CN110179989B - 治疗狼疮的方法和组合物 - Google Patents
治疗狼疮的方法和组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供用抗‑CD52抗体治疗患者的狼疮的方法。也包括增加调节T细胞对患者身体受侵染侧的渗透的方法、降低尿蛋白和/或白蛋白水平的方法、和消减淋巴细胞以缓解狼疮症状的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2010年5月13日、申请号为201080020953.4、发明名称为“治疗狼疮的方法和组合物”的专利申请的分案申请。本申请要求2009年5月13日递交的美国临时申请第61/177,924号的优先权。该申请的公开内容全部引入本文以供参考。
背景技术
狼疮是一种自身免疫疾病,其会侵染身体的很多部位,例如血液、中枢神经系统(CNS)、心脏、肝脏、关节、肾脏、肺、皮肤、肠道和脉管系统。通常会在狼疮侵染的组织或器官中观察到炎症。狼疮的症状包括异常的血常规(blood panels)、关节痛、动脉粥样硬化、CNS失调、感染、关节痛、不适、出疹、溃疡、肾炎、心血管疾病和自身抗体的生成。狼疮具有的表征包括系统性红斑狼疮、狼疮肾炎、皮肤红斑狼疮、CNS狼疮、心血管表现、肺部表现、肝表现、血液学表现、胃肠表现、肌骨骼表现、新生儿红斑狼疮、儿童系统性红斑狼疮、药物诱发红斑狼疮、抗磷脂综合征和引起狼疮表征的补体缺乏综合征。参见例如,Robert G.Lahita,Editor,Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,4th Ed.,Elsevier Academic Press,2004。在美国,大约1.5-2百万的人罹患狼疮。90%的这些狼疮患者是女性。现今,狼疮通常用皮质类固醇和免疫抑制剂进行治疗。对于治疗狼疮的改进的治疗方法和组合物有急切的需求。
发明内容
我们已经发明了新的且有用的使用抗-CD52抗体(例如,阿伦单抗(alemtuzumab))来治疗狼疮的方法和组合物。在一些实施方式中,使用显著消减淋巴细胞的抗体。在其他实施方式中,也可以使用不显著消减淋巴细胞的方法、抗体。
一方面,本发明提供增加狼疮患者的FoxP3+(例如,CD4+CD25+FoxP3+)调节T细胞的方法,包括对患者施用治疗有效量的抗-CD52抗体。在一些实施方式中,该方法还包括对患者施用能够刺激该调节T细胞的药剂,例如,雷帕霉素(rapamycin)、TGF-β(活性的或潜在的TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4、或TGF-β5)、IL-10、IL-4、IFN-α、维他命D3、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、或霉酚酸酯(mycophenolate mofetil)。调节T细胞可以渗透到狼疮患者的炎症部位,例如,血液、中枢神经系统(CNS)、心脏、肝脏、关节、肾脏、肺、皮肤、肠道或脉管系统。
另一方面,本发明提供降低狼疮患者的尿蛋白和/或白蛋白水平的方法,包括对患者施用治疗有效量的抗-CD52抗体。
另一方面,本发明也提供消减狼疮患者的淋巴细胞(例如,B细胞和T细胞)的方法,包括对患者施用治疗有效量的抗CD-52抗体。
另一方面,本发明也提供治疗有所需求的患者(例如,狼疮患者)方法,包括结合至少一种第二化合物对患者施用治疗有效量的抗-CD52抗体。该第二化合物通常是用于治疗狼疮的化合物,例如标准治疗(standard-of-care)或实验性治疗。
本发明的方法可以用于治疗具有一种或多种狼疮表征的患者,包括但不限于,系统性红斑狼疮、狼疮肾炎、皮肤红斑狼疮、中枢神经系统(CNS)狼疮、心血管表现、肺部表现、肝表现、血液学表现、胃肠表现、肌骨骼表现、新生儿红斑狼疮、儿童系统性红斑狼疮、药物诱发红斑狼疮、抗磷脂综合征和引起狼疮表征的补体缺乏综合征。
在本发明的结合疗法中,抗-CD52抗体和其他治疗剂可以以任意适合于患者的顺序给药。抗-CD52抗体和其他药剂可以同时或相继地给药,或既同时又相继地给药。例如,其他药剂可以在抗-CD52疗法之前或之后给药。本发明也提供用于该结合疗法的试剂盒。
在一些实施方式中,患者是人类患者,且抗-CD52抗体靶向人的CD52。在那些实施方式中,可以优选抗-CD52抗体是人抗体、人源化抗体、或与人的Fc部分嵌合的嵌合抗体。
本发明也提供抗-CD52抗体在制造用于本发明的治疗方法的药物中的使用。
附图说明
图1A-1B示出用单克隆的大鼠抗-小鼠CD52IgG2a抗体处理的NZB/NZWF1小鼠无淋巴细胞消减。在第一次注射对照的大鼠IgG或大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体之前从小鼠个体中采集处于基底值的血液,以及在两天后的第二次抗体注射之前采集血液。将血液样品染色并用流式细胞计分析以得到CD3+T细胞与CD19+B细胞的绝对数量。
