CN109396429B - A method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel - Google Patents
A method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于金属激光增材制造领域，具体为一种改善激光增材制造合金结构钢组织和力学性能方法，适用于各种复杂结构的合金钢构件激光沉积组织和力学性能的改善。采用与合金结构钢粉末相同粒度的不锈钢一种或几种粉末，通过球磨机均匀混合一定比例于合金结构钢粉末中，在真空手套箱中用同步送粉方法进行激光沉积，沉积过程中用一定流量的氩气保护激光沉积作用区，纯净激光作用区并提高凝固速率。本发明实现激光沉积合金结构钢组织致密均匀，孔洞、裂纹及夹杂物缺陷完全消除的激光增材制造，同时激光沉积层力学性能显著提高，为激光增材制造合金钢结构件方面提供沉积组织结构及力学性能优化的解决方案。
The invention belongs to the field of metal laser additive manufacturing, in particular to a method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy structural steel produced by laser additive manufacturing, which is suitable for improving the laser deposition microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy steel components with various complex structures. One or several powders of stainless steel with the same particle size as the alloy structural steel powder are used, and a certain proportion is uniformly mixed into the alloy structural steel powder by a ball mill. Laser deposition is carried out in a vacuum glove box by synchronous powder feeding. During the deposition process, a certain flow rate is used. The argon gas protects the laser deposition zone, purifies the laser zone and increases the solidification rate. The invention realizes the laser additive manufacturing in which the laser deposition alloy structural steel is dense and uniform, and the defects of holes, cracks and inclusions are completely eliminated; meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the laser deposition layer are significantly improved, and the deposition structure is provided for the laser additive manufacturing of the alloy steel structural parts. and solutions for optimizing mechanical properties.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metal laser additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to a method for improving the structure and mechanical property of alloy structural steel manufactured by laser additive manufacturing, which is suitable for improving the laser deposition structure and mechanical property of alloy steel components with various complex structures.
Background
The alloy structural steel is used as a metal material widely applied in modern industry, has good hardenability, easily achieves good mechanical properties and the like after proper heat treatment, and is widely used for manufacturing high-performance components with larger sizes and complex structures. For example: large-size high-performance structural parts in the field of gravity point engineering such as a camshaft of a nuclear emergency diesel engine and a brake disc of a high-speed rail train. The application potential of the alloy structural steel part in various fields mainly depends on the compactness and the uniformity of the internal structure of a large-size component and the comprehensive optimization of mechanical properties.
At present, large-size structural steel parts with complex shapes in China are mainly produced by casting, but the casting yield is low, about 30%, the mechanical property of finished products is poor, the service life of the parts is low, the industrial requirements of fast development of nuclear power, high-speed rail and the like are difficult to meet, the application of the structural steel parts in the industrial field of China is severely restricted, the large-size structural steel parts (such as nuclear power camshafts and high-speed rail brake discs) in China are mainly imported, and the value of the parts is high.
The laser deposition additive manufacturing is a new manufacturing technology, high-power laser is used as a heat source, raw materials such as wires or powder and the like which are synchronously conveyed are fused and accumulated layer by layer through laser, additive manufacturing is realized, energy input, manufacturing size and the like can be accurately controlled, and the forming manufacturing of metal parts with any complex shapes is realized. The laser additive manufacturing technology can realize accurate three-dimensional deposition, and has the specific advantages of high efficiency, low cost, high quality, high performance and the like when manufacturing high-performance structural steel with a complex structure. Therefore, the research on the laser melting deposition manufacturing method of the alloy steel part has important practical value and theoretical significance for new product development, performance improvement and independent manufacturing of key parts in China.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of structural defects and poor mechanical properties in the laser deposition manufacturing of large-size high-performance structural steel parts, the invention aims to provide a method for improving the structure and the mechanical properties of alloy structural steel manufactured by laser additive manufacturing, which utilizes mixed stainless steel powder to improve the self-fluxing property of alloy steel powder and obtain the compact, uniform and good comprehensive mechanical properties of the alloy steel laser deposition structure.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for improving the structure and mechanical property of laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel comprises the following process steps:
adopting structural steel and stainless steel powder with the same granularity, respectively taking one or more than two kinds of stainless steel powder to perform ball milling treatment according to a proportion, uniformly mixing the powder into the structural steel powder, drying the mixed powder at the temperature of 50-120 ℃, and cooling to room temperature after drying; selecting a substrate according to deposited target steel powder, selecting a light beam with a light spot to perform laser deposition treatment on the substrate in a vacuum glove box environment by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding deposition mode, and simultaneously covering a laser action area with protective gas to purify the laser action area and improve the solidification rate.
