CN110402191A - 复合材料和复合产品 - Google Patents
复合材料和复合产品 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- B27K—PROCESSES, APPARATUS OR SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES FOR IMPREGNATING, STAINING, DYEING, BLEACHING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS, OR TREATING OF WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS WITH PERMEANT LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF CORK, CANE, REED, STRAW OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
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- B27K5/00—Treating of wood not provided for in groups B27K1/00, B27K3/00
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B27N3/002—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres characterised by the type of binder
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B27K2200/00—Wooden materials to be treated
- B27K2200/15—Pretreated particles or fibres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B27N1/00—Pretreatment of moulding material
- B27N1/02—Mixing the material with binding agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Finishing Walls (AREA)
- Floor Finish (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及包含纤维素材料、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA)的复合材料。纤维素材料在被并入至复合材料中之前可被热改性。本发明还涉及包含根据本发明的复合材料的复合产品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含纤维素材料、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA)的复合材料。纤维素材料在被并入至复合材料中之前可被热改性。本发明还涉及包含根据本发明的复合材料的复合产品。
背景技术
传统上,栅栏、层面(decks,甲板)、门、窗、覆层和壁板(siding)由从实木取材的(使用实木的)组件制成。这些产品通常被认为比由金属或水泥制成的产品更美观,例如,金属栅栏或水泥砌块墙或层面。然而,一段时间以后,实木产品可能由于天气暴露和生物侵袭而自然地开始分解。已知可通过用广泛可得的耐候性涂料、油漆、清漆、面漆等处理木材而缓和这种劣化。然而,不幸的是经处理的木材产品经常可在短时间内劣化,从而需要部分或全部更换。适合用于围栏、装饰物、窗和门的许多实木材料的维护是昂贵的。此外,由于木材的天然变化,单个组件的更换可能导致产品的外观不一致、不均匀。
许多产品、技术和构思被用于制造挤出或模塑热塑性塑料作为半结构化的室外应用(比如装饰物、公园人行道、儿童游乐场、座椅和长椅)中的木材的替代方案。最广泛使用的热塑性塑料是聚乙烯,其典型地为来自HDPE、LDPE以及LLDPE奶瓶、膜等的回收产物。其他广泛使用的热塑性塑料包括聚苯乙烯、抗冲改性的聚苯乙烯、PVC和聚丙烯。许多体系还使用了无机填料,比如碳酸钙,和滑石,或纤维素填料,典型地为木材或其他天然纤维,其被配混至热塑性塑料中以强化性质并且使得配混物(compound)看起来更像其所替代的木质木材。这些体系正在快速地获取市场的认可,尤其是在层面中,其中其具有长期耐久性和减少的维护的优点。由于近期关于用于处理用于室外应用的木材的化学品和防腐剂的健康顾虑,以及鉴于耐久的硬木材(hardwoods,阔叶木)的稀缺,其具有额外的优点。
许多复合材料,比如纤维素/聚合物复合材料被用作全天然木材、颗粒板、刨花板以及其他类似材料的替代物。例如,US3,908,902;US4,091,153;US4,686,251;US4,708,623;US5,002,713;US5,087,400;US5,151,238;US5,417,904;US5,948,524;US6,280,667;US6,827,995和US6,936,200涉及制造塑料/纤维素木材替代产品的方法。
