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CN110683059A - 飞行器 - Google Patents

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Publication number
CN110683059A
CN110683059A CN201910597967.5A CN201910597967A CN110683059A CN 110683059 A CN110683059 A CN 110683059A CN 201910597967 A CN201910597967 A CN 201910597967A CN 110683059 A CN110683059 A CN 110683059A
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aircraft
following features
battery
power battery
cruise
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M·福里
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/24—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants using steam or spring force
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/66—Arrangements of batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
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    • B60L53/53—Batteries
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    • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
    • B64C29/0016—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers
    • B64C29/0025—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by free or ducted propellers or by blowers the propellers being fixed relative to the fuselage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
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    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/30—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants
    • B64D27/34—All-electric aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/30—Aircraft characterised by electric power plants
    • B64D27/35—Arrangements for on-board electric energy production, distribution, recovery or storage
    • B64D27/357—Arrangements for on-board electric energy production, distribution, recovery or storage using batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D39/00—Refuelling during flight
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D41/00—Power installations for auxiliary purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
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    • B64U50/30—Supply or distribution of electrical power
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/10—Air crafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
    • B64C3/00—Wings
    • B64C3/38—Adjustment of complete wings or parts thereof
    • B64C3/56—Folding or collapsing to reduce overall dimensions of aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D2221/00—Electric power distribution systems onboard aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U10/00—Type of UAV
    • B64U10/20—Vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U2101/00—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications
    • B64U2101/60—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications for transporting passengers; for transporting goods other than weapons
    • B64U2101/61—UAVs specially adapted for particular uses or applications for transporting passengers; for transporting goods other than weapons for transporting passengers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U30/00—Means for producing lift; Empennages; Arrangements thereof
    • B64U30/10—Wings
    • B64U30/12—Variable or detachable wings, e.g. wings with adjustable sweep
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64U—UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES [UAV]; EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64U50/00—Propulsion; Power supply
    • B64U50/10—Propulsion
    • B64U50/13—Propulsion using external fans or propellers
    • B64U50/14—Propulsion using external fans or propellers ducted or shrouded
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
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    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明提供一种飞行器(10)，该飞行器具有以下特征：该飞行器(10)具有能量电池(11)、功率电池(12)、升降旋翼(14)和巡航螺旋桨(15)并且以如下方式配置，使得在巡航阶段中该能量电池(11)为该巡航螺旋桨(15)供电，而在起飞和降落阶段中该功率电池(12)为该升降旋翼(14)供电。

