CN109477461B

CN109477461B - Analysis of wind turbine noise

Info

Publication number: CN109477461B
Application number: CN201780044303.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: M·古普塔
Original assignee: Vestas Wind Systems AS
Current assignee: Vestas Wind Systems AS
Priority date: 2016-05-18
Filing date: 2017-05-17
Publication date: 2021-09-07
Anticipated expiration: 2037-05-17
Also published as: WO2017198270A1; CN109477461A; EP3458712B1; ES2806874T3; US20200318611A1; US11125210B2; EP3458712A1

Abstract

The invention provides a method of analyzing wind turbine noise. The method includes acquiring (410) noise data representative of noise generated by the wind turbine, and acquiring (420) data from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine. The method also includes identifying (430) a region of interest in the noise data, the region of interest being a candidate region containing tonal noise generated by the wind turbine, and identifying (440) a vibration sensor whose data is correlated to the noise data of the region of interest. The method also includes determining (450) a threshold vibration level of the identified vibration sensor, the threshold being based on the vibration level in the area of interest detected by the identified vibration sensor, and determining (460) when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds the determined threshold.

Description

Analysis of wind turbine noise

Technical Field

The present invention relates to the analysis and control of noise emissions (noise emissions) from wind turbines, and more particularly to tonal noise emissions (tonal noise).

Background

Noise emissions from wind turbines are a well known problem and much work has been done on this. The procedure for measuring the acoustic noise of a wind turbine is described in the third edition of the international standard IEC 61400-11.

Noise emissions from wind turbines include mechanical noise, also known as structural noise (SBN), and aerodynamic noise. Mechanical noise includes noise generated by components within the nacelle, such as the wind turbine gearbox. Aerodynamic noise comes from the wind turbine blades and includes noise, for example, due to vortex shedding. Turbine blades may also radiate mechanical noise to the surrounding environment.

The frequency spectrum of the noise generated by the wind turbine includes broadband noise and noise of different frequencies. It is generally believed that noise of different frequencies, known as tonal noise, causes more interference to the neighbourhood of the wind turbine and is more likely to be subject to noise complaints. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict when a wind turbine will produce tonal noise, and when a neighbor of the wind turbine may hear the tonal noise, as this may depend on a variety of factors. This in turn makes it difficult to assess and take action on noise complaints of neighbors and to adjust the operation of the wind turbine to avoid or reduce tonal noise generation.

European patent document 2337952 describes a system and method for controlling noise emissions of wind turbines in a wind park. These methods include measuring wind speed and direction and using them to make a wind turbine noise emission model for predicting noise based on the geographical location of the turbine, the geographical location of the noise receiving point and the operating parameters of the wind turbine. The operation of the wind turbines in the wind park is controlled to prevent the predicted noise from exceeding a predetermined threshold. As set forth above, tonal noise is difficult to predict. Noise emission models such as that described in EP 2337952 are less effective for predicting tonal noise and identifying tonal noise events.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of analyzing noise emissions from a wind turbine, which method is effective for tonal noise, and a method of controlling the operation of a wind turbine to reduce or avoid tonal noise generation.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention is defined by the independent claims to which reference is now made. Preferred features are detailed in the dependent claims.

According to a first aspect of the invention, a method of analyzing wind turbine noise is provided. The method includes acquiring noise data representing noise generated by the wind turbine, and acquiring data from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine. The method further includes identifying a region of interest in the noise data, the region of interest being a candidate region containing tonal noise generated by the wind turbine, and identifying from the plurality of vibration sensors data obtained from the identified vibration sensors whose data is correlated with the noise data in the region of interest, may be used in a prediction of tonal noise emitted by the wind turbine, and may be used in a control strategy, for example by a turbine controller or wind park controller, to reduce tonal noise emissions or to record turbine operating data when a tonal event occurs.

Optionally, the method further comprises determining, for the identified vibration sensor, a relationship between vibration data and noise data of the identified vibration sensor. This relationship allows vibration data to be data indicative of tonal noise. The determination of such a relationship may include determining a threshold vibration level of the identified vibration sensor based on the vibration level in the area of interest detected by the identified vibration sensor, and determining when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds the determined threshold.

The identification of the vibration sensor may include identifying one or more vibration sensors, wherein data of each vibration sensor is correlated to noise data in the area of interest. The method may then further include determining a threshold vibration level in each identified vibration sensor, the threshold being based on the vibration level in the area of interest detected by the respective identified vibration sensor, and determining when the vibration level detected by each identified vibration sensor exceeds the respective determined threshold.

