003—Preparatory processes
- C08G73/1035—Preparatory processes from tetracarboxylic acids or derivatives and diisocyanates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/18—Fireproof paints including high temperature resistant paints
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion, which is prepared by taking polyisocyanate and special aromatic dianhydride as synthetic monomers, adding waterborne hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid and lactic acid which can be waterborne into the synthetic monomers to modify and synthesize a waterborne polyimide oligomer terminated by isocyanate, further synthesizing a polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer, and finally synthesizing the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion through chain extension; the invention has the advantages of low viscosity, high hardness, excellent scratch resistance and self-flame resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a woodenware varnish, in particular to a high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion.
Technical Field
Strict environmental regulations are successively made at home and abroad to limit the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) to the atmosphere, and high-performance and environmental protection become the development direction of coatings. The synthesis of polyurethane resin is changed from the traditional solvent type to the waterborne polyurethane, the waterborne polyurethane coating takes water as a solvent, has the advantages of no pollution, safety, reliability, excellent mechanical property, good compatibility, easy modification and the like, is famous for durability and chemical resistance, and is favored by users in the fields of wood lacquer and automobile coating due to excellent performance.
However, the hardness of the main emulsion forming the water-based wood paint is low after drying, so that the actual requirements of furniture factories and customers are difficult to meet, the rapid development of the water-based wood paint is restricted by the low water resistance and the low hardness, and the main emulsion becomes the most serious problem in the popularization of the water-based wood paint.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion.
The invention provides the following technical scheme, and discloses a high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light wood varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion, which is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 60-90 parts of low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion, 0.5-2 parts of wetting dispersant, 0.1-0.5 part of organic silicon flatting agent, 0.1-0.5 part of defoaming agent, 0.1-0.5 part of thickening agent, 7-12 parts of film-forming assistant, 0.1-0.5 part of preservative and 25-40 parts of deionized water;
the preparation method of the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion comprises the following steps:
(1) synthesis of isocyanate-terminated waterborne polyimide oligomer: adding 50-90 parts of polyisocyanate, 60-100 parts of aromatic dianhydride and 10-20 parts of solvent into a reaction kettle under the condition of introducing nitrogen, stirring and heating to 70-85 ℃, and stirring for reaction for 1-2 hours; slowly dripping a mixed solution of 1-4 parts of hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid and 2-3 parts of lactic acid into the reaction kettle, after dripping is finished for 0.5-1h, keeping the temperature for reaction for 1-2h, and continuously removing water generated in the reaction through a water separation device in the reaction process; then adding 4-10 parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone, 0.1-0.5 part of catalyst and 0.05-0.2 part of accelerator, heating to 110-;
(2) synthesis of polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer: in N2Under the protection and stirring conditions, controlling the temperature to be 60-80 ℃, adding 20-30 parts of polyisocyanate, 30-40 parts of isocyanate-terminated waterborne polyimide oligomer in the step (1), 10-15 parts of polyether polyol and 3-5 parts of lactic acid into a reaction kettle, reacting for 4-8h at the temperature of 60-80 ℃, and then cooling to 55-65 ℃; adding 6-12 parts of solvent to adjust the viscosity of the system, adding 2-4 parts of small molecular alcohol chain extender under high-speed stirring for chain extension reaction, and cooling to room temperature after 1-2 hours to obtain polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer;
(3) chain extension: dissolving 1-3 parts of organic amine chain extender into 30-45 parts of deionized water in advance to obtain an organic amine chain extender solution for later use; adding 8-15 parts of dimethylethanolamine into the polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer in the step (2) at normal temperature with the stirring speed kept for reaction for 0.5-1 h; then adding 100-150 parts of deionized water, simultaneously stirring at a high speed and emulsifying for 0.5-1h, dropwise adding an organic amine chain extender solution within 10-30min after emulsifying, and carrying out chain extension reaction for 1-2h in a water phase; then, the solvent and impurities are distilled out under reduced pressure, and the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is obtained.
The wetting dispersant is at least one of a polycarboxylic acid dispersant and a high-molecular block polymer dispersant; the defoaming agent is at least one of defoaming agents of siloxane, polyacrylate, phosphate, acetylene glycol and siloxane polyether; the thickening agent is at least one of hydrophobic alkali swelling polyacrylic acid, hydrophobic association type polyurethane, modified bentonite, modified cellulose and water-based polyamide wax; the film-forming assistant is one or a combination of more of polyethylene glycol 200 or 300, alcohol ester-12, propylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol butyl ether and diethylene glycol butyl ether; the preservative is at least one of benzisothiazolin-3-one and isothiazolinone.
