CN109570631B - A method for preparing porous metal material by friction stir processing and its processing device - Google Patents
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种搅拌摩擦加工制备多孔金属材料的方法及其加工装置，包括以金属材料为板材，对所述的板材表面进行搅拌摩擦加工，所述的搅拌摩擦加工过程中能够使得板材中产生孔洞，其特征在于，调节搅拌摩擦加工的参数，控制所述孔洞的产生，制备具有贯穿型孔和/或非连续孔的多孔金属材料，所述的贯穿型孔和/或非连续孔的孔径可控，所述的多孔金属材料的平均孔径为1～3mm。制备的多孔金属材料孔的类型和孔的位置分布可以根据不同加工装置和加工方法获得。本方法操作简单、工艺稳定、可控性强。
The invention discloses a method and a processing device for preparing a porous metal material by friction stir processing. The generation of holes is characterized in that the parameters of friction stir processing are adjusted, the generation of the holes is controlled, and the porous metal material with through-type holes and/or discontinuous holes is prepared, and the through-type holes and/or discontinuous holes are The pore size is controllable, and the average pore size of the porous metal material is 1-3 mm. The type of pores of the prepared porous metal material and the location distribution of the pores can be obtained according to different processing devices and processing methods. The method has the advantages of simple operation, stable process and strong controllability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of porous material preparation, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a porous metal material by friction stir processing and a processing device thereof.
Background
The porous metal material is a novel material developed in the 40 th of the 20 th century, and consists of a metal matrix and a large number of holes, wherein the holes divide the metal matrix into a plurality of small units and have a novel structure different from that of the traditional material. The porous metal material has both structural and functional attributes. As a structural material, the material has the characteristics of light weight and high specific strength; as a functional material, the material has the characteristics of energy absorption, shock absorption, noise elimination, noise reduction, electromagnetic shielding, air permeability, heat transmission, heat insulation and heat exchange. Therefore, the porous metal material has wide application in the fields of aerospace, transportation, construction, machinery, electrochemistry, environmental protection and the like.
The main methods for preparing the porous metal material comprise: casting, deposition, chemical reaction, and sintering. The casting method is classified into a direct blowing method, a melt foaming method, a percolation method, a metal-gas directional solidification method, and the like. The porous metal materials prepared by the above methods all have respective defects such as: the position and the aperture of the hole are not controllable, the shape of the hole is not controllable, the process is complex, the cost is high, and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for preparing a porous metal material by friction stir processing and a processing device thereof, so as to overcome the problems of the traditional preparation method of the porous metal material and obtain the porous metal material with excellent sound absorption and sound insulation properties.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for preparing a porous metal material by friction stir processing comprises the steps of taking a metal material as a plate, and carrying out friction stir processing on the surface of the plate, wherein holes can be generated in the plate in the friction stir processing process, and is characterized in that the parameters of the friction stir processing are adjusted, the generation of the holes is controlled, and the porous metal material with through holes and/or discontinuous holes is prepared, wherein the hole diameter of the through holes and/or the discontinuous holes is controllable, and the average hole diameter of the porous metal material is 1-3 mm.
Further, the parameters of the friction stir processing are as follows: the rotation speed is 300-1500 rpm, the advancing speed is 23.5-120 mm/min, and the reduction of the shaft shoulder is 0.1-0.2 mm.
Specifically, the friction stir processing route comprises a multi-pass processing route or a partial processing route, the multi-pass processing route prepares the porous metal material containing the through holes and comprises a serpentine shape and/or a vortex shape, and the partial route prepares the porous metal material containing the discontinuous holes.
Specifically, the plate comprises aluminum, magnesium, steel, titanium or copper, the width of the plate is 100-2000 mm, the length of the plate is 100-3000 mm, and the thickness of the plate is 2-30 mm.
Preferably, the method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting AZ31 magnesium alloy as a plate, and carrying out friction stir processing on the surface of the plate; the parameters of the friction stir processing are as follows: the rotational speed was 950rpm, the advancing speed was 23.5mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.2 mm.
Preferably, the method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting 6061 aluminum alloy as a plate, and carrying out friction stir processing on the surface of the plate; the parameters of the stirring friction processing are as follows: the rotational speed was 1180rpm, the advancing speed was 30mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.1 mm.
Preferably, the method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting TA1 titanium alloy as a plate, and carrying out friction stir processing on the surface of the plate; the parameters of the stirring friction processing are as follows: the rotational speed was 600rpm, the advancing speed was 50mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.2 mm.
