CN110292571A - 姜黄素衍生物的用途 - Google Patents
姜黄素衍生物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110292571A CN110292571A CN201910197950.0A CN201910197950A CN110292571A CN 110292571 A CN110292571 A CN 110292571A CN 201910197950 A CN201910197950 A CN 201910197950A CN 110292571 A CN110292571 A CN 110292571A
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种姜黄素衍生物、TML‑6和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的用途,其是用于制备预防和/或治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及姜黄素衍生物的用途。更具体地,本发明涉及姜黄素衍生物在预防和/或治疗阿尔茨海默病中的用途。
背景技术
姜黄素是姜黄(Curcumin longa,一般称为turmeric)的主要组分,姜黄属于姜科多年 生植物,在印度和亚洲其它地区自然生长。姜黄的根茎可以粉碎成黄色粉末,然后用于 印度美食,例如东南亚的咖喱。姜黄提取物的主要组分被命名为姜黄素类化合物,其含有约75%的姜黄素(二阿魏酰基甲烷)、15%的去甲氧基姜黄素和10%的双去甲氧基姜黄素[海切尔(Hatcher)H、普拉纳尔普(Planalp)R、赵(Cho)J、托尔蒂(Torti)FM、托尔蒂(Torti) SV:姜黄素:从古代医学到现代临床试验(Curcumin:from ancient medicine tocurrent clinical trials),细胞和分子生命科学(Cell Mol Life Sci)2008,65(11):1631-1652]。最近的 研究还表明,姜黄的活性成分是姜黄素[阿加沃尔(Aggarwal)BB、哈里库马(Harikumar) KB:姜黄素抗炎剂对神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病、肺部疾病、代谢疾病、自身免疫疾 病和肿瘤疾病的潜在治疗效果(Potential therapeutic effects ofcurcumin,the anti-inflammatory agent,against neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,pulmonary,metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases),国际生物化学与细胞生物学杂志(Int J Biochem Cell Biol)2009,41(1):40-59]。新出现的证据表明,姜黄素可有效对抗多种疾病,如癌症[达维 什(Darvesh)AS,阿加沃尔(Aggarwal)BB,比斯海伊(Bishayee)A:姜黄素和肝癌:综述 (Curcumin and liver cancer:areview),当前药物生物技术(Curr Pharm Biotechnol)2012, 13(1):218-228],心血管疾病[贾格塔普(Jagtap)S、梅加纳森(Meganathan)K、瓦格(Wagh) V、温克勒(Winkler)J、海谢尔(Hescheler)J、萨奇迪斯(Sachinidis)A:天然化合物表没 食子儿茶素-3-O-没食子酸酯、槲皮素和姜黄素对癌症和心血管疾病的化学保护机制 (Chemoprotective mechanismof the natural compounds,epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, quercetin and curcuminagainst cancer and cardiovascular diseases),现代药物化学(Curr Med Chem)2009,16(12):1451-1462],肥胖[阿拉帕特(Alappat)L、阿瓦德(Awad)AB:姜 黄素与肥胖:证据与机制(Curcumin and obesity:evidence and mechanisms),营养综述(Nutr Rev)2010,68(12):729-738],肝脏疾病[埃尔阿加米(El-Agamy)DS:姜黄素和白藜芦醇对 黄曲霉毒素B(1)诱导的大鼠肝损伤的比较作用(Comparative effects of curcumin and resveratrolon aflatoxin B(1)-induced liver injury in rats),毒理学档案(Arch Toxicol)2010,84(5):389-396],炎症性疾病[钱德兰(Chandran)B、古伊尔(Goel)A:旨在评估姜黄素在 活动性类风湿性关节炎患者中的疗效和安全性的随机先导研究(A randomized,pilot studyto assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with activerheumatoid arthritis),植 物疗法研究(Phytother Res)2012,26(11):1719-1725]和衰老[帕劳夫(Pallauf)K、里姆巴赫 (Rimbach)G:自噬、多酚和健康衰老(Autophagy,polyphenols and healthy ageing),衰老 研究综述(Ageing Res Rev)2013,12(1):237-252],通过多种分子靶标[泰勒(Taylor)RA、莱 纳德(Leonard)MC:用于炎症性肠病的姜黄素:人类研究的综述(Curcumin for inflammatory bowel disease:a review of humanstudies),替代医学综述(Altern Med Rev)2011,16(2):152-156,22;谢赫扎德(Shehzad)A、雷曼(Rehman)G、李(Lee)YS:炎 症性疾病中的姜黄素(Curcumin in inflammatorydiseases),生物因子(Biofactors)2013, 39(1):69-77]。
确认了姜黄提取物的三种主要组分,姜黄素(二阿魏酰基甲烷)、去甲氧基姜黄素和 双去甲氧基姜黄素,并将其命名为姜黄素类化合物[海切尔H、普拉纳尔普R、赵J、托 尔蒂FM、托尔蒂SV:姜黄素:从古代医学到现代临床试验,细胞和分子生命科学2008, 65(11):1631-1652]。尽管姜黄素的有益作用已经通过一系列流行病学调查、动物实验和 细胞系研究提出,但是姜黄素的低生物利用度和快速代谢阻碍了姜黄素对人类疾病的治 疗进展[雅格(Jager)R、洛厄里(Lowery)RP、卡尔瓦内塞(Calvanese)AV、乔伊(Joy)JM、 普尔普拉(Purpura)M、威尔逊(Wilson)JM:姜黄素制剂的比较吸收(Comparative absorption ofcurcumin formulations),营养杂志(Nutr J)2014,13:11]。
