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CN110481240B - Bicycle rim and machining method for drilling rim - Google Patents

Bicycle rim and machining method for drilling rim Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110481240B
CN110481240B CN201810492384.1A CN201810492384A CN110481240B CN 110481240 B CN110481240 B CN 110481240B CN 201810492384 A CN201810492384 A CN 201810492384A CN 110481240 B CN110481240 B CN 110481240B
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hole
ring wall
rim
hot
drill
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CN110481240A (en
Inventor
何凯文
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Xinfeiteli Co ltd
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Air Ambulance Industry Co ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21DWORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D22/00Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
    • B21D22/14Spinning
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60BVEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B21/00Rims

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a bicycle rim, which comprises an inner ring wall and an outer ring wall, wherein the outer ring wall surrounds the outer periphery of the inner ring wall and is separated from the inner ring wall by a preset distance, a first through hole is formed in the inner ring wall in a drilling mode, a second through hole corresponding to the first through hole is formed in the outer ring wall in a hot spinning mode, and a bearing part is extruded out of the periphery of the bottom end of the second through hole simultaneously in the hot spinning mode. Therefore, the rim of the invention provides good supporting effect for the components (such as air nozzles) matched with the rim by using the bearing part, and in addition, the processing method of the hot spinning mode can eliminate the inherent weakness of the seam extrusion type rim, and achieves the effects of simplifying the process, not damaging the structure and reducing the material waste.

