CN109883847B - Large load and high frequency in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine based on X-ray imaging - Google Patents
Large load and high frequency in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine based on X-ray imaging Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及对材料进行力学试验的疲劳试验装置，特别是利用高能X射线进行三维成像的大载荷、高频率、高精度的原位拉伸和疲劳试验机。The present invention relates to a fatigue testing device for mechanical testing of materials, particularly a large-load, high-frequency, and high-precision in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine that uses high-energy X-rays to perform three-dimensional imaging.
背景技术Background technique
材料与结构疲劳是学术和工程界长期关注的重点课题，传统的采用破坏性切片和断口辨识等手段，根据获得的微结构演化来推证材料及结构的失效模式、路径和机制，不仅耗时费力，而且观测结果局限于代表性材料的代表性表面，难以反映出大体积材料范围内的局部损伤特征，尤其不能原位、实时、动态地观测损伤形核及其长大过程。第三代高能X射线计算机断层扫描技术具备亚微米空间和微秒时间分辨率及百keV级的卓越探测能力，较常规X光机的试验水平高出几个数量级，是目前唯一可穿透大块金属材料进行疲劳损伤演变可视化研究的大型科学装置。微型的原位疲劳试验机与先进的同步辐射X射线成像相结合使得科学家能够深入到材料内部，高精度、高亮度、高准直、高效率、非破坏性和原位实时地探测到疲劳损伤和断裂的过程及其演变规律，这对于准确评估材料强度和寿命具有无可替代的科学意义。Materials and structural fatigue are key topics of long-term concern in the academic and engineering circles. Traditional methods such as destructive slicing and fracture identification are used to deduce the failure modes, paths and mechanisms of materials and structures based on the obtained microstructure evolution, which is not only time-consuming but also It is laborious, and the observation results are limited to the representative surfaces of representative materials, making it difficult to reflect the local damage characteristics within a large volume of materials. In particular, it is impossible to observe the damage nucleation and growth process in situ, real-time, and dynamically. The third-generation high-energy X-ray computed tomography technology has sub-micron spatial and microsecond time resolution and excellent detection capabilities of hundreds of keV. It is several orders of magnitude higher than the test level of conventional X-ray machines. It is currently the only one that can penetrate large-scale A large-scale scientific device for visual research on fatigue damage evolution of bulk metal materials. The combination of a miniature in-situ fatigue testing machine and advanced synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging allows scientists to penetrate deep into the material and detect fatigue damage with high precision, high brightness, high collimation, high efficiency, non-destruction and in-situ real-time and the fracture process and its evolution rules, which have irreplaceable scientific significance for accurately evaluating the strength and life of materials.
由西南交通大学研制的国内第一台可用于同步辐射X射线成像的原位疲劳试验机，已在北京光源和上海光源投入使用，其主要架构如中国专利CN105334237A所述，疲劳作动采用较为简单的机械连杆传动方式，伺服电机驱动连杆对试样进行加载。虽然这种设计结构简单，可以有效减轻整体重量，并取得了一些开创性成果，但必须指出，这种机械式连杆加载机构仍存在若干问题。比如，试验机对机械传动部件的加工精度要求高，导致疲劳载荷和加载频率较低，最优可用载荷及频率约在1000N和10Hz，即试样大多局限于轻质合金或豪微尺寸试样；其加载控制精度有限，难以实现载荷和位移的精确控制或闭环控制，即无法准确和定量表征材料的疲劳损伤行为；另外，试验机试样装夹过程繁琐，不利于高效利用光源机时，步进电机效率较低、发热大，机械传动噪声严重，不易维护。The first domestic in-situ fatigue testing machine developed by Southwest Jiaotong University that can be used for synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging has been put into use at Beijing Light Source and Shanghai Light Source. Its main structure is as described in Chinese patent CN105334237A, and the fatigue action is relatively simple Mechanical connecting rod transmission mode, the servo motor drives the connecting rod to load the sample. Although this design has a simple structure, can effectively reduce the overall weight, and has achieved some pioneering results, it must be pointed out that this mechanical link loading mechanism still has several problems. For example, testing machines have high requirements for machining accuracy of mechanical transmission components, resulting in low fatigue load and loading frequency. The optimal available load and frequency are about 1000N and 10Hz, that is, most of the samples are limited to lightweight alloys or micro-sized samples. ; Its loading control accuracy is limited, making it difficult to achieve precise control or closed-loop control of load and displacement, that is, it cannot accurately and quantitatively characterize the fatigue damage behavior of materials; in addition, the sample clamping process of the testing machine is cumbersome, which is not conducive to efficient use of the light source machine. Stepper motors have low efficiency, generate a lot of heat, have serious mechanical transmission noise, and are difficult to maintain.