Although vibration in wind turbines causes noise, vibration level data is generally not well correlated with noise data representing audible noise far from the turbine, and thus vibration level data is not a direct indication of noise. This is due in part to the complex relationship between vibration and audible noise. In addition to the primary sources of vibration, there are secondary sources of vibration driven by the primary sources, tertiary sources driven by the secondary sources, and so forth. In some cases, non-primary sources may be more important, especially if the driving frequency corresponds to the resonant frequency of the driven source. In addition, vibrations from different sources and different frequencies will vary significantly in the extent to which they radiate as noise to the surroundings, as can the direction of propagation. Furthermore, how the sound radiates may vary significantly based on the operating parameters of the wind turbine (such as RPM, wind speed and wind direction).

However, the vibration level may correlate well with the audible noise level in a relatively narrow region of the noise data, especially if the noise includes different frequencies that stand out from broadband noise. Thus, by identifying a region of interest in the noise data that may correspond to tonal noise, and specifically associating vibrations in that region of interest with the noise, it is possible to use the level of vibrations in a particular vibration sensor channel as a predictor of tonal noise. By determining a predetermined vibration condition, such as a threshold vibration level of a vibration sensor channel for which correlation exists, subsequent possible tonal noise generation may be identified from the vibration data

In some embodiments, the method may further include obtaining wind turbine operating parameter data indicative of an operating parameter of the wind turbine, such as RPM, power output, torque, wind speed, and wind direction. The wind turbine operating parameter data may be used to determine a set of wind turbine operating parameters corresponding to the region of interest.

Where wind turbine operating parameter data has been acquired, the method may further comprise determining a range for a set of wind turbine parameters based on the wind turbine operating parameters in the region of interest. It may then be determined when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor meets predetermined criteria, such as exceeding a determined threshold vibration level and when a wind turbine operating parameter is within a determined range.

Tonal noise generation and audibility are found to vary significantly based on the operating parameters of the wind turbine. Thus, even though the vibration level of the identified sensor may be correlated with noise in the area of interest, the vibration level detected by the identified sensor alone may not be a reliable predictor of tonal noise production and/or audibility. By determining a set of wind turbine operating parameters related to vibration level and noise level, a more accurate prediction of tonal noise production and audibility may be made.

The region of interest may be identified by determining a change in the detected noise level indicative of tonal noise in the noise data. In some embodiments, the area of interest is identified by comparing a maximum noise level and a minimum noise level present in the noise data associated with the one or more wind turbine parameters. The one or more wind turbine parameters may be the RPM of the wind turbine. In this case, the region of interest may be an RPM range.

The method may further include time synchronizing the acquired noise data with the acquired vibration data and/or wind turbine operating parameter data if already acquired.

The method may further comprise determining a relationship between: a noise level, a vibration level of the identified vibration sensor, and one or more wind turbine operating parameters if wind turbine operating parameter data is available. The determined relationship may be used to estimate a noise level based on the identified vibration level of the vibration sensor or to predict a set of wind turbine operating parameters for which the wind turbine is likely to produce tonal noise.

The method may further include recording an event when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor meets a predetermined criterion (e.g., a criterion indicative of tonal noise being emitted). The predetermined criterion may be exceeding a determined threshold. Alternatively, an event may be recorded only when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor meets a predetermined condition and the wind turbine operating parameter is within a determined set of ranges. Events may also be logged in response to receiving a remote request. Such remote requests may be made by or in response to wind turbine neighbors experiencing wind turbine noise.

Recording the event may involve recording one or more times at which the event occurred, a duration of the event, a level of vibration detected by the vibration sensor at the time of the event, and one or more wind turbine operating parameters at the time of the event. The recorded events may be compared to additional data indicative of the noise level generated by the wind turbine obtained from alternative sources.

Logging events is advantageous because event logs can be used to assess noise complaints, for example. Assessing noise complaints associated with tonal noise has been a problem, in part because the production and audibility of tonal noise is highly unpredictable. However, by recording events, if a wind turbine neighbor submits a complaint about wind turbine noise at a particular time, it may be determined whether that time coincides with the recorded event. In the event that it coincides with a recorded event, one or more wind turbine operating parameters at the time of the event are known and may be used to determine future wind turbine operation. If the time of the noise complaint is not consistent with the recorded event, it may be used to determine if the threshold vibration level needs to be adjusted.

