CN110092668A - A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110092668A CN110092668A CN201910477486.0A CN201910477486A CN110092668A CN 110092668 A CN110092668 A CN 110092668A CN 201910477486 A CN201910477486 A CN 201910477486A CN 110092668 A CN110092668 A CN 110092668A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramicses, are made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: 60~70 parts of lithium feldspar powder, 14~20 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 8~13 parts of bauxite powder, 6~11 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 12~18 parts of silica flour, 5~9 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, 70~90 parts of water, 0.9~1.5 part of water-reducing agent, 1.8~3.4 parts of foaming agent, 1.1~1.7 parts of foam stabilizer, 2~4.5 parts of dispersing agent.Low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics of the invention keeps domestic ceramic product internal porosity uniformly fine and close, has thermal coefficient low by optimization of C/C composites, and thermal and insulating performance is good, and when use, which can effectively avoid, scalds user, more popular with consumers；High porosity and intensity have been taken into account well, and use is light, more durable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to ceramic ware for daily use fields, and in particular to a kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics and its system
Preparation Method.
Background technique
The generation of domestic ceramics can be described as the demand because of people to daily life and generate, people in daily life
It is in the most contact and most familiar of porcelain, such as tableware, tea set, coffee tool, drinking utensils, meal tool.
The development and application of the lighting production technology of ceramics, can not only reduce the usage amount of ceramic body raw material, and
And it can effectively reduce the consumption of various electric power and fuel in Production of Ceramics.It is dirty that the lighting production of ceramics has become reduction at present
It contaminates, economize the land resource and a kind of energy-saving effective way.Ceramic lighting production, the volume that can not only reduce ceramics are close
Degree is convenient for long-distance transport, can effectively save the energy consumption of transport.
Currently, light ceramics mostly based on porous foam ceramic, are chiefly used in building heat insulation material or as purification materials
Material uses, and the lighting production technology of domestic ceramics also occurs.Such as the Chinese patent application of Publication No. CN108101571A,
A kind of light porous domestic ceramics is disclosed, is to be prepared by following primary raw material: ceramic blank by mass percentage
Expect, account for the water of ceramic batch 20-45% and the water-reducing agent of additive amount, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, wherein the ceramic batch packet
Contain 10-30% feldspar, 10-30% quartz, 40-65% clay.The invention improves under the premise of guaranteeing that the porosity is higher,
It can effectively ensure the mechanical property requirements of product preparation process and product.
But it there is problems:
1, since foaming generates hole, cause flexural strength and compression strength lower, cannot be considered in terms of high porosity and intensity；
2, thermal coefficient is larger, and heat insulation and preservation effect is bad, or even when containing boiled water etc., is easy scald user；
3, sintering process is not easy to control, is easy to appear defect ware.
Summary of the invention
Based on the above situation, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramicses and its preparation
Method can effectively solve problem above.
In order to solve the above technical problems, present invention provide the technical scheme that
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: lithium feldspar powder 60~
70 parts, 14~20 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 8~13 parts of bauxite powder, 6~11 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, silica flour 12~18
Part, 5~9 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, 70~90 parts of water, 0.9~1.5 part of water-reducing agent, 1.8~3.4 parts of foaming agent, foam stabilizer 1.1
~1.7 parts, 2~4.5 parts of dispersing agent.
Preferably, the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is by including that the raw material of following parts by weight is made: lithium feldspar
65 parts of powder, 16.5 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 11.4 parts of bauxite powder, 9.6 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 15.5 parts of silica flour, silicon
7.5 parts of sour aluminum fiber pipe, 85 parts of water, 1.2 parts of water-reducing agent, 2.5 parts of foaming agent, 1.4 parts of foam stabilizer, 3.3 parts of dispersing agent.
Preferably, the foaming agent is the basic sodium sulfonate of dodecane.
Preferably, the foam stabilizer is hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture.
Preferably, hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl in the hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture
The mass ratio of silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide is 1:(0.6~0.75).
Preferably, the water-reducing agent is water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture.
Preferably, the mass ratio of water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass is in the water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture
1:(0.3~0.5).
Preferably, the dispersing agent is aqueous polyacrylamide acid sodium-salt dispersing agent.
Preferably, the granularity of the lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder and silica flour is 800~3000
Mesh.
