CN109804867A - A kind of production of ecology bundle and its construction method for side slope water and soil conservation - Google Patents
A kind of production of ecology bundle and its construction method for side slope water and soil conservation Download PDFInfo
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- CN109804867A CN109804867A CN201910087299.1A CN201910087299A CN109804867A CN 109804867 A CN109804867 A CN 109804867A CN 201910087299 A CN201910087299 A CN 201910087299A CN 109804867 A CN109804867 A CN 109804867A
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 29
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000001398 Typha domingensis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical group [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 45
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 36
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000035613 defoliation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 244000017020 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 244000284012 Vetiveria zizanioides Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000007769 Vetiveria zizanioides Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004162 soil erosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical group [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008121 plant development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007226 seed germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于边坡水土保持的生态捆制作及其施工方法，首先在稻草编织物包裹层上铺设种子层和植物生长基质层，然后通过卷制形成捆状结构的生态捆；工程施工时，生态捆埋置于拱形植生槽内，覆土并加盖无纺布，人工管理至植株发育成熟。生态捆可用于土(砂石)质边坡，可以促进植物快速生长，适应于多种植物生长，具有保水保肥能力强的特点，还能达到对土质改良的作用，在一定程度上解决了农业废弃物的再利用问题。
The invention discloses an ecological bale making and construction method for soil and water conservation of a side slope. First, a seed layer and a plant growth substrate layer are laid on a wrapping layer of a straw woven fabric, and then an ecological bale with a bale-like structure is formed by rolling; During the construction of the project, the ecological bundles are buried in the arched planting trough, covered with soil and covered with non-woven fabrics, and managed manually until the plants mature. Ecological bales can be used for soil (sand) slopes, which can promote the rapid growth of plants, adapt to the growth of a variety of plants, and have the characteristics of strong water and fertilizer retention capabilities, and can also achieve the effect of soil improvement, which solves the problem to a certain extent. Reuse of agricultural waste.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of conservation technology more particularly to it is a kind of for side slope water and soil conservation ecology bundle production and
Its construction method.
Background technique
Soil erosion of side slope not only results in serious natural calamity, and can endanger ecological environment.For native (sandstone)
The prevention and treatment of matter soil erosion of side slope, traditional side slope method mainly use the engineering measures slope protection such as stone masonry, concrete, not only make
Valence is high, and project amount is big, and the exposed surface layer of rigidity formed is unstable, is unfavorable for environmental protection.
Ecological bank protecting method, such as: there is consuming height in concrete for plant growth technology, three dimensional network spraying and sowing plant growth technology, technology is multiple
It is miscellaneous, it is not environmentally friendly enough the disadvantages of.
How not only side slope forms effective protection, but also effective save the cost and can play ecological benefits, becomes side
The research hotspot of slope guard technology.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of using agricultural crop straw as the production of the soil and water conservation ecological of material bundle and its construction
Method.
The purpose of the present invention is what is be achieved through the following technical solutions:
The production of ecology bundle and its construction method for side slope water and soil conservation of the invention, comprising steps of
Seed layer and plant growth medium layer are laid with first on straw braided fabric wrapping layer, then by rolling to form bundle
The ecology bundle of shape structure；
When engineering construction, ecology bundle is embedded in arch planting trough, and earthing simultaneously covers non-woven fabrics, and labor management to plant is sent out
It is bred as ripe.
As seen from the above technical solution provided by the invention, provided in an embodiment of the present invention to be used for side slope water and soil conservation
Ecology bundle production and its construction method, spread sunshade net at straw braided fabric edge, the plant of mixing spread on sunshade net
Growth substrate spreads evenly seed, the plant growth medium of mixing is laid in entire straw braided fabric, by rolling fixation
Form bundle shape structure.Ecology bundle can be used for native (sandstone) matter side slope, can promote quick growth of plant, and it is raw to be adapted to various plants
It is long, have the characteristics that retain water and nutrients ability is strong, moreover it is possible to have the function that it is useless to solve agricultural to a certain extent to soil improvement
The recycling problem of gurry.
Detailed description of the invention
Attached drawing 1a and attached drawing 1b is respectively that the ecology bundle unfolded state provided in the embodiment of the present invention and the state that rolls are illustrated
Figure.