随着科技的进步，航空、航天、高铁等高端技术装备行业对部件的强度、疲劳寿命等要求越来越高，高强度铝合金、钛合金、镁合金、复合材料等比强度高、力学性能优异的新型材料越来越多地被运用，这对疲劳试验机的加载能力和运行可靠性提出了新的要求。然而，世界范围内对基于高能X射线成像的原位成像加载机构的研究仍无法满足人们对新型高性能材料及服役行为评价的迫切需求，例如，结合同步辐射X射线对不同密度材料的穿透能力，对于高强度铝合金，2mm直径试样低周疲劳加载峰值力在1500N以上；对于增材制造钛合金，2mm直径试样单调拉伸加载力在3500N以上。可见，目前加载力在1000N以内的原位疲劳试验机，将会导致试样尺寸过小，且加载时间长，甚至无法对高强度材料进行测试和表征，无法发挥出先进光源的卓越探测能力。With the advancement of science and technology, high-end technical equipment industries such as aviation, aerospace, and high-speed rail have increasingly higher requirements on the strength and fatigue life of components. High-strength aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, composite materials, etc. have high specific strength and mechanical properties. Excellent new materials are increasingly used, which puts forward new requirements for the loading capacity and operational reliability of fatigue testing machines. However, worldwide research on in-situ imaging loading mechanisms based on high-energy X-ray imaging still cannot meet people's urgent needs for new high-performance materials and service behavior evaluation. For example, combined with the penetration of synchrotron radiation X-rays into materials of different densities Capability, for high-strength aluminum alloys, the peak low-cycle fatigue loading force of a 2mm diameter specimen is above 1500N; for additively manufactured titanium alloys, the monotonic tensile loading force of a 2mm diameter specimen is above 3500N. It can be seen that the current in-situ fatigue testing machine with a loading force within 1000N will cause the sample size to be too small and the loading time to be long, even unable to test and characterize high-strength materials, and unable to exert the excellent detection capabilities of advanced light sources.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对现有技术存在的问题而提供一种载荷高、精确度高、可靠性好的基于高能X射线成像的大载荷、高频率原位拉伸和疲劳试验机，旨在以液压缸作为驱动机构，由载荷传感器、位移传感器、电液伺服阀以及数据采集与控制器组成闭环控制系统，采用高能X射线扫描成像技术，完成材料内部三维形貌的重构。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a high-load, high-precision, and reliable large-load, high-frequency in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine based on high-energy X-ray imaging in order to solve the problems existing in the existing technology. The hydraulic cylinder serves as the driving mechanism and consists of a load sensor, a displacement sensor, an electro-hydraulic servo valve, and a data acquisition and controller to form a closed-loop control system. High-energy X-ray scanning imaging technology is used to complete the reconstruction of the internal three-dimensional morphology of the material.
本发明的目的是这样实现的：一种基于X射线成像的大载荷高频率原位拉伸和疲劳试验机，包括试验机主体、测控系统，液压站，其特征在于，光源实验平台上可转动地设置有圆板形的成像位移台，试验机底座扣盖在成像位移台上面，且锁紧螺钉将试验机底座的向下伸出的环形外缘压接在成像位移台的外缘上而将二者固定；机架结构为：实验机底座上以其圆心为中心按正方形经螺栓固定有四根立柱，支撑座平台固定在四根立柱顶部，支撑筒位于支撑座平台正上方，且其上有试样安装窗口的透明围罩嵌设固定在支撑座平台与支撑筒之间；伺服液压缸安装在机架上，且伺服液压缸位于试验机底座正上方并沿其轴心线方向设置，伺服液压缸的向上伸出的活塞杆的上部旋接有下夹具，上夹具固定在支撑筒内、且位于下夹具正上方，试样夹持在上、下夹具之间；The object of the present invention is achieved as follows: a large-load high-frequency in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine based on X-ray imaging, including a testing machine body, a measurement and control system, and a hydraulic station. It is characterized in that the light source experimental platform can rotate A circular plate-shaped imaging displacement stage is provided on the ground. The testing machine base is buckled on the imaging displacement stage, and the locking screw presses the downwardly extending annular outer edge of the testing machine base to the outer edge of the imaging displacement stage. Fix the two; the frame structure is: the base of the experimental machine has four columns