CN109504665B - 一种提高鱼鳞明胶品性的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高鱼鳞明胶品性的方法。在大肠杆菌中高效表达脯氨酸羟基化酶(L‑proline cis‑4‑hydroxylase,P4H)并将其用于鱼鳞明胶改性,从而提高明胶的品性以扩大其在市场的应用范围。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及利用基因工程技术高效表达脯氨酸羟基化酶(L-proline cis-4-hydroxylase,P4H)并利用其对来源于鱼鳞的明胶进行改性,从而提高其品性的方法。
背景技术
食用明胶(gelatin)是胶原的水解产物,是一种无脂肪的高蛋白,不含胆固醇,且是一种天然营养型食品增稠剂。明胶作为一种强有力的保护胶体,具有较强的乳化力,能有效抑制牛奶、豆浆等蛋白质进入胃后因胃酸作用而引起的凝聚反应,有利于提高食物消化能力。明胶除了在食品领域具有广泛应用外,在医药、化妆品、照相等领域亦发挥着其特殊的功能。目前,工业上应用的明胶大部分来源于哺乳动物,如猪皮、牛皮、猪骨、牛骨等。但近年疯牛病和口蹄病等哺乳动物传染疾病的肆意传播,导致哺乳动物明胶的安全性受到广大消费者的普遍质疑;另因宗教信仰等原因使得哺乳动物明胶在某些食品中的应用亦受到一定限制。因此开发非哺乳动物来源的明胶具有重要的现实意义。
我国是淡水水产品养殖大国,淡水水产品产量居世界第一。随着直接食用和加工量的不断增加,淡水水产品消耗量呈现逐年增长趋势,为提高水产品的附加值,尤其是提高废弃鱼鳞的再利用,开发来源于非哺乳动物的明胶以满足社会需求的研究受到越来越多的科技工作者关注。但与哺乳动物来源的明胶相比,鱼鳞明胶(scale gelatin,SG)由于亚氨基酸—羟脯氨酸含量相对偏低,使其明胶没有足够的羟基与水形成氢键来稳定明胶的三联体螺旋结构,导致明胶胶融温度及强度等品性不及哺乳动物明胶。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明的目的在于高效表达P4H并利用其对水产品来源的明胶进行改性,使鱼鳞明胶品性得到提升。
本发明实现目的的技术方案如下。
一种提高鱼鳞明胶品性的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将含有P4H编码基因的微生物的DAN序列除去终止密码子;
(2)在除去了终止密码子的P4H编码基因的两端分别加上限制性酶切位点;
(3)以表达质粒作为载体,采用限制性内切酶将P4H的编码基因及载体进行消化产生互补的粘性末端,再在连接酶的作用下连接起来构建重组质粒;
(4)将重组质粒转入感受态宿主中,筛选阳性克隆子,进行诱导高效表达P4H;
(5)分离纯化P4H;
(6)将鱼鳞明胶溶解于缓冲液中,加入纯化的P4H,并加入所需的其他物质,混匀并在一定温度下反应一段时间,然后灭活,得到改性的鱼鳞明胶。
所述鱼鳞明胶是由水产品废弃物鱼鳞加工而成的明胶;鱼鳞可以来自淡水鱼,也可来自海鱼。
在步骤(1)中,含有P4H编码基因的微生物是荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonasfluorescens)。
在步骤(2)中,限制性酶切位点可以是XhoI和EcoRI限制性酶切位点。
在步骤(3)中,可以选择pET-28(a)等质粒作为表达载体。
在步骤(4)中,可以通过热激方法将重组质粒转入感受态宿主大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)或E.coli–Roestta中,采用抗性、菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆子。
在步骤(5)中,可以采用Ni柱进行亲和层析纯化。
在步骤(6)中,缓冲液可以是pH为5.5、浓度为0.02mol/L的Tris/HCl缓冲液;所需的其他物质可以包含α-酮戊二酸、L-抗坏血酸和FeSO4·7H20等物质;反应温度可以是26℃,反应时间可以是30min。
本发明的技术效果是:本发明的方法通过基因工程技术高效表达P4H并进行纯化后,利用P4H催化鱼鳞明胶中的脯氨酸转化为羟脯氨酸以提高明胶品性,为市场提供具有哺乳动物明胶特性的改性鱼鳞明胶产品,实现鱼鳞的高值化利用,实现鱼类产业的绿色可持续性发展,具有巨大的社会价值和经济价值。