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,由于寿命延长而在世界范围内流 行。据估计,到2030年,AD患病个人总数将增加到大约7470万[伊贾波(Ijaopo)EO: 痴呆症相关的焦虑:非药物干预综述及药物治疗的风险和益处分析(Dementia-relatedagitation:a review of non-pharmacological interventions and analysis of risksand benefits of pharmacotherapy),转化精神病学(Translational psychiatry)2017,7(10):e1250],到2050年, 医疗保健费用每年将增加到1万亿美元[阿尔茨海默病协会(Alzheimer's A):2015年阿尔 茨海默病的事实和数据(2015Alzheimer's disease factsand figures),阿尔茨海默病和痴呆 症:阿尔茨海默病协会杂志(Alzheimer's&dementia:the journal of the Alzheimer's Association)2015,11(3):332-384]。尽管在过去几十年中已经进行了100多项试验,但预 计很少有药剂进入市场,主要是因为对AD的复杂发病机制认识不足以及缺少选择目标 人群的可靠的诊断试验或生物标志物。因此,迫切需要开发用于AD患者的治疗药物以 减缓、阻止或逆转认知功能的进行性衰退,尤其是在轻度认知障碍或AD早期阶段。目 前FDA批准的AD患者药物是胆碱酯酶抑制剂和NMDA拮抗剂,它们非特异性地起作 用,只能缓解高不良事件的症状。
发明内容
本公开首次证明了姜黄素衍生物TML-6可以通过通过APOE启动子中的PPARα和RXRα反应因子调节ApoE的表达来治疗和/或预防阿尔茨海默病。
本公开提供了一种用于预防和/或治疗需要此治疗的对象中的阿尔茨海默病的方法, 其包括向所述对象施用有效量的TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、 水合物、同位素体或前药,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂,
本公开提供了一种TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、水合物、 同位素体或前药,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的用途,其是用于制备预防和 /或治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物。
在一个实施例中,通过在需要此治疗的对象中调节载脂蛋白E(ApoE)表达、促进β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)清除、抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(APP)合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症来治疗和/或预防阿尔茨海默病。
本公开还提供了一种用于辨识可以增加ApoE表达、促进Aβ清除、抑制APP合成 和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症的候选化合物的方法,其包括使候选化合物与ApoE启动子 区域的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点接触并确定候选化合物是否与ApoE启动子区域 的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点结合,其中结合表明候选化合物可以增加ApoE表达、 促进Aβ清除、抑制APP合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症。
在以下部分中详细描述了本公开。在具体实施方式和权利要求中可以找到本发明的 其它特性、目的和优点。
附图说明
图1示出了TML-6在Huh7细胞系中抑制APP和磷酸化NF-κB的表达并增加ApoE 表达。用不同剂量的姜黄素和TML-6治疗Huh7细胞24小时。使用免疫印迹检查阿尔 茨海默病相关蛋白,例如APP、ApoE和炎症性生物标志物磷酸化NFκB。
图2示出了TML6在N2a/APPswe稳定细胞系中抑制Aβ产生。用不同剂量的姜黄 素和TML-6治疗APP瑞典型突变体在N2A细胞系(N2a/APPswe)中的稳定过表达。在温 育24小时后,通过比色BetaMarkβ-淀粉样蛋白x-40和x-42ELISA试剂盒检查培养基 中Aβ40、Aβ42的水平和Aβ42/40比例。
图3示出了ApoE的启动子活性通过ApoE启动子区域上-154和+45之间的 PPARα/RXRα和AP-2结合位点的转录调节由TML-6调节。(A)ApoE启动子构建体的全 长(-1061/+45)和连续缺失突变体上的潜在结合位点的示意图。JASPAR数据库 (http://jaspar2016.genereg.net/)预测了潜在的结合位点。(B)基于ApoE启动子的预测结果 示出了转录因子结合位点的缩写及评分。(C)用不同长度的ApoE启动子和pRL-TK质粒 瞬时共转染Huh-7细胞。在与传统姜黄素或TML-6一起温育后,测量细胞裂解物的荧 光素酶报告基因活性。(D)上图示出了ApoE启动子上-154和+45之间的PPARα/RXRα 和AP-2的推定结合位点。AP2结合位点位于-154/+45ApoE启动子区域的-120到-111和 -86到-76,PPARα/RXRα结合位点位于-125到-114和-84到-73。两个虚线方框分别示出 了ApoE启动子上的PPARα/RXRα和AP-2的远端和近端结合位点。下图指示了通过定 点诱变的PPARα/RXRα和AP-2结合位点的突变。(E)用ApoE启动子和pRL-TK质粒的 突变体共转染Huh-7细胞。在与TML-6一起温育24小时后,测量细胞裂解物的荧光素 酶报告基因活性。(F)将突变形式的ApoE启动子(-154/+45MdelAP2)用siPPARα和/或 siRXRα共转染到Huh7细胞中。在与TML-6一起温育24小时后,测量细胞裂解物的荧 光素酶报告基因活性。结果表示为使用海肾荧光素酶活性标准化后RLU的倍数。均值 ±SD源自三个独立的实验。*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001;NS:不显著(配对t试 验)。