The location of the vibration sensor, which may be an accelerometer or strain gauge, may be one or more of a gearbox, a generator, a main bearing housing, a main frame, a tower top or a turbine blade root of the wind turbine. The vibration sensor may advantageously be positioned in the vicinity of a component of the wind turbine that may be expected to generate or conduct vibrations.

The vibration sensor may be a sensor associated with a Condition Monitoring System (CMS) associated with the turbomachine. The use of pre-existing CMS vibration sensors reduces the need to install new vibration sensors to implement the present invention.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises identifying one or more second sensors whose data is related to noise data outside the region of interest; determining a threshold vibration level for each of the one or more second vibration sensors, the threshold being based on the vibration level detected by the respective second vibration sensor; and determining when the vibration level detected by each second vibration sensor exceeds the threshold vibration level of that second vibration sensor. In such an embodiment, a relationship between the noise level, the vibration level detected by the respective second vibration sensor, and one or more wind turbine operating parameters where wind turbine operating parameter data has been acquired may be determined.

Although it is expected that the noise data will not generally correlate well with the vibration data, the correlations present therein may be used to determine a coarse threshold above which noise levels may be unacceptable. This is useful, especially in combination with more specific thresholds for predicting tonal noise production.

A controller for controlling a wind turbine or a wind power plant is also provided, the controller being configured to perform a method of analyzing wind turbine noise. The controller may be configured to send a notification to a remote user when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds the determined threshold. The notification may include recorded wind turbine operating parameters.

A wind turbine comprising such a controller and a wind power plant comprising such a controller are also provided.

A computer program is also provided which, when run on a computing device, performs a method of analyzing wind turbine noise.

Drawings

Embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a landscape with a wind power plant;

FIG. 2 illustrates a large modern wind turbine;

FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified cross-section of the nacelle from the side;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method of analyzing wind turbine noise;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of controlling a wind turbine to avoid tonal noise generation;

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary noise data and a method of identifying a region of interest in the noise data;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method of analyzing wind turbine noise; and

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method of controlling a wind turbine to avoid tonal noise generation.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 illustrates a wind power plant (1) comprising a plurality of wind turbines (10a, 10b, 10c) and an adjacent area (2) where wind turbine noise can be heard. For the purpose of the invention, the wind power plant (1) may have any number of wind turbines greater than or equal to 1, and the wind turbines may be wind turbine models known in the art.

In the vicinity of the neighbouring region (2), or on or near the respective wind turbine, there is a microphone (20) configured to capture noise data, including data representative of noise generated by one or more wind turbines (10a, 10b, 10c) of the wind power plant. The microphone captures noise data over a wide spectrum and a long period of time at a suitable sampling rate, for example according to the procedure described in the third edition of IEC 61400-11.

Noise data captured by the microphone is transmitted from the microphone (20) for analysis. For example, the noise data may be transmitted to one or more computers (not shown) that analyze the data for one or more wind turbines (10a, 10b, 10c) of the wind power plant and/or control the operation thereof. Such a computer may be internal or external to the wind power plant and may be associated with one or more wind turbines of the wind power plant. That is, each wind turbine may be associated with one or more dedicated computers, or multiple wind turbines may share one or more computers.

Although fig. 1 shows only one microphone (20), additional microphones may be present at other locations. For example, there may be one or more microphones per wind turbine. Noise data of the additional microphone may also be transmitted for analysis. The individual noise data channels may be processed separately or may be summed to produce a single noise data set. It should also be understood that while fig. 1 shows that the adjacent region (2) is a densely populated region, this is not required. The microphone(s) may simply be located at a known location at a known distance from the wind turbine.

As is known in the art, operating parameters of one or more wind turbines (10a, 10b, 10c) may also be measured by suitable sensors and recorded over time. For example, the RPM, power output, torque, and/or blade pitch angle of the wind turbine may be recorded over time. Wind speed and/or wind direction at the wind turbine may also be recorded over time. Wind turbine operating parameter data representative of any of these parameters may be transmitted for analysis. For example, wind turbine operating parameter data may be communicated to the computer(s) to which the noise data is communicated.

Fig. 2 illustrates a large modern wind turbine (10) known in the art, comprising a tower (11) and a wind turbine nacelle (13) located on top of the tower. The wind turbine blades (15) of the turbine rotor (12) are mounted on a common hub (14) which is connected to the nacelle (13) by a low speed shaft extending from the nacelle front. A wind turbine blade (15) of a turbine rotor (12) is connected to a hub (14) by a pitch bearing (16) such that the blade is rotatable about its longitudinal axis. The pitch angle of the blades (15) may then be controlled by linear actuators, stepper motors or other means for rotating the blades. The illustrated wind turbine (10) has three turbine blades (15), but it should be understood that the wind turbine may have other numbers of blades, such as one, two, four, five or more blades.