附图说明
图1为P4H酶表达的SDS-PAGE电泳图。在图1中,Line 1:空载对照BL21(pET-28(a));Line 2:IPTG浓度为1mmol/L诱导BL21(pET-28(a)-P4H);Line 3:IPTG浓度为0诱导BL21(pET-28(a)-P4H);M:蛋白质Marker。
图2为不同温度对P4H酶活性的影响的示意图。在图2中,温度分别设置为20、26、28、30、32、34、40及50℃。
图3为不同pH值对P4H酶活性的影响的示意图。在图3中,pH值分别设置为4.5、5、5.5、6、6.5、7、7.5和8的乙酸缓冲液。
图4为不同缓冲液对P4H酶活性的影响的示意图。在图4中,缓冲液分别为MES缓冲液、磷酸钾缓冲液、Tris缓冲液、乙酸缓冲液。
图5为P4H酶对鱼磷明胶强度的影响的示意图。在图5中,SG为鱼磷明胶对照组;SG+10%P4H、SG+15%P4H;SG+20%P4H、SG+25%P4H及SG+30%P4H为反应组。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图1-4和实施例1-2详细说明本发明所具有的有益效果,旨在帮助阅读者更好地理解本发明的实质,但不能对本发明的实施和保护范围构成任何限定。
实施例1
重组菌的构建过程及P4H的纯化方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)表达P4H质粒的构建及其重组菌的构建:选取Pseudomonas fluorescens为P4H的来源菌,检查其使用密码子情况,发现序列有9个散在的大肠杆菌不使用的精氨酸密码子aga,因此将这些位点的密码子替换为大肠杆菌常用的精氨酸密码子后,将DAN序列在两端分别加上XhoI和EcoRI限制性内切酶并删除终止密码子之后直接送南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成(合成的是P4H编码基因,因为这株菌中的P4H含有很多偏好密码子,所以合成更经济)。合成的DNA片断及载体pET-28(a)分别用XhoI和EcoRI酶切纯化后,在连接酶的作用下连接构建重组质粒pET-28(a)-P4H;通过热激转入大肠杆菌感受态细胞,通过氨苄抗性及菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆子并送测序进行验证;验证正确后,采用IPTG诱导表达,同时摸索IPTG添加的最佳时间和最佳浓度,获得P4H的高效表达。
(2)P4H的纯化:P4H与pET-28(a)质粒的His tag进行了融合表达,因此可以采用Ni住进行亲和层析纯化。纯化的具体过程如下:将高效表达P4H的大肠杆菌超声波破碎,离心,弃沉淀,保留上清;将亲和材料装柱;用3倍柱材料体积的0.01M PBS洗柱;将上清上样,充分使其与柱材料反应;用0.01M PBS洗去非特异性吸附的杂蛋白;用0.1M的咪唑进行竞争性洗脱,收集洗脱液,采用Bradford Protein Assay Kit试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。
实施例2
采用P4H对鱼磷明胶进行改性,改性方法包括以下步骤:
(1)表征P4H特性:以脯氨酸被转化为羟脯氨酸的量为检测标准,摸索最佳的反应pH值、最佳反应温度及最佳反应体系并测定其在最佳反应条件下的酶活。脯氨酸转化为羟脯氨酸的反应体系:培养上述重组菌进行破碎后获得的P4H粗酶,每个反应体系(250μL)含有终浓度为20mmol/L的脯氨酸、终浓度为40mmol/L的α-酮戊二酸、终浓度为4mmol/L的硫酸亚铁、终浓度为8mmol/L的维生素C。结果显示最佳反应pH值为5.5,最佳反应温度为26℃,最佳反应缓冲体系为Tris/HCl缓冲液;在最佳条件下酶活为约4.5U,米氏常数为6。