图4示出了TML-6降低三基因突变体AD(3xTg AD)转基因小鼠的大脑中的Aβ水平。TML-6显著降低3xTg AD转基因小鼠的大脑中的Aβ水平。给六月龄3xTg-AD小鼠饲 喂姜黄素和150mg/kg TML-6,持续四个月。通过Aβ免疫荧光染色检查小鼠大脑切片。
图5示出了TML-6减少3xTg AD转基因小鼠中的炎症性生物标志物Iba-1。姜黄素衍生物-TML-6减少AD转基因小鼠中的炎症性生物标志物Iba1。给六月龄3xTg-AD小 鼠饲喂姜黄素和TML-6(150mg/kg)。饲喂四个月后,在3xTgAD转基因小鼠中检测Iba-1 炎症性生物标志物并通过Iba-1免疫荧光染色进行分析。
图6示出了TML-6在阿尔茨海默病治疗中的作用机制。姜黄素衍生物-TML-6治疗可以(1)抑制APP产生Aβ;(2)抑制神经元细胞中Aβ的分泌;(3)在星形胶质细胞中,激 活APOE的转录,增强Aβ的清除;(4)在小胶质细胞中,通过抑制NF-κB的磷酸化和降 低AD大脑中的炎症来实现抗炎作用。
具体实施方式
本公开提供了一种用于预防和/或治疗需要此治疗的对象中的阿尔茨海默病的方法, 其包括向所述对象施用有效量的TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、 水合物、同位素体或前药,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂;
本公开提供了一种TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、水合物、 同位素体或前药,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的用途,其是用于制备预防和 /或治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物。
本公开还提供了一种用于在需要此治疗的对象中调节ApoE表达、促进Aβ清除、 抑制APP合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症的方法,其包括向所述对象施用有效量的 TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的衍生物,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。
通过参考本发明的各个实施例的以下详细描述、实例以及化学图和表及其相关描述,可以更容易地理解本发明。应理解,除非权利要求另外具体指出,否则本发明不限 于具体的制备方法、载剂或制剂,或不限于将本发明的化合物配制成用于局部、口服或 肠胃外施用的产品或组合物的特定模式,因为相关领域的普通技术人员清楚地知道,此 些事情当然可以有所不同。还应理解,本文使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施例的目的, 而不旨在是限制性的。
如根据本公开所使用,除非另有说明,否则以下术语应被理解为具有以下含义:
本文使用的术语“药学上可接受的衍生物(a pharmaceutically acceptablederivative/pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives)”表示从本发明的化合物改性但具有与 本发明的化合物相同或更好的性质和功效的化合物。优选地,药学上可接受的衍生物是 本发明的化合物的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、水合物、同位素体或前药。
本发明的TML-6也可以作为溶剂化物或水合物存在。因此,这些化合物可以用例如水合水,或母液溶剂的一个、多个或任何部分的分子结晶。此些化合物的溶剂化物和 水合物包含在本发明的范围内。
“任选的”或“任选地”是指随后描述的事件或情况可能发生或不发生,并且该描述包含所述事件或情况发生的例子和其不发生的例子。例如,短语“任选地包括药剂” 是指药剂可以存在或不存在。
必须注意,除非上下文另有明确说明,否则如说明书和所附权利要求中所使用,单数形式“一个(a/an)”和“所述(the)”包含复数指示物。因此,除非上下文另有要求,否 则单数术语应包含复数,复数术语应包含单数。
本文使用的术语“对象”表示任何动物,优选哺乳动物,更优选人。对象的实例包含人、非人灵长类动物、啮齿动物、豚鼠、兔、绵羊、猪、山羊、牛、马、狗和猫。
本文提供的术语活性成分的“有效量”是指足以提供所需功能的所需调节的足够量 的成分。如下所述,所需的确切量将因对象而异,这取决于对象的疾病状态、身体状况、年龄、性别、物种和体重、组合物的具体属性和配方等。可以调整剂量方案以诱导最佳 治疗反应。例如,可以每天施用几个分开的剂量,或者可以按照治疗情况的紧急程度按 比例减少剂量。因此,不可能指定确切的“有效量”。然而,本领域普通技术人员仅使 用常规实验就可以确定合适的有效量。
本文使用的术语“治疗(treating/treatment)”表示改善此术语所施用于的病症、疾病 或病状或此病症、疾病或病状的一或多个症状,或逆转、缓解、抑制其进展。
本文使用的术语“载剂”或“赋形剂”是指本身不是治疗剂,但用作载剂和/或稀释剂和/或佐剂,或用于将治疗剂递送到对象的媒剂或加入到制剂中以改善其处理或储存性能或允许或促进组合物的剂量单位形成离散物品(例如,适于口服施用的胶囊或片剂)的任何物质。合适的载剂或赋形剂是制造药物制剂或食物产品领域的普通技术人员所熟知的。作为说明而非限制,载剂或赋形剂可以包含缓冲剂、稀释剂、崩解剂、粘合剂、胶 粘剂、润湿剂、聚合物、润滑剂、助流剂、加入以掩盖或抵消令人不快的味道或气味的 物质、调味剂、染料、香料和加入以改善组合物的外观的物质。可接受的载剂或赋形剂 包含柠檬酸盐缓冲液、磷酸盐缓冲液、乙酸盐缓冲液、碳酸氢盐缓冲液、硬脂酸、硬脂 酸镁、氧化镁、磷酸和硫酸的钠盐和钙盐、碳酸镁、滑石、明胶、阿拉伯胶、海藻酸钠、 果胶、糊精、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、乳糖、蔗糖、淀粉、明胶、纤维素材料(例如,链烷酸 的纤维素酯和纤维素烷基酯)、低熔点蜡可可脂、氨基酸、尿素、醇、抗坏血酸、磷脂、 蛋白质(例如,血清白蛋白)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、氯化钠或其 它盐、脂质体、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、甘油或粉末、聚合物(例如,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙 烯醇和聚乙二醇)和其它药学上可接受的材料。载剂不应破坏治疗剂的药理活性,并且当 以足以递送治疗量的药剂的剂量施用时应该是无毒的。