fixed with bolts in a square shape with the center of the circle as the center, the support platform is fixed on the top of the four columns, the support tube is located directly above the support platform, and its A transparent enclosure with a sample installation window is embedded and fixed between the support platform and the support cylinder; the servo hydraulic cylinder is installed on the frame, and the servo hydraulic cylinder is located directly above the base of the testing machine and set along its axis. , the upper part of the upwardly extending piston rod of the servo hydraulic cylinder is screwed with a lower clamp, the upper clamp is fixed in the support cylinder and is located directly above the lower clamp, and the sample is clamped between the upper and lower clamps;
与所述液压站连接的电液伺服阀经液压油管分别与伺服液压缸的上、下油腔连通；透明围罩的同一高度的左侧从左向右依次设置有单色器和同步辐射光源，透明围罩的同一高度的右侧设置有X射线探测器，载荷传感器设置在上夹具上；位移传感器设置在伺服液压缸的活塞杆上；The electro-hydraulic servo valve connected to the hydraulic station is connected to the upper and lower oil chambers of the servo hydraulic cylinder through hydraulic oil pipes; a monochromator and a synchrotron radiation light source are arranged on the left side of the transparent enclosure at the same height from left to right. , an X-ray detector is set on the right side of the same height of the transparent enclosure, the load sensor is set on the upper fixture; the displacement sensor is set on the piston rod of the servo hydraulic cylinder;
载荷传感器、位移传感器、电液伺服阀以及X射线探测器分别与数据采集与控制单元连接，数据采集与控制单元与所述数据处理单元连接。The load sensor, displacement sensor, electro-hydraulic servo valve and X-ray detector are respectively connected to the data acquisition and control unit, and the data acquisition and control unit is connected to the data processing unit.
所述上夹具结构为：长方体形的上夹具压块经螺钉压接在上夹具右侧面上部而形成一个长方体形组件，该组件内有一个下部为圆锥形的贯通孔；所述下夹具结构为：长方体形的下夹具压块经螺钉压接在下夹具主体右侧面上部而形成一个长方体形组件，该组件内有一个上部为圆锥形的孔，该孔的高度等于该压块的高度，且下夹具主体下部向下延伸有一个带有外螺纹的柱状体；所述伺服液压缸的活塞杆上部旋在该柱状体上；The structure of the upper clamp is: a rectangular-shaped upper clamp pressing block is press-fitted to the upper part of the right side of the upper clamp through screws to form a rectangular-shaped assembly. There is a through-hole with a conical lower part in the assembly; the lower clamp structure It is: the rectangular parallelepiped lower clamp pressure block is screwed to the upper part of the right side of the lower clamp body to form a rectangular parallelepiped component. There is a conical hole in the upper part of the assembly, and the height of the hole is equal to the height of the pressure block. And a columnar body with an external thread extends downward from the lower part of the lower clamp body; the upper part of the piston rod of the servo hydraulic cylinder is screwed on the columnar body;
所述试验机底座的圆形凹槽与成像位移台的圆形凸台同轴配合连接，并经锁紧螺钉锁定。The circular groove of the base of the testing machine is coaxially connected to the circular boss of the imaging displacement stage and locked by a locking screw.
所述支撑筒由顶盖经螺钉固定在一个上下开口的筒体上构成；所述上夹具的上夹具主体固定在支撑筒的顶盖底面上。The support cylinder is composed of a top cover fixed on a cylinder with upper and lower openings via screws; the upper clamp main body of the upper clamp is fixed on the bottom surface of the top cover of the support cylinder.
所述锁紧螺钉为四个，四个锁紧螺钉将试验机底座固定在成像位移台上；所述液压油管为钢丝缠绕液压油管。There are four locking screws, and the four locking screws fix the base of the testing machine on the imaging displacement table; the hydraulic oil pipe is a steel wire wound hydraulic oil pipe.
本发明的另一目的是提供采用上述疲劳试验机进行材料疲劳试验的试验方法。Another object of the present invention is to provide a testing method for material fatigue testing using the above-mentioned fatigue testing machine.