Fig. 3 illustrates a simplified cross-section of the nacelle (13) of the wind turbine (10) seen from the side. There are many variations and configurations of the nacelle (13), but in most cases it comprises one or more of the following components: a gearbox (131), a coupling (not shown), some kind of braking system (132) and a generator (133). The nacelle may also include a converter (134) (also referred to as an inverter) and additional peripheral devices, such as other power handling equipment, control cabinets, hydraulic systems, cooling systems, and the like.

According to an embodiment of the invention, vibration sensors are positioned at different locations around the wind turbine (10) to capture vibration data representing vibration levels at the respective locations. The vibration sensor is an accelerometer, strain gauge or other sensor known in the art suitable for measuring vibration levels. There may be any number of vibration sensors, typically ten, fifteen, twenty or more vibration sensors.

The vibration sensor may be positioned at any location around the wind turbine (10), but is preferably located in the vicinity of a component of the wind turbine that may be expected to generate or conduct vibrations. For example, the vibration sensor may be positioned on any one or more components of the nacelle (13) mentioned above. The vibration sensor may additionally or alternatively be positioned near one or more of the main bearing housing, main frame, tower top or blade root.

Vibration data from a plurality of vibration sensors is transmitted from the vibration sensors for analysis. For example, the vibration data may be transmitted to the same computer(s) to which the noise data is transmitted.

In some embodiments, the vibration sensor is a vibration sensor associated with a Condition Monitoring System (CMS) associated with one or more wind turbines (10). Some known wind turbines are associated with CMSs, which monitor vibration levels of components of the wind turbine to predict possible component failures. In such a case, such a vibration sensor may be used to provide vibration data for the present invention. Additionally or alternatively, one or more vibration sensors not associated with the CMS may be used to acquire vibration data.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method (400) of analyzing wind turbine noise according to one aspect of the invention. The analysis is performed in one or more computers, which may be internal or external to the wind power plant and may be associated with one or more of the wind turbines. The one or more computers may be or may be in communication with a controller for controlling the wind turbine or the wind power plant.

Noise data representing noise generated by the wind turbine is acquired in step 410. Noise data is acquired by one or more microphones positioned to capture noise generated by one or more wind turbines of a wind power plant, as described above with reference to fig. 1.

In step 420, vibration data is acquired from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine. The vibration sensor captures vibration data representing the vibration level at the respective location, as described above with reference to fig. 3.

In step 430, regions of interest in the noisy data are identified. The region of interest is a candidate region of the noise data that is deemed to contain tonal noise generated by the wind turbine. This is typically the region of the noisy data where the detected noise level increases dramatically. For example, the area of interest may be identified by determining a detected change in noise level in the noise data. An exemplary method of identifying a region of interest will be described in more detail below with reference to fig. 6, and other methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

In step 440, a vibration sensor is identified whose vibration level data correlates with noise data in the region of interest. Identifying such sensors involves comparing noise data and vibration level data in the region of interest, and may involve standard data correlation techniques. To compare the noise data and the vibration level data, it may be necessary to first time synchronize the noise data and the vibration level data. In the case where there is a correlation between the vibration data and the noise data in the region of interest of more than one vibration sensor, the vibration sensor whose data has the best correlation may be selected. Alternatively, multiple vibration sensors may be identified. For example, a correlation value representing a correlation strength between the noise data and the vibration level data may be calculated, and the vibration sensor having the largest correlation value or the vibration sensor having a correlation value exceeding a predetermined value may be identified.

In step 450, a vibration level threshold for the identified vibration sensor is determined. Where more than one vibration sensor is identified in step 440, a vibration level threshold may be determined for each identified vibration sensor. The vibration level threshold is based on the vibration level in the area of interest detected by the identified vibration sensor and may be determined in any number of ways. For example, the threshold vibration level may be determined to be equal to a vibration level detected by the identified sensor when the noise data exceeds a predetermined noise level threshold. As another example, the threshold may be defined as a difference between a maximum vibration level and a minimum vibration level in the area of interest detected by the identified vibration sensor.

Finally, in step 460, it is determined when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds the determined vibration level threshold. Where more than one vibration sensor is identified in step 440 and more than one vibration level threshold is determined in step 450, it may be determined when any one or a combination of more than one of the determined thresholds is exceeded.