Description

Bicycle rim and machining method for drilling rim
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a bicycle, and more particularly to a bicycle rim and a method for drilling the rim.
Background
The method for manufacturing bicycle rim includes such technological steps as extruding alloy material by extruding method, heating the alloy material to semi-molten state, extruding it in a front mould with multiple holes under pressure, cutting it into three or four pieces, fusing them together in a back mould, extruding out, pressing by welding, and bending to form a ring frame.
In order to cooperate with the installation of other components (such as an air faucet), in the prior art, a cutting drill is generally used for drilling a wheel rim, but the structure of the wheel rim is directly damaged by the machining method, so the structural strength of the wheel rim is inevitably influenced, even after the wheel rim is used in combination with the components for a period of time, the wheel rim is easily broken along the extrusion direction due to stress concentration, and in order to remove burrs at the edge of a hole, a milling step is probably added after the drilling step, so the problems of complex process, high manufacturing cost and material waste are derived.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to a bicycle rim that can increase the contact area between the rim and the related components (such as an air faucet) to enhance the structural stability and support effect of the components after installation.
To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a bicycle rim including two opposite sidewalls, an inner annular wall and an outer annular wall. The inner ring wall is integrally connected to the bottom ends of the two side walls, the outer ring wall is integrally connected between the two side walls and keeps a predetermined distance between the top ends of the two side walls and the inner ring wall, wherein the inner ring wall is provided with a plurality of first through holes which are arranged at equal intervals, the outer ring wall is provided with a plurality of second through holes which are arranged at equal intervals, the second through holes of the outer ring wall correspond to the first through holes of the inner ring wall one to one, the bottom surface of the outer ring wall integrally extends from the periphery of each second through hole along the axial direction of each second through hole towards the direction of the inner ring wall to form a bearing part, and the bearing part is used for increasing the contact area between the bearing part and a component (such as an air nozzle), so that the structural stability and the supporting effect of the component after installation can be enhanced.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for drilling a rim, which can greatly increase structural strength and fatigue performance while reducing weight, and has the features of simplifying process, not damaging structure, and reducing material waste.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned second objective, the first processing method provided by the present invention uses two different drill bits for processing, which includes two steps: the first step is to use a cutting drill to machine the first through hole on the inner annular wall of the rim; in the second step, a hot-melting drill is used to process a second through hole on the outer ring wall of the rim by hot-spinning, and the outer ring wall is extruded by the hot-melting drill to integrally extend a bearing part from the periphery of the second through hole to the direction of the inner ring wall.
The second processing method provided by the invention is to use a drill with a composite structure for processing, firstly, a cutting part of the drill is operated to drill a cutting hole on the outer ring wall of the rim, then the drill is operated to move towards the direction of the inner ring wall of the rim along the axial direction of the cutting hole, on one hand, a hot melting part of the drill, which is connected with the cutting part, is used for expanding the cutting hole in a hot spinning mode to form a second through hole, on the other hand, the cutting part of the drill is simultaneously used for drilling a first through hole on the inner ring wall of the rim, and the outer ring wall integrally extends out of the bearing part from the periphery of the second through hole towards the direction of the inner ring wall by the extrusion of the hot melting part of the drill.
In addition, the third processing method provided by the present invention is to use a single hot-melting drill to process, first operate the hot-melting drill to process a second through hole on the outer annular wall of the rim by hot-spinning, and by the displacement of the hot-melting drill, the outer annular wall integrally extends out of the bearing portion from the periphery of the second through hole towards the direction of the inner annular wall, then operate the hot-melting drill to move towards the direction of the inner annular wall along the axial direction of the second through hole, so that the hot-melting drill processes a first through hole on the inner annular wall by hot-spinning, and extrude a flange on the periphery of the first through hole, the flange is used to provide a supporting effect for a spoke head. In addition, before the operation of the hot-melting drill bit, a jig can be installed on one side surface of the inner ring wall, which is back to the outer ring wall, when a tail of the hot-melting drill bit passes through the first through hole of the inner ring wall, the tail of the hot-melting drill bit can be received by a receiving groove of the jig or extends into a receiving groove of the jig, so that the length of a pipe part integrally extending from the bottom end of the first through hole can be effectively controlled, and the pipe part is used for providing a protection effect for the spoke head.
