CN110286206B - Experimental device and method for evaluating dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling - Google Patents
Experimental device and method for evaluating dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling Download PDFInfo
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- CN110286206B CN110286206B CN201910512130.6A CN201910512130A CN110286206B CN 110286206 B CN110286206 B CN 110286206B CN 201910512130 A CN201910512130 A CN 201910512130A CN 110286206 B CN110286206 B CN 110286206B
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental device and a method for evaluating dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling, wherein the experimental device comprises a high-pressure reaction kettle, pressure control equipment, temperature control equipment and data acquisition equipment, a visual window is arranged in the middle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, a baffle block is arranged in an inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle, the baffle block is installed and height-adjusted through a push rod, two sides of the high-pressure reaction kettle are fixed on a support through rotating shafts, the high-pressure reaction kettle can rotate within the range of 0-180 degrees, a fixing piece is arranged on the support and used for fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, an angle measuring mechanism is further arranged on the support and used for accurately reading the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of natural gas hydrate exploration and development, in particular to an experimental device and method for evaluating dynamic formation of a hydrate in oil and gas drilling.
Background
Natural gas hydrate is a cage-like ice-like crystalline compound formed by water molecules and hydrocarbon small gas molecules (mainly CH 4) under the conditions of high pressure and low temperature, and is also called as combustible ice because the natural gas hydrate looks like ice and can be burnt when meeting fire. The natural gas hydrate has the characteristics of wide distribution, abundant reserves, high energy density and the like, and is a novel clean alternative energy source with huge reserves. Natural gas hydrates are mainly distributed in submarine sediments and permanent frozen earth zones in nature, and it is estimated that carbon in the form of hydrates is twice the total amount of carbon on earth in the form of fossil fuels, so many countries consider it as a new alternative energy source in the future.
However, the formation and decomposition of natural gas hydrates can present serious hazards in certain production activities. In the deep sea oil gas drilling process, shallow gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed and hydrate decomposition gas invade a shaft when the stratum meeting the hydrate is drilled, hydrates are easily formed and aggregated in the shaft for the second time under certain temperature and pressure conditions, the flowing of drilling fluid in an annulus is hindered, the gas production efficiency is influenced, and safety hazards with different degrees are generated for drilling construction. In addition, in the oil gas conveying pipeline, at the positions where the oil gas migration such as pipeline diversion, diameter change, valves, tee joints, separators and the like is blocked, hydrates are easy to form under certain temperature and pressure conditions, and the growth and aggregation of the hydrates in the pipeline also bring great negative effects.
The patent with the application publication number of CN106814166A discloses an experimental device and a method for evaluating hydrate formation and aggregation behaviors in deep water drilling, and the experimental device is used for simulating the formation and aggregation behaviors of a simulated annular circulation channel on the formation and aggregation behaviors of hydrate and the capability of drilling fluid for inhibiting the formation and aggregation behaviors of the hydrate by simulating the decomposed gas or shallow gas of the hydrate in drilling cuttings or the formation into the annular space of a shaft under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures and fluid flow channels aiming at drilling fluid systems of natural gas hydrate formation drilling, frozen earth drilling and marine drilling. However, the invention only aims at changing the conditions of temperature, pressure and fluid flow passage, does not study the formation and aggregation of hydrate under the condition that the migration of bubbles in a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section liquid is blocked, does not consider the influence of rotation of a drill rod on the formation and aggregation of hydrate in the drilling process, has limited simulation conditions, has large difference between the simulation effect of an experimental device and the working condition in deep sea oil and gas drilling, and cannot be comprehensively simulated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the existing state of the art, the invention aims to provide an experimental device and a method for evaluating the dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling, which can better simulate the formation and aggregation processes of hydrate in shafts, horizontal well deflecting sections or horizontal section shafts and pipelines under different temperature, pressure, stirring rate, gas production rate and fluid overflow area conditions, and has the advantages of consistent simulation conditions and actual working conditions and accurate parameter control.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides an experimental apparatus for evaluation hydrate developments form in oil gas well drilling, includes autoclave, pressure control equipment, temperature control equipment and data acquisition equipment, autoclave middle part is equipped with visual window, and visual window both sides set up sealing gasket, are equipped with the baffle in the autoclave inner chamber, the baffle passes through push rod installation and height-adjusting, and the cover has the sealing washer on the baffle lateral wall, pressure control equipment, temperature control equipment and data acquisition equipment all are connected with autoclave, and pressure control equipment is used for adjusting the rate of introducing gas to autoclave, and temperature control equipment is used for controlling the temperature in the autoclave, and data acquisition equipment is used for gathering pressure and temperature data in the autoclave, autoclave both sides are fixed on the support through the pivot, make autoclave rotatable in 0-180 ° scope, are equipped with the mounting on the support for fixed autoclave's inclination, still are equipped with angle measurement mechanism on the support for accurate reading autoclave's inclination.