In general, when a sensor is identified that correlates well with noisy data, the data from the sensor may be used for various purposes. In particular, the sensor data may be considered to be indicative of output noise, in particular tonal noise, and this may be used in a subsequent control strategy, data logging strategy or notification strategy, whereby the sensor data is used for controlling other functions within the wind turbine or in external systems. Other techniques than the recognition threshold may be used instead, so steps 450 and 460 are optional. As an example, the identified sensor data may be reported to other systems (internal or external to the turbine control system or wind park control system) to be used as a substitute for the noise data. Typically, a turbine controller, wind park controller, or other system may take action when sensor data meets one or more predetermined conditions indicating that tonal noise is occurring.

Optionally, an event is recorded when it is determined that the level of vibration detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds a threshold, or triggered by vibration sensor data meeting a predetermined condition. Events may also be logged in response to receiving a remote request. Such remote requests may be made by or in response to wind turbine neighbors experiencing wind turbine noise. Logging an event may include logging a time exceeding a threshold value, a duration exceeding a threshold value, and one or more wind turbine operating parameters, such as RPM, power output, torque, blade pitch angle, wind speed, or wind direction. The vibration level detected by one or more vibration sensors may also be recorded.

Recording events is advantageous because the recorded data can be compared to additional data indicative of the noise level from alternative sources produced by the wind turbine. For example, if a wind turbine neighbor submits a complaint about wind turbine noise at a particular time, it may be determined whether the time coincides with a recorded event. In the event that it coincides with a recorded event, one or more wind turbine operating parameters at the time of the event are known and may be used to determine future wind turbine operation. If the time of the noise complaint is not consistent with the recorded event, it may be used to determine if the threshold vibration level needs to be adjusted.

The one or more computers may be configured to send a notification to a remote user when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds the determined threshold. The notification may include recorded parameters, such as a time to exceed a threshold value, a duration of time to exceed a threshold value, and/or one or more wind turbine operating parameters.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method (500) of controlling a wind turbine to avoid tonal noise generation in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. The wind turbines are controlled by a wind turbine controller associated with one or more wind turbines of a wind power plant. The steps of the method may be performed in the controller or may be performed separately between the controller and one or more computers in communication with the controller.

In step 510, noise data representing noise generated by the wind turbine is acquired, as explained above with respect to FIG. 1 and step 410 of method 400.

In step 520, vibration data is acquired from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine, as described above with respect to fig. 3 and step 420 of method 400.

In step 530, regions of interest in the noisy data are identified. The region of interest may be identified in the same manner as described above with respect to step 430 of method 400, and as explained in more detail below with reference to fig. 6.

In step 540, a vibration sensor is identified whose vibration level data correlates with the noise data in the region of interest. The vibration sensor may be identified in the same manner as described above with respect to step 440 of method 400.

In step 550, a vibration level threshold for the identified vibration sensor is determined. The vibration level threshold may be determined in the same manner as described above with respect to step 450 of method 400.

Finally, in step 560, one or more wind turbine operating parameters are adjusted in response to the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeding the determined vibration level threshold. Where more than one vibration sensor is identified in step 540 and more than one vibration level threshold is determined in step 550, one or more wind turbine operating parameters may be adjusted in response to any one or a combination of one or more of the vibration levels detected in the respective identified vibration sensors exceeding the respective determined vibration level threshold.

The one or more wind turbine operating parameters that are adjusted may be one or more of an RPM of the wind turbine, a power output of the wind turbine, a torque produced, and a blade pitch angle of the wind turbine blades.

The wind turbine operating parameters are adjusted to reduce or avoid tonal noise generation by the wind turbine. The adjustment may further take into account a predetermined operating envelope that satisfies one or more predetermined operating constraints. In particular, the operating envelope may be individually defined for the embodiments described herein to account for one or more constraints, such as air noise constraints, wear constraints, load constraints, and power output constraints. Such constraints may depend on, for example, time of day (there may be additional air noise constraints at night) and wind speed. One or more operating parameters may be adjusted to reduce or avoid tonal noise generation while still remaining within the operating envelope, and one or more operating parameters may also be adjusted to maximize energy production while remaining within the operating range.

Referring now to

methods

400 and 500, optionally, the method (400, 500) further includes obtaining wind turbine operating parameter data indicative of an operating parameter of the wind turbine, such as RPM, power output, torque, blade pitch angle, wind direction, and wind speed. These parameters are measured by suitable sensors, as described above with reference to fig. 1.