阿尔茨海默病是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,其特征在于存在两种病理学标志:细 胞外老年斑和细胞内神经原纤维缠结。发现老年斑由原纤维聚集形式的β-淀粉样蛋白构 成,可能破坏正常大脑功能[洛伦佐(Lorenzo)A、扬克纳(Yankner)BA:β-淀粉样蛋白神经毒性需要原纤维形成并被刚果红抑制(Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibrilformation and is inhibited by Congo red),美国科学院院报(Proc Natl Acad Sci US A)1994, 91(25):12243-12247]。后来发现细胞内神经原纤维缠结主要由tau蛋白构成。几种胆碱酯 酶抑制剂和NMDA拮抗剂药物可用于治疗AD患者,但效果不理想。这些药物的目的 是改善患者的症状,而不是治愈疾病。
有几种假设可以解释AD的发病机制。淀粉样蛋白假设提出Aβ首先积聚,并且不 能通过血流足够快地去除,因此在衰老过程中在细胞外形成不溶性淀粉样蛋白斑。Aβ 积聚随后触发神经细胞内的tau蛋白沉积[迪克森(Dickson)DW:阿尔茨海默病神经原纤 维变性的细胞凋亡机制:原因或结果?(Apoptotic mechanisms in Alzheimer neurofibrillarydegeneration:cause or effect?),临床研究杂志(J Clin Invest)2004,114(1):23-27]。通过配对 酶β-分泌酶和γ-分泌酶的裂解通过淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(APP)的蛋白水解加工生成Aβ 肽,导致产生Aβ40和Aβ42,其启动淀粉样蛋白形成过程然后聚集以形成斑块。
除Aβ和tau蛋白外,最近的研究报道,载脂蛋白E(Apo E)在Aβ清除的分解代谢中也起着关键作用。Apo E是大脑中的主要胆固醇和脂质载体[威尔史密斯(Wildsmith)KR、霍利(Holley)M、萨维奇(Savage)JC、斯凯里特(Skerrett)R、兰德雷思(Landreth)GE:阿 尔茨海默病中淀粉样蛋白β清除受损的证据(Evidence for impaired amyloid betaclearance in Alzheimer's disease),阿尔茨海默病研究与治疗(Alzheimers Res Ther)2013,5(4):33],并 且Apo E的功能障碍可能导致Aβ分解代谢的破坏。在AD患者中,CSF和血浆中的Apo E水平趋于低于健康个体[海塞(Hesse)C、拉尔森(Larsson)H、弗雷德曼(Fredman)P、明 松(Minthon)L、安德烈亚森(Andreasen)N、戴维森(Davidsson)P、布伦诺(Blennow)K: 脑脊髓液中载脂蛋白E(apoE)的测量(Measurement of apolipoprotein E(apoE)in cerebrospinal fluid),神经化学研究(Neurochem Res)2000,25(4):511-517;古普塔(Gupta) VB、劳斯(Laws)SM、维莱马涅(Villemagne)VL、埃姆斯(Ames)D、布什(Bush)AI、埃 利斯(Ellis)KA、卢伊(Lui)JK、马斯特斯(Masters)C、罗(Rowe)CC、斯佐克(Szoeke)C等人:血浆载脂蛋白E和阿尔茨海默病风险:AIBL衰老研究(Plasma apolipoprotein E andAlzheimer disease risk:the AIBL study of aging),神经病学(Neurology)2011, 76(12):1091-1098;班宁(Banning)LCP、拉马克斯(Ramakers)IHGB、德克斯(Deckers)K、 弗里(Verhey)FRJ、阿尔滕(Aalten)P:载脂蛋白E和轻度认知障碍和阿尔茨海默病痴呆 症的情感症状:系统综述和元分析(Apolipoprotein E and affective symptoms in mildcognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease dementia:A systematic review andmeta-analysis),神经科学与生物行为学综述(Neurosci Biobehav Rev)2019 96:302-315]。 克拉默(Cramer)及其同事报道,AD转基因小鼠中RXR激动剂贝沙罗汀的治疗导致可溶 性Aβ在数小时内的清除增强,并且是ApoE依赖性的[克拉默(Cramer)PE、奇里托(Cirrito) JR、韦森(Wesson)DW、李(Lee)CY、卡洛(Karlo)JC、津恩(Zinn)AE、卡萨利(Casali)BT、 利斯蒂沃(Restivo)JL、戈贝尔(Goebel)WD、詹姆斯(James)MJ等人:ApoE定向治疗剂 在AD小鼠模型中快速清除β-淀粉样蛋白并逆转缺陷(ApoE-directedtherapeutics rapidly clear beta-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mousemodels),科学(Science)2012, 335(6075):1503-1506],表明ApoE在AD的发病机制中的重要作用以及在AD中靶向 ApoE的发展潜力。
由于神经损伤和小胶质细胞激活引起的炎症,AD的发病机制进一步复杂化,进一步恶化大脑功能,尤其是在疾病的晚期。炎症的减少将改善大脑功能。在过去的十年中, 可能是由于AD的复杂发病机制,靶向单位点的几种药物(例如,分泌酶抑制剂或抗Aβ 抗体)表现出了失败[库马尔(Kumar)D、加内什普尔卡(Ganeshpurkar)A、库马尔(Kumar) D、莫迪(Modi)G、古普塔(Gupta)SK、辛格(Singh)SK治疗阿尔茨海默病的分泌酶抑制 剂:长路漫漫(Secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease:Long roadahead),欧洲药物化学杂志(Eur J Med Chem),2018年3月25日;148:436-452;范戴克(vanDyck)CH:阿尔茨海默病的抗淀粉样蛋白-β单克隆抗体:陷阱与前途(Anti-Amyloid-βMonoclonal Antibodies for Alzheimer's Disease:Pitfalls and Promise),生物精神病学(Biol Psychiatry)2018 15;83(4):311-319。]因此,在不久的将来,最需要开发靶向AD发病机制 的多种途径的药物。
本发明证明了姜黄素或其衍生物TML-6可以抑制APP合成,抑制Aβ合成,抑制 NFκB,并在体外上调ApoE。本公开首次证明了上调ApoE方面中的姜黄素衍生物。在 带有三个突变基因(APP、Tau、PSEN)的AD转基因小鼠模型中,姜黄素衍生物TML-6 在降低大脑Aβ水平方面和抑制大脑炎症(如由小胶质细胞激活生物标志物Iba-1表达评 估)方面表现出比姜黄素显著更好的活性,证明了姜黄素衍生物TML-6相较于传统姜黄 素的较高生物利用度。因此,靶向AD发病机制中的多种途径的姜黄素衍生物AML#6 是AD的治疗剂。