图2A-2F示出使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理成功地降低了NZB/NZWF1小鼠的尿蛋白水平。图2A-2E示出经抗-小鼠CD52处理的小鼠表现出与处于阳性对照的环磷酰胺处理组中的小鼠相当的尿蛋白水平,而经对照大鼠IgG处理的小鼠表现出与载体对照(PBS)处理小鼠相当的尿蛋白水平。图2F示出,至研究结束为止,只有38%的经抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理的小鼠和20%的经环磷酰胺处理的小鼠达到了严重的蛋白尿症(>500mg/dL/天),相对于67%的经大鼠IgG处理的小鼠和60%的经载体处理的小鼠。
图3A-3G示出了使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理成功地降低了NZB/NZWF1小鼠的尿蛋白水平。尿中白蛋白的水平用半定量的“Albustix”法(图3A)和定量的ELISA检定(图3B)进行评估。图3A-3F显示经抗-CD52抗体处理的小鼠的尿白蛋白水平要低于经载体(PBS)和对照大鼠IgG处理的小鼠。图3G显示,到研究的最后,仅有50%的经抗-CD52抗体处理的小鼠发展了显著的白蛋白尿(>40mg/dL/天),相比于80%的经载体处理的小鼠和89%的经大鼠IgG处理的小鼠。
图4示出使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理对于针对dsDNA的自身抗体的发展没有可检测出的作用。经抗-小鼠CD52处理的小鼠的抗体滴度与经过载体和大鼠IgG处理的小鼠的滴度相当。只有环磷酰胺的处理能有效降低血清中针对dsDNA的抗体的增长。
图5示出使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理为NZB/NZWF1小鼠提供了显著的存活益处(survival benefit)。两个剂量的抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理(75%的存活率)与每周注射一次环磷酰胺(80%)获得了相当的存活率水平(P值=0.9218,抗-小鼠CD52抗体vs.环磷酰胺)。经对照大鼠IgG处理的小鼠只有20%的存活率(P值=0.0401,抗-小鼠CD52抗体vs.对照大鼠IgG)(图5)。
图6A-6C示出采集的小鼠肾脏的组织学检测结果。虽然肾小球病、间质性炎症、或蛋白管型的严重度分值的中位数在处理组之间没有统计上显著的差异,如图6A所示,相比于大鼠IgG和载体对照组,抗-小鼠CD52抗体和环磷酰胺的处理降低了肾小球病分值的中位数。如图6B所示,在环磷酰胺处理组也观察到降低的间质性炎症。
图7A-7C示出渗入肾脏的FoxP3+调节T细胞的增加。小鼠肾脏用免疫荧光标记的抗体进行染色以显示CD4+、CD8+、和FoxP3+细胞。对于肾脏切片上阳性细胞的相对丰度在0-4的范围内进行不知情地(blindly)评分。环磷酰胺处理引起渗入肾脏的CD4+、CD8+、和FoxP3+细胞的显著减少。通过比较,抗-CD52抗体的处理不能防止CD4+和CD8+淋巴细胞对肾脏的渗入,但是增加了FoxP3阳性细胞的存在,其是调节T细胞的标记物。
图8A-8B显示不同剂量水平(1mg/kg、5mg/kg和10mg/kg)的单克隆的小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体(克隆W19)对NZB/NZWF1小鼠的有效淋巴细胞消减。在血液中(图8A),5mg/kg和10mg/kg的剂量处理可以在所有的淋巴群中观察到剂量依赖型消减,导致所有细胞类型(CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞、NK细胞和B细胞)的几乎完全的消减。在脾脏中(图8B),观察到相似的剂量依赖型消减。具体来说,观察到脾脏中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的显著消减,而B细胞在所有检测的剂量水平上都呈现较小程度的消减。
具体实施方式
本发明是基于我们用抗-CD52抗体对受试者给药的相关发现。我们已经在小鼠的狼疮模型中发现抗-CD52抗体增加了FoxP3+调节T细胞对局部发炎组织(肾脏)的渗透。我们还发现抗-CD52抗体的处理可以降低该小鼠模型的尿蛋白和白蛋白水平。
因此,本发明提供用抗-CD52抗体治疗患者(例如,人类患者)的狼疮的方法。在一些实施方式中,治疗将帮助将FoxP3+调节T细胞召集到局部的发炎组织中,例如CNS、肾脏、心脏和肝脏,从而缓解或预防狼疮患者的症状。在一些实施方式中,治疗将帮助降低狼疮患者的尿蛋白和/或白蛋白水平。在一些实施方式中,治疗将消减狼疮患者的淋巴细胞。在本发明的其他实施方式中,患者也用刺激FoxP3+调节T细胞的生长和/或活化的药剂进行治疗,从而改善对患者免疫系统的调控和缓解自身免疫的症状。
狼疮的表征