本发明的另一目的是这样实现的：上述的疲劳试验机的试验方法，包括以下步骤：Another object of the present invention is achieved in this way: the above-mentioned testing method of the fatigue testing machine includes the following steps:
1)将试验机主体置于光源实验平台上的成像位移台上，试验机底座圆形凹槽与成像位移台圆形凸台同轴配合连接，并通过锁紧螺钉保证成像位移台与试验机主体及装夹的试样轴心同轴且不发生相对旋转；1) Place the main body of the testing machine on the imaging displacement table on the light source experimental platform. The circular groove of the testing machine base and the circular boss of the imaging displacement table are coaxially connected, and the locking screws are used to ensure that the imaging displacement table and the testing machine are connected The axes of the main body and the clamped specimen are coaxial and do not rotate relative to each other;
2)将试验机主体的伺服液压缸通过钢丝缠绕液压油管与液压站上的电液伺服阀相连接；将力传感器即载荷传感器、位移传感器、电液伺服阀及X射线探测器与数据采集与控制单元相连接，并连接数据处理单元；载荷传感器与电液伺服阀，分别通过数据线与控制单元连接，形成闭环控制系统；通过对比控制器输入信号即设定加载目标值与载荷传感器反馈信号即试样实际加载，判断液压缸下一步动作，并根据位移传感器得到反馈信号，控制电液伺服阀控制液压油压力与速度，高压液压油根据设定控制信号不断变换地输入到液压油缸的上下油腔，推动活塞上下运动，并通过连接杆即活塞杆与下夹具将加载力传至试样；2) Connect the servo hydraulic cylinder of the main body of the testing machine to the electro-hydraulic servo valve on the hydraulic station through a wire-wound hydraulic oil pipe; connect the force sensor, namely the load sensor, displacement sensor, electro-hydraulic servo valve and X-ray detector with the data acquisition The control unit is connected to the data processing unit; the load sensor and the electro-hydraulic servo valve are connected to the control unit through data lines respectively to form a closed-loop control system; by comparing the controller input signal, the loading target value and the load sensor feedback signal are set That is, the sample is actually loaded, the next action of the hydraulic cylinder is judged, and the feedback signal is obtained according to the displacement sensor, and the electro-hydraulic servo valve is controlled to control the pressure and speed of the hydraulic oil. The high-pressure hydraulic oil is continuously input to the upper and lower parts of the hydraulic cylinder according to the set control signal. The oil chamber pushes the piston up and down, and transmits the loading force to the specimen through the connecting rod, that is, the piston rod and the lower clamp;
3)通过数据采集与控制单元控制伺服液压缸上下移动至与试样匹配的位置，使用镊子工具从透明围罩侧面试样安装窗口处将试样放入上夹具主体与下夹具主体的试样卡槽内，上夹具压块与下夹具压块通过螺钉与与连接，将试样固定；3) Use the data acquisition and control unit to control the servo hydraulic cylinder to move up and down to a position that matches the sample. Use the tweezers tool to place the sample into the upper and lower clamp bodies from the sample installation window on the side of the transparent enclosure. In the slot, the upper clamp pressure block and the lower clamp pressure block are connected through screws to fix the sample;
4)通过控制单元控制液压油缸拉伸，直到数据处理单元的控制界面上从而看到载荷传感器采集到的力信号变为零，从而准备进行试验；4) Control the hydraulic cylinder to stretch through the control unit until the force signal collected by the load sensor becomes zero on the control interface of the data processing unit, thus preparing for the test;
5)通过控制单元控制液压油缸进行往复运动，当往复竖向位移载荷达到设定的成像循环次数后，数据处理与控制单元控制液压油缸停止作动；5) The control unit controls the hydraulic cylinder to perform reciprocating motion. When the reciprocating vertical displacement load reaches the set number of imaging cycles, the data processing and control unit controls the hydraulic cylinder to stop operating;
6)启动同步辐射光源，同步辐射光源平台上的成像位移台旋转，并带动试验机主体及主体内的试样进行180度旋转；同时，同步辐射光源的光发射器发出的同步辐射高能X射线穿过透明围罩，再穿透180度旋转的试样后由同步辐射光源的X射线探测器接收，完成对试样的180度成像；重复以上操作，直至达到设定的完成试验的循环次数；捕捉到的高分辨率的二维图像数据传输到图像处理单元即数据处理单元进行三维重构，完成材料内部三维形貌的重构；6) Start the synchrotron radiation light source, and the imaging displacement stage on the synchrotron radiation light source platform rotates, driving the main body of the testing machine and the sample in the main body to rotate 180 degrees; at the same time, the synchrotron radiation high-energy X-rays emitted by the light emitter of the synchrotron radiation light source Passing through the transparent enclosure, and then penetrating the 180-degree rotated sample, it is received by the X-ray detector of the synchrotron radiation source to complete 180-degree imaging of the sample; repeat the above operations until the set number of cycles to complete the test is reached. ;The captured high-resolution two-dimensional image data is transmitted to the image processing unit, i.e., the data processing unit, for three-dimensional reconstruction to complete the reconstruction of the internal three-dimensional topography of the material;
7)可参照上述流程，对试样施加恒定载荷，对不同加载力水平下的试样进行成像，完成原位拉伸成像实验。7) Refer to the above process, apply a constant load to the sample, image the sample under different loading force levels, and complete the in-situ tensile imaging experiment.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下特点和优点：Compared with the existing technology, the present invention has the following characteristics and advantages:
1，本发明是一种具有大载荷、高频率、高精度特性的原位成像拉伸疲劳试验装置，可以实现与同步辐射光源试验平台的良好兼容。试验机主体与液压伺服系统通过高压油管连接，所述液压油管优选为钢丝缠绕液压油管，具有较小的弯曲半径，保证试验机主体与光源旋转平台旋转180°及以上，不影响同步辐射成像过程。试验机支撑结构为高比强度透明材料，在疲劳试验的过程中，高能X射线能够穿过支撑结构进而穿透试样进行扫描成像。1. The present invention is an in-situ imaging tensile fatigue test device with large load, high frequency and high precision characteristics, which can achieve good compatibility with the synchrotron radiation light source test platform. The main body of the testing machine and the hydraulic servo system are connected through a high-pressure oil pipe. The hydraulic oil pipe is preferably a steel wire-wound hydraulic oil pipe with a small bending radius to ensure that the main body of the testing machine and the light source rotating platform rotate 180° or more without affecting the synchrotron radiation imaging process. . The support structure of the testing machine is made of high-strength transparent material. During the fatigue test, high-energy X-rays can pass through the support structure and then penetrate the sample for scanning and imaging.