The processing device for preparing the porous metal material by friction stir processing comprises a shaft shoulder and a stirring needle which are sequentially connected, wherein the shaft shoulder is cylindrical, and the diameter of the shaft shoulder is 10-20 mm;
the stirring pin is cylindrical, conical or truncated cone-shaped, the diameter of the cylindrical stirring pin is 4-8 mm, and the length of the cylindrical stirring pin is 1-15 mm; the root diameter of the conical stirring needle is 4-8 mm, and the length of the conical stirring needle is 1-15 mm; the root diameter of the round table-shaped stirring needle is 4-8 mm, the top diameter is 2-6 mm, and the length is 1-15 mm.
Specifically, the material of the processing device is martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, tool steel or high temperature alloy.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
holes can be generated in the friction stir processing process, belong to the technical defect for the application of the common friction stir processing technology, and are uncontrollable in size. The application just utilizes the defect to prepare the porous metal material, converts the technical defect into the technical advantage, breaks through the general technical cognition in the technical field of friction stir processing, applies the friction stir processing technology to the preparation field of the porous metal material, and belongs to the initial technical achievement of the application.
The invention overcomes the outstanding problems of uncontrollable hole positions, complex process, higher cost and the like in the traditional preparation method of the porous metal material. The hole type, the position and the size of the porous metal material are regulated and controlled by adopting a special-shaped stirring head and a combination of specific processing parameters. The preparation method has the advantages of wide application range, strong controllability, stable process, simple operation, low cost, suitability for industrial production line production, energy conservation, environmental protection, no pollution and the like, and the prepared porous metal material has good sound absorption and sound insulation properties.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method of friction stir processing for producing a porous metal material;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a stirring pin in a processing apparatus for friction stir processing of producing a porous metal material, wherein a denotes a cylindrical stirring pin, b denotes a conical stirring pin, and c denotes a truncated cone-shaped stirring pin;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a shoulder in a processing apparatus for friction stir processing of porous metal materials, wherein a denotes a shoulder having a linear protrusion, b denotes a shoulder having a "C" protrusion, and C denotes a shoulder having an "S" protrusion;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a through-type hole of an AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material in example 1;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the non-continuous pores of the 6061 porous aluminum alloy material in example 2;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the sound absorption properties of the AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material in example 1;
fig. 7 is a graph showing the sound absorption properties of the 6061 porous aluminum alloy material in example 2.
Detailed Description
The friction stir processing technology is a novel severe plastic deformation technology. In the processing process, the dynamic recrystallization is carried out on the processing area through the thermoplastic deformation action between the stirring head rotating at high speed and the workpiece, and a uniform equiaxial fine crystalline recrystallization structure is formed.
At present, uncontrollable holes can be generated in the friction stir processing process. The uncontrollable holes belong to the technical defects for the application of the common friction stir processing technology, and the size and the shape of the holes cannot be controlled. The application just utilizes the defect to prepare the porous metal material, changes the technical defect into the technical advantage by controlling the parameters of the friction stir processing and adopting the processing device with a specific shape, overcomes the technical prejudice, breaks through the general technical cognition in the technical field of the friction stir processing, applies the friction stir processing technology to the preparation field of the porous metal material, and belongs to the initial technical achievement of the application.
The porous metal material prepared by the invention is a porous metal material with through holes and/or discontinuous holes, which is obtained by performing integral multi-pass or selective local stirring friction processing on a metal material plate by using a processing device with a special shape under the combination of specific processing parameters. The integral multi-pass processing means that the processing device works continuously, does not leave a metal plate, and repeats multiple times of stirring and friction processing. The through hole is a hole which is integrally and continuously penetrated through the metal plate and is generated in the metal plate along with the stirring friction processing route; the discontinuous holes are discontinuous holes generated on the surface of the metal plate during local friction stir processing. The three-dimensional porous structure can also be prepared by changing the length of the stirring needle and carrying out multi-pass friction stir processing on different horizontal planes, the discontinuous porous structure of a target area can also be prepared by adopting local selective friction stir processing, and the controllable penetrating porous structure can also be prepared by adopting friction stir linear processing, point processing and a combination mode thereof. The plastic flow of the metal occurs under the combined action of the frictional heat and the plastic deformation heat of the processing apparatus and the metal plate. And the backfill of the metal plastic flow is incomplete due to the backfill blocking effect of the special-shaped stirring on the metal plastic flow, and finally a hole structure is formed in the target processing area.
According to the technical scheme, the method for preparing the porous metal material by friction stir processing provided by the invention comprises the following steps: the raw material selection and pretreatment during the preparation of the porous metal material, the raw material selection and design of the processing device and the setting of processing parameters are as follows:
raw material selection and pretreatment: the metal plate is a material capable of being processed by friction stir processing, such as common aluminum, magnesium, steel, titanium, copper and the like, and has the size of (100-2000) × (100-3000) × (2-30) mm (width × length × thickness); before processing, the surface of the metal plate is polished by sand paper to ensure that the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 10 mu m, the polished surface is cleaned by acetone, and oil stains, oxides and impurities on the surface of the metal plate are removed and dried.