本发明的方法也可以用于罹患各种狼疮表征的患者,其中狼疮的表征包括但不限于系统性红斑狼疮;狼疮肾炎;皮肤红斑狼疮;CNS狼疮;心血管、肺部、肝部、血液学、胃肠和肌骨骼表现;新生儿红斑狼疮;儿童系统性红斑狼疮;药物诱发红斑狼疮;抗磷脂综合征;和引起狼疮表征的补体缺乏综合征。本发明的方法也可以用来治疗罹患活跃的狼疮发作的患者、或具有不活跃的狼疮的患者。
抗-CD52抗体的疗法
在本发明的方法中,对CD52的抗体以治疗有效量施用给患者以达到临床终点,该临床终点通过监测已感染的器官系统(例如,狼疮肾炎的血尿和/或蛋白尿)和/或使用疾病活跃指数(例如,BILAG、SLAM、SLEDAI、ECLAM)测定,其中该疾病活跃指数提供贯穿若干器官系统的疾病严重程度的组合分数。参见,例如,Mandl等人,“Monitoring patients withsystemic lupus erythematosus”in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,4th edition,pp.619-631,R.G.Lahita,Editor,Elsevier Academic Press,(2004)。抗-CD52抗体的治疗有效量是能帮助治疗受试者达到一个或更多所希望达到的临床终点的量。
CD52是正常的和恶性的B和T淋巴细胞以高水平表达的细胞表面蛋白(Hale等人,JBiol regul Homeost Agents 15:386-391(2001);Huh等人,Blood 92:Abstract 4199(1998);Elsner等人,Blood 88:4684-4693(1996);Gilleece等人,Blood 82:807-812(1993);Rodig等人,Clin Cancer Res 12:7174-7179(2006);Ginaldi等人,Leuk Res 22:185-191(1998))。CD52在单核细胞、巨噬细胞和嗜酸性细胞中以较低水平表达,而在成熟的自然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和造血干细胞中几乎为发现表达。同上,CD52也在附睾和输精管的上皮细胞中产生,由精子在穿过生殖道时获得(Hale等人,2001,同上;Domagala等人,Med Sci Monit 7:325-331(2001))。CD52的确切的生物学功能还不清楚,但一些证据表明其可能与T细胞的迁移和共刺激有关(Rowan等人,Int Immunol 7:69-77(1995);Masuyama等人,J Exp Med 189:979-989(1999);Watanabe等人,Clin Immunol 120:247-259(2006))。
人的CD52抗原多肽序列的一个例子是:
MKRFLFLLLT ISLLVMVQIQ TGLSGQNDTS QTSSPSASSNISGGIFLFFV ANAIIHLFCF S(SEQ ID NO:1;NCBI登记号:NP_001794)
成熟的人CD52抗原相当短,只有12个氨基酸(Xia等人,Eur J Immunol.21(7):1677-84(1991))且是糖基化的。例如,成熟的人CD52抗原可以均具有以下多肽序列:GQNDTSQTSSPS(SEQ ID NO:2)。
本发明所包括的抗-CD52抗体疗法包括任何使用抗-CD52抗体的治疗方案,包括任何适合的同型抗体,例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。有用的抗体也包括那些恒定/Fc区已经经过修饰且以相同或更好的亲和性结合到中性粒细胞和/或NK细胞的Fc受体上的抗体,或者具有改善的抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)和补体依赖的细胞毒性(CDC)功能的抗体。用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体是特异结合CD52的那些,且不会特异性地结合到非-CD52分子上。抗-CD52抗体与CD52之间的特异性结合可以被确定,例如,通过流式细胞仪测量结合到CD52+细胞的抗体的EC50。特异性的结合可以用EC50表示,其范围为,例如0.5-10μg/ml。对于临床应用,抗-CD52抗体可以优选为单克隆的,且具有药学上可接受的纯度。抗体可以以任何适合的方法给药,任选地用药学上可接受的载体,以药学上有效的量,例如帮助患者达到所希望的临床终点的量。
当将要治疗的患者是人时,优选抗-CD52抗体特异性地结合人的CD52。为将对人类患者反复给药引起的免疫原性降到最低,也可优选抗体为嵌合的(例如恒定结构域用人抗体的恒定结构域取代的鼠科抗-CD52抗体)、人源化的(例如,CDRs已经用鼠科抗-人CD52抗体的CDRs取代的人抗体)、或完全的人抗体。有用抗体的一个例子是阿伦单抗(例如,和其变体)。阿伦单抗是靶向人的CD52(hCD52)的重组人源化IgG1单克隆抗体,其为28kD的糖基化的糖基-磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)连接的细胞表面蛋白(Hale等人,TissueAntigens 35:118-27(1990);Hale等人,2001,同上)。阿伦单抗近来被证明是针对B-细胞慢性淋巴细胞白血病的一线治疗,并处于多发性硬化症治疗的临床试验第三阶段。有用的抗体包括但不限于,与阿伦单抗竞争结合hCD52的抗体、和/或结合与阿伦单抗相同的或重叠的抗原表位或其他hCD52上的抗原表位的抗体。例如,可以使用在国际申请PCT/US2010/034704中描述的人源化抗体。