Attached drawing 1c is attached drawing A-A to schematic cross-sectional view.
Attached drawing 2 is the ecology bundle planting trough schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 3 is the ecology bundle moisture loss amount schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 4 is the vetiver germination percentage schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 5 is the sweet potato germination percentage schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 6 is the vetiver growing height schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 7 is the sweet potato growing height schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 8 is the vetiver the upperground part biomass schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Attached drawing 9 is the sweet potato the upperground part biomass schematic diagram provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
In figure:
1, straw braided fabric；2, plant growth medium layer；3, seed layer；4, sunshade net bed course；M, turnup end is made；S, life
When state bundle construction at the arch of downside.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention will be described in further detail below.What is be not described in detail in the embodiment of the present invention is interior
Appearance belongs to the prior art well known to professional and technical personnel in the field.
The production of ecology bundle and its construction method for side slope water and soil conservation of the invention, preferable specific embodiment
It is:
Comprising steps of
Seed layer and plant growth medium layer are laid with first on straw braided fabric wrapping layer, then by rolling to form bundle
The ecology bundle of shape structure；
When engineering construction, ecology bundle is embedded in arch planting trough, and earthing simultaneously covers non-woven fabrics, and labor management to plant is sent out
It is bred as ripe.
The straw braided fabric wrapping layer size length × wide=50cm × 50cm, with a thickness of 1-1.5cm, the straw braiding
Object side is far from being 0.5cm thick within the scope of edge 2-12cm, for being laid with seed layer.
The seed layer includes sunshade gauze pad, and the sunshade net mat material matter is HDPE, and density is 6 needles, length × wide=20cm
×50cm。
The plant growth medium layer include: Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime,
Water-retaining agent is 3000:100-200:30-50:10-20:10-20:20-40 mixing in mass ratio.
The Soil Slope is moisture content 15%-20%, is sieved by 4mm.
The plant defoliation compost is cattail litter compost, and composting 3 months or more, when use air-dried to moisture content
15%-20%.
The rice straw is dry rice straw, shearing to length 1-2cm.
The water-retaining agent is sylvite type water-retaining agent.
The arch planting trough width be 20cm, depth 20cm, the arch planting trough refer to its downside be domes.
Ecology bundle is using straw braided fabric, special plant growth substrate layer, seed layer etc. by rolling the straw to be formed
Braided fabric ties shape structure.Ecology bundle is used for side slope water and soil conservation, is not only able to achieve the effect of water and soil conservation, soil improvement, moreover it is possible to
Realize agricultural crop straw recycling, cost savings.
Soil and water conservation ecological bundle production of the invention and its construction method, using agricultural crop straw as material, ecology bundle knot
Structure is followed successively by straw braid layer, plant growth medium layer and seed layer, and rolled ecology bundle is used for side slope, excavates and plants life
Slot, earthing cover non-woven fabrics, labor management to plant development maturation.Ecology bundle can be used for native (sandstone) matter side slope, can promote
Quick growth of plant is adapted to various plants growth, has the characteristics that retain water and nutrients ability is strong, moreover it is possible to reach to soil improvement
Effect, solves the problems, such as the recycling of agricultural wastes to a certain extent.
When engineer application, smooth slope surface is first cleared up, excavates planting trough along contour, spoil is placed in shape on the downside of planting trough
Arched structure (S at the arch of downside when ecology bundle construction), pads two-layer nonwoven in planting trough bottom, is put into ecology bundle (seed
Layer is upward), it buries soil pressure and (did not had ecology bundle seed layer just) in fact, sprinkle profoundly water, surface covers non-woven fabrics and fixation.Ecology bundle is buried
It is placed in soil, straw can play the role of water retention and improve the soil, and the quick lime of addition can remove the organic of straw decomposition generation
Acid.