3，本装置以液压缸作为驱动机构，并配有高精度载荷传感器、位移传感器与电液伺服阀。传感器与电液伺服阀可分别通过数据线与控制器连接，形成闭环控制系统。通过对比控制器输入信号(设定加载目标值)与力传感器反馈信号(试样实际加载)，判断液压缸下一步动作，并根据位移传感器得到反馈信号，控制电液伺服阀控制液压油压力与速度，高压液压油根据设定控制信号不断变换地输入到液压油缸的上下油腔，推动活塞上下运动，并通过连接杆与下夹具将加载力传至试样。可用于实现高强度材料的拉伸、低周疲劳、高周疲劳测试，具有载荷高、频率响应快、加载波形可控、精确度高、可靠性好、寿命长等特点。3. This device uses a hydraulic cylinder as the driving mechanism and is equipped with high-precision load sensors, displacement sensors and electro-hydraulic servo valves. The sensor and electro-hydraulic servo valve can be connected to the controller through data lines respectively to form a closed-loop control system. By comparing the input signal of the controller (set loading target value) and the feedback signal of the force sensor (actual loading of the sample), the next action of the hydraulic cylinder is judged, and the feedback signal obtained from the displacement sensor is used to control the electro-hydraulic servo valve to control the hydraulic oil pressure and Speed, high-pressure hydraulic oil is continuously input to the upper and lower oil chambers of the hydraulic cylinder according to the set control signal, pushing the piston up and down, and transmits the loading force to the specimen through the connecting rod and lower clamp. It can be used to achieve tensile, low-cycle fatigue, and high-cycle fatigue testing of high-strength materials. It has the characteristics of high load, fast frequency response, controllable loading waveform, high accuracy, good reliability, and long life.
4，本装置的试验机主体设有多功能夹具及试样安装窗口。所述多功能夹具适用于板状和棒状两种试样，且可实现试样的自动对中与强化加持，降低试样加持段失效风险；在支撑围罩侧面设有试样安装窗口，以方便装夹试样，简化安装过程，可有效节约光源机时，提高整体实验效率。4. The main body of the testing machine of this device is equipped with multi-functional fixtures and sample installation windows. The multi-functional fixture is suitable for both plate-shaped and rod-shaped specimens, and can realize automatic centering and strengthened support of the specimen, reducing the risk of failure of the specimen holding section; there is a specimen installation window on the side of the support enclosure to facilitate It facilitates specimen clamping and simplifies the installation process, which can effectively save light source machine time and improve overall experimental efficiency.
同步辐射光源作为多学科大型顶尖研究装置，用户使用机时又具有严格限制。因此，提高疲劳试验加载能力及频率，可以大大提高试验效率，充分发挥高能X射线的穿透能力，有效利用光源机时，降低能源消耗，节省人力，具有重大科研意义。目前国内外均未发现有可用高能X射线进行三维成像的大载荷高频原位拉伸疲劳试验加载机构。The synchrotron radiation light source is a large-scale top-notch multidisciplinary research device, and users have strict restrictions on the time they can use the machine. Therefore, improving the loading capacity and frequency of fatigue tests can greatly improve the test efficiency, give full play to the penetrating ability of high-energy X-rays, effectively utilize the light source machine time, reduce energy consumption, and save manpower, which is of great scientific research significance. At present, no large-load high-frequency in-situ tensile fatigue test loading mechanism that can use high-energy X-rays for three-dimensional imaging has been found at home and abroad.