The structural steel powder has the granularity of 100-300 meshes, the sphericity of more than or equal to 90 percent and the oxygen content of more than or equal to 500 PPM.
The stainless steel powder is one or more than two of martensitic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel or duplex stainless steel powder, the granularity is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 90%, and the oxygen content is less than or equal to 500 PPM.
One or more than two kinds of stainless steel powder account for not more than 50wt% of the mixed steel powder, and the total weight of the mixed steel powder is 100%.
The drying treatment is to place the mixed powder in a drying oven for more than 0.5 hour.
The substrate has better wettability and welding performance with alloy structural steel.
The vacuum glove box environment H2O≤200PPM、O2≤200PPM。
The technological parameters of the laser deposition are as follows:
continuous laser irradiation with laser power of 300-2000W and power density of 104～106W/cm2The scanning speed is 2-15 mm/s, the lapping amount is 30-70%, and the irradiation light spot phi is 1-5 mm;
the powder feeding mode is coaxial argon powder feeding, the powder feeding speed is 5-25 g/min, inert gas argon is adopted for protection, and the flow of protective gas is 5-20L/min.
The laser deposited by laser is fiber laser, semiconductor laser and CO2YAG laser or Nd.
The alloy structural steel powder treated by the method has uniform and compact structure after laser deposition, completely eliminates holes, cracks and inclusion defects, simultaneously has deposition hardness of HV 300-HV 450, tensile strength of 700-1200 MPa and elongation of 10-60%.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the method for improving the structure and the mechanical property of the alloy structural steel manufactured by the laser additive manufacturing process enables the optimization of the laser deposition structure of the alloy structural steel and the improvement of the comprehensive mechanical property, completely eliminates the defects of compactness and uniformity of the laser deposition structure, holes, cracks and the like, obviously improves the mechanical property of a deposition layer, saves the manufacturing cost by the laser deposition method of mixing the powder according to a certain proportion, and provides a solution which gives consideration to the deposition structure property and is reliable and economical in the aspect of manufacturing the steel structural member by the laser additive manufacturing process.
3. The invention effectively overcomes the defect of poor self-fluxing property of the alloy structural steel powder and improves the utilization rate of the laser deposition of the alloy steel powder.
4. The process can mix stainless steel powder with different proportions and different types into the structural steel powder for laser deposition, and can realize deposition of mechanical properties with different hardness and stretching.
Drawings
FIGS. 1(a) - (b) are laser additive manufacturing alloy steel powder microstructures;
FIGS. 2(a) - (b) are alloy steel microstructures of laser deposited mixed stainless steel powder;
FIG. 3 is a graph of hardness profiles of laser deposited alloyed structural steel and hybrid alloy steel powders;
fig. 4 is a drawing curve of laser deposited alloyed structural steel and mixed alloyed steel powders.
Detailed Description
In the specific implementation process, the structural steel and the multiple stainless steel powders with the same granularity are adopted, one or more stainless steel powders are respectively taken and ball-milled according to a certain proportion and are uniformly mixed into the alloy structural steel powder, then the mixed powder is dried, after the drying treatment is finished, the mixed powder is cooled to room temperature, in the environment of a vacuum glove box, a synchronous powder feeding deposition mode is adopted, a light beam with a light spot is selected to carry out laser deposition treatment on a proper substrate, meanwhile, protective gas is used for covering a laser action area, and the reduced inclusion generation and the solidification speed of the action area are controlled at the same time.
The following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is provided for the purpose of illustration and description, and is in no way intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
In the embodiment, the method for improving the structure and the mechanical property of the laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel comprises the following specific steps:
1. the granularity of the alloy structural steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 93%, and the oxygen content is more than or equal to 500 PPM; the granularity of the stainless steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 95%, and the purity of the chemical components is less than or equal to 500 PPM.
2. Taking Cr12Ni2The stainless steel powder is mixed into the alloy steel 12CrNi2 powder according to the weight ratio of Cr12Ni2:12CrNi2 to 1: 2.