人的抗-hCD52抗体可以由本领域的技术人员制得,使用例如技术(Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA)。嵌合的和人源化的抗-CD52抗体可以由来自例如大鼠抗-hCD52抗体或小鼠抗-hCD52抗体的已被广泛接受的抗体技术制得。
如果需要的话,用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体可以包含可检测的标记物,以允许例如在疗法、诊断、或化验中进行监控。适合的可检测标记物包括,例如放射性同位素(例如,铟-111、锝-99m、或碘-131)、正电子发射标记物(例如,氟-19)、顺磁离子(例如,钆(III)、锰(II))、表位标记物(标签)、亲和标记物(例如,生物素、抗生物素蛋白)、自旋标记物、酶、荧光组、或化学发光组。当没有采用标记物时,复合物的形成可以用表面等离子共振术、ELISA、流式细胞术、或其他合适的方法确定。用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体可以与例如生物活性化合物(例如,细胞因子和细胞毒素剂)的另一治疗剂结合。用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体也可以通过例如化学反应或遗传修饰结合到能改进抗体的药代动力学例如半衰期的其他部分(例如,聚乙二醇化的部分)。在一些实施方式中,用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体可以通过,例如化学结合或遗传修饰而与合适的细胞因子相联(例如,将框内的细胞因子的编码序列添加到抗体的编码序列,从而创建出抗体:细胞因子融合蛋白)。
增加Fox P3+调节T细胞的渗透
我们已经发现,相对于其他T细胞,抗-CD52抗体倾向于增加FoxP3+调节T细胞,包括增加这些细胞对局部组织例如炎症或组织损伤部位的渗透。调节T细胞(也称作“Treg”或抑制性T细胞)是能够通过接触依赖性或非接触依赖性(例如,细胞因子的产生)机制来抑制其他淋巴细胞的增殖和/或功能的细胞。对调节T细胞的一些类型已经有过描述,包括γδT细胞、自然杀伤T(NKT)细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+T细胞、CD4-CD8-双阴性T细胞。参见,例如,Bach等人,Immunol.3:189-98(2003)。CD4+CD25+FoxP3+调节T细胞已被认为是“自然发生的”调节T细胞;它们表达CD4、CD25和叉头(forkhead)家族的转录因子FoxP3(叉头框p3)。
Tregs的增加可能是治疗中的自身免疫疾病的症状的减少所需的。因此,可以对患者施用刺激FoxP3+(例如,CD4+CD25+FoxP3+)调节T细胞的药剂。该药剂可以,例如,活化那些T细胞、扩大那些细胞的数量、调动并增加那些细胞的循环、和/或将那些细胞召集到目标位置。这样的药剂的例子是雷帕霉素、活化的或潜在的TGF-β(例如,TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4和TGF-β5)、IL-10、IL-4、IFN-α、维他命D3、地塞米松、和霉酚酸酯(参见,例如,Barrat等人,J.Exp.Med.195:603-616(2002);Gregori等人,J Immunol.167:1945-1953(2001);Battaglia等人,Blood 105:4743-4748(2005);Battaglia等人,J.Immunol.177:8338-8347(2010))。在本发明的一些实施方式中,Tregs的增加可以发生在一个或多个炎症位点(例如,血液、中枢神经系统、心脏、肝脏、关节、肾脏、皮肤、消化道、或脉管系统)。
Treg刺激剂可以在抗-CD52抗体治疗之前、之中或之后给药。用于本发明的抗-CD52抗体优先删减T效应细胞和B细胞,而优先保留FoxP3+Tregs(参见,例如,Hu等人,Immunology 128:260-270(2009))。因此,同时使用抗-CD52抗体和Treg刺激剂的治疗方案将通过再次平衡患者的免疫系统而大大增强狼疮治疗、或其他自身免疫疾病治疗的效力。
降低尿蛋白和/或白蛋白的水平