优选地,抑制大脑区域中的炎症(如由Iba-1生物标志物的表达评估)是优选地抑制包 括海马体或其它额叶区域的大脑区域中的炎症。
本发明提供了一种用于预防和/或治疗需要此治疗的对象中的ApoE相关疾病的方法,其包括向所述对象施用有效量的TML-6和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。
载脂蛋白E是参与人类脂质代谢的主要蛋白质之一,由299个氨基酸构成。这种脂质结合蛋白对于富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白的分解代谢加工是必需的。ApoE在肝脏和大脑 中产生并介导外周组织中的胆固醇代谢。在中枢神经系统中,ApoE主要由星形胶质细 胞产生,并通过ApoE受体将胆固醇转运到神经元[刘(Liu)CC、刘(Liu)CC、兼清 (Kanekiyo)T、徐(Xu)H、步(Bu)G:载脂蛋白E和阿尔茨海默病:风险、机制和治疗 (Apolipoprotein E andAlzheimer disease:risk,mechanisms and therapy),自然综述神经学 (Nat RevNeurol)2013,9(2):106-118]。因此,ApoE以其在脂蛋白代谢中的生物学功能而 闻名,并且参与心血管疾病的发病机制。由于乳糜微粒、VLDL和LDL残余物的清除受 损,ApoE缺陷可能导致伴有血浆胆固醇和甘油三酯增加的家族性异常脂蛋白血症[德克 尼夫(de Knijff)P、詹森(Jansen)H、利(Lie)KI、哈维克斯(Havekes)LM:载脂蛋白ε4和 冠状动脉疾病(Apolipoprotein epsilon 4and coronary artery disease),柳叶刀(Lancet)1992, 340(8831):1351]。最近,ApoE已经在许多生物学过程中进行了研究,这些过程不仅与脂 蛋白转运相关,而且有关于人类疾病,例如AD[涌田(Wakuda)H、内田(Uchida)S、池田 (Ikeda)M、田渊(Tabuchi)M、赤星(Akahoshi)Y、志之冢(Shinozuka)K、山田(Yamada)S: 高尿酸血症是否是动脉硬化的危险因子?载脂蛋白e缺陷小鼠的尿酸和动脉硬化(Is hyperuricemia arisk factor for arteriosclerosis?Uric acid and arteriosclerosis inapolipoprotein e-deficient mice),生物医药公报(Biol Pharm Bull)2014,37(12):1866-1871; 谢弗(Schaefer)JR:慢慢解开III型高脂血症(异常脂蛋白血症)之谜(Unraveling hyperlipidemia type III(dysbetalipoproteinemia),slowly),欧洲人类遗传学杂志(Eur J Hum Genet)2009,17(5):541-542]。ApoE与机械损伤后钙离子水平升高和细胞凋亡有关[蒋 (Jiang)L、钟(Zhong)J、窦(Dou)X、程(Cheng)C、黄(Huang)Z、孙(Sun)X:ApoE对机 械损伤后细胞内钙水平和神经元细胞凋亡的影响(Effects of ApoE onintracellular calcium levels and apoptosis of neurons after mechanicalinjury),神经科学(Neuroscience)2015, 301:375-383]。单核细胞对ApoE的分泌由炎症性细胞因子下调并由TGF-β上调[布雷泽- 安德森(Braesch-Andersen)S、保利(Paulie)S、斯梅德曼(Smedman)C、米娅(Mia)S、熊 谷-布雷泽(Kumagai-Braesch)M:人单核细胞中的ApoE产生及其由炎症性细胞因子的调 节(ApoE production in human monocytes and itsregulation by inflammatory cytokines),公 共科学图书馆-综合(PLoS One)2013,8(11):e79908]。饲喂高脂肪饮食的ApoE缺陷小鼠 (ApoE-/-)表现出冠状动脉的动脉粥样硬化加速[李(Lee)HR、俊(Jun)HK、崔(Choi)BK: 福赛斯坦纳菌BspA增加了ApoE(-/-)小鼠的动脉粥样硬化的危险因子(Tannerella forsythia BspA increases the risk factorsfor atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-)mice),口腔疾病 (Oral Dis)2014,20(8):803-808]。因此,靶向ApoE可以为人类疾病(例如,动脉粥样硬化 和AD)的ApoE缺陷提供治疗潜力。
ApoE在Aβ清除的分解代谢中起关键作用[威尔史密斯KR、霍利M、萨维奇JC、 斯凯里特R、兰德雷思GE:阿尔茨海默病中淀粉样蛋白β清除受损的证据,阿尔茨海 默病研究与治疗2013,5(4):33],并且ApoE的失调可能导致Aβ分解代谢的破坏,导致 Aβ沉积的增加。最近,克拉默及其同事报道,转基因小鼠中RXR激动剂贝沙罗汀的治 疗导致可溶性Aβ的清除增强,其AD缺陷的逆转是ApoE依性赖的[克拉默PE、奇里托 JR、韦森DW、李CY、卡洛JC、津恩AE、卡萨利BT、利斯蒂沃JL、戈贝尔WD、詹 姆斯MJ等人:ApoE定向治疗剂在AD小鼠模型中快速清除β-淀粉样蛋白并逆转缺陷, 科学2012,335(6075):1503-1506]。该结果表明ApoE参与Aβ分解代谢并且与AD发病机 制密切相关。因此,增加所有APOE基因型中ApoE的表达可以预防或减缓AD的进展。
本发明证明了姜黄素和TML-6对ApoE的上调,并进一步阐明了姜黄素及其衍生物对ApoE启动子的转录作用。-154和+45之间的ApoE的启动子区域含有由姜黄素、脂 质体姜黄素和TML-6转录因子结合和激活的关键顺式作用因子。根据ApoE启动子的预 测,我们验证了PPARα/RXRα和AP2是该区域的潜在反应因子。因此,姜黄素和TML-6 可以通过PPARα和RXRα反式激活ApoE的表达,并且可以潜在地提供ApoE相关的人 类疾病(例如,阿尔茨海默病)的治疗剂。
本发明还提供了一种用于辨识可以增加ApoE表达、促进Aβ清除、抑制APP合成 和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症的候选化合物的方法,其包括使候选化合物与ApoE启动子 区域的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点接触并确定候选化合物是否与ApoE启动子区域 的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点结合,其中结合表明候选化合物可以增加ApoE表达、 促进β-淀粉样蛋白清除、抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症。