苯乙烯-马来酸酐和基于木材的填料的固体复合材料公开在US3,765,934;US3,894,975和US3,958,069;加拿大公开专利申请号2,626,992A1中以及在Simonsen等的“Properties of Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymers Containing Wood-BasedFillers”,Forest Products Journal,第48卷,第1期,第89-92页,1998年1月中。
与天然木材相比,纤维素/聚合物复合材料提供了对磨损和撕裂的优越的耐受性。特别地,纤维素/聚合物复合材料具有对水分的增强的耐受性。事实上,众所周知水分的保留是天然木材翘曲、开裂以及褪色的主要原因。另外,纤维素/聚合物复合材料具有天然木材的外观,且其可以与天然木材相同的方式锯切、砂磨、成型、转动、紧固和上面漆(精细加工,finished)。纤维素/聚合物复合材料还具有比实木更好的表面磨损耐受性,尤其是在例如经常发生磨损的地板和装饰物的应用中。因此,纤维素/聚合物复合材料通常用于以下应用中,比如内部和外部装饰性房屋模塑制品,相框,家具,走廊层面,层面栏杆,窗模塑制品,窗组件,门组件,屋顶结构体,建筑壁板和覆层,以及其他合适的室内和室外组件。此外,纤维素/聚合物复合材料可替代高度耐久的且稀缺的硬木材,例如热带硬木材。
本领域技术人员已经意识到合成木材组合物中过量的水分含量可能导致劣质的最终产品。特别地,合成木材组合物中过量的水分含量可能导致易于受到膨胀、破裂和碎裂外观影响的最终组件。因此,在将纤维素材料引入到合成木材组合物中之前,可能有必要将纤维素材料干燥至预定的水平。即便在将纤维素材料干燥之后,其还有从环境中再次吸收水分的天然倾向。结果,在被添加至合成木材组合物之前,可能还需要将经干燥的纤维素材料储存在水分受控的环境中以防止纤维素材料再次吸收额外的水分。鉴于这些考虑,在不同地点之间运送纤维素材料时,保持足够干燥的纤维素材料可能是困难的且是昂贵的。
塑料栅栏组件已经被作为传统的天然木材栅栏的替代方案或补充物而被开发。例如,US5,100,109描述了通过提供柔性的、塑料的、可卷曲的栅栏板而建造栅栏的方法,所述栅栏板可被展开且紧固至间隔开的栅栏柱。柔性的栅栏板的长度和宽度尺寸模拟标准木质板,且长度为350英尺或更长。根据该专利,栅栏板在柔性的热塑性材料的连续挤出方法中形成。
US5,404,685描述了部分地由发泡的聚苯乙烯塑料组件制造的壁或栅栏,更特别是塑料柱和镶板(panels)。建造根据该专利的栅栏需要多个步骤。例如,壁或栅栏稳定性通过在将聚苯乙烯塑料柱固定至地面之后,将强化填料材料比如混凝土浇注至聚苯乙烯塑料柱的中空部而实现。栅栏的硬化外表面通过在建造栅栏之后,向栅栏或壁施加外部面漆比如灰泥或特殊外部油漆而实现。
然而,当以上描述的合成木材或木材复合产品的机械性质,尤其是当强度和刚度与其所替代的木材相比时,典型地存在缺点。另外,当经受连续的负载和/或高环境温度时,以上描述的木材/纤维素复合材料易于蠕变(creep)。此外,在长期暴露于热之后,这些材料倾向于翘曲。由于这些结构上的限制,以上描述的合成木材产品的使用通常被限制在较少的结构应用中。例如,在层面中,其用于层面板,但典型地不可用于承担整个结构体的负载的托梁和竖直柱。然而,与由热塑性聚合物制成的产品(其典型地具有高热膨胀系数)相比,木材/纤维素复合材料一般具有改进的热稳定性。纯热塑性聚合物具有高的热膨胀水平。向聚合物引入木质纤维素纤维降低了热膨胀系数。
US8,221,663描述了制造密度不超过1.3g/cm3的发泡的制品的方法。
与制备聚合物-木材组合物的方法相关的问题是确保可获得具有期望性质,比如热塑性可焊接性的制品的条件。在一些实施方式中,重要的是能够获得具有精细的细节以及特定的外形和形状的对称的制品。另一个问题涉及确保可使用足够高比例的纤维素纤维,但还得到具有期望的性质的制品。
因此,本领域需要提供克服以上描述的问题的复合材料和复合产品,以及制造这样的复合材料和复合产品的方法。
发明内容
本发明的一个目标在于提供具有改进的性质的包含纤维素纤维的复合材料,比如改进的强度和刚度性质以及低蠕变性。
本发明的另一目标在于提供包含这样的复合材料的复合产品。
这些目标和其他优点通过本发明来实现。
本发明涉及复合材料,其包含至少20重量%的纤维素材料、至少1重量%且小于20重量%的苯乙烯马来酸酐和5重量%至50重量%的高抗冲聚苯乙烯。在本发明的一个实施方式中,复合材料可包含其他填料,比如碳酸钙和其他无机填料。
纤维素材料可为被热改性的纤维素材料。热改性通过热处理进行,优选在160-250℃的温度,优选在200-230℃的温度下在大气压力下,或在高于120℃的温度下在升高的压力下,根据本领域中已知的方法进行。
复合材料包含至少20重量%的纤维素材料,优选25-75重量%且甚至更优选40-65重量%、45-65重量%或50-60重量%的纤维素材料。
在一个实施方式中,复合材料包含至少2重量%且小于20重量%,比如2重量%至15重量%或2重量%至10重量%,5重量%至10重量%或2重量%至7重量%的苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA)。