Where wind turbine operating parameter data is acquired, the method (400, 500) may further include determining a set of one or more operating parameters from the operating parameter data from the region of interest. The method may also involve determining a set of operating parameter ranges corresponding to the region of interest in the noisy data. For example, for a given region of interest, the extreme values of the range of operating parameters may correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the operating parameter in the region of interest.

Where a set of operating parameter ranges is determined,

steps

460 and 560 of

methods

400 and 500 may be modified to determine when to adjust one or more wind turbine operating parameters, or to adjust one or more wind turbine operating parameters when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds a determined threshold and one or more wind turbine operating parameters are simultaneously detected to be within the determined set of operating parameters. Similarly, an event is recorded only when the vibration level detected by the identified sensor exceeds a determined threshold and one or more wind turbine operating parameters are detected to be within a determined set of operating parameters.

Optionally, the method (400, 500) further comprises determining a relationship between the noise level, the vibration level of the identified vibration sensor, and one or more wind turbine operating parameters if relevant data has been acquired. The determined relationship may be used to predict a set of wind turbine operating parameters for which the wind turbine is likely to produce tonal noise.

In some embodiments, the noise data and the wind turbine operating parameter data are combined to produce data representing noise generated by the wind turbine as a function of one or more wind turbine operating parameters. This may require time synchronization of the noise data and the wind turbine operating parameter data. Regions of interest in the noise data may then be identified from the combined data, in which case the operating parameter range(s) may be determined as the range(s) of operating parameters used to define the region of interest. For example, in some embodiments, noise data is combined with RPM data to give data representing noise generated by the wind turbine as a function of or related to the RPM of the wind turbine. The region of interest may then be determined from this data, in which case the region of interest in the noise data would correspond to a range of RPM values.

FIG. 6 shows exemplary noise data and illustrates a method of identifying a region of interest in the noise data according to an embodiment of the invention.

As can be seen in fig. 6, the measured sound pressure representing the noise is plotted on the vertical axis and the RPM of the turbine is plotted on the horizontal axis. Two curves are shown: a solid curve (610) representing the maximum measured sound pressure as a function of RPM and a dashed curve (620) representing the minimum measured sound pressure as a function of RPM. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, such a data set may be created by combining various time-synchronized sound pressure and RPM data obtained at different time periods.

Typically, the deviation between the maximum measured sound pressure (510) and the minimum measured sound pressure (620) is relatively small. However, at the RPM value, RPM, indicated by block (630)₁And RPM₂In the region in between, there is a large deviation between the maximum measured sound pressure and the minimum measured sound pressure. When the RPM of the wind turbine is at RPM₁And RPM₂Such a deviation may indicate that the wind turbine is producing tonal noise. The RPM may then be adjusted₁And RPM₂The RPM range in between is identified as the region of interest in the noisy data.

Determining RPM₁And RPM₂The values of (A) may relate to determining a maximum measured noise (sound pressure) and a minimum measured noiseThe deviation between (sound pressures) exceeds the RPM value of the predetermined threshold. Or, RPM₁And RPM₂May be an RPM value between which the average change between the maximum measured noise and the minimum measured noise exceeds a predetermined threshold. As another example, the noise data may be analyzed to determine the RPM interval in the data where the tone is most pronounced, for example according to the IEC 61400-11 standard. Other ways of determining the RPM value will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

While the method of identifying regions of interest in noisy data has been described with respect to RPM data, other wind turbine operating parameters may also be used. For example, a data set representing the noise level as a function of blade pitch angle, wind speed, torque, or any other operational parameter may be used.

Alternatively, as explained above with reference to fig. 4 and 5, the regions of interest in the noise data may be identified without using any wind turbine operating parameter data. For example, a sharp increase in noise data, or only a very high noise level at a particular frequency, may instruct the wind turbine to begin emitting tonal noise at a time corresponding to the sharp increase or very high noise level.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method (700) of analyzing wind turbine noise in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. Similar to the method 400, the analysis is performed in one or more computers, which may be internal or external to the wind power plant and may be associated with one or more of the wind turbines. The one or more computers may be or may be in communication with a controller for controlling the wind turbine or the wind power plant.

Steps

710 and 720 correspond to

steps

410 and 420 of method 400, in which noise data representing noise generated by the wind turbine and vibration data from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine are acquired.

In step 730, which may be performed in addition to

steps

430 and 440, a second vibration sensor is identified whose vibration level data is generally correlated to noise data. That is, in addition to identifying one or more sensors whose data is specifically correlated with the region of interest of the noisy data, one or more sensors whose data is correlated over a wide range are also identified. Where step 730 is performed in addition to

steps

430 and 440 of method 400, step 730 may involve identifying one or more second vibration sensors whose vibration level data is correlated to noise data outside the area identified in step 420. Data from the identified second vibration sensor may be used to determine a level of noise emitted by the wind turbine.