The present invention also provides the preparation methods of the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics described in one kind, including following step
It is rapid:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, quartz are weighed respectively by weight
Powder, alumina silicate fibre pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type three is aoxidized
After two aluminium, silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, it is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carry out ball milling shape
It is starched at base；
C, carry out de-bubble, then by foaming agent, foam stabilizer be added base slurry in, foam, when foam volume increase 2~
It at 3.5 times, carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
D, 950~1050 DEG C are gradually heated to, 2~4h is fired, is then warming up to 1100~1250 DEG C again, is continued, fires 3
~5h is finally cooled to 650~700 DEG C, keeps the temperature 1~2h, and furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous daily pottery
Porcelain.
Compared with prior art, the present invention have the following advantages that and the utility model has the advantages that
Low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics of the invention makes domestic ceramic product internal porosity by optimization of C/C composites
It is uniformly fine and close, have thermal coefficient low, thermal and insulating performance is good, and when use, which can effectively avoid, scalds user, is more consumed
Person's favor；High porosity and intensity have been taken into account well, and use is light, more durable.
The present invention is made up of selected raw material, and optimizes each material content, and the collocation of lithium feldspar powder has been selected suitably to match
Lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, and add γ type aluminum oxide, silica flour etc., by lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder,
Obtained domestic ceramic product is fired in bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide and silica flour foaming, wherein is combined between each component
Power is strong, and foaming is formed uniformly and fine and close larger cell, and low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics obtained, density is low, quality
Gently, while well high porosity and intensity have been taken into account, it is more durable.
The present invention has selected the lower lithium feldspar powder of thermal coefficient as primary raw material, is added to the alumina silicate of proper proportion
Fibre pipe greatly reduces the thermal coefficient of product, while the foaming structure of bauxite powder and product is also beneficial to reduce and lead
Hot coefficient guarantees that product has good thermal and insulating performance；Each component compatibility of the present invention is good simultaneously, and binding force is strong, guarantees
High porosity and intensity have been taken into account well.
Foam stabilizer of the present invention is hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture；The hydroxyl
Block hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide in poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture
Mass ratio be 1:(0.6~0.75).For formula system of the invention, there is better foam stabilizing effect, preferably promoted
The uniformities of product air holes forms foaming uniformly and fine and close larger cell, obtained low thermally conductive light porous daily
Ceramics, density is low, light weight, while having taken into account high porosity and intensity well.
Water-reducing agent of the present invention is water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture；The water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass are mixed
Closing the mass ratio of water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass in object is 1:(0.3~0.5).For formula system of the invention, preferably
The use for reducing water makes raw material of the invention preferably form uniform and stable base slurry, further improves day of the invention
It is strong with the binding force in ceramic product between each component, intensity is further improved, high porosity and intensity have preferably been taken into account.
Preparation method simple process of the invention, it is easy to operate, using being gradually heated to 950~1050 DEG C, fire 2~
Then 4h is warming up to 1100~1250 DEG C again, continue, and fires 3~5h, is finally cooled to 650~700 DEG C, keeps the temperature 1~2h, most
Furnace cooling afterwards better assures that low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics obtained, and density is low, light weight, while very well
High porosity and intensity have been taken into account in ground, more durable；And low heat conductivity energy.
Specific embodiment
It is right combined with specific embodiments below in order to make those skilled in the art more fully understand technical solution of the present invention
The preferred embodiments of the invention are described, but should not be understood as the limitation to this patent.
Test method described in following embodiments or test method are unless otherwise specified conventional method；The reagent
And material is obtained from routine business approach, or prepare in conventional manner unless otherwise specified.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: lithium feldspar powder 60~
70 parts, 14~20 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 8~13 parts of bauxite powder, 6~11 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, silica flour 12~18
Part, 5~9 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, 70~90 parts of water, 0.9~1.5 part of water-reducing agent, 1.8~3.4 parts of foaming agent, foam stabilizer 1.1
~1.7 parts, 2~4.5 parts of dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, a kind of preparation method of the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics, including following step
It is rapid:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, quartz are weighed respectively by weight
Powder, alumina silicate fibre pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type three is aoxidized
After two aluminium, silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, it is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carry out ball milling shape
It is starched at base；
C, carry out de-bubble, then by foaming agent, foam stabilizer be added base slurry in, foam, when foam volume increase 2~
It at 3.5 times, carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
D, 950~1050 DEG C are gradually heated to, 2~4h is fired, is then warming up to 1100~1250 DEG C again, is continued, fires 3
~5h is finally cooled to 650~700 DEG C, keeps the temperature 1~2h, and furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous daily pottery
Porcelain.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: 60 parts of lithium feldspar powder,
14 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 8 parts of bauxite powder, 6 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 12 parts of silica flour, 5 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, water
70 parts, 0.9 part of water-reducing agent, 1.8 parts of foaming agent, 1.1 parts of foam stabilizer, 2 parts of dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the foaming agent is the basic sodium sulfonate of dodecane.