优选地,ApoE启动子区域的AP-2结合位点大约位于从转录起始位点开始计数的 -120到-111和-86到-76位。
优选地,ApoE启动子区域的PPARα/RXRα结合位点大约位于从转录起始位点开始计数的-125到-114和-84到-73位。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,该方法进一步包括确定候选化合物是否增强由ApoE启动子区域可操作联接的报告基因的表达。
优选地,报告基因包含但不限于荧光素酶。
优选地,候选化合物是姜黄素衍生物。
提供以下实例以帮助本领域技术人员实施本发明。
实例
材料和方法
细胞培养和化学品
人肝癌Huh-7细胞系获自Health Science Research Resources Bank(JCRB0403;大阪; 日本),并在补充有100U/ml青霉素、100mg/ml链霉素和10%胎牛血清(FBS,Biological industry)的达尔伯克改良伊格尔氏培养基(DMEM,Gibco)中培养。将细胞在37℃下,5% CO2培养箱(Forma Scientific,马里塔,俄亥俄,美国)的潮湿气氛中培养。在实验前一天 将细胞接种在24孔,6或10cm培养皿中过夜。第二天,用姜黄素(Sigma)和TML-6治疗细胞。各化合物的工作浓度如图所示。以5mg/mL(对于姜黄素)和10mM(对于TML-6) 制备物料浓度。
细胞裂解和免疫印迹
在接种细胞并用姜黄素及其衍生物治疗24小时后,用冰冷的PBS洗涤细胞,并用100μL补充有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂(Roche Diagnostics,曼海姆,德国)的RIPA裂解缓 冲液(Pierce Biotechnology,罗克福德,伊利诺伊,美国)裂解。通过在4℃下以14000rpm 离心15分钟进一步清洁细胞裂解物。使用Bradford测定(Bio-Rad,赫拉克勒斯,加利福 尼亚,美国)确定蛋白质浓度。对于蛋白质印迹分析,制备20μg每种样品用于SDS-PAGE 并在95℃下变性10分钟。加载来自总裂解物的制备样品并通过SDS-PAGE(8%或10%) 分离,然后通过半干转移细胞(Bio-Rad)转移到PVDF膜(孔径0.45μm;PerkinElmer)。 用5%脱脂乳的PBS-T(0.1%吐温-20)溶液封闭后,将膜与1/1000稀释的一抗在4℃下杂 交过夜。第二天,用PBS-T洗涤膜,然后按需在室温下与1/5000稀释的HRP缀合的抗 小鼠或抗兔二抗(DAKO)一起温育1小时。最后,在使用化学发光HRP底物(Millipore) 显影后,由Amersham Imager600(GE Healthcare Life Sciences,马尔伯勒,马萨诸塞, 美国)捕获图像。本研究中使用的一抗是抗APP、抗pNFκB(Cell Signaling Technology, 丹弗斯,马萨诸塞,美国)、抗ApoE(Abcam,剑桥,英国)、抗PPARγ、抗RXRα和抗 RXRβ。(Santa Cruz Biotechnology,圣克鲁兹,加利福尼亚,美国)。
ApoE启动子的构建,连续缺失和定点诱变
已经确认并发表了人APOE基因的启动子区域[沈(Shen)L、刘(Liu)CC、安(An)CY、季(Ji)HF:姜黄素如何以较差生物利用度工作?实验和理论研究的线索(How doescurcumin work with poor bioavailability?Clues from experimental andtheoretical studies), 科学报告(Sci Rep)2016,6:20872]。我们分两步构建了从-1061~+45的ApoE启动子区 域。使用聚合酶链反应(PCR)通过正向引物APOE-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCGAGCAAAGGAACTTGAT-3'(SEQ ID NO:1)与反向引物 APOE-R-BglII:5'-TGAGCCGAGATCTCGCCACTGCA-3'(SEQ ID NO:2)配对来扩增第 一片段,并通过使用Kpn I和Bgl II限制性位点将其连接到pGL3basic载体(Promega, 麦迪逊,威斯康星,美国)。通过正向引物APOE-F-BglII: 5'-TGCAGTGGCGAGATCTCGGCTCA-3'(SEQ ID NO:3)与反向引物APOE-R-HindIII: 5'-ATCGAAGCTTCCGGCTCCTGGGGAAGGA-3'(SEQ ID NO:4)配对来扩增第二片段,并通过使用Bgl II和Hind III限制性位点将其连接到pGL3-basic(Promega)。ApoE启动 子的连续缺失突变体-705/+45、-456/+45、-344/+45、-247/+45、-154/+45和-32/+45使用 PCR并基于全长ApoE启动子(-1061/+45)扩增。生成的片段用Kpn I和Xba I消化,然后 插入pGL3-basic载体(Promega)。为了生成ApoE启动子的缺失突变体,使用引物来扩增 不同长度的启动子。正向引物是APOE-705-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCGACAGTCTCCCTCTTGCTGA-3'(SEQID NO:5)、APOE-456-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCTACAGGCGTGAGCTACCGCC-3'(SEQ ID NO:6)、APOE-344-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCAGCCCCCTCTCCAGATTACA-3'(SEQ ID NO:7)、APOE-247-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCTGGCCCCCAGAATGGAGGAG-3'(SEQ ID NO:8)、APOE-154-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCCCACCTCCTTCCTCCCTCTG-3'(SEQ ID NO:9)和APOE-32-F-KpnI: 5'-ATTGGTACCATAATTGGACAAGTCTGGGA-3'(SEQ ID NO:10),其与反向引物 APOE-R-HindIII:5'-ATCGAAGCTTCCGGCTCCTGGGGAAGGA-3'(SEQ ID NO:4)配对 以扩增启动子的靶区域。