狼疮患者可能表现出蛋白尿或白蛋白尿(albuminuria)-尿液中的血清蛋白或白蛋白过量。在狼疮中,通过尿液中蛋白质或白蛋白的水平而测定的肾脏损伤是最急剧的损伤之一且占至少50%的死亡率。相比于治疗前的水平,本发明的治疗方法(抗-CD52抗体的单独使用或抗-CD52抗体与Treg刺激剂的结合使用)可以降低患者至少25%、50%、75%或90%的尿液蛋白质和/或白蛋白水平。在一些实施方式中,在抗-CD52抗体的给药之前,尿液蛋白水平至少高于或等于500mg/L/天(例如,1,000mg/L/天、2,000mg/L/天、或3,000mg/L/天)。在抗-CD52抗体的初次治疗后,尿蛋白水平可以减少到小于500mg/L/天或小于1,000mg/L/天。
组合疗法
在本发明的一些方面,抗-CD52抗体可以在组合疗法中与一种或更多种其他治疗剂(例如,免疫抑制剂)共同施用给狼疮患者。第二治疗剂可以是,例如,皮质类固醇、非甾类抗炎症药物、病症缓解性抗风湿药物(DMARDs)(例如,环磷酰胺或霉酚酸)、免疫抑制剂(例如,氨甲蝶呤和脒唑硫嘌呤)、靶向B或T淋巴细胞的分子(例如,CD20抗体,例如利妥昔单抗(Rituximab),也称之为抗-BLys抗体、或抗-BAFF-R抗体)。在一些实施方式中,其他药剂是,例如细胞因子(例如IL-7)、抗-细胞因子受体抗体、或可溶性受体,它们引导、操纵和/或扩大发生在淋巴消减(lymphodepletion)后由抗-CD52抗体介导的重组过程(参见,例如,Sportes等人,Cytokine Therapies:Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.1182:28-38(2009))。其他治疗剂可以在抗-CD52抗体治疗之前、之中、或之后给药。
除非另外定义,本文中使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与通常被本发明所属领域的普通技术人员所理解的相同的意思。示例性的方法和材料在下文中描述,尽管与本文中描述的那些相似或相当的方法和材料也可以在本发明的实践或测试中使用。在本文中提到的所有公开物和其他参考文献都整体引入本文以供参考。在冲突的情况下,本说明书,包括定义,将会支配。尽管本文引用了大量文件,该引用并不构成对这些文件中的任意一个都构成本领域一般公知常识的一部分的认可。贯穿此说明书和权利要求书,单词“包括”、或变体例如“包含”或“含有”将被理解为意味着包括一个所述整体或一组整体而不将任何其他整体或一组整体排除在外。材料、方法和实施例仅是示例性的,且并不意在做出限制。
实施例
下列的实施例意在举例说明本发明的方法和材料。对于所述条件和参数的合适的修饰和更改都在本发明的精神和范围之内,其中所述条件和参数是在本领域经常见到的且对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的。
小鼠狼疮模型
NZB/NZWF1小鼠作为狼疮的自发模型。随着它们的长大,动物发展出针对各种细胞性抗原的自身抗体,最终导致免疫复合物在肾脏内的沉积以及逐渐发展的致命的肾病(Peutz-Kootstra等人,J Lab Clin Med 137:244-260(2001))。在下列实施例中,我们用NZB/NZWF1雌性小鼠来研究抗-CD52抗体在系统性狼疮发展过程中的作用。
抗-CD52抗体
在实施例1-6中,使用单克隆的大鼠抗-小鼠CD52IgG2a抗体。这种大鼠同型体并不是用于小鼠效应子功能(例如,补体结合和抗体依赖性的细胞介导的细胞毒性)的最佳同型体。在实施例7-8中,使用单克隆的IgG2a小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体。
在实施例1-6中,我们把NZB/NZWF1小鼠(15周龄,Jackson Labs)分成4组,并用不同的试样处理它们(表1)。一种氮芥烷基化剂,环磷酰胺,在实施例1-6中用作阳性对照。环磷酰胺已经被用于治疗多种癌症和某些自身免疫失调,包括狼疮。
表1
*大鼠IgG2a的ELISA表明,在储备液中的总蛋白含量中,仅184μg/ml由大鼠IgG2a组成,表明有效剂量可以低至1.7mg/kg。
实施例1-6的时间点如下:
i)开始于19周龄,之后每4周从个体小鼠中采集血液以评定IgG抗-双链DNA(抗-dsDNA)抗体的滴度,并在代谢笼内收集24小时的尿液以测定蛋白尿和白蛋白尿。
ii)使用试样的处理开始于31周龄,此时动物开始产生显著的针对dsDNA的抗体滴度和/或升高的蛋白尿。用正常大鼠IgG处理的组2和用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理的组3分别接受总共两次注射。用环磷酰胺处理的组4每周接受一次注射直至研究结束。
iii)在第一次的抗体注射之前,从组2和组3采集血液以用于基底值的荧光激活细胞分拣(FACS)分析(将CD3、CD19阳性细胞染色,对淋巴细胞的绝对数量进行计数)。
iv)第一次注射抗体两天后,组2和组3进行第二次抗体注射。在第二次注射之前,从组2和组3采集血液以用于流式细胞术分析(将CD3、CD19阳性细胞染色,进行绝对值计数)。从组2的一只小鼠和组3的一只小鼠中采集脾脏,也用于流式细胞术的染色。