纤维素材料可由单一形式的纤维素材料组成或例如由不同类型的纤维的混合物组成。例如,纤维素材料可以木材颗粒或纸浆的形式提供。纸浆的实例包括机械浆,半机械或化学浆,比如热机械浆,化学热机械浆或化学浆(以硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐方法制造)或溶解纸桨。例如,木材颗粒可为研磨的木材、木屑或锯末。在被用于制备根据本发明的复合材料之前,纤维素材料可被压实。
纤维素材料的颗粒尺寸(粒度)可低于1mm,优选低于0.50mm且甚至更优选低于0.25mm或低于0.1mm。优选的是纤维素材料具有小尺寸,因为实现了纤维素材料在复合材料中更均匀的分散和分布。如果纤维素材料是纤维素纤维的形式,纤维的纤维长度优选低于1mm,优选低于0.50mm且甚至更优选低于0.25mm或低于0.1mm。
纤维素材料可为粉末的形式。因此,纤维素材料可包含已经经过机械处理以生产粉末的纤维素纤维。纤维素材料的尺寸对于能够获得其中纤维素材料均匀地分布的复合材料是重要的。已经发现如果纤维素材料为粉末的形式,那么就容易实现良好的分散以及与聚合物的混合。
例如,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)可为如下的接枝共聚物,其中聚丁二烯在聚合期间被添加以变为化学键合至聚苯乙烯,并且其随后与普通聚丁二烯混合。HIPS是可商购的,例如以名称Bextrene。
SMA(苯乙烯马来酸酐)是合成聚合物,其由苯乙烯和马来酸酐单体构成。
本发明还涉及生产复合产品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:提供纤维素材料、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA),将所述纤维素材料、HIPS和SMA进料至挤出机,和挤出复合产品。
挤出机中使用的温度优选高于180℃。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及包含纤维素材料、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA)的复合材料。已经令人惊奇地发现根据本发明的复合材料提供了强化的强度和刚度性质。
根据本发明的复合材料的加工能力适合于用于比如窗和门的应用以及更重的基础设施应用的高强度复合型材,其中在所述应用中普通的木材-聚合物复合材料和塑料是不合适的。
观察到的改进的强度和稳定性通过纤维素材料和基体组分之间的酯化反应而被强化。在本发明的一个实施方式中,复合材料和复合产品的重量密度高于1.0g/cm3,比如高于1.3g/cm3。
此外,通过在复合材料中使用热改性的纤维素材料,已经发现得到了具有特别有利的强度性质的复合材料。
热改性的纤维素材料指的是已经在160-250℃的升高的温度下在大气压力下,或在高于120℃的温度下在高于1bar的升高的压力下经过热处理的纤维素材料。纤维素材料可为任意种类的纤维素木材材料的经热处理的纤维素纤维。热改性的纤维素纤维可被进一步处理以形成所述热改性的纤维素材料,例如经机械处理和/或经化学处理。可对经热处理的纤维素纤维进行机械处理以形成粉末,并且机械处理热改性的纤维素纤维的优点之一是其易于碎裂成具有独特形状的非常小的颗粒。尺寸和形状是影响复合材料的诸多性质的关键参数,比如强度和吸水性。由于非常精细的颗粒尺寸和缺少树脂,与普通的经干燥的木材中所发现的相比,在将热改性的纤维素材料添加至聚合物以形成复合材料时,纤维集束的风险极大地降低,这相应地产生更均匀的分散和分布。可对经热处理的纤维素纤维进行化学处理以改进材料的反应性。还可对已经经过机械或化学处理的纤维素纤维进行热处理,例如对已经研磨为粉末的纤维素纤维进行热处理。
复合材料还可包含会强化复合材料的性能和加工参数的添加剂。可能的添加剂可为润滑剂、偶联剂、颜料、紫外线稳定剂或阻滞剂和/或填料。在本发明的一个实施方式中,复合材料包含阻燃剂。
本发明还涉及生产复合产品的方法,所述方法包括使用挤出机以制造复合产品。可使用任意种类的挤出机。
例如,可使用配混挤出机以丸粒或粒料的形式生产根据本发明的复合材料。这样的丸粒或粒料可用于制造包含复合材料的复合产品。例如,这样的复合产品可通过挤出、注塑成型、旋转成型、3D打印或成形压制来制造。复合材料还可以成型的复合产品的形式生产,例如通过提供型材模具,通过所述型材模具挤出成型的复合产品。可以多种形状且出于多种目的生产这样的压型的(profiled)复合产品。
生产的复合产品可用于生产许多不同的产品,比如覆层,装饰物,窗和门型材,灯杆,防波堤,细木工制品,家具等。生产的复合产品可用于以下应用,比如内部和外部装饰房屋模塑制品,相框,家具,走廊层面,层面栏杆,窗模塑制品,窗组件,门组件,屋顶结构体,建筑壁板和覆层,以及其他合适的室内和室外组件。根据本发明的复合材料和复合产品还可用于海岸(shoring,支柱)以及海洋环境,比如水下结构体。此外,根据本发明的纤维素/聚合物复合材料可替代高度耐久的且稀缺的硬木材,例如热带硬木材。
实施例
缩写:
SMA:苯乙烯马来酸酐(Xiran,来自Polyscope)
TW:热改性的纤维素材料
HIPS:高抗冲聚苯乙烯
MOE:弹性模量