为了破坏ApoE启动子上的PPAR和/或AP-2的结合位点,我 们进行了点突变方法,并且使用的配对引物如下:-154R1delPPAR-F: 5'-CCCTGCTGTGGGGCAGGGGGAG-3'(SEQ ID NO:11)与-154R1delPPAR-R: 5'-CTCCCCCTGCCCCACAGCAGGG-3'(SEQ ID NO:12)配对,-154R1delAP2-F:5'-CTGTGCCTGGGGCAGGAGAACA-3'(SEQ ID NO:13)与-154R1delAP2-R: 5'-TGTTCTCCTGCCCCAGGCACAG-3'(SEQ ID NO:14)配对,-154middelAP2-F: 5'-GTGACTCTGGCCCAGCCCGCCCTAT-3'(SEQ ID NO:15)与-154middelAP2-R: 5'-ATAGGGCGGGCTGGGCCAGAGTCAC-3'(SEQ ID NO:16)配对,-154middelPPAR-F: 5'-TGACTGGGGGCTGGCCCGCCCTAT-3'(SEQ ID NO:17)与-154middelPPAR-R: 5'-ATAGGGCGGGCCAGCCCCCAGTCA-3'(SEQ ID NO:18)配对。将 pGL3-154/+45-ApoE-Luc用作PCR反应的模板,以扩增ApoE启动子中的PPAR或AP-2 结合位点的突变体。通过Dpn I消化PCR产物并转化成TOP10感受态细胞(Invitrogen, 卡尔斯巴德,加利福尼亚,美国)。在LB平板接种和质粒提取后,通过限制酶消化证实 阳性菌落。通过测序验证所有启动子构建体。
荧光素酶报告基因测定
将Huh-7细胞接种在24孔培养板中,然后用pRL-TK海肾荧光素酶报告基因共转 染pGL3-ApoE-Luc(萤火虫荧光素酶)的连续缺失。过夜温育后,将转染的细胞用传统姜 黄素和TML-6治疗另外24小时。使用双荧光素酶报告测定系统(Promega)进行荧光素酶 报告测定。测定细胞裂解物的萤火虫和海肾荧光素酶活性。使用发光计(GLOMAX Multi, Promega)测量相对荧光素酶单位(RLU)。使用每种裂解物中的海肾荧光素酶活性作为对 照,将萤火虫荧光素酶活性标准化为转染效率。RLU表示为三个独立的实验的均值加标 准偏差。
AD转基因小鼠和细胞系
作为阿尔茨海默病模型的三转基因小鼠(3xTg-AD,APP瑞典型,MAPT P301L和PSEN1 M146V)在成功大学(NCKU)的实验室动物中心繁殖[奥多(Oddo)S、卡卡莫 (Caccamo)A、谢波德(Shepherd)JD、墨菲(Murphy)MP、戈尔德(Golde)TE、凯依德(Kayed) R、梅斯瑞特(Metherate)R、马特森(Mattson)MP、阿克巴里(Akbari)Y、拉费拉(LaFerla) FM:具有斑块和缠结的阿尔茨海默病的三转基因模型:细胞内Aβ和突触功能障碍 (Triple-transgenicmodel of Alzheimer′s disease with plaques and tangles:intracellular Abeta andsynaptic dysfunction),神经元(Neuron)2003,39(3):409-421]。处理小鼠的实验程序符合NCKU的机构动物照顾与使用委员会(IACUC)的指导方针。将小鼠圈养在维持12小 时光暗循环的房间中并随意饲喂。将十六月龄3xTg-AD小鼠用于动物实验。这些小鼠发 展出斑块和缠结病理。早在六个月时就出现了作为渐进沉积的Aβ沉积。
免疫荧光染色
将小鼠麻醉并用10%水合氯醛(400mg/kg,腹膜内注射)安乐死,然后用0.01M PBS(pH7.4)进行穿心灌注。将大脑在4%PFA中后固定2天,并在4℃下用30%蔗糖脱水。 将水合大脑用最佳切割温度化合物(OCT,Leica)包埋并在-30℃下快速冷冻。这些块的切 片厚度为16um。将切片在-20℃下储存。在免疫荧光染色之前,将切片在冷PBS中浸泡 5分钟。用0.01M柠檬酸在100℃下进行抗原修复5分钟。然后用含有0.1%Triton X-100(Sigma)的PBST溶液的5%正常驴血清(Millipore,特曼库拉,加利福尼亚)封闭切 片。在室温下使用一抗Iba1(Wako,1:400)和Aβ(Covance,1:100)1小时。分别使用Alexa Fluor 488-缀合的抗兔抗体(对于Iba1,Invitrogen Life Technologies,1:300)、Alexa Fluor 594-缀合的抗小鼠抗体(对于GFAP,Invitrogen Life Technologies,1:300)和Alexa Fluor 488-缀合的抗小鼠抗体(对于Aβ,Invitrogen Life Technologies,1:300)。通过TissureFAXS 显微镜系统捕获图像,并通过TissueQuest软件模块(TissueGnostic,维也纳,奥地利)定 量阳性信号。
淀粉样蛋白β酶联免疫吸附测定
通过LEGEND MAXTMβ-淀粉样蛋白x-40和X-42ELISA试剂盒(Biolegend)确定可 溶性Aβ40和Aβ42的细胞外水平。将具有稳定过表达APP瑞典突变(APPswe)的N2A神 经母细胞瘤细胞系设计为N2A/APPswe细胞系(由玉敏实验室郭(Kuo)教授嫁接)。将8x105个N2A/APPswe细胞接种在6cm培养皿上。温育过夜后,用姜黄素或TML-6治疗细胞 24小时。在DMEM培养基中稀释的姜黄素和TML-6的工作浓度如图2所示。收集培养 上清液并在4℃下以1,500×g离心5分钟以去除细胞。根据制造商的仪器测定各种治疗 的培养上清液的Aβ水平。在OD620处检测样品,Aβ水平的计算分别基于Aβ40和Aβ42 的标准曲线。
统计分析
通过双因素ANOVA确定在传统姜黄素和姜黄素衍生物(ASC化合物)之间的通过荧光素酶报告基因测定的不同长度的ApoE启动子的显著性以及在用姜黄素和TML-6治疗 后对PPAR和AP2的定点诱变(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。 通过配对t试验确定在用传统姜黄素和ASC化合物治疗后ApoE启动子的连续缺失突变 体的显著性和siRNA敲落实验(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001)。数据表示具有标 准偏差(SD)误差条的均值。
结果
为了检查几种关键生物标志物的蛋白质表达水平,用传统姜黄素和TML-6治疗Huh-7细胞24小时,然后进行免疫印迹分析。我们的结果表明,用TML-6治疗24小时 后,APP和磷酸化NF-κB的蛋白质表达水平以剂量依赖性方式降低。另一方面,在TML6 治疗中,ApoE的蛋白质表达水平显著增加(图1)。在该实验中使用传统姜黄素作为阳性 对照。这些结果表明TML-6通过抑制NFκB蛋白的磷酸化来抑制炎症性反应。APP的 表达水平也由TML-6抑制。相反,在用TML-6治疗后,ApoE的蛋白质水平增加。
为了检查Aβ产生是否受TML-6影响,用传统姜黄素、TML-6治疗稳定的细胞系 N2a/APPswe进行24小时温育。通过使用ELISA在培养基中检查分泌的Aβ。这些数据 表明TML-6显著抑制Aβ40、Aβ42和Aβ42/40的产生,但不抑制姜黄素的产生(图2)。