In view of the above, the processing method of the present invention mainly forms the second through hole after the outer ring wall is melted by the high temperature generated by the hot spinning process, and forms the bearing portion during the processing, so as to omit the milling step used in the prior art to achieve the effect of simplifying the process, and achieve the purpose of not damaging the structure and reducing the material waste.
The detailed construction, features, assembly or use of the rim and the method of drilling the rim provided by the present invention will be described in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. However, those skilled in the art should understand that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an external perspective view of a rim according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a partial perspective sectional view of a rim according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the rim of embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a process of drilling a rim according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is another schematic flow chart of the rim drilling process according to embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a partial perspective cross-sectional view of a rim according to embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a rim according to embodiment 2 of the present invention in use with a spoked head.
Fig. 8 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a process of drilling the rim according to embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a partial perspective cross-sectional view of a rim according to embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a process of drilling a rim according to embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a partial perspective sectional view of a rim according to embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a process of drilling a rim according to embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Description of the symbols:
10. 12, 14 rim 20 side wall
30 inner annular wall 32 first aperture
34 flange 36 pipe part
40 outer annular wall 42 second aperture
44 bearing part 46 positioning groove
48 cutting hole 50 air tap
52 stop block 54
56 nut 58 spoke head
60 cutting bit 62 hot melt bit
64 composite drill 66 cutting portion
68 hot melting part 70 hot melting drill bit
72 tail 80 jig
82 accept groove 84 tool
86 receiving groove 88 receiving groove
Steps S1-S3
Detailed Description
The applicant hereby gives notice that, in the embodiments and in the drawings that will be described below, the same reference numerals will be used to designate the same or similar components or structural features thereof.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, a rim 10 according to embodiment 1 of the present invention includes two opposite side walls 20, an inner annular wall 30 and an outer annular wall 40. The inner ring wall 30 is integrally connected to the bottom ends of the two side walls 20, the outer ring wall 40 is integrally connected between the two side walls 20 and keeps a predetermined distance between the top ends of the two side walls 20 and the inner ring wall 30, wherein the inner ring wall 30 has a plurality of first through holes 32 arranged at equal intervals, the first through holes 32 penetrate through both the top and bottom surfaces of the inner ring wall 30, the bottom ends of the first through holes 32 are flush with the bottom surface of the inner ring wall 30, the outer ring wall 40 has a plurality of second through holes 42 arranged at equal intervals, the second through holes 42 penetrate through both the top and bottom surfaces of the outer ring wall 40, and the second through holes 42 correspond to the first through holes 32 of the inner ring wall 30 in a one-to-one manner, and the aperture of the second through holes 42 is larger than that of the first through holes 32. In addition, a bearing portion 44 integrally extends from the bottom surface of the outer annular wall 40 along the axial direction of each second through hole 42 from the periphery of each second through hole 42 toward the inner annular wall 30.