STD:标准偏差
WPC:木材-聚合物复合材料
Avg:平均值
COV:方差系数(变异系数)
实施例1
在该实验中,研究了包含根据本发明的复合材料的复合产品的机械性质。
使用了热改性的木材(HTW)纤维。该纤维为来自松木的刨片,其已通过加热至212℃ 3个小时而被热改性且随后在锤磨机中研磨并且过筛。
制备以下配制物:
表1.样品的配方,重量%。
样品 | 纤维素材料的含量 | SMA含量 | HIPS含量 |
对照-松木 | 松木50% | 0% | 50% |
SMA-0% | TW50% | 0% | 50% |
SMA-2.5% | TW50% | 2.5% | 47.5% |
SMA-5.0% | TW50% | 5.0% | 45.0% |
SMA-7.5% | TW50% | 7.5% | 42.5% |
SMA-10.0% | TW50% | 10.0% | 40.0% |
SMA-12.5% | TW50% | 12.5% | 37.5% |
SMA-15.0% | TW50% | 15.0% | 35.0% |
试验挤出系统的规格如下:挤出机中使用以下工艺参数:
表2.挤出参数,Woodtruder设备。将纤维素纤维直接进料至双螺杆中且经由单螺杆添加SMA。生产出装饰板复合产品。
测定样品的弯曲性质(弯曲强度和弯曲模量):
表3.样品以及对照/对比样品的弯曲性质。
*来自由NovaChem SMA和松木木材的制成的装饰板样品的数据;木材含量30%且比重为0.85
**可商购的产品(聚丙烯/聚乙烯和50重量%的普通锯末);来自可商购的WPC技术数据手册的数据
实施例2
测定样品的尺寸稳定性。
首先在室温下调节样品然后浸入在水中共28天。在24小时、7天、14天、21天和28天进行尺寸测量,以获得水吸收和宽度、长度和厚度的尺寸变化。
表4.浸泡在水中的样品的增重百分比。
表5.尺寸变化(厚度膨胀),百分比,浸泡在水中的样品。
发现与用常规松木制成的样品相比,具有热改性的纤维素材料的样品具有较少的水吸收(增重)和尺寸变化。
SMA的含量显著地影响样品的水吸收(增重)和尺寸变化。
实施例3
根据ASTM标准D696测定热膨胀系数(CTE)并且与其他常规塑料和复合产品比较。在两个方向,纵向(挤出方向)和横向(挤出的横向),测量CTE。
表6.样品的CTE值
*PVC型材的CTE值假定为纵向膨胀,除非制造商提及了膨胀方向。
**可商购的WPC的CTE值假定为纵向膨胀
发现根据本发明的样品表现出类似于可商购的WPC的热膨胀系数且为PVC型材的约50%,这是主要的优点。
发现挤出(纵向)方向的CTE远低于横向(横向)方向。
发现具有热改性的纤维素材料的样品表现出比普通松木更低的CTE值。
发现SMA的含量对样品的更低的CTE值有贡献。
实施例4
进行研究以评价在根据本发明的复合产品的表面上涂漆的可行性。
制备以下样品(重量%):
SMA:苯乙烯马来酸酐(Xiran,来自Polyscope)
TW:热改性的纤维素材料(*)
HIPS:高抗冲聚苯乙烯
(*)纤维是来自松木的刨片,其已通过加热至212℃ 3个小时而被热改性且随后在锤磨机中研磨并且过筛。
涂漆/涂覆条件如下:
测试方法:使用便携式粘附测试仪,ASTM D4541,涂层的拉脱(pull-off)强度的标准测试方法。便携式粘附测试仪为拉脱测试仪,来自DeFelsko的Model PosiTest AT-M。
获得了以下结果
样品 | 平均拉脱应力 |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA2.5% | 237psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA5.0% | 312psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA10% | 335psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA15% | 373psi |
在有处理和无处理的情况下在硬表面上进行拉脱测试以评估样品表面的拓扑性质。通过使用海绵擦洗和用Zowo-Plast 1120(用于清洁和在涂覆之前准备的水基/可生物降解的清洁剂)擦拭来进行表面处理。
经处理的表面获得以下结果:
样品 | 平均拉脱应力 |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA2.5% | 555psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA5.0% | 463psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA10% | 677psi |
HIPS-TW-WPC-SMA15% | 646psi |
所有样品的拉脱应力都非常高,这代表了根据本发明的复合产品涂漆能力。如以上所示,SMA含量和表面处理影响粘合强度。
鉴于本发明的以上详细描述,对于本领域技术人员来说,其他修改和变化会是显而易见的。然而,显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以实现这些其他修改和变化。
Claims (15)