Description

飞行器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种飞行器、尤其一种完全电动的、可竖直地起飞和降落(verticaltake-off and landing，VTOL)的飞行器。
背景技术
VTOL在航空航天技术中跨语言地指如下任何类型的飞机、无人机或火箭，其能够基本竖直地且无需起飞和降落跑道的情况下升起和再次着陆。这个通称术语在下文中被广义地使用，其不仅包括带有机翼的固定翼飞机，而且同样包括旋翼飞机(如直升旋翼机、自转旋翼机、螺旋桨旋翼机)和混合式飞机(如复合式直升旋翼机或组合式旋翼机)以及可竖直升降的飞机。此外，还包括能够在特别短的距离内起飞和降落(short take-off andlanding，STOL)、在短的距离内起飞但竖直地降落(short take-off and verticallanding，STOVL)、或竖直地起飞但水平地降落(vertical take-off and horizontallanding，VTHL)的飞行器。
VTOL在起飞和降落阶段期间的电力需求高。因此，根据现有技术的电驱动的VTOL的电池不仅必须考虑其容量，而且还要在其功率密度方面满足最高要求。
CN 106981914 A公开了一种基于两个电池的由载具支持的能量控制方法和系统。在此，该载具根据载具状态在常规模式、恢复模式、备用电池充电模式或隔离模式之间变换，其中在常规模式中，由第一电池为载具负载供应电流；在恢复模式中，同时地由电流发生器为载具负载、第一电池和第二电池充电；在备用电池充电模式中，由功率发生器为第二电池充电；以及在隔离模式中，由第一电池为载具负载以及由第二电池为启动发动机输送功率。与各种工作条件下的不同功率要求相对应地，因此应在整个运行循环中对电池有效地充电和放电。
EP 2592686 B1描述了一种用于控制联接在电网上的蓄电池的运行的控制系统，该控制系统具有多个布置在电网上的蓄电池和一个控制设备，该控制设备基于电池电量和能量输送借助于需求预测来确定各个蓄电池的独立的充电速率和放电速率。
DE 4118594 C1针对电动载具提出了一种作为大型蓄能器的高功率电池与相同电压的较小电池的组合，该高功率电池具有相对高的比能量含量，例如镍/镉电池、或钠/硫电池、或锌/溴电池，该较小电池具有较小的比能量含量、但相对于其重量相对高的功率以及显著更小的性价比，例如铅凝胶体电池或高铅酸电池。
发明内容
为了解决如上简述的问题，提出一种替代性的能量供应形式，其不会显著提高飞行器的总重量。为此，本发明提供一种根据优选技术方案的飞行器，尤其完全电动的、如上所述可竖直起飞和降落的飞行器。
本发明的其他有利的设计方案在可选技术方案中给出。因此，该飞行器例如可以具有备用功率电池，该备用功率电池在紧急情况下选择性地为升降旋翼供电。通过这种方式，即使某个单独的电池失效，也总是有至少一个功率电池用以充电。
此外，该飞行器可以配备有弯折的或选择性地可弯折的机翼。对应的变体增大了水平飞行中有效的机翼面积，而不扩展飞行器的占地面积。
此外，该飞行器能够具有可快速充电的电池系统，该电池系统提供用于竖直起飞和降落以及水平飞行的驱动能量并且可以实现能够对飞行器进行短暂的充电。
在此，为了驱动飞行器，可以使用不同尺寸的多个涵道风扇式螺旋桨(ductedfans)来代替自由旋翼，例如这些涵道风扇式螺旋桨在航空技术以外如从气垫船或风扇船(Sumpfbooten)中已知。在这种实施方式中，包围螺旋桨的柱形壳体由于叶片尖端处的湍流而能够明显减小推进损失。适合的涵道风扇式螺旋桨能够水平地或竖直地定向、在这两种位置之间可枢转地实施、或者出于空气动力学原因在水平飞行中由片(louvers)遮盖。此外可设想借助固定的涵道风扇式螺旋桨产生纯水平的推进。
最后，除了飞行器的优选完全自主的运行之外，在资格足够的情况下也考虑允许人类飞行员手动控制，这使得根据本发明的设备在操纵中被赋予最大可能的灵活性。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出并将在下文中更详细地说明。
图1示出根据本发明的飞行器的框图。
图2示出在功率需求相对低、但能量需求相对高的巡航阶段期间的能量流。
图3示出在功率要求高至非常高、而能量需求仅低至中等的起飞和降落阶段期间的能量流。
图4示出在故障情况下备用能量源的使用。
具体实施方式
图1展示了根据本发明的飞行器10的一个优选设计方案的结构性特征，该飞行器的取决于飞行阶段的工作现在借助根据图2至4阐述。
如在图2中可见，能量电池11为巡航螺旋桨15供电并且仅在所示的巡航阶段期间被使用。在此，该能量电池的容量被设计成用于巡航和降落，同时最大功率损耗与巡航螺旋桨15的功率和额外的功率电池12的再充电速率有关。
如图3所示，所述的功率电池12仅为升降旋翼14供电并且被持续使用，使得：在起飞和降落期间，功率电池12被放电而在巡航期间被充电。该功率电池的容量与最不利的升起应用情况相适应，原因在于降落仅需要起飞能量的一小部分。对应的内容适用于在起飞和降落时功率电池12在其功率输出以及功率需求方面的设计。
在图4中展示的备用功率电池13仅供应升降旋翼14并且仅在如下情况下用于紧急降落：功率电池12失效或降落早于预期发生并且巡航时间不足以对功率电池12充电。因此，该备用功率电池的容量以降落的需求为准，该备用功率电池的最大功率输出以升降旋翼14的悬停或降落所需的功率消耗为准。这可以涉及初级电池单元和次级电池单元。
直流变压器提供恒定功率，用于在巡航期间为起飞之后通常已放电的功率电池12充电，以便在降落范围中能够再次使用该功率电池。

Claims (10)

1.一种飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)具有能量电池(11)、功率电池(12)、升降旋翼(14)和巡航螺旋桨(15)，并且
-该飞行器(10)以如下方式配置，使得在巡航阶段中该能量电池(11)为该巡航螺旋桨(15)供电，在起飞和降落阶段中，该功率电池(12)为该升降旋翼(14)供电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)进一步具有备用功率电池(13)，并且
-该飞行器(10)以如下方式配置，使得在紧急情况下选择性地用该备用功率电池(13)为该升降旋翼(14)供电。
3.根据权利要求2所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)以如下方式配置，使得在该巡航阶段中，该能量电池(11)进一步对该功率电池(12)和该备用功率电池(13)充电，如果该备用功率电池(13)是能够再次充电(16)的话。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)具有完全电动的驱动器。
5.根据权利要求1至4之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)包括折弯的或能够折弯的机翼。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-这些电池(11，12，13)是能够快速充电的。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-这些升降旋翼(14)是水平固定的涵道风扇式螺旋桨。
8.根据权利要求7所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)具有多个片，并且
-水平固定的所述涵道风扇式螺旋桨能够借助这些片选择性地被遮盖。
9.根据权利要求1至8之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-这些巡航螺旋桨(15)是用于产生推进的竖直固定的涵道风扇式螺旋桨。
10.根据权利要求1至9之一所述的飞行器(10)，
其特征在于以下特征：
-该飞行器(10)能够选择性地全自主地控制。
CN201910597967.5A 2018-07-04 2019-07-04 飞行器 Pending CN110683059A (zh)

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