The polyisocyanate is at least one of HDI, MDI, IPDI, HMDI, H12MDI and TMDI; the aromatic dianhydride is at least one of 3,3 ', 4, 4' -biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, triptycene-2, 3,6, 7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 1, 4-bis [4- (3, 4-dicarboxyphenoxy) ] triptycene dianhydride; the solvent is at least one of acetone, butanone, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, n-octane and ethyl acetate; the catalyst is at least one of n-hexanol, n-octanol, n-dodecanol and octadecanol; the accelerant is at least one of alkali metal carboxylate, organic metal compound, phosphorus-containing compound and amine, preferably dibutyltin dilaurate, lithium acetate, tri-n-butylphosphonium, stannous octoate, tin naphthenate, lead naphthenate, cobalt naphthenate, dibutyltin maleate, dibutyltin diacetate, triethylamine and benzyl glycidyl ether; the number average molecular weight of the polyether polyol is 500-2400; the chain extender of the micromolecule alcohol is at least one of ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol or diethylene glycol; the organic amine chain extender is at least one of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, hexamethylenediamine and piperazine.
The preparation method of the high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion comprises the following steps:
firstly, adding a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion into a container, adjusting the dispersion speed to 600-plus-1200 r/min, sequentially adding a wetting dispersant, a flatting agent, a film-forming aid, deionized water, a thickening agent and a preservative, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 15-30min, adjusting the dispersion speed to 200-plus-500 r/min, adding a defoaming agent, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 10-15min, filtering, discharging and packaging to obtain the high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based bright wood varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion.
Compared with the prior art, the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is used as a film forming substance, and has the advantages of low viscosity, high hardness, excellent scratch resistance and self-flame resistance.
Detailed Description
The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based clear woodenware varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion of the present invention is further described with reference to the following examples. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the relevant invention and not restrictive of the invention.
Example 1
A high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 60 parts of low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion B, 0.5 part of polycarboxylic acid dispersant, 0.5 part of organic silicon flatting agent, 0.1 part of polyacrylate defoamer, 0.1 part of water-based polyamide wax, 7 parts of diethylene glycol butyl ether, 0.1 part of isothiazolinone and 25 parts of deionized water;
the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion B is described in example 2 of the invention patent "a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion and a preparation method thereof".
Example 2
A high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 90 parts of low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion A, 2 parts of macromolecular block polymer dispersant, 0.1 part of organic silicon flatting agent, 0.5 part of siloxane defoaming agent, 0.5 part of hydrophobic association type polyurethane thickener, 0.5 part of alcohol ester-1212 part of benzisothiazolin-3-one and 40 parts of deionized water;
the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion A is described in example 1 of the invention patent "a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion and a preparation method thereof".
Example 3
A high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 80 parts of low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion C, 1 part of polycarboxylic acid dispersant, 0.3 part of organic silicon flatting agent, 0.3 part of phosphate defoamer, 0.4 part of hydrophobic association type polyurethane thickener, 8 parts of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, 0.4 part of benzisothiazolin-3-one and 35 parts of deionized water;
the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion C is described in example 3 of the invention patent "a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion and a preparation method thereof".
The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based glossy wood varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion described in examples 1 to 3 is prepared by the following steps:
firstly, adding a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion into a container, adjusting the dispersion speed to 600-plus-1200 r/min, sequentially adding a wetting dispersant, a flatting agent, a film-forming aid, deionized water, a thickening agent and a preservative, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 15-30min, adjusting the dispersion speed to 200-plus-500 r/min, adding a defoaming agent, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 10-15min, filtering, discharging and packaging to obtain the high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based bright wood varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion.
The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based glossy woodware varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion prepared in examples 1 to 3 and the commercially available polyurethane woodware varnish (comparative example) were respectively sprayed on the surface of an oak board (thickness about 80 μm), and after the film was completely dried, the film properties were tested as follows:
| hardness of | Adhesion force | Oxygen index of paint film | Impact resistance/50 cm | Bending test/mm | Water resistance | |
| Example 1 | 3H | Level 0 | 29.0 | Coating film is normal | 1 | 240h is normal |
| Example 2 | 3H | Level 0 | 28.0 | Coating film is normal | 1 | 240h is normal |
| Example 3 | 3H | Level 0 | 27.5 | Coating film is normal | 1 | 240h is normal |
| Comparative example | HB | Level 0 | 19.0 | Coating film is normal | 1 | Has bubbles after 240h |
Although the present invention has been described in detail and with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based light woodenware varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 60-90 parts of low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion, 0.5-2 parts of wetting dispersant, 0.1-0.5 part of organic silicon flatting agent, 0.1-0.5 part of defoaming agent, 0.1-0.5 part of thickening agent, 7-12 parts of film-forming assistant, 0.1-0.5 part of preservative and 25-40 parts of deionized water;
the preparation method of the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion comprises the following steps:
(1) synthesis of isocyanate-terminated waterborne polyimide oligomer: adding 50-90 parts of polyisocyanate, 60-100 parts of aromatic dianhydride and 10-20 parts of solvent into a reaction kettle under the condition of introducing nitrogen, stirring and heating to 70-85 ℃, and stirring for reaction for 1-2 hours; slowly dripping a mixed solution of 1-4 parts of hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid and 2-3 parts of lactic acid into the reaction kettle, after dripping is finished for 0.5-1h, keeping the temperature for reaction for 1-2h, and continuously removing water generated in the reaction through a water separation device in the reaction process; then adding 4-10 parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone, 0.1-0.5 part of catalyst and 0.05-0.2 part of accelerator, heating to 110-;
(2) synthesis of polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer: in N2Under the protection and stirring conditions, controlling the temperature to be 60-80 ℃, adding 20-30 parts of polyisocyanate, 30-40 parts of isocyanate-terminated waterborne polyimide oligomer in the step (1), 10-15 parts of polyether polyol and 3-5 parts of lactic acid into a reaction kettle, reacting for 4-8h at the temperature of 60-80 ℃, and then cooling to 55-65 ℃; adding 6-12 parts of solvent to adjust the viscosity of the system, adding 2-4 parts of small molecular alcohol chain extender under high-speed stirring for chain extension reaction, and cooling to room temperature after 1-2 hours to obtain polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer;
(3) chain extension: dissolving 1-3 parts of organic amine chain extender into 30-45 parts of deionized water in advance to obtain an organic amine chain extender solution for later use; adding 8-15 parts of dimethylethanolamine into the polyimide modified polyurethane prepolymer in the step (2) at normal temperature with the stirring speed kept for reaction for 0.5-1 h; then adding 100-150 parts of deionized water, simultaneously stirring at a high speed and emulsifying for 0.5-1h, dropwise adding an organic amine chain extender solution within 10-30min after emulsifying, and carrying out chain extension reaction for 1-2h in a water phase; then, the solvent and impurities are distilled out under reduced pressure, and the low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion is obtained.