Above-mentioned technical scheme, high-pressure reaction kettle top and bottom are equipped with gas outlet and air inlet respectively, pressure control equipment includes air supply, buffer tank and gas collecting bottle, the air supply passes through first manometer, first needle valve access buffer tank in proper order through the high-pressure line, connect the second manometer on the buffer tank, the buffer tank passes through the high-pressure line in proper order through the second needle valve, the air-vent valve, the third manometer, the third needle valve, the backpressure valve, fourth needle valve and first gas flowmeter access high-pressure reaction kettle bottom's air inlet, first gas flowmeter is used for accurate control air inlet rate, the gas outlet at high-pressure reaction kettle top passes through the valve in proper order through the exhaust pipeline, the back pressure valve, second gas flowmeter access gas collecting bottle, the second gas flowmeter is used for accurate control air outlet rate.
Further, the temperature control equipment comprises a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath and a water jacket, the water jacket is wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the water jacket wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle is connected into the low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath through a cooling pipe.
Furthermore, the outside of the buffer tank is also wrapped with a water jacket, and the water jacket wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle is connected into the low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath through a cooling pipe.
Further, a stirring device is arranged in the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the stirring device is arranged at the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle.
Preferably, the stirring device is a magnetic stirrer, the stirrer base is positioned below the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the stirrer is positioned in the high-pressure reaction kettle.
Preferably, the angle measuring mechanism is a semicircular angle measuring disc, a pointer groove is formed in the angle measuring disc, and a pointer matched with the pointer groove in position is arranged on the side face of the high-pressure reaction kettle.
The experimental method for evaluating the dynamic formation of the hydrate in the oil and gas drilling through the experimental device comprises the following steps:
s1, introducing the prepared drilling fluid and the gas required by the experiment into a high-pressure reaction kettle, regulating the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle to set values, maintaining for a period of time, and simulating the temperature and the pressure in an actual stratum;
s2, setting simulation conditions:
s2.1, regulating a pressure regulating valve and a back pressure valve to control the speed of blowing the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle, simulating different gas production rates, and directly observing the bubbling speed through a first gas flowmeter;
s2.2, installing baffle blocks with different total overflow areas and single round hole areas in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and simulating the positions of related equipment or channels for blocking gas migration in a shaft;
s2.3, setting the magnetic stirrer at different rotating speeds, and simulating stirring of drilling fluid by the drill rod;
s2.4, adjusting the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and simulating a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section;
s3, acquiring temperature and pressure data in the high-pressure reaction kettle in real time, taking the condition that a baffle block in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle has different total overflow areas and single round hole areas into consideration, simulating shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process to invade a shaft through the temperature and pressure data and the change condition of the subsequent hydrate formation and aggregation along with time, and evaluating the influence factors of the hydrate formation and aggregation behavior in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the hydrate formation under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S3, shallow gas and hydrate decomposed gas existing in a stratum at the upper part of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process are simulated to invade a shaft, and the shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section shaft and hydrate in a pipeline form and aggregate phenomena under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas, so that influence factors of the hydrate formation and aggregate behaviors in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrate are evaluated, and the specific steps of the process are as follows:
s3.1, checking the air tightness of the device: closing a valve on an exhaust pipe, opening an air source, introducing the required air into a high-pressure visual reaction kettle, increasing the pressure in the kettle to 12MPa, maintaining the pressure, observing for 24 hours, checking the air tightness of all needle valves, high-pressure pipelines, exhaust pipelines and the high-pressure visual reaction kettle, and checking whether the experimental device leaks or not;