In the present embodiment, the foam stabilizer is hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture.
In the present embodiment, hydroxy-end capped in the hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture
The mass ratio of poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide is 1:0.6.
In the present embodiment, the water-reducing agent is water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture.
In the present embodiment, in the water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass quality
The ratio between be 1:0.3.
In the present embodiment, the dispersing agent is aqueous polyacrylamide acid sodium-salt dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the granularity of the lithium feldspar powder and silica flour is 800 mesh, lithium bentonite powder and bauxite
The granularity of powder is 3000 mesh.
In the present embodiment, a kind of preparation method of the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics, including following step
It is rapid:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, quartz are weighed respectively by weight
Powder, alumina silicate fibre pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type three is aoxidized
After two aluminium, silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, it is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carry out ball milling shape
It is starched at base；
C, carry out de-bubble, then by foaming agent, foam stabilizer be added base slurry in, foam, when foam volume increase 2~
It at 3.5 times, carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
D, 950 DEG C are gradually heated to, 4h is fired, is then warming up to 1250 DEG C again, is continued, 3h is fired, is finally cooled to 650
DEG C, 2h is kept the temperature, furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics.
Embodiment 3:
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: 70 parts of lithium feldspar powder,
20 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 13 parts of bauxite powder, 11 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 18 parts of silica flour, 9 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe,
90 parts of water, 1.5 parts of water-reducing agent, 3.4 parts of foaming agent, 1.7 parts of foam stabilizer, 4.5 parts of dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the foaming agent is the basic sodium sulfonate of dodecane.
In the present embodiment, the foam stabilizer is hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture.
In the present embodiment, hydroxy-end capped in the hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture
The mass ratio of poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide is 1:0.75.
In the present embodiment, the water-reducing agent is water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture.
In the present embodiment, in the water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass quality
The ratio between be 1:0.5.
In the present embodiment, the dispersing agent is aqueous polyacrylamide acid sodium-salt dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the granularity of the lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder and silica flour is 3000
Mesh.
In the present embodiment, a kind of preparation method of the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics, including following step
It is rapid:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, quartz are weighed respectively by weight
Powder, alumina silicate fibre pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type three is aoxidized
After two aluminium, silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, it is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carry out ball milling shape
It is starched at base；
C, carry out de-bubble, then by foaming agent, foam stabilizer be added base slurry in, foam, when foam volume increase 2~
It at 3.5 times, carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
D, 1050 DEG C are gradually heated to, 2h is fired, is then warming up to 1100 DEG C again, is continued, 5h is fired, is finally cooled to
700 DEG C, 1h is kept the temperature, furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics.
Embodiment 4:
A kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics is made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: 65 parts of lithium feldspar powder,
16.5 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 11.4 parts of bauxite powder, 9.6 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 15.5 parts of silica flour, alumina silicate fibre
7.5 parts of pipe, 85 parts of water, 1.2 parts of water-reducing agent, 2.5 parts of foaming agent, 1.4 parts of foam stabilizer, 3.3 parts of dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the foaming agent is the basic sodium sulfonate of dodecane.
In the present embodiment, the foam stabilizer is hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture.
In the present embodiment, hydroxy-end capped in the hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture
The mass ratio of poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide is 1:0.67.
In the present embodiment, the water-reducing agent is water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture.
In the present embodiment, in the water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass quality
The ratio between be 1:0.42.
In the present embodiment, the dispersing agent is aqueous polyacrylamide acid sodium-salt dispersing agent.
In the present embodiment, the granularity of the lithium feldspar powder is 1500 mesh, and the granularity of silica flour is 2000 mesh, lithium base swelling
The granularity of native powder and bauxite powder is 3000 mesh.