附图说明Description of the drawings
图1是采用高能X射线进行三维成像的高频原位疲劳试验机整体结构原理图。Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a high-frequency in-situ fatigue testing machine that uses high-energy X-rays for three-dimensional imaging.
图2是上、下夹具夹持板状试样的主视图。Figure 2 is a front view of the plate sample clamped by the upper and lower clamps.
图3是图2的左视剖面图。FIG. 3 is a left cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 .
图4是上、下夹具夹持棒状试样的主视图。Figure 4 is a front view of the rod-shaped sample clamped by the upper and lower clamps.
图5是图4的左视剖面图。Fig. 5 is a left cross-sectional view of Fig. 4 .
图6是图4的装配式立体示意图。FIG. 6 is an assembled perspective view of FIG. 4 .
图7是闭环控制系统的原理图。Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the closed-loop control system.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明进行详细说明。The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
图中，1为同步辐射光源，2为单色器，3为顶盖，4为支撑筒，5为载荷传感器，6为上夹具，7为试样，8为下夹具，9为透明围罩，10为光源实验平台，11为X射线探测器，12为液压油管，13为电液伺服阀，14液压站，15数据采集与控制器(即数据采集与控制单元)，16数据处理单元，17为光源实验平台，18为成像位移台，19为锁紧螺钉，20试验机底座，21为位移传感器，22为伺服液压缸。In the figure, 1 is the synchrotron radiation source, 2 is the monochromator, 3 is the top cover, 4 is the support tube, 5 is the load sensor, 6 is the upper fixture, 7 is the sample, 8 is the lower fixture, and 9 is the transparent cover. , 10 is the light source experimental platform, 11 is the X-ray detector, 12 is the hydraulic oil pipe, 13 is the electro-hydraulic servo valve, 14 hydraulic station, 15 data acquisition and controller (i.e. data acquisition and control unit), 16 data processing unit, 17 is the light source experimental platform, 18 is the imaging displacement stage, 19 is the locking screw, 20 is the testing machine base, 21 is the displacement sensor, and 22 is the servo hydraulic cylinder.
图1示出，一种基于X射线成像的大载荷高频率原位拉伸和疲劳试验机，包括数据处理单元16，液压站14，光源实验平台17上可转动地设置有圆板形的成像位移台18，试验机底座20扣盖在成像位移台18上面，且锁紧螺钉19将试验机底座的向下伸出的环形外缘压接在成像位移台18的外缘上而将二者固定；机架结构为：实验机底座20上以其圆心为中心按正方形经螺栓固定有四根立柱，支撑座平台10固定在四根立柱顶部，支撑筒4位于支撑座平台10正上方，且其上有试样安装窗口的透明围罩9嵌设固定在支撑座平台10与支撑筒4之间；伺服液压缸22安装在机架上，且伺服液压缸位于试验机底座20正上方并沿其轴心线方向设置，伺服液压缸的向上伸出的活塞杆的上部旋接有下夹具8，上夹具6固定在支撑筒4内、且位于下夹具8正上方，试样7夹持在上、下夹具之间；Figure 1 shows a large-load high-frequency in-situ tensile and fatigue testing machine based on X-ray imaging, including a data processing unit 16, a hydraulic station 14, and a light source experimental platform 17 with a circular plate-shaped imaging device rotatably provided The displacement stage 18 and the testing machine base 20 are buckled on the imaging displacement stage 18, and the locking screw 19 presses the downwardly extending annular outer edge of the testing machine base to the outer edge of the imaging displacement stage 18 to secure the two. fixed; the frame structure is: the experimental machine base 20 has four columns fixed with bolts in a square shape with the center of the circle as the center, the support platform 10 is fixed on the top of the four columns, the support tube 4 is located directly above the support platform 10, and A transparent enclosure 9 with a sample installation window is embedded and fixed between the support platform 10 and the support cylinder 4; the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 is installed on the frame, and the servo hydraulic cylinder is located directly above the testing machine base 20 and along the The direction of its axis is set. The upper part of the upwardly extending piston rod of the servo hydraulic cylinder is screwed with a lower clamp 8. The upper clamp 6 is fixed in the support tube 4 and is located directly above the lower clamp 8. The sample 7 is clamped on between the upper and lower clamps;
与所述液压站14连接的电液伺服阀13经液压油管12分别与伺服液压缸22的上、下油腔连通；透明围罩9的同一高度的左侧从左向右依次设置有单色器2和同步辐射光源1，透明围罩的同一高度的右侧设置有X射线探测器11，载荷传感器5设置在上夹具6上；位移传感器21设置在伺服液压缸的活塞杆上(位移传感器21内置于液压缸，用以检测活塞的位移)；The electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 connected to the hydraulic station 14 is connected to the upper and lower oil chambers of the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 through the hydraulic oil pipe 12 respectively; the left side of the transparent enclosure 9 at the same height is provided with single-color 2 and synchrotron radiation light source 1, an 21 is built into the hydraulic cylinder to detect the displacement of the piston);
载荷传感器5、位移传感器21、电液伺服阀13以及X射线探测器11分别与数据采集与控制单元15连接，数据采集与控制单元15与所述数据处理单元16连接。The load sensor 5 , the displacement sensor 21 , the electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 and the X-ray detector 11 are respectively connected to the data acquisition and control unit 15 , and the data acquisition and control unit 15 is connected to the data processing unit 16 .