ApoE启动子的全长(-1061/+45)和连续缺失示出在图3A中。通过JASPAR开放存取数据库(http://jaspar2016.genereg.net/)预测ApoE启动子上的转录结合位点。基于预测, 我们将-1061到+45之间的ApoE启动子区域的连续缺失突变体构建到pGL3-basic载体中(图3B),然后用荧光素酶报告基因测定分析启动子活性。在用传统姜黄素和TML-6 治疗后,ApoE启动子的荧光素酶活性随着ApoE启动子区域从5'端到3'端的连续截短而 逐渐增加(图3C)。这些结果表明ApoE启动子上的-154和+45之间的区域存在ApoE基 因转录激活的正调节因子。
如图3D所示,AP-2的转录因子结合位点的预测位于-154和+45之间与ApoE启动 子上的PPARα/RXRα重叠。更具体地,与在-125到-114和-84到-73处的两个PPARα/RXRα 结合位点重叠的在-120到-111和-86到-76处的ApoE启动子区域的两个AP2结合位点如 图3D-上图所示。因此,通过定点诱变进行PPARα/RXRα和AP-2结合序列的破坏,其 中ApoE启动子在-154和+45之间部分缺失(图3D-下图)。例如,远端重叠PPARα/RXRα 和AP2结合位点通过突变构造体R1delPPAR设计,其中GCCT基序(PPARα/RXRα的部 分结合基序)缺失并且整个AP2结合基序被保留下来。另一方面,对于R1delAP2的突变 构建体,AP2结合位点被部分破坏并且保留了PPAR结合位点。通过破坏近端 PPARα/RXRα和AP2结合位点(MdelAP2和MdelPPAR)显著抑制ApoE启动子活性,所 述结合位点负责TML-6的ApoE转录激活(图3E)。因此,在-86到-76(AP-2)和-84到 -73(PPARα/RXRα)处的近端AP2和PPARα/RXRα结合位点对于TML-6的ApoE转录激 活是至关重要的。
为了阐明PPARα对TML-6的ApoE启动子转录激活的作用,我们选择了siRNA敲 落实验中的ApoE-154/+45的MdelAP2(近端AP2结合位点被破坏)突变构建体来检查响 应于TML-6的ApoE的转录调节。我们的数据显示,与在用TML-6治疗后的-154到+45 的野生型ApoE启动子区域相比,ApoE-154MdelAP2/+45突变体的启动子活性被抑制(图 3F)。此外,当PPARα、RXRα和AP2被敲落时,ApoE启动子的活性最低。在此基础上, 我们的数据表明,PPARα的敲落显著抑制了ApoE启动子的AP2破坏的作用(图3F)。
为了检查TML-6作为AD治疗药物的效率,给六月龄3xTg AD转基因小鼠以150 mg/kg的剂量饲喂姜黄素及其衍生物TML-6,持续四个月。如通过Aβ免疫荧光染色所 检查,在用TML-6治疗的3xTg AD转基因小鼠的大脑中,Aβ水平显著降低(图4)。
为了检查大脑炎症是否被TML-6抑制,我们在饲喂姜黄素和TML-6后检查了小胶质细胞激活的炎症性生物标志物Iba-1的表达。数据表明,与三只AD小鼠一组的实验 中的姜黄素相比,TML-6在给它们饲喂TML-6后显著抑制了AD转基因小鼠中的Iba-1 的表达(图5)。
总之,提出了TML-6的作用机制,并在图6中示出。姜黄素衍生物-TML-6治疗可 以抑制APP的合成和APP产生Aβ,从而抑制Aβ的分泌。因此,APOE的转录激活可 以增强星形胶质细胞中Aβ的清除。在体外,姜黄素和TML-6具有通过抑制NFκB磷酸 化而实现的抗炎作用,这与如通过小胶质细胞激活生物标志物Iba-1的表达评估的大脑 区域中的炎症的降低一致(图5)。
虽然已经结合上述具体实施例描述了本发明,但是本发明的许多替代方案及其修改 和变化对于本领域普通技术人员来说是显而易见的。所有这些替代方案、修改和变化都被认为落入本发明的范围内。
序列表
<110> 美力龄生医股份有限公司
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Claims (10)
1.一种TML-6,或TML-6的药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物、水合物、同位素体或前药,和任选的药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的用途,其是用于制备预防和/或治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物,
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述的药物是用于增加载脂蛋白E表达,促进β-淀粉样蛋白清除,抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症的药物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述的药物是用于增加载脂蛋白E表达,促进β-淀粉样蛋白清除,抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白合成和抑制大脑区域中的炎症。
4.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述大脑区域包括海马体或其它额叶区域。
5.一种用于辨识可以增加载脂蛋白E表达、促进β-淀粉样蛋白清除、抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症的候选化合物的方法,其包括使所述候选化合物与ApoE启动子区域的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点接触并确定所述候选化合物是否与ApoE启动子区域的AP-2或PPARα/RXRα结合位点结合,其中结合表明所述候选化合物可以增加载脂蛋白E表达、促进β-淀粉样蛋白清除、抑制淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白合成和/或抑制大脑区域中的炎症。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中ApoE启动子区域的所述AP-2结合位点大约位于从转录起始位点开始计数的-154到+45位。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中ApoE启动子区域的所述AP-2结合位点大约位于从转录起始位点开始计数的-120到-111和-86到-76位。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中ApoE启动子区域的所述PPARα/RXRα结合位点大约位于从转录起始位点开始计数的-125到-114和-84到-73位。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其包括确定所述候选化合物是否增强由ApoE启动子区域可操作联接的报告基因的表达。
10.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述候选化合物是姜黄素衍生物。
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