CN109786965B - Microwave section beam control and polarization converter based on graphene and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 145
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 5
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
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- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
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Abstract
The invention discloses a microwave section beam controller and a polarization converter based on graphene, which belong to the technical field of microwave devices, wherein a PVC substrate, an FR4 medium and a metal bottom plate are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, and graphene strips are arranged on the PVC substrate; the graphene stripes include single-layer graphene stripes and multi-layer graphene stripes. The graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization converter is simple in structure, the square resistance of the graphene can be controlled by applying different voltages to the graphene through a direct-current voltage source, and the design is verified by utilizing a static method, namely, the graphene with corresponding impedance is directly grown. The method has the specific functions of controlling the direction of the reflected beam and transforming the polarization state of the reflected beam, can be used for applications such as orientation, stealth and the like, and spreads a road for the application of graphene in a microwave section.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwave devices, and relates to a graphene-based microwave section beam control and polarization converter.
Background
The beam direction control and the beam polarization state transformation are important problems in the aspects of basic research of electromagnetism and electromagnetic device technology, and have important application in the fields such as reflector antennas, beam forming antennas, satellite communication, mobile phone communication and the like. From the electromagnetic point of view, the beam direction control and the beam polarization transformation are both dependent on the control of the electromagnetic wave phase.
In recent years, with the development of metamaterials and super surfaces, brand new means are provided for controlling the phase of electromagnetic waves, and devices based on phase control are correspondingly and vigorously developed. As a two-dimensional metamaterial, the super surface has light and convenient physical characteristics, more importantly, people can obtain expected reflection or transmission phase values through changing parameters such as the shape, the size and the like of the sub-wavelength units, and further, various functional devices are formed through different array arrangements. Once the shape of the traditional metamaterial based on the metal patch is fixed, the function of the metamaterial is determined, and the metamaterial lacks of adjustable characteristics and reconfigurable characteristics.
To solve this disadvantage, tunable diodes are used in large numbers in the phase control of electromagnetic waves by super-surfaces, and are applied to beam polarization state transformation of beam direction control (T.J.Cui,M.Q.Qi,X.Wan,J.Zhao,and Q.Cheng,"Coding metamaterials,digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials,"Light Sci.Appl.,vol.3,p.e218,2014.)、 (fernandez, o., G (mez),Vegas,A.,Molina-Cuberos,G.J.,&Barba,I."Diode switchable chiral metamaterial structure forpolarization manipulation,"2017IEEE MTT-S InternationalConference179,2017) And the like. However, devices based on tunable diodes suffer from the disadvantage of complex soldering and numerous feeders, which cause inconvenience for their practical use.
Graphene, an emerging material that began to develop in 2004, exhibited outstanding properties in terms of mechanics, electricity, optics, biochemistry, etc., such as having the fastest electron mobility (15000 cm 2/v/cm), the ultra-high charge carrier mobility that is not temperature controlled (200000 cm 2/v/s), and the efficient fermi rate (106 m/s) near the speed of light. Graphene also has excellent mechanical properties with a young's modulus of 1.0TPa, and in addition, it has excellent electron conductivity and flexibility.
Because of these properties of graphene, a great deal of attention has been given to numerous researchers. After more than ten years of development, many researchers have utilized graphene to perform phase control on electromagnetic waves, so as to achieve beam direction regulation (T.Yatooshi,A.Ishikawa,and K.Tsuruta,"Terahertz wavefront control bytunablemetasurface made of graphene ribbons,"Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.3,no.5,pp.788,2015) and polarization state conversion (Yu X.,Gao X.,Qiao W.,et al.Broadband Tunable PolarizationConverter Realized by Graphene-Based Metamaterial,IEEEPhotonics Technol.Lett.28,2399,2016),, but these works are mainly based on theory and are mostly in terahertz frequency band. In the microwave band commonly used in the current communication technology, the graphene is used for carrying out phase control rarely, and the characteristic of the graphene in the microwave band is equivalent to a layer of adjustable resistance film, the imaginary part of the impedance of the graphene is very small, and the reflection characteristics of high amplitude and abundant phase change are difficult to generate, so that the graphene needs to be subjected to patterning treatment so as to obtain an equivalent imaginary part; in addition, the application of the microwave section requires the large size of the graphene, and the growth and patterning of large-area graphene become the difficulty in preventing the practical application of the graphene. In 2018, the problem of patterning large-area graphene is solved in (Chen H.,Lu W.B.,Liu Z.G.,Zhang J.,Zhang A.Q.,Wu B.Experimental Demonstration of Microwave Absorber Using Largearea Multilayer-Graphene based Frequency Selective Surface,IEEETrans.Microw.Theory Tech.,66,3087,2018) work, and possibility is provided for phase control in a microwave band by using graphene.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the invention aims to provide a microwave band beam control and polarization converter based on graphene, which is based on a large-area graphene patterning technology, and utilizes graphene strips, so that the possibility of carrying out beam direction control and beam polarization conversion on the graphene in a microwave band is proved from theory to experiment, and a solid foundation is laid for large-scale application of the graphene in the microwave band.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the microwave section wave beam control and polarization converter based on graphene comprises a PVC substrate, an FR4 medium and a metal bottom plate which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, wherein graphene strips are arranged on the PVC substrate; the graphene strips comprise single-layer graphene strips and multi-layer graphene strips.