任何在研究期间濒死的动物都会处死,如果可能的话采集一个肾脏。研究在小鼠43周龄时结束,从每只动物中采集一个肾脏以用于组织学分析。
实施例1:用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理的NZB/NZWF1小鼠没有淋巴细胞的消减
为确定使用单克隆的大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的治疗是否会引起CD52+淋巴细胞的消减,在第一次注射大鼠IgG或大鼠抗-小鼠CD52之前从小鼠个体中采集处于基底值的血液,并在两天后的第二次抗体注射之前进行血液采集。将血液样本染色并用流式细胞仪分析以获得CD3+ T细胞和CD19+ B细胞的绝对数量。50μl的全血样品用在RPMI培养基中的10%的正常小鼠血清和0.05%的叠氮化钠进行封闭,然后用大鼠抗-小鼠CD3-APC和大鼠抗-小鼠CD19-PE(BD Pharmingen,San Diego,CA)进行染色。淋巴细胞在FACSCaliburTM系统(Becton-Dickinson,San Diego,CA)中进行染色分析。数据分析用Cell Quest Pro软件(Becton-Dickinson)进行。结果显示,没有显著的B或T淋巴细胞的消减(图1A和1B)。
实施例2:蛋白尿和白蛋白尿的水平
A.蛋白尿的水平
个体小鼠尿液中的蛋白水平根据制造商的说明(Microprotein-PR,Sigma)用比色法进行测定,其中比色法是为测定总蛋白浓度而设计的。使用参考标样来计算检测样品的蛋白浓度。尽管在检测时没有淋巴细胞的消减,使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理成功地抑制了肾病的发展,如通过总尿蛋白水平所测定(图2A-2E)。在研究过程中,经抗-小鼠CD52处理的小鼠表现出与经环磷酰胺处理的阳性对照组的小鼠相当的尿蛋白水平,而经对照大鼠IgG处理的小鼠表现出与载体对照小鼠相当的尿蛋白水平(图2A-2E)。仅38%的经抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理的小鼠和20%的经环磷酰胺处理的小鼠达到了严重的尿蛋白(>500mg/dL/天),相对于67%的经大鼠IgG处理的小鼠和60%的经载体处理的小鼠(图2F)。
B.白蛋白尿的水平
尿液中白蛋白的水平根据制造商的说明(Albuwell-M,Exocell,Inc.)用间接竞争型ELISA试剂盒进行评估。尿液样品中白蛋白的浓度是从标准曲线中得出的,该标准曲线是由已知的鼠科白蛋白浓度得到的(图3B)。也使用半定量的“Albustix”法(RocheDiagnostics)(图3A),其中将尿液滴加在指示滤纸上,该指示滤纸会根据尿液中存在的白蛋白的量而变色并然后定出0-6的相应分。与总蛋白水平相一致,使用抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理也有效地抑制NZB/NZWF1小鼠的白蛋白尿的发展(图3A-3G)。尿液白蛋白水平在抗-CD52抗体处理的小鼠中要低于载体和大鼠IgG处理的小鼠。然而,在该组观察到的白蛋白尿的抑制并没有环磷酰胺处理组所获得的那样显著。至研究结束,仅50%的经抗-CD52抗体处理的小鼠发展了显著的白蛋白尿(>40mg/dL/天),相比于80%的经载体处理的小鼠和89%的经大鼠IgG处理的小鼠(图3G)。
实施例3:针对双链DNA的抗体的水平
个体小鼠血清样品中针对dsDNA的IgG抗体滴度用ELISA测定。小鼠dsDNA(TheJackson Laboratory,BarHarbor,ME)用S1核酸酶(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)消化以除去任何的ssDNA,然后用于包被96-孔ELISA酶标板的孔(1μg/ml的dsDNA,100μl/孔),于4℃过夜。酶标板用0.01%的硫酸鱼精蛋白/水进行预处理以促进DNA的附着。包被之后,酶标板用2.5%的牛血清白蛋白封闭缓冲液于37℃孵育1小时,并洗涤。随后加入100μl系列的2倍稀释血清以复制孔并于37℃孵育1小时。洗涤酶标板并加入辣根过氧化酶(HRP)-结合的山羊抗-小鼠IgG(Pierce,Rockford,IL)来检测结合到dsDNA上的抗体(37℃,1小时)。洗涤之后,加入HRP底物,在双波长酶标仪(Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale,CA)上读取比色产物在490nM波长的光密度(OD),以650nM为参考波长。抗体滴度被定义为当OD大于或等于0.1时的血清稀释度的倒数。正常小鼠血清被用作阴性对照(滴度≤200,检测到的最低稀释度),来自年老的狼疮小鼠的混合血清用作阳性对照(滴度为25,600)。使用大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的处理对针对dsDNA的自身抗体的发展没有可检测到的作用(图4)。经抗-小鼠CD52处理的小鼠的抗体滴度与经载体和大鼠IgG处理的小鼠的滴度相当。仅有环磷酰胺处理有效地降低了血清中针对dsDNA的抗体的升高(图4)。