Referring to FIG. 3, the nozzle 50 includes a stop block 52 and a tube 54 connected to the stop block 52. When the air faucet 50 is installed on the rim 10 of embodiment 1 of the present invention, the stop block 52 of the air faucet 50 is inserted into the second through hole 42 of the outer annular wall 40 and abuts against the support portion 44 of the outer annular wall 40, the tube 54 of the air faucet 50 is inserted into the first through hole 32 of the inner annular wall 30, and then the air faucet 50 is locked by a nut 56 screwed into the tube 54 of the air faucet 50, the air faucet 50 is driven by the nut 36 to move along the axial direction of the second through hole 42 toward the inner annular wall 30, so that the stop block 52 of the air faucet 50 is tightly abutted against the support portion 44 of the outer annular wall 40, at this time, the contact area between the stop block 52 of the air faucet 50 and the stop block 44 of the air faucet 50 is increased by the support portion 44, on one hand, a good support effect is provided for the stop block 52 of the air faucet 50, so that the air faucet 50 is not prone to be skewed when being subjected to external force, and further achieving an effect of improving structural stability, on the other hand, the tightness between the air faucet 50 and the rim 10 can be increased, thereby preventing the occurrence of air leakage.
The above is a detailed structure of the rim 10 according to embodiment 1 of the present invention, and the following is a description of the machining method for drilling the rim 10 according to embodiment 1 of the present invention, wherein there are two machining methods, and the first machining method is shown in fig. 4:
a) the method comprises the following steps In step S1 shown in fig. 4, a cutting bit 60 is operated to form a first bore 32 in the inner annular wall 30 from bottom to top.
b) The method comprises the following steps In step S3 shown in fig. 4, a hot-melt drill 62 is operated to perform hot-spinning on the outer annular wall 40, wherein the outer annular wall 40 is subjected to high-temperature friction of the hot-melt drill 62 to form a molten state at the processing point, and a second through hole 42 is formed after the hot-melt drill 62 penetrates the outer annular wall 40. In addition, during the operation of the heat-fusible drill 62 to form the second through-hole 42, since the outer annular wall 40 is in a melted state, the outer annular wall 40 is integrally extended toward one side surface of the inner annular wall 30 by the downward displacement of the heat-fusible drill 62 to form the receiving portion 44 from the peripheral edge of the second through-hole 42 toward the inner annular wall 30.
On the other hand, as shown in step S2 of fig. 4, in order to improve the processing accuracy of the second through hole 42, the position of the second through hole 42 may be located on the outer annular wall 40 before the second through hole 42 is processed, however, the locating manner is various, and the present embodiment is not limited thereto, for example, a general cutting drill or other suitable tool may be used to form a locating groove 46 on the outer annular wall 40, the locating groove 46 is located at the center of the second through hole 42, and then the hot spinning processing of the second through hole 42 may be performed according to the position of the locating groove 46 in step S3.
As can be seen from the above, the first processing method of the present invention uses two different drills 60, 62 to process the first and second through holes 32, 42 on the inner and outer annular walls 30, 40 respectively, i.e. two operations are required to complete the processing of the first and second through holes 32, 42, however, in order to further simplify the process, the second processing method of the present invention uses a composite drill 64 with a composite structure to simultaneously process the first and second through holes 32, 42 on the inner and outer annular walls 30, 40, as shown in fig. 5, the composite drill 64 includes a cutting portion 66 and a heat-melting portion 68 connected to the cutting portion 66, wherein the structure of the cutting portion 66 is the same as that of the drill 40, and the structure of the heat-melting portion 68 is the same as that of the heat-melting drill 62, so that the processing of the first and second through holes 32, 42 can be completed simultaneously only one operation, in detail:
as shown in step S1 of fig. 5, the cutting portion 66 of the composite drill 64 is operated to drill a cutting hole 48 in the outer annular wall 40 from top to bottom, and then as shown in step S2 of fig. 5, the composite drill 64 is operated to move along the axial direction of the cutting hole 48 toward the inner annular wall 30, during the downward movement of the composite drill 64, on one hand, the cutting hole 48 is expanded by the heat-melting portion 68 in a hot-spinning manner to form the second through hole 42, on the other hand, the cutting portion 66 is used to drill the first through hole 32 in the inner annular wall 30, and by the downward movement of the composite drill 64, the outer annular wall 40 integrally extends out of the bearing portion 44 toward one side surface of the inner annular wall 30 from the periphery of the second through hole 42 toward the direction of the inner annular wall 30.
In summary, the two processing methods provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention mainly utilize the high temperature generated by the hot spinning process to form the molten state of the outer annular wall 40 of the rim 10 and then extrude the second through hole 42, so that the whole process is not interrupted, i.e. the crystal grains distributed around the second through hole 42 are not damaged, but the crystal grains around the second through hole 42 are arranged more tightly, thereby maintaining the good structural strength of the rim 10, prolonging the fatigue life of the rim 10, increasing the strength around the second through hole 42, and solving the problems of chip removal, burr removal and material waste.
