CN110515012A - The method for diagnosing battery health status - Google Patents
The method for diagnosing battery health status Download PDFInfo
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- CN110515012A CN110515012A CN201910832102.2A CN201910832102A CN110515012A CN 110515012 A CN110515012 A CN 110515012A CN 201910832102 A CN201910832102 A CN 201910832102A CN 110515012 A CN110515012 A CN 110515012A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000003862 health status Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005955 Ferric phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940032958 ferric phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 229910000399 iron(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012631 diagnostic technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3835—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of methods for diagnosing battery health status, it is characterised in that the following steps are included: establishing the accumulator capacity standard parameter database of new battery: obtaining the relaxation time of N number of new battery respectively and restores the average value and standard deviation of voltage difference；It obtains the accumulator capacity parameter of mesuring battary: obtaining relaxation time and the recovery voltage difference of mesuring battary, and whether the relaxation time of the mesuring battary got according to the average value and standard deviation judgement of the relaxation time of new battery and recovery voltage difference and recovery voltage difference are actual parameter；Obtain the accumulator capacity to test sample: the aging voltage for obtaining mesuring battary by the average value in the relaxation time and the relaxation time and recovery voltage difference of restoring voltage difference and new battery that are determined as the mesuring battary of actual parameter is poor；Its accumulator capacity is determined by the aging voltage difference of mesuring battary.Accuracy of the present invention is higher.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to battery diagnostic techniques fields, and in particular to a method of diagnosis battery health status.
Background technique
Cell health state (State of health, SOH) for characterizing cell degradation degree, usually use by value size
The ratio or percentage of the current capacity of battery and rated capacity (capacity of i.e. new battery) indicates.SOH is that battery is very heavy
The parameter wanted not only determines that can battery continue to be on active service, such as the SOH of Vehicular dynamic battery must just be replaced less than 80%, and
And it is also closely related with cell safety state.
Function of the current Vehicular dynamic battery due to technology etc. or without estimation on line SOH or
The SOH of estimation is inaccurate, and error is big, needs to diagnose SOH after a period of use, to judge that can battery continue to use.It is worth note
Meaning, Vehicular dynamic battery are made of a large amount of single battery series and parallel, and whole state cannot reflect the information of monomer,
Namely whole SOH qualification does not represent the yet qualified of each monomer.If measuring the capacity of each monomer, need
Expend a large amount of man power and material, it is difficult to realize.Other measurable parameters, such as internal resistance are detected, is often theoretically unsound, also
It is to say these parameters and battery capacity without functional relation that is specific, can deriving.In although cell degradation would generally be shown
Resistance increase, but can not quantitative interpretation internal resistance increase and capacity reduction relationship.The one side internal resistance of cell can be complicated, different detections
Method obtain being worth it is entirely different, on the other hand influence internal resistance size factor it is too many, SOH is one of factor.
In conclusion the method for Current Diagnostic battery SOH is extremely short of, need to find a kind of operable new method.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to the defects of the prior art, provide the method for diagnosis battery health status, accurately
Du Genggao.