In step 740, which may be performed in addition to step 450, a vibration level threshold is determined for each identified second vibration sensor. The vibration level threshold is based on the vibration level detected by the respective identified second vibration sensor and may be determined in any number of ways. For example, the threshold vibration level of the identified second vibration sensor may be determined to be equal to the vibration level detected by the identified sensor when the noise data exceeds the predetermined noise level threshold. As another example, the threshold may be equal to a maximum vibration level or a minimum vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor.

Finally, in step 750, which may be performed in addition to step 460, it is determined when the vibration level detected by the identified second vibration sensor exceeds the vibration level threshold determined for the second vibration sensor.

Likewise, when a second sensor is identified that correlates well with noisy data, the data from that sensor is typically available for various purposes. In particular, the sensor data may be considered to be indicative of output noise, in particular tonal noise, and this may be used in a subsequent control strategy, data logging strategy or notification strategy, whereby the sensor data is used for controlling other functions within the wind turbine or in external systems. Other techniques than identifying the threshold may be used instead, so steps 740 and 750 are optional. As an example, the identified sensor data may be reported to another system (internal or external to the turbine control system or wind park control system) to be used as a substitute for the noise data. Typically, a turbine controller, wind farm controller, or other system may take action when sensor data meets one or more predetermined conditions that indicate the level of noise that is occurring. The second sensor data may be used in conjunction with the first sensor data.

It should be understood that the optional steps described above with respect to

methods

400 and 500, such as determining wind turbine operating parameter ranges, recording events, and determining a relationship between noise levels and identified vibration levels and operating parameters of the sensors, may also be applied to the steps of method 700.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method (800) of controlling a wind turbine to avoid tonal noise generation in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. As with the previous methods, the wind turbine may be controlled by a wind turbine controller associated with one or more wind turbines of a wind power plant, and the wind turbine may be any wind turbine as previously described. The steps of the method may be performed in the controller or may be performed separately between the controller and one or more computers in communication with the controller.

In step 810, a noise level generated by the wind turbine is estimated based on a vibration level detected by a first vibration sensor positioned at a first location around the wind turbine. The first vibration sensor may be the vibration sensor identified in

steps

440 or 540 of

methods

400 and 500, and the level of noise generated by the wind turbine may be estimated in response to the level of vibration detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeding the threshold determined in

steps

450 and 500 of

methods

400 and 500. The determined relationship between the noise level, the identified vibration level in the vibration sensor, and optionally one or more wind turbine operating parameters may be used for the estimation. In some cases, step 810 may further involve converting the noise estimate based on the detected vibration level to an estimate of tonal audibility according to the method described in section 9.5 of the third edition of IEC standard 61400-11.

In optional step 820, noise estimation is performed on one or more additional vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine based on the vibration levels detected by the respective vibration sensors. The one or more additional vibration sensors may be the additional vibration sensors identified in

steps

440 and 540, and/or may be the vibration sensors identified in step 730 of method 700. The estimation may be based on the determined relationship of the one or more additional vibration sensors.

In optional step 830, a weighted re-summation of the noise estimates obtained in

steps

810 and 820 is obtained. In some embodiments, the respective weights used in the weighted sums are all equal to 1. In other embodiments, the respective weights are based on a strength of correlation between the noise data and the vibration data of the respective vibration sensors, particularly in the regions of interest of

methods

400 and 500. Employing weighted re-summing of noise estimates corresponding to multiple vibration sensors may yield improved noise estimates that better account for and include secondary and tertiary noise sources, and that better describe the mode morphology with respect to pitch.

In step 840, one or more wind turbine operating parameters are adjusted if the weighted summations of the noise estimates exceed a predetermined threshold. Without performing

optional steps

820 and 830, one or more wind turbine operating parameters are adjusted if a noise estimate for the noise estimate with respect to the first vibration sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold. Step 840 may be performed in addition to or instead of step 560 of method 500.

Typically, turbine noise data used to correlate vibration sensor data with noise has been described above as being detected using one or more microphones. However, for the avoidance of doubt, the noise data may be obtained from other sources and therefore no microphone is required. For example, the noise data may be calculated using one or more noise emission models of the wind turbine, many of which are known in the art. The model may take as input one or more turbine parameters or wind farm parameters and provide as output noise data indicative of the volume and frequency of emitted noise at different distances from the wind turbine.