s3.2, cleaning a pipeline and a high-pressure reaction kettle: after the experimental device is checked to be free from leakage, 0.3L of well-configured drilling fluid is filled into the high-pressure reaction kettle, the first needle valve, the second needle valve, the third needle valve and the fourth needle valve on the high-pressure pipeline and the valves on the exhaust pipeline are opened, and an air source is opened to continuously introduce the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle and discharge the gas, so that the high-pressure reaction kettle and all pipelines are ensured to be free from other gases and impurities;
s3.3, cooling the experimental device: opening a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath, setting the temperature, cooling the buffer tank and the high-pressure reaction kettle, opening a computer after the temperature is reduced to the set temperature and balanced, and monitoring and recording the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle in real time through a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor;
s3.4, after the work is finished, an air source is opened to enable the air supply pressure to reach a certain value, a first needle valve is opened, air required by experiments enters a buffer tank, a valve on an exhaust pipeline is opened, a back pressure valve is regulated, the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle is controlled, a second needle valve, a third needle valve and a fourth needle valve are opened, a pressure regulating valve and a back pressure valve are regulated to accurately control the rate of air entering the high-pressure reaction kettle, the air required by the experiments is blown into the high-pressure reaction kettle through an air inlet and pressurizes the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the bubbling speed is used for simulating the air production rate and can be directly observed through a first air flowmeter; turning on a magnetic stirrer and setting a stirring rate; fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle;
s3.5, observing the upward movement of bubbles in the drilling fluid and the condition of passing through a baffle block through a visual window in the middle of the high-pressure reaction kettle; along with the experiment, observing the gas-liquid interface and the generation condition of hydrate at the lower part of the baffle block; and finally, observing the growth and aggregation conditions of hydrates at the gas-liquid interface and at the lower part of the baffle block, simulating shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process, and under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas, evaluating the formation and aggregation phenomena of hydrates in shafts, horizontal well deflecting sections or horizontal well sections and pipelines, and further evaluating the influence factors of the formation and aggregation behaviors of the hydrates in the shafts and the pipelines and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrates.
Further, the gas required for the experiment is methane, ethane or carbon dioxide.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the simulation of drilling fluid disturbance by drill rod rotation in the drilling process is realized by changing the inclination angle of a high-pressure reaction kettle, simulation of drilling fluid disturbance by the rotation speed of a stirring device is realized by changing the inclination angle of a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section, a horizontal section shaft and a pipeline, the simulation of gas bubbling speed in the exploitation process is realized by precisely controlling the gas bubbling speed through a pressure regulating valve, a back pressure valve and a first gas flowmeter, and the simulation of gas production rate in the exploitation process is realized;
2. the low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath and the water jacket are used for controlling the temperature in a matched manner, so that the temperature is transferred uniformly, the temperature is controlled stably, and the rotation of the high-temperature reaction kettle on the bracket is not influenced;
3. the buffer tank is provided with the water jacket, so that the temperature of the buffer tank is consistent with that of the high-temperature reaction kettle, the temperature change of the gas required by the experiment when the gas enters the high-temperature reaction kettle is avoided, and the experiment error is reduced;
4. the stirring device is a magnetic stirrer, the stirrer base is positioned below the high-pressure reaction kettle, the stirrer is positioned in the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the magnetic stirring device is convenient to install and can not influence the air tightness of the high-temperature reaction kettle.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the reaction kettle of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the angle plate of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the migration of bubbles in a liquid without stirring in a high-pressure reactor according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the temperature and pressure changes with time in the autoclave of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the formation of hydrates in deionized water in a high pressure reactor in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing growth and aggregation of hydrates in deionized water in a high pressure reactor according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the formation of hydrates at the gas-liquid interface in a nanoparticle solution in a autoclave according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of hydrate production and aggregation at a baffle of a nanoparticle solution in a high-pressure reactor according to the present invention.