实施例4:成活率的改善
大鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的治疗在NZB/NZWF1小鼠中的耐受性好。在抗-小鼠CD52抗体的两个剂量(75%的成活率)与每周注射一次环磷酰胺(80%的成活率)之间得到了相当水平的成活率(P值=0.9218,抗-小鼠CD52抗体vs.环磷酰胺)(图5)。在用对照大鼠IgG处理的小鼠中,成活率仅为20%(P值=0.0401,抗-小鼠CD52抗体vs.对照大鼠IgG)(图5)。通过比较,经载体处理的小鼠显示出60%的存活率(图5),表明对对照大鼠IgG组的大量免疫球蛋白的注射可能已经使疾病恶化,有可能是通过对肾脏加压,而相同量的抗-小鼠CD52材料提供了治疗上的益处。
实施例5:肾脏的组织学检测
在处死时收集肾脏,固定于10%的中性缓冲福尔马林中,然后包埋在石蜡中。以5μm的厚度进行切片并用苏木精和伊红(H&E)、磷钨酸苏木精(PTAH)和过碘酸希夫(PAS)染色法进行染色。在研究过程中,阴性对照组(载体和大鼠IgG)的一些动物必须要被处死或被发现死亡。结果,在研究结束时可用于分析的肾脏很少,因此限制了统计考验力(statisticalpower)。
进一步检测收集到的肾脏。肾小球病、间质性炎症、或蛋白管型的严重度分值的中位数在处理组之间没有统计上显著的差异(图6A-6C)。然而,某些趋势还是明显的。相比于大鼠IgG和载体对照组,使用抗-小鼠CD52抗体和环磷酰胺的处理减少了肾小球病分值的中位数(图6A)。在环磷酰胺处理组也观察到减少的间质性炎症(图6B)。
实施例6:肾脏中增加的FoxP3+调节T细胞
在实施例5得到的肾脏切片还用免疫荧光标记的抗体进一步染色以观察CD4+、CD8+和FoxP3+细胞的存在。对于CD4和CD8阳性细胞的染色,将肾脏的冰冻切片固定在丙酮中,并依次用过氧化物酶(Dako)、抗生物素蛋白、生物素(Biocare)和蛋白(Dako)封闭液孵育,之后为生物素化的大鼠抗-小鼠CD4(克隆L3T4;BD Pharmingen)或生物素化的山羊抗-小鼠CD8(克隆Ly-2;BD Pharmingen)、抗生蛋白链菌素-HRP和DAB(3-3’-二氨基联苯胺),以在阳性细胞上产生棕色染色。对于FoxP3阳性细胞的染色,将肾脏冰冻切片固定于10%的中性缓冲福尔马林,并依次用过氧化物酶和蛋白封闭液孵育。随后加入大鼠抗-小鼠FoxP3抗体(eBioscience),之后为Mach-2HRP结合的抗-兔抗体(Biocare)和DAB,以在阳性细胞上产生棕色染色。随后所有切片也用苏木精染色来使细胞可见。对切片上的阳性细胞的相对丰度在0-4的范围内进行不知情地评分。环磷酰胺的处理引起渗入肾脏的CD4+、CD8+和FoxP3+细胞的显著减少(图7A-7C)。通过比较,抗-CD52抗体的处理没能防止CD4+和CD8+淋巴细胞对肾脏的渗透,但是增加了对FoxP3呈阳性的细胞的存在,FoxP3是调节T细胞的标记物(图7A-7C)。
实施例7:经单克隆的小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体处理的NZB/NZWF1小鼠的淋巴细胞消
减
通过使用自制的单克隆的IgG2a小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体(clone W19)来靶向小鼠CD52,进行消减实验来确定狼疮小鼠是否对淋巴细胞的消减敏感。NZB/NZWF1小鼠用载体、1mg/kg、5mg/kg、或10mg/kg的单克隆的小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体进行处理。处理后三天,收集脾细胞和外周血,并用流式细胞仪来评价淋巴细胞的消减程度。在所有的抗体剂量水平都观察到血液和脾脏中的显著水平的淋巴细胞消减。在血液中(图8A),在所有的淋巴群都观察到剂量依赖的消减,其中5和10mg/kg剂量引起所有细胞类型的几乎完全的消减。在脾脏中也观察到相似的剂量依赖的消减(图8B)。当在脾脏中观察到CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的显著消减时,B细胞的消减程度似乎在所有检测的剂量水平都要更小一些。
实施例8:抗-小鼠CD52抗体在NZB/NZW雌性小鼠中的效力分析
进一步检测在实施例7中使用的单克隆的抗-小鼠CD52抗体对NZB/NZWF1小鼠狼疮模型中的疾病的发生和/或发展的影响。首先,10只小鼠的组在明显的疾病发生之前,即大约21周龄时,以10mg/kg接受对照抗体或单克隆的小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的两次注射,两次注射间隔一周。之后,不同组的10只小鼠在疾病期间,即大约32周龄时,以10mg/kg接受对照抗体或单克隆的小鼠抗-小鼠CD52抗体的两次注射,两次注射间隔一周。阳性对照组从大约21周龄时开始接受每周一次的50mg/kg的环磷酰胺注射。我们检测了以下读数:1)用流式细胞仪测定的淋巴细胞消减;2)用ELISA测定的针对dsDNA的自身抗体的发生;3)蛋白尿;和4)肾脏的组织学分析;并进一步确定以这种方式靶向CD52对肾脏损伤的缓解程度。