The foregoing describes several embodiments with various optional features. It will be understood that combinations of one or more of the optional features are possible, in addition to any mutually exclusive feature.

Claims

1. A method of analyzing wind turbine noise, the method comprising:

obtaining noise data representing noise generated by a wind turbine;

obtaining vibration data from a plurality of vibration sensors positioned at different locations around the wind turbine, the vibration data representing vibration levels at respective locations around the wind turbine;

identifying a region of interest in the noise data, the region of interest being a candidate region containing tonal noise generated by the wind turbine; and

identifying a vibration sensor whose data is correlated to the noise data in the region of interest.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising using data from the identified vibration sensor to determine tonal noise emitted by the wind turbine.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the method further comprises:

determining a threshold vibration level for the identified vibration sensor, the threshold being based on the vibration level in the area of interest detected by the identified vibration sensor; and

determining when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds a determined threshold.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the region of interest is identified by determining a change in a detected noise level indicative of tonal noise in the noise data.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the area of interest is identified by comparing a maximum noise level and a minimum noise level present in the noise data associated with one or more wind turbine parameters.

6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the one or more wind turbine parameters are one or more of RPM, torque, wind speed and blade pitch angle.

7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the method further comprises:

determining a relationship between a noise level of the region of interest and a vibration level of the identified vibration sensor.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

obtaining wind turbine operating parameter data indicative of an operating parameter of the wind turbine; and

a set of wind turbine operating parameters corresponding to the region of interest is determined.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:

determining a relationship between a noise level of the region of interest, a vibration level of the identified vibration sensor, and the wind turbine operating parameter.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:

using the determined relationship to predict a set of wind turbine operating parameters for which the wind turbine is likely to produce tonal noise.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:

determining a range for a set of wind turbine operating parameters based on the determined set of wind turbine operating parameters for the region of interest; and

determining when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor meets a predetermined criterion and when the wind turbine operating parameter is within a determined set of ranges.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising recording an event when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor meets a predetermined criteria.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising recording an event in response to receiving a remote request.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: recording a subsequent event when it is determined that the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds a determined threshold and the wind turbine operating parameter is within the determined set of ranges.

15. The method of any of claims 12 to 14, wherein recording an event comprises recording a time at which the event occurred, a duration of the event, and recording wind turbine operating parameters at the time of the event.

16. A method according to any of claims 12 to 14, further comprising comparing the recorded data with additional data indicative of the level of noise generated by the wind turbine obtained from alternative sources.

17. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising time synchronizing the acquired noise data with the acquired vibration data.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising time synchronizing the acquired noise data with one or more wind turbine operating parameters.

19. The method of claim 8, wherein the wind turbine operating parameters include one or more of RPM, power output, torque, wind speed, wind direction, and blade pitch angle.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the region of interest is an RPM range.

21. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vibration sensor is an accelerometer and/or a strain gauge.

22. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vibration sensor is associated with a condition monitoring system associated with the wind turbine.

23. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the different locations comprise one or more of a gearbox, a generator, a main bearing housing, a main frame, a tower top and a turbine blade root.

24. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

identifying a second vibration sensor whose data is correlated with noise data outside the region of interest.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising using data from the identified second vibration sensor to determine tonal noise emitted by the wind turbine.

26. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising:

determining a threshold vibration level of the second vibration sensor, the threshold being based on the vibration level detected by the second vibration sensor; and

determining when the vibration level detected by the second vibration sensor exceeds the threshold vibration level.

27. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising:

a relationship between a noise level and a vibration level of the second vibration sensor is determined.

28. The method of claim 24 or 25, further comprising:

wind turbine operating parameter data representing a set of operating parameters of the wind turbine is acquired.

29. The method of claim 28, further comprising:

a relationship of a noise level, a vibration level of the second vibration sensor and an operating parameter of the wind turbine is determined.

30. A controller for controlling a wind turbine or a wind power plant, the controller being configured to perform the method according to any of claims 1 to 29.

31. The controller of claim 30, wherein the controller is further configured to send a notification to a remote user when the vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor indicates that tonal noise is emitted.

32. The controller of claim 31 when configured to perform the method of claim 3 or 26, wherein a notification is sent to the remote user when a vibration level detected by the identified vibration sensor exceeds a determined threshold.

33. A controller according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the notification comprises recorded wind turbine operating parameters.

34. A wind turbine comprising a controller according to any of claims 30 to 33.

35. A wind power plant comprising a controller according to any of claims 30 to 33.