2. The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based glossy wood varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the wetting dispersant is at least one of a polycarboxylic acid dispersant and a high-molecular block polymer dispersant; the defoaming agent is at least one of defoaming agents of siloxane, polyacrylate, phosphate, acetylene glycol and siloxane polyether; the thickening agent is at least one of hydrophobic alkali swelling polyacrylic acid, hydrophobic association type polyurethane, modified bentonite, modified cellulose and water-based polyamide wax; the film-forming assistant is one or a combination of more of polyethylene glycol 200 or 300, alcohol ester-12, propylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol butyl ether and diethylene glycol butyl ether; the preservative is at least one of benzisothiazolin-3-one and isothiazolinone.
3. The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based glossy wood varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the polyisocyanate is at least one of HDI, MDI, IPDI, HMDI, H12MDI and TMDI; the aromatic dianhydride is at least one of 3,3 ', 4, 4' -biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, triptycene-2, 3,6, 7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 1, 4-bis [4- (3, 4-dicarboxyphenoxy) ] triptycene dianhydride; the solvent is at least one of acetone, butanone, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, n-octane and ethyl acetate; the catalyst is at least one of n-hexanol, n-octanol, n-dodecanol and octadecanol; the accelerant is at least one of alkali metal carboxylate, organic metal compound, phosphorus-containing compound and amine, preferably dibutyltin dilaurate, lithium acetate, tri-n-butylphosphonium, stannous octoate, tin naphthenate, lead naphthenate, cobalt naphthenate, dibutyltin maleate, dibutyltin diacetate, triethylamine and benzyl glycidyl ether; the number average molecular weight of the polyether polyol is 500-2400; the chain extender of the micromolecule alcohol is at least one of ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 1, 5-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol or diethylene glycol; the organic amine chain extender is at least one of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, hexamethylenediamine and piperazine.
4. The high hardness scratch-resistant water-based glossy wood varnish based on polyimide-polyurethane emulsion according to claim 1, characterized in that: the preparation method comprises the following steps:
firstly, adding a low-viscosity high-hardness polyimide-polyurethane emulsion into a container, adjusting the dispersion speed to 600-plus-1200 r/min, sequentially adding a wetting dispersant, a flatting agent, a film-forming aid, deionized water, a thickening agent and a preservative, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 15-30min, adjusting the dispersion speed to 200-plus-500 r/min, adding a defoaming agent, keeping the dispersion speed unchanged after the addition, continuing to disperse for 10-15min, filtering, discharging and packaging to obtain the high-hardness scratch-resistant water-based bright wood varnish based on the polyimide-polyurethane emulsion.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117363207A (en) * | 2023-10-27 | 2024-01-09 | 常州福隆科技新材料有限公司 | Fireproof heat-insulating composite coating based on polyimide foam reclaimed material, preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN101974285A (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2011-02-16 | 江苏大象东亚制漆有限公司 | Long-acting antibacterial polyurethane water-based wood paint composition |
| CN102020905A (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2011-04-20 | 惠州市长润发涂料有限公司 | One-component water-based semi-gloss varnish and preparation method thereof |
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2019
- 2019-12-06 CN CN201911243444.7A patent/CN110922883A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101974285A (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2011-02-16 | 江苏大象东亚制漆有限公司 | Long-acting antibacterial polyurethane water-based wood paint composition |
| CN102020905A (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2011-04-20 | 惠州市长润发涂料有限公司 | One-component water-based semi-gloss varnish and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN117363207A (en) * | 2023-10-27 | 2024-01-09 | 常州福隆科技新材料有限公司 | Fireproof heat-insulating composite coating based on polyimide foam reclaimed material, preparation method and application thereof |
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