Labeling and describing: 1. the device comprises a first pressure gauge, 2, a first needle valve, 3, a second pressure gauge, 4, a second needle valve, 5, a pressure regulating valve, 6, a third pressure gauge, 7, a third needle valve, 8, a back pressure valve, 9, a fourth needle valve, 10, a high-pressure reaction kettle, 11, a valve, 12, a back pressure valve, 13, a second gas flow, 14, a gas source, 15, a water jacket, 16, a buffer tank, 17, a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath, 18, a first gas flow meter, 19, a support, 20, a computer, 21, a gas collecting bottle, 22, a measuring disc, 23, a pointer, 24, a baffle block, 25, a fixing piece, 26, a rotating shaft, 27, a visual window, 28, a stirrer base, 29, a stirrer, 30, a locking screw, 31 and a pointer groove.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1-3, an experimental apparatus for evaluating dynamic formation of hydrates in oil and gas drilling includes a high pressure reactor 10, a pressure control device, a temperature control device, and a data acquisition device. The middle part of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is provided with a visual window 27, sealing gaskets are arranged on two sides of the visual window 27, the experimental condition in the high-temperature reaction kettle 10 can be observed in real time through the visual window 27, and a baffle block 24 is arranged in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10; the baffle block 24 is installed and height-adjustable through a push rod, the push rod is fixed in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, the push rod is a telescopic rod, the length of the push rod is changed, the height of the baffle block 24 in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is adjusted, a sealing ring is sleeved on the side wall of the baffle block 24, the baffle block 24 is sealed with the inner wall of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 through the sealing ring, and the baffle block 24 is used for simulating related equipment or channels for preventing gas migration in a shaft, such as: a position of variable diameter in the well; the pressure control equipment, the temperature control equipment and the data acquisition equipment are all connected with the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, the pressure control equipment is used for adjusting the rate of introducing gas into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, simulating the gas production rate in the actual working condition, the temperature control equipment is used for controlling the temperature in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 and simulating the environment temperature in the actual working condition, the data acquisition equipment is used for acquiring pressure and temperature data in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, the data acquisition equipment comprises a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor and a computer 20, the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor are respectively arranged in mounting holes at the top and the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor are connected into the computer 20 through data acquisition signal wires; the two sides of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 are fixed on a bracket 19 through a rotating shaft 26, the bracket 19 is in an inverted U shape, so that the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 can rotate within the range of 0-180 degrees, and a fixing piece 25 is arranged on the bracket 19 and used for fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10. In actual use, the fixing piece selects the locking bolt.
Preferably, the bracket 19 is also provided with an angle measuring mechanism for accurately reading the inclination angle of the autoclave 10. The angle measuring mechanism is a semicircular angle measuring disc 22, the angle measuring disc 22 is fixed on the bracket 19 through a locking screw 30, a pointer groove 31 is formed in the angle measuring disc 22, and a pointer 23 matched with the pointer groove 31 in position is arranged on the side face of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10. When the autoclave 10 is rotated, the pointer 23 rotates in the pointer groove 31 along with the autoclave 10, and the reading on the measuring dial 22 is read, thereby quantitatively confirming the inclination angle of the autoclave 10.
The top and the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 are respectively provided with an air outlet and an air inlet, the pressure control equipment comprises an air source 14, a buffer tank 16 and an air collecting bottle 21, the air source 14 sequentially passes through a first pressure gauge 1 and a first needle valve 2 through a high-pressure pipeline, the buffer tank 16 is connected with a second pressure gauge 3, the buffer tank 16 sequentially passes through a second needle valve 4, a pressure regulating valve 5, a third pressure gauge 6, a third needle valve 7, a back pressure valve 8, a fourth needle valve 9 and a first air flow meter 18 through the high-pressure pipeline, the air inlet at the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is connected with the first air flow meter 18, the first air flow meter 18 is used for accurately controlling the air inlet rate, the air outlet at the top of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 sequentially passes through a valve 11, a back pressure valve 12 and a second air flow meter 13 through an air outlet pipeline, and the second air flow meter 13 is connected with the air collecting bottle 21, and the second air flow meter 13 is used for accurately controlling the air outlet rate. Because the amount of the gas entering the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 per unit time is very small, and the pressure gauge cannot be accurately displayed, a gas flowmeter with higher precision is added for fine adjustment of the pressure regulating valve 5.
The temperature control equipment comprises a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath 17 and a water jacket 15, the water jacket 15 is wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and the water jacket 15 wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is connected into the low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath 17 through a cooling pipe. The low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath 17 and the water jacket 15 are used for controlling the temperature in a matched manner, the temperature is transferred uniformly, the temperature control is stable, the temperature is different from a constant-temperature box, when each valve or switch is operated and the experimental condition in the high-temperature reaction kettle 10 is observed, the box door is not opened and closed frequently, the temperature in the high-temperature reaction kettle cannot fluctuate, the temperature is not limited by the size of the constant-temperature box, and the rotation of the high-temperature reaction kettle 10 on the support 19 is not influenced.
Preferably, the outer 16 of the buffer tank is also wrapped with a water jacket 15, and the water jacket 15 wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is connected into a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath 17 through a cooling pipe. The water jacket 15 is arranged on the buffer tank 16, so that the temperature of the buffer tank 16 is consistent with that in the high-temperature reaction kettle 10, the temperature change of the gas required by the experiment when the gas enters the high-temperature reaction kettle 10 is avoided, and the experiment error is reduced.