Further, the thickness of the PVC substrate is 70 μm, and the relative dielectric constant is 3.5.
Further, the FR4 medium has a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 3mm.
Further, the graphene strip is a periodic structure, and the structure period is 7mm.
Further, the single-layer graphene strips and the multi-layer graphene strips are arranged on the PVC substrate at intervals.
Further, when the microwave band beam control and polarization transformer is used to control the direction of the reflected beam, the width of the graphene strips (single-layer graphene strips and multi-layer graphene strips) is 2.1mm; when the microwave band beam control and polarization transformer is used to change the polarization state of the reflected beam, the width of the graphene strips (single-layer graphene strips and multi-layer graphene strips) is set to 3.5mm. When the width of the graphene strip is 2.1mm, the beam scanning function of different angles is realized; when the width of the graphene strip is 3.5mm, the function of beam polarization state conversion is realized.
Further, the preparation method of the graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization converter comprises the following steps:
1) Modeling a single-layer graphene strip, a multi-layer graphene strip, a PVC substrate, an FR4 medium and a metal bottom plate by utilizing matlab and an equivalent circuit theory, and optimizing to obtain a graphene strip width value and a graphene strip sheet resistance value with optimal performance through parameter scanning. The result shows that when the width of the graphene strip is 2.1mm, the device has a good beam control function, and when the width of the graphene strip is 3.5mm, the device has a good polarization conversion function; the patterned graphene is obtained by growing on a patterned metal foil through a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method, and the patterning of the metal foil is completed through a mechanical milling cutter method based on a program-controlled electric moving table;
2) Modeling the designed model by using commercial software CST to simulate the characteristics of the array;
3) The array designed by the above steps was processed and tested for performance.
Further, the preparation method of the graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization converter comprises the following steps:
in step 1), according to the different directions of the incident waves, the graphene strips can be equivalent to series connection of a resistor and an inductor, or series connection of a resistor and a capacitor, and formulas of equivalent resistor, inductor and capacitor can be seen. The remaining components, including the PVC substrate, FR4 medium, metal back plane can be characterized by respective standard transmission line models;
in the step 2), the simulation of the array is performed by using a time domain simulation method, the graphene layer is simulated by using an impedance boundary condition with zero thickness, the sheet resistance of the graphene is set to be 5 omega/sq and 2000 omega/sq, and the boundary condition applied to the model is an open boundary. When the reflected beam direction and the reflected beam polarization state are simulated, a far-field probe is added;
In the step 3), the single-layer graphene strips are grown by using copper foil, the multi-layer graphene strips are grown by using nickel foil, the growth method is a CVD method, and after the growth, the graphene strips are transferred to PVC; and finally, attaching the PVC substrate with the graphene strips to an FR4 dielectric plate on the metal bottom plate.
The beneficial effects are that: compared with the prior art, the graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization converter is simple in structure, the square resistance of the graphene can be controlled by applying different voltages to the graphene through a direct-current voltage source, and the design is verified by utilizing a static method, namely, the graphene with corresponding impedance is directly grown. The method has the specific functions of controlling the direction of the reflected beam and transforming the polarization state of the reflected beam, can be used for applications such as orientation, stealth and the like, and spreads a road for the application of graphene in a microwave section.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a graphene-based microwave band beam steering and polarization transformer structure;
FIG. 2 is a top view of a graphene-based microwave band beam steering and polarization transformer unit;
FIG. 3 is the reflection phase characteristics of the structural element when the device is used as a beam controller;
FIG. 4 is a simulation and test result of the distribution of reflection lobes of an array structure when the device is used as a beam controller;
FIG. 5 is the reflection phase characteristics of a structural element when the device is used as a polarization transformer;
Fig. 6 is a simulation and test result of the polarization state of the reflected wave of the array structure when the device is used as a polarization transformer.
Detailed Description
The structure and performance of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1-6, the reference numerals are: a single-layer graphene strip 1, a multi-layer graphene strip 2, a PVC substrate 3, an FR4 medium 4, a metal bottom plate 5 and a graphene strip 6.