Referring to fig. 6, the rim 12 of the second embodiment of the present invention is substantially the same in structure as the previous embodiment, except that a flange 34 is integrally formed on a side of the inner annular wall 30 facing the outer annular wall 40 at the periphery of each first through hole 32. Thus, the rim 12 of the embodiment 2 of the present invention can be used not only with the second through holes 42 to cooperate with the air nozzles 50 as in the embodiment 1, but also with the first through holes 32 to cooperate with a spoke head 58, as shown in fig. 7, when the spoke head 58 is installed, the spoke head 58 is placed in the first through holes 32 through the second through holes 42, and after the installation, the flange 34 can be used to provide a good supporting effect for the spoke head 58.
Referring to fig. 8, the rim 12 of embodiment 2 of the present invention is mainly drilled by a single hot-melt drill 46, which is different from the method of embodiment 1, in detail:
a) the method comprises the following steps As shown in step S1 of fig. 8, a jig 80 is first installed on the bottom surface of the inner annular wall 30, and then as shown in step S2 of fig. 8, the hot-melt drill 70 is operated to machine the second through hole 42 in the outer annular wall 40 by hot-spinning, and by the downward displacement of the hot-melt drill 70, the outer annular wall 40 is integrally extended toward the one side surface of the inner annular wall 30 from the periphery of the second through hole 42 toward the direction of the inner annular wall 30 to form the bearing portion 44.
b) The method comprises the following steps As shown in step S2 of fig. 8, the hot-melt drill 70 is moved along the axial direction of the second through hole 42 toward the inner annular wall 30, so that the hot-melt drill 70 processes the first through hole 32 on the inner annular wall 30 by hot-spinning, and the flange 34 is extruded on the periphery of the top end of the first through hole 32, and a receiving groove 82 of the jig 80 receives a tail portion 72 of the hot-melt drill 70, so that the bottom end of the first through hole 32 is flush with the bottom surface of the inner annular wall 30.
Referring to fig. 9, the rim 14 of the embodiment 3 of the present invention is substantially the same in structure as the previous embodiment 2, except that the bottom surface of the inner annular wall 30 is integrally extended from the periphery of each first through hole 32 to a tube portion 36, and the tube portion 36 is used to provide a protection effect for the spoke head 58.
As for the method for drilling the rim 14 according to the embodiment 3 of the present invention, the difference is that the fixture 84 is different from the fixture 84 used in the embodiment, the fixture 84 used in the embodiment has a receiving groove 86 and an accommodating groove 88 communicating with the receiving groove 86, so that, as shown in step S1 of fig. 10, the receiving groove 86 of the jig 84 receives a portion of the two sidewalls 20 and the inner sidewall 30, and then as shown in step S2 of fig. 10, after the hot-melt drill 70 is operated to form the first through hole 32 in the inner annular wall 30, the receiving groove 88 of the fixture 84 allows the tail portion 72 of the hot-melt drill 70 to extend into the inner annular wall 30, since the inner annular wall 30 is in a molten state, the side of the inner annular wall 30 opposite to the outer annular wall 40 is integrally extended out of the tube portion 36 from the periphery of the bottom end of the first through hole 32 in the direction away from the inner annular wall 30 following the downward displacement of the heat-fusible drill 70.
However, in order to adjust the extension length of the pipe 36 to meet different requirements, in the 4 th embodiment of the present invention, the jig 84 used in the 3 rd embodiment is omitted, so that the step of installing the jig 84 can be omitted when the hot-melt drill 70 of the 3 rd embodiment is used to drill, and thus, as shown in fig. 11 and 12, the pipe 36 can have a longer extension length than that of the 3 rd embodiment because it is not limited by the jig 84.
In summary, the processing method provided in embodiments 2 and 3 of the present invention processes the second through hole 42 and the first through hole 32 by the hot spinning method, wherein the flange 34 is generated at the periphery of the first through hole 32 during the processing of the first through hole 32, so that the flange 34 provides a good supporting effect for the spoke head 58, and the flange 34 increases the thickness of the inner annular wall 30 around the first through hole 32, and the structural strength of the rims 12 and 14 does not need to be increased by increasing the thickness of the entire inner annular wall 30. Therefore, the machining methods according to embodiments 2 and 3 of the present invention can maintain the rims 12 and 14 with good structural strength, and can reduce the weight of the rims 12 and 14.