The present invention provides a kind of methods for diagnosing battery health status, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
A. establish the accumulator capacity standard parameter database of new battery: obtain respectively N number of new battery relaxation time and
Restore the average value and standard deviation of voltage difference；
B. it obtains the accumulator capacity parameter of mesuring battary: obtaining the relaxation time of mesuring battary and restore voltage difference, and
According to the relaxation for the mesuring battary that the average value and standard deviation judgement of the relaxation time of new battery and recovery voltage difference are got
Whether time and recovery voltage difference are actual parameter；
C. the accumulator capacity to test sample is obtained: relaxation time and recovery by being determined as the mesuring battary of actual parameter
The aging voltage that the relaxation time of voltage difference and new battery and the average value for restoring voltage difference obtain mesuring battary is poor；By to
The aging voltage difference for surveying battery determines its accumulator capacity.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, mesuring battary and new battery belong to same batch battery, and production produces family, all material, electricity
Pond specification and external form are just the same.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, step A the following steps are included:
1) the screening good new single battery of consistency is N number of (N >=40)
2) battery open circuit voltage and storage battery charge state relation curve, i.e. OCV-SOC curve are obtained by experiment；
3) the new battery constant-current discharge that will be filled with electricity stops discharging at once to a certain fixed state-of-charge；
4) record stops the discharge voltage V of electric discharge moment new batteryd, and when voltage be restored at this time state-of-charge institute it is right
The open-circuit voltage V answeredOCV99% the time required to, be denoted as the relaxation time T of new battery samples, wherein the recovery of new battery sample
Voltage difference delta Vs=0.99VOCV-Vd
5) the relaxation time T of all new battery samplessWith recovery voltage difference delta VsNormal distribution curve is done, is sought respectively
TsWith Δ VsAverage valueWithAnd standard deviationWith
In above-mentioned technical proposal, step B includes:
The mesuring battary constant-current discharge that will be filled with electricity stops discharging at once to a certain fixed state-of-charge；
Record stops the discharge voltage V of electric discharge moment mesuring battaryd, and when voltage be restored at this time state-of-charge institute it is right
The open-circuit voltage V answeredOCV99% the time required to, be denoted as the relaxation time T of mesuring battaryp, the wherein recovery voltage of mesuring battary
Poor Δ Vp=0.99VOCV-Vd。
In above-mentioned technical proposal, step B includes:
If the relaxation time T of mesuring battarypMeet following formula with voltage difference delta Vp is restored:Or
Then think the T of the mesuring battarypOr Δ VpIt such as new battery, is not further processed, is considered as Invalid parameter,
Remaining is then considered as actual parameter.Using uniquely if only having one in the Tp of mesuring battary or Δ Vp for actual parameter has
Effect parameter substitutes into subsequent step and is calculated.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, step C the following steps are included:
Actual parameter is substituted into following equation and calculates acquisition relaxation voltage difference delta VTpWith internal resistance voltage difference delta VΩ
ΔVΩ=Δ Vp-ΔVs (2)
R is gas constant in formula, and T is environment temperature, and F is Faraday constant, and SOC is state-of-charge when electric discharge stops
By the relaxation voltage difference delta V of mesuring battaryTpWith internal resistance voltage difference delta VΩCompare size, its large one is taken to be denoted as aging electricity
Pressure differential deltap VSOH.If relaxation voltage difference delta V only has been calculated by unique actual parameterTpOr internal resistance voltage difference delta V Ω is then
Without carrying out size comparison, it is poor to be directly denoted as aging voltage.
The state-of-charge and aging voltage difference Δ V of stopping discharging timeSOHIt is brought into OCV-SOC curve, obtains charged
State difference Δ SOC；The accumulator capacity SOH=1- Δ SOC of mesuring battary.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, comprising the following steps:
It is found on OCV-SOC curve and stops point corresponding to the state of charge of discharging time, it is corresponding to find the point
Voltage value subtract aging voltage difference after voltage value on OCV-SOC curve corresponding state of charge；When it is with stopping discharging
The difference of the state of charge at quarter is that state-of-charge is poor.
The present invention utilizes electric discharge relaxation process, it is only necessary to stop putting with a certain size current discharge to certain SOC stage
Electricity can be realized.This method is easy to operate, and the parameter of measurement only has voltage and time, is easy measurement and accuracy is good, reliable
Property it is high, and time of measuring is short, and data volume is few, and data processing is easy, and calculates that simple and amount is small, and accuracy is high, is suitble to extensive
Using.This method is low to measuring instrument requirement, or even all can be used under battery presence, is easy to popularize use.
In addition, the method for the present invention not only individually detects single battery, but also can be under battery group state, to entire electricity
Chi Bao or module discharge are realized by detecting the information of voltage of each monomer and carry out SOH diagnosis to all monomers.It avoids to list
Body battery detects one by one, uses manpower and material resources sparingly and occupies instrument and equipment less.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is for the present invention method that SOC and Δ VSOH calculates Δ SOC when being stopped on OCV-SOC curve according to electric discharge.