The microwave section wave beam control and polarization converter based on graphene comprises a PVC substrate 3, an FR4 medium 4 and a metal bottom plate 5 which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, wherein a graphene strip 6 is arranged on the PVC substrate 3; the graphene ribbons 6 include single-layer graphene ribbons 1 and multi-layer graphene ribbons 2.
The thickness of the PVC substrate 3 was 70 μm and the relative dielectric constant was 3.5. The FR4 medium 4 had a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 3mm. The graphene ribbon 6 is a periodic structure with a structural period of 7mm. The single-layer graphene strips 1 and the multi-layer graphene strips 2 are arranged on the PVC substrate 3 at intervals.
When the microwave band beam control and polarization transformer is used for controlling the direction of the reflected beam, the width of the graphene strips 6 is 2.1mm; when the microwave band beam steering and polarization transformer is used to change the polarization state of the reflected beam, the width of the graphene stripe 6 is set to 3.5mm.
The preparation method of the microwave section beam control and polarization converter based on graphene comprises the following steps:
1) And modeling the graphene strips, the PVC substrate 3, the FR4 medium 4 and the metal bottom plate 5 by using matlab and an equivalent circuit theory, and optimizing to obtain the strip width value and the strip sheet resistance value with optimal performance through parameter scanning. The result shows that when the width of the graphene strip is 2.1mm, the device has a good beam control function, and when the width of the graphene strip is 3.5mm, the device has a good polarization conversion function;
2) Modeling the designed model by using commercial software CST to simulate the characteristics of the array;
3) Processing and preparing the array designed in the steps, and testing the performance of the array;
In step 1), according to the difference of the incident wave directions, the graphene strips 6 (the single-layer graphene strip 1 and the multi-layer graphene strip 2) can be equivalent to series connection of resistance and inductance, or series connection of resistance and capacitance, the formulas of equivalent resistance, inductance and capacitance can be seen in (Luukkonen O,Simovski C,Granet G,Simple and accurate analytical model of planar grids and high-impedance surfaces comprising metal strips or patches.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.56,1624,2008.) and other parts of (Costa,F.,Monorchio,A.,&Manara,G.Analysis and design of ultrathin electromagnetic absorbers comprising resistively loaded high impedance surfaces,IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag.58,1551,2010.)., including the PVC substrate 3 and the fr4 medium 4, and the metal bottom plate 5 can be characterized by respective standard transmission line models;
In step 2), the simulation of the array is performed by using a time domain simulation method, the graphene strips 6 (the single-layer graphene strip 1 and the multi-layer graphene strip 2) are simulated by using impedance boundary conditions with zero thickness, the sheet resistance of the graphene is set to be 5 Ω/sq and 2000 Ω/sq, and the boundary conditions applied to the model are open boundaries. When the reflected beam direction and the reflected beam polarization state are simulated, a far-field probe is added;
In the step 3), the single-layer graphene strip 1 is grown by using copper foil, the multi-layer graphene strip 2 is grown by using nickel foil, the growth method is a CVD method, and after the growth, the graphene strip 6 is transferred to the PVC 3; finally, the PVC substrate 3 with graphene strips 6 is attached to an FR4 dielectric 4 board of a metal bottom plate 5 (copper bottom).
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a microwave band beam controller and a polarization transformer structure based on graphene. The single-layer graphene stripes 1 and the multi-layer graphene stripes 2 are each represented by a different pattern. For convenience of distinguishing, in the figure, different hierarchical structures are separated by a certain distance, and in fact, graphene strips 6 (a single-layer graphene strip 1 and a multi-layer graphene strip 2) are closely attached to a PVC substrate 3, an FR4 medium 4 and a metal bottom plate 5.
Fig. 2 is a top view of a graphene-based microwave band beam controller and polarization transformer unit, where the period of the unit is 7mm and the width of the graphene strips 6 is dependent on their function. The width of the graphene stripes 6 was set to 2.1mm when the device was used to control the direction of the reflected beam, and the width of the graphene stripes 6 was set to 3.5mm when the device was used to change the polarization state of the reflected beam.
Fig. 3 is the reflection phase characteristics of the structural element when the inventive device is used as a beam controller, where the added excitation is the polarization of the electric field along the strip. From the figure, when the square resistances of the graphene are 5 Ω/sq and 2000 Ω/sq respectively, the reflection phases of the graphene and the 2000 Ω/sq reach 180 ° at 13GHz, and based on this, we use the two units to perform different array arrangements, so as to obtain different reflection beam directions.