(2)将购买的鱼鳞明胶置于55℃水浴锅pH 5.5的0.02mol/L Tris/HCl缓冲液中溶解制备成10%(w/v)母液,恒温100rpm搅拌1h。向SG母液中分别加入0、10、15、20、25、30%(w/v)纯化的P4H酶,加入反应所需的其他物质至其终浓度分别为40mmol/Lα-酮戊二酸、8mmol/L L-抗坏血酸和4mmol/L FeSO4·7H20,使鱼磷明胶的终浓度为6.67%w/v,混匀后于26℃充分反应30min,最后于100℃灭活5min。将上述反应液进行凝胶强度测定分析、质构特性分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)、熔融温度及氨基酸含量分析等。结果显示,P4H可提高鱼鳞明胶的凝胶强度,且凝胶强度随着P4H添加浓度的提高而增加,具体见图4;TPA的结果见表1,从表中可以看到P4H对鱼鳞明胶性质的改变是显著的;对鱼鳞明胶的凝胶温度和融胶温度的影响也是显著的,P4H作用后鱼鳞明胶的凝胶温度从12.22℃最高上升到16.07℃,融胶温度由20.60℃最高上升到23.13℃,具体见表2;P4H催化脯氨酸生成4-羟基脯氨酸,用其对鱼鳞明胶进行改性后其脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸的含量会发生变化,采用HPLC方法检测经25%的P4H改性的鱼鳞发现脯氨酸的含量由8.72下降至7.39,羟脯氨酸的含量由11.24增加至12.597。这说明P4H可以将SG中的脯氨酸催化为4-羟基脯氨酸,从而影响鱼鳞明胶的凝胶强度、TPA及凝胶温度和熔融温度等品性。
表1 P4H对鱼磷明胶质构特性的影响
a-b:同一列中不同的小写字母表示具有显著性差异(p<0.05)
表2 P4H对SG凝胶和融胶温度的影响
目前在国内外,还未见有表达来源于Pseudomonas fluorescens中的P4H,也未见采用不同来源的P4H对鱼鳞明胶进行改性,以提高其品性的报道。本发明在前期工作的基础上,将P4H用于改造鱼鳞明胶,成功地使明胶品性发生显著改善。
以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (6)
1.一种提高鱼鳞明胶品性的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将含有P4H编码基因的微生物的DNA序列除去终止密码子;
(2)在除去了终止密码子的P4H编码基因的两端分别加上限制性酶切位点;
(3)以表达质粒作为载体,采用限制性内切酶将P4H的编码基因及载体进行消化产生互补的粘性末端,再在连接酶的作用下连接起来构建重组质粒;
(4)将重组质粒转入感受态宿主中,筛选阳性克隆子,进行诱导表达P4H;
(5)分离纯化P4H;
(6)将鱼鳞明胶溶解于缓冲液中,加入纯化的P4H,并加入所需的其他物质,混匀并在一定温度下反应一段时间,然后灭活,得到改性的鱼鳞明胶;
其中,在步骤(1)中,含有P4H编码基因的微生物是荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens);
在步骤(6)中,将鱼鳞明胶加入至pH 5.5的0.02mol/L Tris/HCl 缓冲液中,于55℃水浴锅中溶解制备成质量体积比为10%的母液,恒温100rpm搅拌1h;向母液中加入纯化的质量体积比为15%、20%、25%或30%的P4H酶,加入α-酮戊二酸、L-抗坏血酸和FeSO4·7H20至其终浓度分别为40mmol/L、8mmol/L和4mmol/L,使鱼鳞明胶的终浓度质量体积比为6.67%,混匀后于26°C充分反应30min,最后于100°C灭活5min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:在步骤(2)中,限制性酶切位点是XhoI和EcoRI。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:在步骤(3)中,选择pET-28a质粒作为表达载体。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:在步骤(4)中,通过热激方法将重组质粒转入感受态宿主大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)或E. coli –Roestta中,采用抗性、菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆子。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:在步骤(5)中,采用Ni柱进行亲和层析纯化或分离纯化包涵体。
6.一种改性的鱼鳞明胶,其特征在于:由权利要求1~5任一所述的方法得到。
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