Fig. 2 is lithium-ion electric tank discharge relaxation curve
Specific embodiment
The following further describes the present invention in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, convenient for this hair is well understood
It is bright, but they limiting the invention.
For battery, relaxation refers to the process of that inside battery is restored to equilibrium state by polarization state.Relaxation also includes electricity
Flow relaxation and voltage relaxation.Compared to current relaxation, voltage relaxation is more readily detected, and is also easier to realize in on-line case,
Therefore the method for the voltage relaxation used herein.Voltage relaxation refers to when being interrupted suddenly by the electric current of battery, cell voltage
The process persistently increased or reduced, it is clear that discharge process relaxation, voltage can incrementally increase, and charging process relaxation, and voltage can be by
Step is reduced.Discharge process relaxation is used herein.
Discharge process relaxation includes three phases: 1) ohmic polarization voltage transient restores first, shows as voltage almost
It is perpendicular to ramp；2) electrochemical reaction polarization is very fast restores, and shows as still having after voltage vertical ramps than faster
Ascent stage；3) concentration polarization slowly restores, and shows as voltage and slowly rises.Relaxation process can be characterized with two parameters,
One is the voltage Δ V=V restoredOCV-Vd, exactly it is restored to the open-circuit voltage V of equilibrium stateOCVIt subtracts instantaneous when electric discharge stops
Discharge voltage Vd；Second is exactly that relaxation time, T, that is, battery reach the time required for open-circuit voltage, that is, equilibrium state.It is logical
In normal situation, the relaxation time is all very long, generally higher than 1h, and too long disadvantage in time is in raising detection efficiency.Relaxation time length is removed
Particle is outer slowly in solid-state diffusion speed, and Another reason is primarily due to battery material structure is complicated lead to minute quantity polarization state
Path of particle when reverting to equilibrium state it is too long.In order to improve detection efficiency, it is believed that when voltage reaches open-circuit voltage
When 99%, it is considered as having reached equilibrium state.It is this to handle the relaxation for not considering only a few particle actually.
Two parameter, Δ V and T of relaxation and the ageing state of battery are closely related.The ageing process of battery would generally show
It is big etc. for Ohmic resistance increase, reaction difficulty, diffusional resistance.It is not high that reaction difficulty is primarily referred to as phone reactivity, shows as
Internal resistance is reacted to increase.Diffusional resistance is because active material internal structure changes or collapses and causes particle inside solid phase greatly
Migration velocity is slow.Ohmic resistance increases, reaction is difficult and these three big phenomenons of diffusional resistance can be reflected by Δ V and T, it
Both show as internal resistance increase, lead to Δ V, and react difficult and diffusional resistance can also show as relaxation time T increase.
Therefore, it selects herein and restores voltage difference delta V and the two parameters of relaxation time T by a series of derivations come for examining
Power off the health status SOH in pond.The present invention specifically includes the following steps:
Step 1: establishing new battery SOH standard parameter database
1) the good new single battery N number of (N >=40) of consistency (Gui Yupeng, healthy strong, Wang Li, Hu De, Wang Yi are screened
The consistent method and system of monomer in a kind of identification battery pack of cutting edge of a knife or a sword, Li Yun, Chinese invention patent, number of patent application:
201710261042.4)；Pass sequentially through measurement capacity, ohmic internal resistance judges whether battery is consistent with polarizing voltage.
2) battery open circuit voltage and SOC relation curve, i.e. OCV-SOC (healthy strong, Yan Fuwu, Du Chang are obtained by experiment
Clearly, pendant, method for measuring energy efficiencies of storage batteries, Chinese invention patent, the patent No.: ZL 201110000612.7 are opened)；Pass through handle
The charging curve and the average mode of 0.04C discharge curve of 0.04C obtains OCV-SOC curve.
3) the battery constant current (electric current >=1C) that will be filled with electricity discharges into a certain fixed state-of-charge SOC (SOC≤0.4) at once
Stop electric discharge；SOC is that 0-0.4 is voltage-sensitive area, i.e. SOC has a small amount of variation, and voltage just has larger difference, according to voltage difference
Different acquisition Δ SOC is more accurate.