The high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is also provided with a stirring device, the stirring device is arranged at the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the stirring device is used for simulating stirring of drilling fluid by a drill rod. Preferably, the stirring device is a magnetic stirrer, the stirrer base 28 is located below the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, the stirrer 29 is located in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and the magnetic stirring device is convenient to install and does not affect the air tightness of the high-temperature reaction kettle. In actual use, the stirrer 29 is selected to be cross-shaped.
The experimental method for evaluating the dynamic formation of the hydrate in the oil and gas drilling through the experimental device comprises the following steps:
s1, introducing the prepared drilling fluid and the gas required by the experiment into a high-pressure reaction kettle 10, regulating the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 to set values, maintaining for a period of time, and simulating the temperature and the pressure in an actual stratum; gases required for the experiment include, but are not limited to, methane, ethane, or carbon dioxide;
s2, setting simulation conditions:
s2.1, regulating a pressure regulating valve 5 and a back pressure valve 8 to control the speed of blowing the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, simulating different gas production rates, and directly observing the bubbling speed through a first gas flowmeter 18;
s2.2, installing a baffle block 24 with different total overflow areas and single round hole areas in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and simulating the positions of related equipment or channels for blocking gas migration in a shaft;
s2.3, setting the magnetic stirrer at different rotating speeds, and simulating stirring of drilling fluid by the drill rod;
s2.4, adjusting the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and simulating a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section;
s3, acquiring temperature and pressure data in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 in real time, taking the conditions that the baffle block 24 in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 has different total overflow areas and single round hole areas into consideration, simulating shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the upper stratum of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process to invade a shaft through the temperature and pressure data and the change condition of subsequent hydrate formation and aggregation along with time, and evaluating the influence factors of the hydrate formation and aggregation behavior in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the hydrate formation under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas.
In the step S3, shallow gas and hydrate decomposed gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed during deep sea oil and gas drilling are simulated to invade the shaft, and the shaft, the horizontal well deflecting section or the horizontal section shaft and the hydrate in the pipeline form and gather under different temperature, pressure, gas production rate, stirring rate and fluid overflow area conditions, so as to evaluate the influence factors of the hydrate formation and gathering behavior in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrate, and the specific steps of the process are as follows:
s3.1, checking the air tightness of the device: closing a valve 11 on an exhaust pipe, opening an air source 14, introducing required air into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, increasing the pressure in the kettle to 12MPa, maintaining the pressure, observing for 24 hours, checking the air tightness of all needle valves, high-pressure pipelines, exhaust pipelines and the high-pressure reaction kettle, and checking whether leakage exists in an experimental device;
s3.2, cleaning a pipeline and a high-pressure reaction kettle 10: after the experimental device is checked to be free from leakage, 0.3L of well-configured drilling fluid is filled into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, the first needle valve 2, the second needle valve 4, the third needle valve 7, the fourth needle valve 9 and the valve 11 on the exhaust pipe are opened, and an air source 14 is opened to continuously introduce and discharge the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, so that the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 and all pipelines are ensured to be free from other gases and sundries;
s3.3, cooling the experimental device: opening a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath 17, setting the temperature, cooling the buffer tank 16 and the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, opening a computer 20 after the temperature is reduced to the set temperature and balanced, and monitoring and recording the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 in real time through a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor;
s3.4, after the work is finished, an air source 14 is opened to enable the air supply pressure to reach a certain value, a first needle valve 2 is opened, air required by experiments enters a buffer tank 16, a valve 11 on an exhaust pipeline is opened, a back pressure valve 12 is adjusted, the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is controlled, a second needle valve 4, a third needle valve 7 and a fourth needle valve 9 are opened, the speed of the air entering the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 is accurately controlled by adjusting a pressure regulating valve 5 and the back pressure valve 8, the air required by the experiments is blown into the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 through an air inlet and pressurizes the high-pressure reaction kettle 10, and the bubbling speed is used for simulating the air production speed and can be directly observed through a first air flowmeter 18; turning on a magnetic stirrer and setting a stirring rate; fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10;
s3.5, firstly observing the upward movement of bubbles in the drilling fluid and the condition of the bubbles passing through the baffle block 24 through a visual window 27 in the middle of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10; as the experiment proceeds, observing the gas-liquid interface and the formation of hydrate at the lower part of the baffle block 24; finally, the growth and aggregation conditions of hydrates at the gas-liquid interface and at the lower part of the baffle block 24 are observed, shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the upper stratum of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process are simulated to invade the shaft, and the formation and aggregation phenomena of the shaft, the horizontal well deflecting section or the horizontal section shaft and the hydrate in the pipeline are evaluated under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas, so that the influence factors of the formation and aggregation actions of the hydrate in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrate are further evaluated.