Fig. 4 shows simulation and test results of the distribution of reflection lobes of the array structure when the invented device is used as a beam controller, respectively, fig. 4 (a) and fig. 4 (b). For convenience of description, the array shown in fig. 1 is two multi-layer graphene strips 2, and two single-layer graphene strips 1 are distributed at intervals and denoted as (n=2). Similarly, in fig. 4, the cases of (n=4) and (n=2) were simulated and tested, and it can be seen that the main lobe direction of the simulated and tested reflected beam was changed from 24.3 ° to 55.5 °. The results of fig. 3 and 4 demonstrate the good reflected beam steering capabilities of the inventive device.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the reflection phase characteristics of a structural element of the inventive device as a polarization transformer, the phase difference of the graph reflecting the difference between the phases of the reflected waves for the incident polarization being the x-polarization and the y-polarization, respectively. As can be seen from the figure, when the sheet resistance of graphene is 5 Ω/sq, the phase difference can produce traversals from less than 90 ° to greater than 270 °; and when the sheet resistance of the graphene is 2000 omega/sq, the phase difference is almost kept unchanged.
Fig. 6 is a simulation and test result of the polarization state of the reflected wave of the array structure when the invented device is used as a polarization transformer. As can be seen from the figure, when the graphene sheet resistance is small, the axial ratio of the reflected wave generates a minimum value (< 2 dB) around 7GHz and 11GHz, and a maximum value (> 40 dB) around 9GHz, which means that at these frequency points, the reflected wave undergoes a transformation from linear polarization to left-hand circular polarization, linear polarization to cross linear polarization, and linear polarization to right-hand circular polarization in comparison with the incident wave. When the graphene sheet resistance is large, the axial ratio of the reflected wave is always kept above 20dB, and the phase difference value in FIG. 5 shows that the reflected wave keeps the polarization state of the incident wave. The results of fig. 5 and 6 demonstrate the good reflected wave polarization state conversion capabilities of the inventive devices.
Claims (5)
1. Microwave section wave beam control and polarization converter based on graphite alkene, its characterized in that: the graphene-based PVC substrate comprises a PVC substrate (3), an FR4 medium (4) and a metal base plate (5) which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, wherein a graphene strip (6) is arranged on the PVC substrate (3); the graphene strip (6) comprises a single-layer graphene strip (1) and a multi-layer graphene strip (2), the graphene strip (6) is of a periodic structure, the structural period of the periodic structure is 7mm, the single-layer graphene strip (1) and the multi-layer graphene strip (2) are arranged on the PVC substrate (3) at intervals, and when the microwave band beam control and polarization transformer is used for controlling the direction of a reflected beam, the width of the graphene strip (6) is 2.1mm; when the microwave band beam control and polarization transformer is used to change the polarization state of the reflected beam, the width of the graphene stripe (6) is set to 3.5mm.
2. The graphene-based microwave band beam steering and polarization transformer of claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the PVC substrate (3) is 70 mu m, and the relative dielectric constant is 3.5.
3. The graphene-based microwave band beam steering and polarization transformer of claim 1, wherein: the FR4 medium (4) has a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 3mm.
4. A method for preparing a graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization transformer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
1) modeling a single-layer graphene strip (1), a multi-layer graphene strip (2), a PVC substrate (3), an FR4 medium (4) and a metal bottom plate (5) by utilizing matlab and an equivalent circuit theory, and obtaining a width value of the graphene strip (6) and a sheet resistance value of the graphene strip (6) through parameter scanning;
2) Modeling the designed model by using commercial software CST to simulate the array characteristics;
3) The array designed by the above steps was processed and tested for performance.
5. The method for preparing the graphene-based microwave band beam control and polarization converter according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
in the step 1), according to different incident wave directions, the graphene strip (6) is equivalent to series connection of a resistor and an inductor or series connection of a resistor and a capacitor; -a PVC substrate (3), -an FR4 medium (4), -a metal base plate (5) characterized by a respective standard transmission line model;
in the step 2), a time domain simulation method is adopted to simulate an array, a single-layer graphene strip (1) and a multi-layer graphene strip (2) are simulated by using impedance boundary conditions with zero thickness, the sheet resistance of the graphene strip (6) is set to be 5 omega/sq and 2000 omega/sq, and the boundary conditions applied to the model are open boundaries; when the reflected beam direction and the reflected beam polarization state are simulated, a far-field probe is added;
In the step 3), the single-layer graphene strip (1) is grown by using copper foil, the multi-layer graphene strip (2) is grown by using nickel foil, the growth method is a CVD method, and after the growth, the single-layer graphene strip (1) and the multi-layer graphene strip (2) are transferred to PVC (3); finally, the PVC substrate (3) with the graphene strips (6) is attached to an FR4 medium (4) plate on the metal bottom plate (5).
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| CN108666765A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-10-16 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防科技创新研究院 | A kind of adjustable absorbent structure of ultra-wideband microwave dynamic based on graphene |
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