4) record stops the discharge voltage V of electric discharge moment batteryd, and open when voltage is restored to corresponding to SOC at this time
99% (i.e. 0.99V of road voltageOCV, it is accurate to 1mV) and required time (as relaxation time) Ts, and restore voltage difference delta Vs
=0.99VOCV-Vd
5) the T of all samplessWith Δ VsNormal distribution curve is done, seeks relaxation time T respectivelysWith recovery voltage difference delta
VsAverage valueWithAnd standard deviationWith
Step 2: (hereinafter referred to as sample to be tested and new battery belong to same batch electricity for acquisition aged battery or mesuring battary
Pond, production produce family, all material, battery specifications and external form it is just the same) SOH parameter
1) according to the first step 3) condition handle sample to be tested, and according to the first step 4) method obtain sample to be tested relaxation
Henan time TpWith voltage difference delta Vp
If 2)OrThen think the T of the samplepOr Δ VpWith the one of new battery
Sample is not further processed, and is considered as Invalid parameter, remaining is then considered as actual parameter
Step 3: obtaining the SOH of sample to be tested
1) SOH of new battery is set as 1,0 < SOH < 1 of aged battery, it is 0.6 < SOH < 1 that this method, which can acquire SOH range,
2) effective TpIt is handled as follows:
R is gas constant in formula, and T is environment temperature, and F is Faraday constant, and SOC is SOC when electric discharge stops
3) effective Δ VpIt is handled as follows:
ΔVΩ=Δ Vp-ΔVs (2)
3) by sample to be testedWith Δ VΩCompare size, its large one is taken to be denoted as Δ VSOH
4) SOC and Δ V that electric discharge is stoppedSOHIt is brought into battery OCV-SOC curve, obtains Δ SOC
5) the SOH=1- Δ SOC of sample to be tested
Specific embodiment chooses the ferric phosphate lithium type lithium ion battery of 3Ah, and the relaxation curve that discharges is as shown in Fig. 2, in fact
Testing step includes the following:
1, mesuring battary is fully charged: first with 0.33C electric current (being 1A for this battery 0.33C) battery discharge extremely
After 2.5V, static 1h, then it is fully charged with 0.33C charging 3 hours, then static 1h, as battery.
2, SOC=0.4 is discharged to 1C: fully charged battery with 3A electric discharge 40min.
3, stop electric discharge, recording voltage variation and time, when voltage is equal to 0.99VOCVWhen stop recording: according to ferric phosphate
The OCV-SOC curve of lithium battery is it is found that in SOC=0.4, VOCV=3.642V.
4, by lithium-ion electric tank discharge relaxation curve, obtain and write down the relaxation time T of mesuring battarypWith recovery voltage
Poor Δ Vp, method as shown in Fig. 2, in Fig. 2 Tp=980s and recovery voltage difference delta Vp=0.110V.
5, the relaxation time of new battery is obtained using identical experimental method and restores voltage difference, only when battery is new electricity
Relaxation time and recovery voltage difference are recorded as T respectively by Chi ShisWith Δ Vs, normal distribution is acquired according to a large amount of new battery data
Curve obtains the relaxation time and restores the average value and standard variance of voltage, wherein
6, since the recovery voltage difference of mesuring battary meets following situations:
It is determined that restoring voltage difference delta VpFor invalid data, i.e., with
New battery is no different.
7, since the relaxation time of mesuring battary meets following situations:So relaxing
Henan time TpFor valid data, therefore it is poor to use relaxation time Tp to calculate aging voltage.
8, formula is brought into be calculated:
9, state-of-charge SOC=0.4, Δ V when electric discharge being stoppedSOH=0.035V brings Fig. 1 into, and Fig. 1 is ferric phosphate lithium type
In lithium ion battery OCV-SOC curve, Δ SOC=0.063, therefore the SOH=1-0.063=0.937=of this sample are acquired
93.7%.