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<120> 治疗狼疮的方法和组合物
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Claims (9)
1.抗-人CD52单克隆抗体在制造用于治疗人患者的狼疮肾炎的药物中的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体是所述药物的唯一活性成分。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体降低所述患者的尿蛋白、尿白蛋白、或以上两者的水平。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体增加所述患者的FoxP3+调节T细胞。
4.如权利要求3所述的应用,其中所述调节T细胞至少在炎症的一个位点增加。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其中所述炎症位点是血液、中枢神经系统(CNS)、心脏、肝脏、关节、肾脏、肺、皮肤、肠道、或脉管系统。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的应用,其中所述患者经历皮质类固醇的预治疗。
7.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体不显著消耗淋巴细胞。
8.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体是人源化的或人的抗体。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用,其中所述抗-人CD52单克隆抗体是阿伦单抗。
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CN110179989A (zh) | 2019-08-30 |
US20170369583A1 (en) | 2017-12-28 |
KR101800467B1 (ko) | 2017-11-22 |
MX2011012048A (es) | 2011-12-12 |
EP2429583A4 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
RU2607022C2 (ru) | 2017-01-10 |
JP5834004B2 (ja) | 2015-12-16 |
AU2010248935B2 (en) | 2016-12-15 |
IL216146A0 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
MX342907B (es) | 2016-10-17 |
AU2017201771A1 (en) | 2017-04-06 |
RU2011150495A (ru) | 2013-06-20 |
EP2429583A1 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
US20120070408A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
JP2012526846A (ja) | 2012-11-01 |
EP3345620B1 (en) | 2024-08-28 |
JP2015052021A (ja) | 2015-03-19 |
BRPI1013927A2 (pt) | 2016-04-05 |
US9617343B2 (en) | 2017-04-11 |
CA2761885A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
WO2010132683A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
CN102438654A (zh) | 2012-05-02 |
JP2017008106A (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
KR20140014392A (ko) | 2014-02-06 |
AU2010248935A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
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