Soil and water conservation ecological bundle primary raw material of the invention is cheap straw, and the ecology bundle rolled is used for side slope water and soil
The problems such as loss control, it is difficult to overcome slope plant growth, soil water-reataining fertilizer-keeping scarce capacity.Ecology bundle being capable of rapid build
Phytobiocoenose guarantees quick growth of plant.The recycling that agricultural wastes may be implemented with ecology bundle, in soil erosion of side slope
Also there is positive effect in control.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the following advantages that
Ecology bundle of the invention fills special plant growth medium, forms web-like using straw braided fabric as lapping
Bundle type structure；Production is simple, and when application directly places into the soil, it is possible to reduce Nutrient rain water runoff, and it is easy for construction.Construction
When, ecology bundle forms entirety with side slope, and Effect of Soil Erosion Control is stablized.Ecology bundle can overcome native (sandstone) matter slope plant
The problems such as growth is difficult, soil water-reataining fertilizer-keeping scarce capacity；It can adapt to growth (pulse family, herbaceous plant, the grass of various plants
Section plant etc.), it can guarantee quick growth of plant with rapid build phytobiocoenose；Used straw is agricultural wastes, source
Extensively, low in cost, the recycling of agricultural wastes may be implemented.
Specific implementation is for example shown in Fig. 1 a to Fig. 9:
Embodiment 1:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
100g, 30g, 10g, 10g, 20g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on (plant growth medium on entire straw braided fabric
Layer is 2).It is rolled since the end M, forms bundle shape coil configuration, bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 2:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
150g, 40g, 15g, 15g, 30g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled up since the end M
System forms bundle shape coil configuration, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 3:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
200g, 50g, 20g, 20g, 40g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled up since the end M
System forms bundle shape coil configuration, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 4:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
100g, 30g, 10g, 10g, 20g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled up since the end M
System forms bundle shape coil configuration, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 5:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
150g, 40g, 15g, 15g, 30g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled up since the end M
System forms bundle shape coil configuration, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 6:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
200g, 50g, 20g, 20g, 40g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 5g cus-cus grass seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled up since the end M
System forms bundle shape coil configuration, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 7:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
100g, 30g, 10g, 10g, 20g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Its upper berth of sunshade net 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm) is spread in enclosing, in matrix
It is even to sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M, shape
Bundled shape coil configuration is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 8:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
150g, 40g, 15g, 15g, 30g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M,
Bundle shape coil configuration is formed, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 9:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
200g, 50g, 20g, 20g, 40g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.5cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M,
Bundle shape coil configuration is formed, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 10:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
100g, 30g, 10g, 10g, 20g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M,
Bundle shape coil configuration is formed, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 11:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
150g, 40g, 15g, 15g, 30g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M,
Bundle shape coil configuration is formed, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
Embodiment 12:
Weigh Soil Slope, plant defoliation compost, rice straw, rice hull carbon, quick lime, water-retaining agent be respectively 3000g,
200g, 50g, 20g, 20g, 40g are sufficiently stirred in blender；1.0cm thickness straw fabric is taken, away from edge 2-12cm model
Sunshade net, upper berth 0.5cm thickness matrix (within the scope of about 100g, straw braided fabric edge 2-12cm), in matrix are spread in enclosing
Uniformly sprinkle 15g sweet potato seed；The matrix for weighing 2kg mixing, is uniformly laid on entire straw braided fabric.It is rolled since the end M,
Bundle shape coil configuration is formed, is bound with the rope made of hemp (4mm).
The ecology bundle performance indicator of specific embodiment:
Moisture loss amount, as shown in Fig. 3；
The ecology bundle of the different substrates ratio of production is placed in the corresponding rectangle flowerpot of size by the moisture loss amount,
It is filled to common soil and does not cross seed layer；A blank flowerpot separately is taken, is filled to same volume with common soil.Each watering 3L, periodically weighs
Flowerpot weight, using of poor quality as moisture loss amount.
Percentage of seedgermination, as shown in attached drawing 4,5；
Plant growth height, as shown in Figures 6, 7；
The upperground part biomass, as shown in Figures 8 and 9；
Described the upperground part biomass after plant growth 40 days, ecology bundle aerial plant is all gathered in, measuring plants fresh weight,
Indicate the upperground part biomass of ecology bundle.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto,
Within the technical scope of the present disclosure, any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by anyone skilled in the art,
It should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be with the protection model of claims
Subject to enclosing.
Claims (9)
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112931147A (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2021-06-11 | 北京绿景行科技发展有限公司 | Ecological planting roll and preparation method and application thereof |
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