CN110724301A - 一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其目的在于制备具有蜂窝状结构的纤维素基气凝胶,实现其高附加值应用。其特征在于,包括如下步骤:1)制作绝热楔形体放置在塑料模具底部,将模具放在金属导热棒上,金属导热棒放在液氮容器中;2)纤维素或纤维素基水溶液加入到模具中;3)容器中加入液氮,使溶液冷冻成型;4)干燥并脱模。本发明制备的纤维素气凝胶在物质吸附、隔热防护、药物载体等方面具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,该方法操作简易,获得的纤维素基气凝胶,属于天然高分子领域、也属于林业工程、包装工程、新材料领域。
背景技术
气凝胶是一种新型轻质多孔的功能性气凝胶,相比与传统的无机气凝胶(如硅气凝胶),气凝胶不但具有独特三维网状结构,同时拥有低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积、优异的耐热性、高电导率及力学稳定性。目前,气凝胶被广泛的应用于各个领域,例如,用作气体吸附剂,催化剂载体,油水分离材料等。因此,探索一种经济环保、工艺简单、原材料丰富的制备工艺成为气凝胶材料的研究重点。
纤维素是制备气凝胶最常见的原材料,其广泛存在于植物及其加工物、海洋生物和细菌等。其中,植物及其加工物来源最为丰富,包括竹材、木材、棉花、秸秆、草浆、果蔬、废旧报纸等。木质纤维素的力学性能优良;棉花纤维素纯度最高;果蔬纤维素来源广泛,纤维形态比木材和竹材略差,但比麦草等纤维略强。其他生物质纤维素还包含动物纤维素(如背囊类动物)、细菌纤维素(木醋杆菌等)、海洋生物纤维素(如海鞘纤维素、海藻)。细菌纤维素结构最为均匀,具有很好的生物相容性、形状记忆能力、高结晶度、良好的透气性和抗拉伸强度等特性;海洋生物纤维素具有较大的长径比和良好的韧性、优异的力学性能、热稳定性、抗腐蚀性及高结晶度。基于纤维素广泛的资源储备和优异的性能,它成为制备气凝胶的理想原料。
探究材料的结构与性能之间的构效关系成为热门的研究领域,纤维素基气凝胶的结构对其应用也有着重要的影响。目前,现有的制备气凝胶的方法主要是冷冻干燥法,其中,冷冻方式包括均匀的冰箱冷冻或液氮冷冻,而干燥过程主要包括真空干燥,临界点干燥和常压干燥法等。然而,目前的制备方法多使得气凝胶呈现各向同性的形态结构,即使是采用单向梯度冷冻制备方法,所得到的气凝胶呈现各向异性的结构特征,但横截面依然保持各向同性的结构,这种结构不利于气凝胶压缩后的弹性恢复。目前,还没有采用双向梯度冷冻方式制备蜂窝状的纤维素基气凝胶的报道。该方法操作简单,环境友好,所制备的蜂窝状纤维素基气凝胶,可以应用于储能、隔音、吸附等具有高附加值的行业。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提出一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其目的在于制备具有蜂窝状结构的纤维素基气凝胶,实现其高附加值应用。本发明以纤维素为原材料,采用双向梯度冷冻方式,制备具有三维各向异性结构的纤维素基气凝胶。
本发明的目的是通过如下技术方案实现的:
(1)制作绝热楔形体放置在塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在金属导热棒上,金属导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取一定量搅拌均匀的纤维素或纤维素基水溶液为原料,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入一定量的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素或纤维素基水溶液冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到干燥设备中,干燥一段时间。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构纤维素基气凝胶。
本发明与现有的技术相比具有以下优点:1)该方法所采用的纤维素原料来源广泛,包含植物及其加工物、海洋生物和细菌等。纤维素的制备方法多样,包括化学法,机械法,生物法。2)纤维素/纤维素基水溶液范围广,包括纯纤维素水溶液,化学接枝改性纤维素水溶液,纤维素/石墨烯复合水溶液,纤维素/碳纳米管复合水溶液,纤维素/无机纳米粒子复合水溶液等。3)制备的纤维素基气凝胶在三维结构上均呈现各向异性,其温度梯度引导设备简单,无需冷冻速率监控,气凝胶成规则的蜂窝状结构。4)本发明制备的纤维素基气凝胶尺寸可控,通过控制塑料模具、楔形体和金属导热棒的尺寸可调整气凝胶的大小。
附图说明
图1为双向梯度冷冻示意图。
图2为不同冷冻方式制备的纤维素基气凝胶扫描电镜图。
具体实施方式
在以下实施例中进一步说明本发明的优点和其他细节,但实施例中引用的具体材料和用量以及其他条件不应该认为是对本发明进行了不恰当的限制。
实施例1:
(1)制作直径为2cm、倾斜角度为15°的圆筒形聚二甲基硅氧烷楔形体放置在聚乙烯塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在铜导热棒上,铜导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取20mL搅拌均匀、浓度为0.3%的TEMPO氧化纤维素水溶液,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入足够的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到冷冻干燥机中,干燥2天。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构纤维素气凝胶。
实施例2:
(1)制作长宽为5×5 cm、倾斜角度为30°的长方形聚乙烯楔形体放置在亚克力塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在铁导热棒上,铁导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取50mL搅拌均匀、浓度为0.5%的机械研磨纤维素水溶液,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入足够的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到超临界干燥机中,干燥3天。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构纤维素气凝胶。
实施例3:
(1)制作长宽为3×5 cm、倾斜角度为20°的长方形泡沫楔形体放置在聚碳酸酯塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在合金导热棒上,合金导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取50mL搅拌均匀、浓度为1%的纤维素/羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯水溶液,纤维素和羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯的质量比为8:1,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入足够的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到冷冻干燥机中,干燥3天。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构的纤维素基气凝胶。
实施例4:
(1)制作长宽为8×8 cm、倾斜角度为40°的正方形真空板楔形体放置在聚四氟乙烯塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在合金导热棒上,合金导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取50mL搅拌均匀、浓度为0.8%的酶处理纤维素/二氧化钛纳米颗粒复合水溶液为原料,纤维素/二氧化钛纳米颗粒的混合质量比为10:1,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入足够的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到冷冻干燥机中,干燥3天。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构的纤维素基气凝胶。
实施例5:
(1)制作直径为8cm、倾斜角度为10°的圆柱形塑料楔形体放置在聚丙烯塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在铜导热棒上,铜导热棒放置在液氮容器中。
(2)取25mL搅拌均匀、浓度为0.1%的硅烷改性纤维素水溶液为原料,纤维素/硅烷混合溶液质量比为9:1,将其加入到塑料模具中。
(3)液氮容器中加入足够的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素冷冻成型。
(4)将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到冷冻干燥机中,干燥3天。
(5)干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构的纤维素基气凝胶。
Claims (8)
1.一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:制作绝热楔形体放置在塑料模具底部,将塑料模具放置在金属导热棒上,金属导热棒放置在液氮容器中;取一定量搅拌均匀的纤维素或纤维素基水溶液为原料,将其加入到塑料模具中;液氮容器中加入一定量的液氮,直至使得模具中的纤维素或纤维素基水溶液冷冻成型;将冷冻好的纤维素固体块及模具放入到干燥设备中,干燥一段时间;干燥后脱模得到规则的蜂窝状结构纤维素基气凝胶。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述楔形体为热绝缘材料或低热导率材料,优选由高分子材料,塑料,多孔材料,真空材料,传统绝热材料,如玻璃纤维、石棉、岩棉、硅酸盐等材料制备得到的楔形体。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述楔形体角度为1°~80°。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述金属导热棒优选为铜棒、铁棒、铝棒、银棒、金棒、锌棒、合金棒,其截面宽度或直径大于模具截面宽度或直径。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述塑料模具为耐低温树脂模具,优选聚四氟乙烯、亚克力、聚乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述纤维素原料为植物及其加工物、海洋生物和细菌,优选竹材、木材、棉花、秸秆、草浆、果蔬、废旧报纸、动物纤维素、细菌纤维素、海洋生物纤维素。
7.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述纤维素基水溶液为化学改性纤维素水溶液和纤维素/其他物质复合水溶液,包括硅烷改性纤维素水溶液,交联改性纤维素水溶液,接枝改性纤维素水溶液,纤维素/无机纳米粒子复合水溶液,纤维素/石墨烯复合水溶液,纤维素/碳纳米管复合水溶液,其中复合溶液中纤维素所占固含量超过50%,纤维素包括微米纤维素和纳米纤维素。
8.如权利要求1所述的一种双向梯度制备纤维素基气凝胶的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述纤维素或纤维素基水溶液中总固含量为0.01%~3.0%。
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