伺服液压缸安装在支承板上，支承板固定在四根立柱上。上、下夹具，伺服液压缸，试验底座以及成像位移台(圆板形)均同轴线设置(均位于同一轴心线上)。The servo hydraulic cylinder is installed on the support plate, which is fixed on four columns. The upper and lower clamps, servo hydraulic cylinder, test base and imaging displacement stage (circular plate shape) are all coaxially arranged (all located on the same axis).
参见图2，锁紧螺钉19为四个，四个锁紧螺钉将试验机底座20固定在成像位移台18上；所述液压油管12为钢丝缠绕液压油管。支撑筒4由顶盖3经螺钉固定在一个上下开口的筒体上构成；所述上夹具6的上夹具主体6-1固定在支撑筒的顶盖3底面上。Referring to Figure 2, there are four locking screws 19. The four locking screws fix the testing machine base 20 on the imaging displacement stage 18; the hydraulic oil pipe 12 is a steel wire wound hydraulic oil pipe. The support cylinder 4 is composed of a top cover 3 fixed on a cylinder with upper and lower openings via screws; the upper clamp body 6-1 of the upper clamp 6 is fixed on the bottom surface of the top cover 3 of the support cylinder.
参见图6，上夹具6结构为：长方体形的上夹具压块6-2经螺钉压接在上夹具主体6-1右侧面上部而形成一个长方体形组件，该组件内有一个下部为圆锥形的贯通孔；所述下夹具结构为：长方体形的下夹具压块8-1经螺钉压接在下夹具主体右侧面上部而形成一个长方体形组件，该组件内有一个上部为圆锥形的孔，该孔的高度等于该压块8-1的高度，且下夹具主体下部向下延伸有一个带有外螺纹的柱状体；所述伺服液压缸22的活塞杆上部旋在该柱状体上；Referring to Figure 6, the structure of the upper clamp 6 is: a rectangular parallelepiped upper clamp pressing block 6-2 is crimped on the upper part of the right side of the upper clamp main body 6-1 via screws to form a rectangular parallelepiped-shaped component. There is a conical lower part in the component. The structure of the lower clamp is: a rectangular parallelepiped lower clamp pressing block 8-1 is screwed to the upper part of the right side of the lower clamp main body to form a rectangular parallelepiped-shaped assembly, and there is a conical upper part in the assembly. hole, the height of the hole is equal to the height of the pressure block 8-1, and a columnar body with an external thread extends downward from the lower part of the lower clamp body; the upper part of the piston rod of the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 is screwed on the columnar body ;
所述试验机底座20的圆形凹槽与成像位移台18的圆形凸台同轴配合连接，并经锁紧螺钉19锁定。The circular groove of the testing machine base 20 is coaxially connected to the circular boss of the imaging displacement stage 18 and locked by the locking screw 19 .