Raw material selection and design of a processing device: the material of the processing device mainly comprises martensitic stainless steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, tool steel and high-temperature alloy. The processing device comprises a shaft shoulder and a stirring needle which are sequentially connected, wherein the shaft shoulder is cylindrical, and the diameter of the shaft shoulder is 10-20 mm; the stirring pin is cylindrical, conical or truncated cone-shaped. The diameter of the cylindrical stirring pin is 4-8 mm, and the length of the cylindrical stirring pin is 1-15 mm; the diameter of the root part of the conical stirring pin is 4-8 mm, and the length of the conical stirring pin is 1-15 mm; the root diameter of the round table-shaped stirring pin is 4-8 mm, the top diameter is 2-6 mm, and the length is 1-15 mm.
Setting processing parameters: the rotational speed of the friction stir processing is 300 to 1500rpm, the forward speed is 23.5 to 120mm/min, and the shoulder reduction is 0.1 to 0.2 mm.
With reference to the process flow diagram of fig. 1 and the schematic diagrams of the processing apparatus of fig. 2 and 3, the specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
placing the polished and cleaned metal plate on a processing table of friction stir processing equipment and fixing the metal plate by using a clamp; performing multi-pass full-coverage stirring friction processing on the surface of the metal plate in a snake shape, a vortex shape or other curve shapes; and taking down the processed metal plate for surface finishing, and removing the flash on the surface to obtain the porous metal material.
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present invention, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, not limitation.
Example 1:
in the example, a common AZ31 magnesium alloy is used as a metal plate to prepare the porous metal material, and the specific steps are as follows:
raw material selection and pretreatment: taking an AZ31 magnesium alloy plate with the thickness of 200mm multiplied by 150mm multiplied by 3 mm; and (2) polishing the surface of the AZ31 magnesium alloy plate by using sand paper to ensure that the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 10 mu m, cleaning the polished surface by using acetone, removing oil stains, oxides and impurities on the surface of the AZ31 magnesium alloy, and drying.
Raw material selection and design of a processing device: the material of the processing device is high-speed steel W18Cr4V, and a cylindrical stirring pin is adopted, as shown in a in figure 2. The pin may be externally threaded to increase the stirring ability of the pin to generate sufficient heat to plastically flow the metal. The diameter of the cylindrical stirring pin is 5mm, and the length of the cylindrical stirring pin is 2.5 mm; the diameter of the cylindrical shaft shoulder is 16mm, and the shaft shoulder is provided with a C-shaped protruding structure, and the schematic diagram is shown in figure 3 b.
Setting processing parameters: the rotational speed of the friction stir processing was 950rpm, the forward speed was 23.5mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.2 mm.
The specific scheme is as follows:
placing the polished and cleaned AZ31 magnesium alloy plate on a processing table of friction stir processing equipment and fixing the plate by using a clamp; performing multi-pass full-coverage snake-shaped stirring friction processing on the surface of the AZ31 magnesium alloy plate; and taking down the processed AZ31 magnesium alloy plate for surface finishing to obtain the AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material.
Example 1 a process for preparing a porous metal material from a plate of AZ31 magnesium alloy was successfully carried out. As shown in fig. 4, is a cross-sectional view of a through-hole of the prepared porous AZ31 magnesium alloy material. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the holes at this time penetrated through the entire interior of the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet material to form an average hole size of 2.5 mm. Fig. 6 is a graph of sound absorption properties of the prepared AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material. As can be seen from the figure, the sound absorption coefficient of the AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material is higher as a whole than that of the AZ31 magnesium alloy which does not contain pores by itself. By metal-gas directional solidification[1]The prepared porous magnesium alloy has the aperture of 610 mu m, the sample thickness of 20mm and the average sound absorption coefficient of about 0.28 at the frequency of 0.5-4.0KHz, while the AZ31 porous magnesium alloy material prepared by the method has the average aperture of 2.5mm, the sample thickness of 2.8mm and the average sound absorption coefficient of 0.39 at the frequency of 0.5-4.0 KHz. The comparison proves that the porous metal material prepared by the method has good sound absorption performance to a certain extent, and meets the requirements of engineering application.