The experimental set-up was equipped with a number of different total flow area and single round hole area baffles 24, namely: the shape and thickness of the baffle blocks 24 are consistent, but the four baffle blocks 24 are provided with round holes with different numbers and sizes, wherein the four baffle blocks 24 have the following specifications: the total flow area of the baffle block 24A is about 1.2cm 2 The area of a single round hole is about 0.086cm 2 The gas passes through most easily; the total flow area of the baffle block 24B is about 0.9cm 2 The area of a single round hole is about 0.045cm 2 The gas passes through easily; the total flow area of the baffle block 24C is about 0.6cm 2 The area of a single round hole is about 0.025cm 2 The gas is difficult to pass through; the total flow area of the baffle block 24D is about 0.3cm 2 The area of a single round hole is about 0.005cm 2 The gas is most difficult to pass through.
As shown in fig. 4, the magnetic stirrer is not turned on in order to better observe the movement of the bubbles in the liquid. The bubbles blown into the autoclave 10 continuously move upwards in the liquid, most of the bubbles move to the lower part of the baffle block 24 to be broken, and a small amount of bubbles pass through and separate from the baffle block 24 to continue to move upwards until the break at the gas-liquid interface disappears. The different total flow area and the single circular aperture area of the baffles 24 have different effects on the above-described behavior of the bubbles.
As shown in fig. 5, the computer 20 records the temperature and pressure in the autoclave 10 during the experiment in real time through a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor, and judges the generation of hydrate through a visual window 27 in combination with a temperature and pressure graph. Although gas is consumed during the generation of the hydrate, the consumed gas is quickly filled by the newly blown gas because the experiment is a dynamic bubbling process, so that the fluctuation of the pressure curve is small; however, since the formation of hydrate is an exothermic reaction, when hydrate is formed in the autoclave 10, the temperature in the autoclave 10 increases, and the formation of hydrate can be judged from the increase in the temperature curve in combination with the observation of the visualization window 27.
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the formation, growth and aggregation phenomena of the hydrate in the deionized water are observed through the visualization window 27, the temperature and pressure set by the experiment meet the hydrate formation conditions, as the experiment is continuously carried out, a large amount of white fine powder-like small particles can be observed at the gas-liquid interface, the glass wall surface close to the visualization window 27 at the upper part of the gas-liquid interface becomes fog-like fuzzy, meanwhile, the formation of a hydrate film is found at the gas-liquid interface and the surface of the lower air bubble of the baffle block 24, and the temperature curve has small-amplitude rising, the air bubble at the gas-liquid interface is not broken and disappears any more, but forms a hydrate film rapidly at the surface and is continuously aggregated, and the air bubble trapped at the baffle block 24 also forms a hydrate film rapidly at the surface and is aggregated, so that the aggregation speed and aggregation amount are far greater than at the gas-liquid interface.
As shown in fig. 8 and 9, nano silica solutions with different mass concentrations were added to the autoclave 10, and the formation of hydrates at the gas-liquid interface and the growth of hydrates at the baffle block 24 in the nano silica solution were observed. The temperature and pressure set by the experiment meet the hydrate generation conditions, as the experiment is continuously carried out, white fine powdery small particles float on the gas-liquid interface, the glass wall surface close to the visual window 27 at the upper part of the gas-liquid interface becomes fog-shaped and fuzzy, presumably nanoparticle solution is remained on the glass wall due to stirring of a magnetic stirrer, so that hydrate is generated firstly, meanwhile, bubbles moving up can be observed at the gas-liquid interface and are not broken any more, a hydrate film is generated on the surface rapidly, and the temperature curve is also increased slightly. Fig. 8 shows initial formation of hydrate at gas-liquid interface in nanoparticle solution with different particle size and mass concentration, and the hydrate will grow and aggregate continuously after formation, and fig. 9 shows growth and aggregation of hydrate at barrier in nanoparticle solution with different mass concentration and particle size of 30 nm.
At the end of the experiment, the air source 14, the fourth needle valve 9, the third needle valve 7, the second needle valve 4 and the first needle valve 2 were closed, and then the experiment was depressurized by slowly opening the valve 11 and the back pressure valve 12 until the experiment pressure was reduced to the atmospheric pressure.