In the present embodiment, a kind of preparation method of the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics, including following step
It is rapid:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, quartz are weighed respectively by weight
Powder, alumina silicate fibre pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type three is aoxidized
After two aluminium, silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, it is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carry out ball milling shape
It is starched at base；
C, carry out de-bubble, then by foaming agent, foam stabilizer be added base slurry in, foam, when foam volume increase 2~
It at 3.5 times, carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
D, 1020 DEG C are gradually heated to, 3h is fired, is then warming up to 1185 DEG C again, is continued, 4h is fired, is finally cooled to
675 DEG C, 1.5h is kept the temperature, furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics.
The low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics and comparative example that the embodiment of the present invention 2 to embodiment 4 is obtained below
(Chinese patent application that comparative example is Publication No. CN108101571A) is tested for the property, and test result is as shown in table 1:
Table 1
As can be seen from the above table, low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics of the invention has the advantage that
1, for thermal coefficient of the invention well below comparative example, thermal and insulating performance is good, and when use can effectively avoid scald
User, it is more popular with consumers；
2, bulk density of the invention and comparative example are close, but flexural strength and apparent porosity are superior to comparative example, especially
It is that flexural strength is apparently higher than comparative example, has taken into account high porosity and intensity well, more durable.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that above-mentioned preferred embodiment is not construed as pair
Limitation of the invention, protection scope of the present invention should be defined by the scope defined by the claims..For the art
For those of ordinary skill, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, several improvements and modifications can also be made, these change
It also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention into retouching.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics, which is characterized in that be made of the raw material for including following parts by weight: lithium is long
60~70 parts of mountain flour, 14~20 parts of lithium bentonite powder, 8~13 parts of bauxite powder, 6~11 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, quartz
It is 12~18 parts of powder, 5~9 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, 70~90 parts of water, 0.9~1.5 part of water-reducing agent, 1.8~3.4 parts of foaming agent, steady
1.1~1.7 parts of infusion, 2~4.5 parts of dispersing agent.
2. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the low thermally conductive lightweight
Porous domestic ceramics is by including that the raw material of following parts by weight is made: 65 parts of lithium feldspar powder, 16.5 parts of lithium bentonite powder, bauxite
11.4 parts of powder, 9.6 parts of γ type aluminum oxide, 15.5 parts of silica flour, 7.5 parts of alumina silicate fibre pipe, 85 parts of water, water-reducing agent 1.2
Part, 2.5 parts of foaming agent, 1.4 parts of foam stabilizer, 3.3 parts of dispersing agent.
3. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the foaming agent is 12
This sodium sulfonate of alkyl.
4. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the foam stabilizer is hydroxyl
Block poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture.
5. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the hydroxy-end capped poly- first
In base silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide mixture the quality of hydroxy-end capped poly- methyl-silicone oil and Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamide it
Than for 1:(0.6~0.75).
6. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the water-reducing agent is diminishing
Agent UNF-5 and waterglass mixture.
7. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the water-reducing agent UNF-5
It is 1:(0.3~0.5 with the mass ratio of water-reducing agent UNF-5 and waterglass in waterglass mixture).
8. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the dispersing agent is aqueous
Sodium Polyacrylate dipersant.
9. low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the lithium feldspar powder, lithium
The granularity of base bentonite powder, bauxite powder and silica flour is 800~3000 mesh.
10. a kind of preparation method of low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics as described in any one of claim 1 to 9, special
Sign is, including the following steps:
A, lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide, silica flour, silicon are weighed respectively by weight
Sour aluminum fiber pipe, water, water-reducing agent, foaming agent, foam stabilizer, dispersing agent；
B, first dispersing agent is dissolved in the water, then by lithium feldspar powder, lithium bentonite powder, bauxite powder, γ type aluminum oxide,
It after silica flour, alumina silicate fibre pipe and water-reducing agent mixing, is added in the water dissolved with dispersing agent, and carries out ball milling and form base
Slurry；
C, de-bubble is carried out, then foaming agent, foam stabilizer are added in base slurry, foam, when foam volume increases 2~3.5 times
When, it carries out shaping to obtain crude green body, dry in the shade naturally, sharp base obtains green compact；
950~1050 DEG C are gradually heated to, 2~4h is fired, is then warming up to 1100~1250 DEG C again, is continued, 3~5h is fired,
650~700 DEG C are finally cooled to, 1~2h is kept the temperature, furnace cooling obtains the low thermally conductive light porous domestic ceramics.
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