Example 2:
this example is a process for producing a porous metal material using a common 6061 aluminum alloy as a metal plate. The method comprises the following specific steps:
raw material selection and pretreatment: taking a 6061 aluminum alloy plate with the thickness of 500mm multiplied by 5 mm; and (2) polishing the surface of the 6061 aluminum alloy plate by using sand paper to ensure that the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 10 mu m, cleaning the polished surface by using acetone, removing oil stains, oxides and impurities on the surface of the 6061 aluminum alloy, and drying.
Raw material selection and design of a processing device: the material of the processing device is XF20T tungsten steel, and a conical stirring pin is adopted, as shown in b in figure 2. The pin may be externally threaded to increase its agitating capability to generate sufficient heat to plastically flow the metal. The root diameter of the conical stirring needle is 6mm, and the length of the conical stirring needle is 4.5 mm; the diameter of the cylindrical shaft shoulder is 18mm, and the shaft shoulder is provided with an S-shaped protruding structure, and the schematic diagram is shown in figure 3 c.
Setting processing parameters: the rotational speed of the friction stir processing was 1180rpm, the forward speed was 30mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.1 mm.
The specific scheme is as follows:
placing the polished and cleaned 6061 aluminum alloy plate on a processing table of friction stir processing equipment and fixing the 6061 aluminum alloy plate by using a clamp; performing local stirring friction processing on the surface of a 6061 aluminum alloy plate; and taking down the processed 6061 aluminum alloy plate for surface finishing to obtain the 6061 porous aluminum alloy material.
Example 2 the process of preparing a porous metal material from a 6061 aluminum alloy sheet was successfully carried out. As shown in fig. 5, the prepared 6061 porous aluminum alloy material has discontinuous poresA cross-sectional view. As can be seen from FIG. 5, the pores are not continuous and cannot penetrate through the whole 6061 porous aluminum alloy plate, and the average pore size is 2.2 mm. Figure 7 is a graph of the sound absorption performance of this material. As can be seen, the acoustical absorption coefficient of the porous 6061 aluminum alloy sheet material is generally higher than that of a 6061 aluminum alloy sheet that does not contain pores by itself. In addition, the porous 6061 aluminum alloy plate material prepared according to the method of the invention has an average sound absorption coefficient of 0.534 at a sample thickness of 4.9mm and a frequency of 2-4KHz, compared with that of the material prepared by adopting a pressure casting and sintering method[2]The prepared Al-12% Si porous aluminum alloy has a thickness of 15mm and an average sound absorption coefficient of 0.15 when the frequency is 2-4 KHz. Simultaneously adopting vacuum infiltration method[3]The prepared porous foamed aluminum has polygonal hole pattern, hole diameter of 0.8-1.2mm, sample thickness of 10mm and average sound absorption coefficient of 0.387 at frequency of 0.5-3.15 KHz. The 6061 porous aluminum alloy prepared by the method has polygonal hole pattern, the average pore diameter is 2.2mm, the thickness of a sample is 4.9mm, and the average sound absorption coefficient is 0.483 when the frequency is 0.5-3.15 KHz. The comparison proves that the porous metal material prepared by the friction stir processing method has good sound absorption performance and meets the requirements of engineering application to a certain extent.
Example 3:
in the example, a TA1 titanium plate is used as a metal plate to prepare the porous metal material, and the specific steps are as follows:
raw material selection and pretreatment: taking a TA1 titanium plate with the thickness of 300mm multiplied by 200mm multiplied by 5 mm; and (2) polishing the surface of the TA1 titanium plate by using sand paper to ensure that the surface roughness Ra is less than or equal to 10 mu m, cleaning the polished surface by using acetone, removing oil stains, oxides and impurities on the surface of the TA1 titanium plate, and drying.
Raw material selection and design of a processing device: the material of the processing device is XF20T tungsten steel, and a circular truncated cone-shaped stirring pin is adopted, as shown in c in figure 2. The root diameter of the round table-shaped stirring needle is 8mm, the top diameter is 2mm, and the length is 4.5 mm; the diameter of the cylindrical shoulder is 18mm and the shoulder has a linear protruding structure, as shown schematically in fig. 3 a.
Setting processing parameters: the rotational speed of the friction stir processing was 600rpm, the forward speed was 50mm/min, and the shoulder reduction was 0.2 mm.
The specific scheme is as follows:
placing the TA1 titanium plate after polishing and cleaning on a processing table of friction stir processing equipment and fixing the titanium plate by using a clamp; carrying out multi-pass full-coverage vortex-shaped stirring friction processing on the surface of the TA1 titanium plate; and taking down the processed TA1 titanium plate material for surface finishing to obtain the porous TA1 titanium plate material, wherein the average pore size is 1.2 mm.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, and therefore all equivalent variations made by the following claims should be included in the scope of the invention.
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