具体使用时，采用如下的步骤：For specific use, use the following steps:
1)将试验机主体置于光源实验平台11上的成像位移台18上，试验机主体底座20圆形凹槽与成像位移台18圆形凸台同轴配合连接，并通过锁紧螺钉19保证成像位移台18与试验机主体及装夹的试样7轴心同轴且不发生相对旋转；1) Place the main body of the testing machine on the imaging displacement stage 18 on the light source experimental platform 11. The circular groove of the testing machine main body base 20 is coaxially connected to the circular boss of the imaging displacement stage 18, and ensured by the locking screw 19 The imaging displacement stage 18 is coaxial with the main body of the testing machine and the axis of the clamped specimen 7 and does not rotate relative to each other;
2)将试验机主体的伺服液压缸22通过高压油管12与液压站14上的电液伺服阀13相连接；将力传感器5、电液伺服阀13及X射线探测器11与数据采集与控制单元15相连接，并连接数据处理单元1；载荷传感器5与电液伺服阀13，可分别通过数据线与控制器15连接，形成闭环控制系统。通过对比控制器输入信号(设定加载目标值)与载荷传感器5反馈信号(试样实际加载)，控制电液伺服阀13控制液压油压力与速度，高压液压油根据设定控制信号不断变换地输入到伺服液压缸22的上下油腔，推动活塞上下运动，并通过连接杆与下夹具8将加载力传至试样7。2) Connect the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 of the main body of the testing machine to the electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 on the hydraulic station 14 through the high-pressure oil pipe 12; connect the force sensor 5, the electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 and the X-ray detector 11 to data acquisition and control The unit 15 is connected to the data processing unit 1; the load sensor 5 and the electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 can be connected to the controller 15 through data lines respectively to form a closed-loop control system. By comparing the input signal of the controller (set loading target value) and the feedback signal of the load sensor 5 (actual loading of the sample), the electro-hydraulic servo valve 13 is controlled to control the pressure and speed of the hydraulic oil. The high-pressure hydraulic oil continuously changes according to the set control signal. The input is input to the upper and lower oil chambers of the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 to push the piston to move up and down, and the loading force is transmitted to the sample 7 through the connecting rod and the lower clamp 8.
3)通过数据采集与控制单元15控制伺服液压缸22上下移动至特定位置(与试样7位置匹配)，使用镊子工具从透明围罩9侧面试样安装窗口处将试样7放入上夹具主体6-1与下夹具主体8-3的试样卡槽内，上夹具压块6-3与下夹具压块8-3通过螺钉与上夹具主体6-1与下夹具主体8-3连接，将试样7固定(参见图7)。3) Use the data acquisition and control unit 15 to control the servo hydraulic cylinder 22 to move up and down to a specific position (matching the position of the sample 7), and use the tweezers tool to place the sample 7 into the upper clamp from the sample installation window on the side of the transparent enclosure 9 In the sample slots of the main body 6-1 and the lower clamp main body 8-3, the upper clamp pressing block 6-3 and the lower clamp pressing block 8-3 are connected to the upper clamp main body 6-1 and the lower clamp main body 8-3 through screws. , fix sample 7 (see Figure 7).
4)通过15控制位移传感器21拉伸，直到16的控制界面上可以看到载荷传感器5采集到的力信号变为零，可以准备进行试验；4) Control the stretching of the displacement sensor 21 through 15 until the force signal collected by the load sensor 5 can be seen on the control interface of 16 becomes zero, and the test can be prepared;
5)通过15控制位移传感器21进行往复运动，当往复竖向位移载荷达到设定的成像循环次数后，数据处理与控制装置15控制位移传感器21停止作动。；5) The displacement sensor 21 is controlled to perform reciprocating motion through 15. When the reciprocating vertical displacement load reaches the set number of imaging cycles, the data processing and control device 15 controls the displacement sensor 21 to stop operating. ;
6)启动同步辐射光源1，同步辐射光源平台上的位移台18旋转，并带动试验机主体及主体内的试样7进行180度旋转；同时，同步辐射光源的光发射器2发出的同步辐射高能X射线穿过透明围罩9，再穿透180度旋转的试样后由同步辐射光源的X射线探测器11接收，完成对试样的180度成像。重复以上操作，直至达到设定的完成试验的循环次数。捕捉到的高分辨率的二维图像数据传输到图像处理单元16进行三维重构，完成材料内部三维形貌的重构。6) Start the synchrotron radiation light source 1, the displacement stage 18 on the synchrotron radiation light source platform rotates, and drives the main body of the testing machine and the sample 7 in the main body to rotate 180 degrees; at the same time, the synchrotron radiation emitted by the light emitter 2 of the synchrotron radiation light source The high-energy X-rays pass through the transparent enclosure 9 and then penetrate the 180-degree rotated sample and are received by the X-ray detector 11 of the synchrotron radiation source to complete 180-degree imaging of the sample. Repeat the above operations until the set number of cycles to complete the test is reached. The captured high-resolution two-dimensional image data is transmitted to the image processing unit 16 for three-dimensional reconstruction to complete the reconstruction of the internal three-dimensional topography of the material.
7)可参照上述流程，对试样7施加恒定载荷，对不同加载力水平下的试样进行成像，完成原位拉伸成像实验。7) Refer to the above process, apply a constant load to sample 7, image the sample under different loading force levels, and complete the in-situ tensile imaging experiment.
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| CN112304759A (en) * | 2020-10-26 | 2021-02-02 | 西北工业大学 | A solid propellant stretching device based on synchrotron radiation test |
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