The content that this specification is not described in detail belongs to the prior art well known to professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method for diagnosing battery health status, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
A. it establishes the accumulator capacity standard parameter database of new battery: obtaining relaxation time and the recovery of N number of new battery respectively
The average value and standard deviation of voltage difference；
B. it obtains the accumulator capacity parameter of mesuring battary: obtaining the relaxation time of mesuring battary and restore voltage difference, and according to
The relaxation time for the mesuring battary that the relaxation time of new battery and the average value of recovery voltage difference and standard deviation judgement are got
It whether is actual parameter with voltage difference is restored；
C. the accumulator capacity to test sample is obtained: by being determined as the relaxation time of the mesuring battary of actual parameter and restoring voltage
The aging voltage that the average value in the relaxation time and recovery voltage difference of difference and new battery obtains mesuring battary is poor；Pass through electricity to be measured
The aging voltage difference in pond determines its accumulator capacity.
2. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step A includes following step
It is rapid:
1) the screening good new single battery of consistency is N number of (N >=40)
2) battery open circuit voltage and storage battery charge state relation curve, i.e. OCV-SOC curve are obtained by experiment；
3) the new battery constant-current discharge that will be filled with electricity stops discharging at once to a certain fixed state-of-charge；
4) record stops the discharge voltage V of electric discharge moment new batteryd, and when voltage is restored to corresponding to state-of-charge at this time
Open-circuit voltage VOCV99% the time required to, be denoted as the relaxation time T of new battery samples, wherein the recovery voltage of new battery sample
Poor Δ Vs=0.99VOCV-Vd
5) the relaxation time T of all new battery samplessWith recovery voltage difference delta VsNormal distribution curve is done, seeks T respectivelysWith
ΔVsAverage valueWithAnd standard deviationWith
3. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 2, it is characterised in that step B includes:
The mesuring battary constant-current discharge that will be filled with electricity stops discharging at once to a certain fixed state-of-charge；
Record stops the discharge voltage V of electric discharge moment mesuring battaryd, and when voltage is restored to corresponding to state-of-charge at this time
Open-circuit voltage VOCV99% the time required to, be denoted as the relaxation time T of mesuring battaryp, the wherein recovery voltage difference delta of mesuring battary
Vp=0.99VOCV-Vd。
4. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 3, it is characterised in that step B includes:
If the relaxation time T of mesuring battarypMeet following formula with voltage difference delta Vp is restored:Or
Then think the relaxation time T of the mesuring battarypWith recovery voltage difference delta Vp such as new battery, it is not further processed,
It is considered as Invalid parameter, remaining is then considered as actual parameter.
5. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 4, it is characterised in that step C includes following step
It is rapid:
Actual parameter is substituted into the relaxation voltage difference delta V that following equation calculates acquisition mesuring battaryTpWith internal resistance voltage difference delta VΩ
ΔVΩ=Δ Vp-ΔVs (2)
R is gas constant in formula, and T is environment temperature, and F is Faraday constant, and SOC is state-of-charge when electric discharge stops；
By sample to be tested relaxation voltage difference delta VTpWith internal resistance voltage difference delta VΩCompare size, its large one is taken to be denoted as aging voltage difference Δ
VSOH。
6. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 5, it is characterised in that stopping discharging time
State of charge and aging voltage difference Δ VSOHIt is brought into OCV-SOC curve, obtains state-of-charge difference Δ SOC；Mesuring battary
Accumulator capacity SOH=1- Δ SOC.
7. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 6, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
It is found on OCV-SOC curve and stops point corresponding to the state of charge of discharging time, find the corresponding voltage of point
Value subtract aging voltage difference after voltage value on OCV-SOC curve corresponding state of charge；Itself and stop discharging time
The difference of state of charge is that state-of-charge is poor.
8. the method for diagnosis battery health status according to claim 1, it is characterised in that mesuring battary and new battery
Belong to same batch battery, it is just the same that production produces family, all material, battery specifications and external form.
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| CN111007416A (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-04-14 | 广东硅岳能源科技有限公司 | Method for diagnosing the state of health of a battery |
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