Claims (16)

1. A bicycle rim comprises two opposite side walls, an inner ring wall and an outer ring wall, wherein the inner ring wall is integrally connected to the bottom ends of the two side walls, the outer ring wall is integrally connected between the two side walls and keeps a preset distance between the top ends of the two side walls and the inner ring wall respectively, the inner ring wall is provided with a plurality of first through holes which are arranged at equal intervals, the outer ring wall is provided with a plurality of second through holes which are arranged at equal intervals, the second through holes of the outer ring wall correspond to the first through holes of the inner ring wall in a one-to-one mode, a bearing part extends from the periphery of each second through hole to the inner ring wall along the axial direction of each second through hole integrally towards one side surface of the inner ring wall, the inner ring wall is provided with a plurality of flanges towards one side surface of the outer ring wall, each flange is integrally arranged on the periphery of one first through hole, and each flange extends from the periphery of one first through hole to the outer ring wall respectively, and the wall thickness of the periphery of the first through hole of the inner ring wall is larger than that of other parts of the inner ring wall.
2. The bicycle rim of claim 1 wherein the bottom end of the first aperture is flush with the bottom surface of the inner annular wall.
3. The bicycle rim as in claim 1, wherein a side of said inner annular wall opposite to said outer annular wall has a plurality of tube portions each extending integrally from a periphery of said first through hole in a direction away from said inner annular wall.
4. The bicycle rim of claim 1 wherein the bottom end of the first aperture is flush with the bottom surface of the inner annular wall.
5. The bicycle rim of claim 1 wherein the second through-hole has a larger pore size than the first through-hole.
6. A method of drilling a rim according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a) operating a cutting part of a drill to drill a cutting hole on the outer ring wall of the rim; and
b) the drill bit is operated to move along the axial direction of the cutting hole to the direction of the inner ring wall of the rim, on one hand, the cutting hole is expanded to form the second through hole by utilizing a hot melting part of the drill bit, which is connected with the cutting part, in a hot spinning mode, on the other hand, the first through hole is drilled on the inner ring wall of the rim by utilizing the cutting part of the drill bit, and the bearing part integrally extends out of the outer ring wall from the periphery of the second through hole to the direction of the inner ring wall by means of the displacement of the drill bit.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the second perforations have a larger pore size than the first perforations.
8. The process of claim 6 wherein the bottom end of the first through hole is flush with the bottom surface of the inner annular wall.
9. A method of drilling a rim according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a) operating a hot-melting drill to process a second through hole on the outer ring wall of the rim in a hot spinning mode, and integrally extending the outer ring wall from the periphery of the second through hole to the direction of the inner ring wall to form a bearing part by means of the displacement of the hot-melting drill; and
b) the hot melting drill bit is operated to move towards the direction of the inner ring wall of the rim along the axial direction of the second through hole, so that the hot melting drill bit processes a first through hole on the inner ring wall of the rim in a hot spinning mode, and the flange is extruded on the periphery of the first through hole.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein in step b), the inner annular wall is integrally extended from the periphery of the first through hole to a pipe portion away from the inner annular wall by displacement of the heat-melting drill.
11. The machining method according to claim 10, wherein in step a), before the operation of the heat-melting drill, a jig is installed on a side surface of the inner annular wall opposite to the outer annular wall; in step b), after the flange is extruded from the periphery of the first through hole by the hot-melt drill, a tail of the hot-melt drill is inserted into an accommodating groove of the jig.
12. The machining method according to claim 9, wherein in step a), before operating the drill, a jig is installed on a side surface of the inner annular wall opposite to the outer annular wall; in step b), after the flange is extruded at the periphery of the first through hole by the hot-melting drill, a receiving groove of the jig receives a tail of the hot-melting drill, so that the bottom end of the first through hole is flush with a side surface of the inner annular wall back to the outer annular wall.
13. The process of claim 9 wherein the second perforations have a larger pore size than the first perforations.
14. A method of drilling a rim according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a) operating a cutting drill to drill a first through hole on the inner annular wall of the rim; and
b) operating a hot-melting drill to process a second through hole on the outer ring wall of the rim in a hot spinning mode, and integrally extending the outer ring wall from the periphery of the second through hole to the direction of the inner ring wall to form the bearing part by means of the displacement of the hot-melting drill.
15. The manufacturing method as claimed in claim 14, wherein a positioning step of the second hole penetrating the outer annular wall of the rim is further included between the steps a) and b); in step b), operating the hot-melt drill to form a second through hole in the outer annular wall in a hot-spinning manner according to the positioning result.
16. The process of claim 14 wherein the second perforations have a larger pore size than the first perforations.
CN201810492384.1A 2018-05-14 2018-05-21 Bicycle rim and machining method for drilling rim Active CN110481240B (en)

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TW107116273 2018-05-14
TW107116273A TWI653159B (en) 2018-05-14 2018-05-14 Bicycle rim and processing method for drilling the rim

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TWI766539B (en) * 2021-01-13 2022-06-01 飛特立工業有限公司 Bicycle rim and spoke hole processing method for bicycle rim

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TWI623447B (en) * 2017-06-12 2018-05-11 Wheel rim for bicycle and method for treatment nozzle hole of the rim

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CN102166918A (en) * 2010-02-25 2011-08-31 亚猎士科技股份有限公司 Bicycle rim with side wall section difference reinforcing structure
TWI623447B (en) * 2017-06-12 2018-05-11 Wheel rim for bicycle and method for treatment nozzle hole of the rim

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不锈钢热熔钻与拉铆螺母对比工艺研究;陈阿海;《技术与市场》;20160229;第24页 *

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