By repeating the above operation, it is possible to observe the upward movement of bubbles in the liquid under certain temperature and pressure conditions, and the hydrate formation and aggregation process at the interface with the gas-liquid under the barrier 24 with the lapse of time. Different stirring speeds can be simulated by setting different rotating speeds of the magnetic stirrer; the pressure regulating valve 5 and the back pressure valve 8 are accurately operated through a first gas flow 18 meter, so that the bubbling speed is controlled, and different gas production rates are simulated; the baffle blocks 24 with different total overflow areas and single round hole areas can simulate different overflow areas; the rotation and fixation of the high-pressure reaction kettle 10 at different angles can simulate a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section; the promotion or inhibition of hydrate formation by the drilling fluid was evaluated by observing the formation and aggregation of hydrates by adding different types of drilling fluid to the autoclave 10 and comparing the formation and aggregation of hydrates with those in deionized water.
In summary, the experimental device can simulate the formation and aggregation phenomena of hydrates in shafts, horizontal well deflecting sections or horizontal section shafts and pipelines under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, stirring rates, gas production rates and fluid overflow areas, so as to evaluate the influence factors of the formation and aggregation actions of the hydrates in the shafts and the pipelines and the promotion or inhibition action of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrates, and the experimental device is utilized to optimize the related treatment agent and the hydrate inhibitor of the drilling fluid, thereby providing technical support for the exploration and development of natural gas hydrates and deep water oil and gas.
Of course, the above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, so that all equivalent modifications made in the principles of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. An experimental method for evaluating the dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling, which adopts an experimental device for evaluating the dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling, is characterized in that:
the experimental device for evaluating dynamic formation of hydrate in oil and gas drilling comprises a high-pressure reaction kettle, pressure control equipment, temperature control equipment and data acquisition equipment, wherein a visual window is arranged in the middle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing gaskets are arranged on two sides of the visual window, a baffle block is arranged in an inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle, the baffle block is installed and height-adjusted through a push rod, a sealing ring is sleeved on the side wall of the baffle block, the pressure control equipment, the temperature control equipment and the data acquisition equipment are all connected with the high-pressure reaction kettle, the pressure control equipment is used for adjusting the rate of introducing gas into the high-pressure reaction kettle, the temperature control equipment is used for controlling the temperature in the high-pressure reaction kettle, the data acquisition equipment is used for acquiring pressure and temperature data in the high-pressure reaction kettle, two sides of the high-pressure reaction kettle are fixed on a support through rotating shafts, so that the high-pressure reaction kettle can rotate within a range of 0-180 degrees, a fixing piece is arranged on the support and used for fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and an angle measuring mechanism is also arranged on the support and used for accurately reading the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle;
the pressure control equipment comprises an air source, a buffer tank and an air collecting bottle, wherein the air source is connected to the buffer tank through a high-pressure pipeline sequentially through a first pressure gauge and a first needle valve, the buffer tank is connected with a second pressure gauge, the buffer tank is connected to the air inlet at the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle sequentially through a second needle valve, a pressure regulating valve, a third pressure gauge, a third needle valve, a back pressure valve, a fourth needle valve and a first air flow meter through a high-pressure pipeline, the first air flow meter is used for accurately controlling the air inlet rate, the air outlet at the top of the high-pressure reaction kettle is connected to the air collecting bottle through an air exhaust pipeline sequentially through a valve, a back pressure valve and a second air flow meter, and the second air flow meter is used for accurately controlling the air exhaust rate;
the temperature control equipment comprises a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath and a water jacket, the water jacket is wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the water jacket wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle is connected into the low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath through a cooling pipe;
the outside of the buffer tank is also wrapped with a water jacket, and the water jacket wrapped outside the high-pressure reaction kettle is connected into a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath through a cooling pipe;
a stirring device is also arranged in the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the stirring device is arranged at the bottom of the high-pressure reaction kettle;
the stirring device is a magnetic stirrer, a stirrer base is positioned below the high-pressure reaction kettle, and a stirrer is positioned in the high-pressure reaction kettle;
the angle measuring mechanism is a semicircular angle measuring disc, a pointer groove is formed in the angle measuring disc, and a pointer matched with the pointer groove in position is arranged on the side face of the high-pressure reaction kettle;
an experimental method for evaluating the dynamic formation of hydrates in oil and gas drilling, comprising the steps of:
s1, introducing the prepared drilling fluid and the gas required by the experiment into a high-pressure reaction kettle, regulating the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle to set values, maintaining for a period of time, and simulating the temperature and the pressure in an actual stratum;
s2, setting simulation conditions:
s2.1, regulating a pressure regulating valve and a back pressure valve to control the speed of blowing the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle, simulating different gas production rates, and directly observing the bubbling speed through a first gas flowmeter;
s2.2, installing baffle blocks with different total overflow areas and single round hole areas in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and simulating the positions of related equipment or channels for blocking gas migration in a shaft;
s2.3, setting the magnetic stirrer at different rotating speeds, and simulating stirring of drilling fluid by the drill rod;
s2.4, adjusting the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle, and simulating a vertical shaft, a horizontal well deflecting section or a horizontal section;
s3, acquiring temperature and pressure data in the high-pressure reaction kettle in real time, taking the condition that a baffle block in the inner cavity of the high-pressure reaction kettle has different total overflow areas and single round hole areas into consideration, simulating shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process to invade a shaft through the temperature and pressure data and the change condition of the subsequent hydrate formation and aggregation along with time, and evaluating the influence factors of the hydrate formation and aggregation behavior in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the hydrate formation under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas.