1.复合材料,其包含至少20重量%的纤维素材料、至少1重量%且小于20重量%的苯乙烯马来酸酐和5重量%至50重量%的高抗冲聚苯乙烯。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料,其中纤维素材料为热改性的纤维素材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料,其中纤维素材料已经通过热处理而被热改性,所述热处理在160-250℃的温度、优选200-230℃的温度下在大气压力下,或在高于120℃的温度下在升高的压力下进行。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的复合材料,其中复合材料2重量%至15重量%的苯乙烯马来酸酐。
5.根据权利要求4所述的复合材料,其中复合材料5重量%至10重量%的苯乙烯马来酸酐。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的复合材料,其包含25-75重量%的纤维素材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合材料,其包含40-65重量%的纤维素材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的复合材料,其包含45-65重量%的纤维素材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的复合材料,其包含50-60重量%的纤维素材料。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的复合材料,其包含35-50重量%高抗冲聚苯乙烯。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的复合材料,其中纤维素材料的颗粒尺寸低于1mm。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的复合材料,其中纤维素材料为粉末的形式。
13.包含根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的复合材料的复合产品。
14.根据权利要求13所述的复合产品,其中复合产品用于覆层,装饰物,窗和门型材,灯杆,防波堤,细木工制品或家具。
15.生产复合产品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
a)提供纤维素材料、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)和苯乙烯马来酸酐(SMA);
b)将所述纤维素材料、HIPS和SMA进料至挤出机;和
c)挤出复合产品。
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PCT/IB2018/050622 WO2018142314A1 (en) | 2017-02-03 | 2018-02-01 | A composite material and composite product |
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JP7530827B2 (ja) | 2020-12-25 | 2024-08-08 | Psジャパン株式会社 | 食品容器 |
US20220371219A1 (en) * | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Washington State University | Thermally modified composite wood-strand products for construction and other applications |
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JP2020506083A (ja) | 2020-02-27 |
JP2022186734A (ja) | 2022-12-15 |
RU2019126444A3 (zh) | 2021-07-21 |
RU2757685C2 (ru) | 2021-10-20 |
AU2018215615B2 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
NZ754798A (en) | 2022-03-25 |
EP3576914A1 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
CA3049310A1 (en) | 2018-08-09 |
AU2018215615A1 (en) | 2019-07-11 |
US20200239690A1 (en) | 2020-07-30 |
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EP3576914B1 (en) | 2022-06-29 |
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