2. An experimental method for assessing the dynamic formation of hydrates in an oil and gas well as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step S3, shallow gas and hydrate decomposed gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed during deep sea oil and gas drilling are simulated to invade the shaft, and the shaft, the horizontal well deflecting section or the horizontal section shaft and the hydrate in the pipeline form and gather under different temperature, pressure, gas production rate, stirring rate and fluid overflow area conditions, so as to evaluate the influence factors of the hydrate formation and gathering behavior in the shaft and the pipeline and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrate, and the specific steps of the process are as follows:
s3.1, checking the air tightness of the device: closing a valve on an exhaust pipe, opening an air source, introducing the required air into a high-pressure visual reaction kettle, increasing the pressure in the kettle to 12MPa, maintaining the pressure, observing for 24 hours, checking the air tightness of all needle valves, high-pressure pipelines, exhaust pipelines and the high-pressure visual reaction kettle, and checking whether the experimental device leaks or not;
s3.2, cleaning a pipeline and a high-pressure reaction kettle: after the experimental device is checked to be free from leakage, 0.3L of well-configured drilling fluid is filled into the high-pressure reaction kettle, the first needle valve, the second needle valve, the third needle valve and the fourth needle valve on the high-pressure pipeline and the valves on the exhaust pipeline are opened, and an air source is opened to continuously introduce the gas required by the experiment into the high-pressure reaction kettle and discharge the gas, so that the high-pressure reaction kettle and all pipelines are ensured to be free from other gases and impurities;
s3.3, cooling the experimental device: opening a low-temperature constant-temperature reaction bath, setting the temperature, cooling the buffer tank and the high-pressure reaction kettle, opening a computer after the temperature is reduced to the set temperature and balanced, and monitoring and recording the temperature and the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle in real time through a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor;
s3.4, after the work is finished, an air source is opened to enable the air supply pressure to reach a certain value, a first needle valve is opened, air required by experiments enters a buffer tank, a valve on an exhaust pipeline is opened, a back pressure valve is regulated, the pressure in the high-pressure reaction kettle is controlled, a second needle valve, a third needle valve and a fourth needle valve are opened, a pressure regulating valve and a back pressure valve are regulated to accurately control the rate of air entering the high-pressure reaction kettle, the air required by the experiments is blown into the high-pressure reaction kettle through an air inlet and pressurizes the high-pressure reaction kettle, and the bubbling speed is used for simulating the air production rate and can be directly observed through a first air flowmeter; turning on a magnetic stirrer and setting a stirring rate; fixing the inclination angle of the high-pressure reaction kettle;
s3.5, observing the upward movement of bubbles in the drilling fluid and the condition of passing through a baffle block through a visual window in the middle of the high-pressure reaction kettle; along with the experiment, observing the gas-liquid interface and the generation condition of hydrate at the lower part of the baffle block; and finally, observing the growth and aggregation conditions of hydrates at the gas-liquid interface and at the lower part of the baffle block, simulating shallow gas and hydrate decomposition gas existing in the stratum at the upper part of the seabed in the deep sea oil and gas drilling process, and under the conditions of different temperatures, pressures, gas production rates, stirring rates and fluid overflow areas, evaluating the formation and aggregation phenomena of hydrates in shafts, horizontal well deflecting sections or horizontal well sections and pipelines, and further evaluating the influence factors of the formation and aggregation behaviors of the hydrates in the shafts and the pipelines and the promotion or inhibition effect of drilling fluid on the formation of the hydrates.
3. An experimental method for assessing the dynamic formation of hydrates in an oil and gas well as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the gas required for the experiment is methane, ethane or carbon dioxide.
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