3. Drying treatment of mixed powder: the temperature is 100 ℃ multiplied by 1.5 h.
4. Depositing a matrix: 12CrNi2 alloy structural steel.
5. Laser deposition vacuum glove box environment: h2O、O2≤50PPM。
6. The technological parameters of laser deposition are as follows: continuous laser irradiation with laser power of 900W and power density of 105W/cm2Scanning speed is 10mm/s, lap joint quantity is 50%, and irradiation light spot phi is 2 mm; the laser coaxial argon gas powder feeding is carried out, the powder feeding speed is 7g/min, the argon gas protection is adopted, and the flow of the protective gas is 16L/min.
7. A laser: 3000W semiconductor laser.
As shown in fig. 1(a) - (b), as seen from the structural diagram of the laser-deposited original structural steel powder structure, the deposited structure has more holes and crack defects.
As shown in FIGS. 2(a) - (b), the structure of the structural steel powder processed by the method is uniform and compact after laser deposition, and deposited holes and crack defects are completely eliminated.
As shown in FIG. 3, it can be seen from the hardness distribution of the laser-deposited alloy structural steel and the mixed alloy steel powder that the deposited structure hardness of the mixed structural steel powder can reach HV420, while the deposited hardness of the structural steel is only HV 240.
As shown in FIG. 4, it can be seen from the tensile curves of the laser deposited alloy structural steel and the mixed alloy steel powder that the tensile strength of the mixed structural steel powder after deposition can reach 720MPa, the tensile strength is improved by 20%, the elongation is improved by 55%, and the elongation is improved by 4.5 times.
Example 2
In the embodiment, the method for improving the structure and the mechanical property of the laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel comprises the following specific steps:
1. the granularity of the alloy structural steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 93%, and the oxygen content is more than or equal to 500 PPM; the granularity of the stainless steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 95%, and the purity of the chemical components is less than or equal to 500 PPM.
2. Taking Cr12Ni2 and 316L stainless steel powder, and mixing the stainless steel powder into alloy steel 12CrNi2 powder according to the weight ratio of Cr12Ni2:316L:12CrNi 2: 1: 4.
3. Drying treatment of mixed powder: the temperature is 80 ℃ multiplied by 3.0 h.
4. Depositing a matrix: 12CrNi2 alloy structural steel.
5. Laser deposition vacuum glove box environment: h2O、O2≤50PPM。
6. The technological parameters of laser deposition are as follows: continuous laser irradiation with laser power of 1200W and power density of 2 × 105W/cm2The scanning speed is 5mm/s, the lapping amount is 40%, and the irradiation light spot phi is 3 mm; the laser coaxial argon powder feeding is carried out at the powder feeding speed of 10g/min under the protection of argon gas, and the flow rate of protective gas is 8L/min.
7. A laser: 3000W fiber laser.
In the embodiment, the structural steel powder treated by the method has uniform and compact structure after laser deposition, and deposited holes and crack defects are completely eliminated. According to the hardness distribution of the laser deposition alloy structural steel and the mixed alloy steel powder, the deposition hardness can reach HV450, the tensile strength can reach 810MPa, and the elongation can reach 46%.
Example 3
In the embodiment, the method for improving the structure and the mechanical property of the laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel comprises the following specific steps:
1. the granularity of the alloy structural steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 93%, and the oxygen content is more than or equal to 500 PPM; the granularity of the stainless steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 95%, and the purity of the chemical components is less than or equal to 500 PPM.
2. Cr12Ni2, 316L and 1Cr13 stainless steel powder are mixed into alloy steel 12CrNi2 powder according to the weight ratio of Cr12Ni2:316L:1Cr13:12CrNi 2: 1:1: 6.
3. Drying treatment of mixed powder: the temperature is 120 ℃ multiplied by 2.0 h.
4. Depositing a matrix: 12CrNi2 alloy structural steel.
5. Laser deposition vacuum glove box environment: h2O、O2≤50PPM。
6. The technological parameters of laser deposition are as follows: laser continuous irradiation, laser power of 1500W, power density of 3 × 105W/cm2The scanning speed is 12mm/s, the lapping amount is 60 percent, and the irradiation light spot phi is 4 mm; the laser coaxial argon powder feeding is carried out at the powder feeding speed of 15g/min under the protection of argon gas, and the flow of protective gas is 12L/min.
7. A laser: 3000W CO2A laser.
In the embodiment, the structural steel powder treated by the method has uniform and compact structure after laser deposition, and deposited holes and crack defects are completely eliminated. According to the hardness distribution of the laser deposition alloy structural steel and the mixed alloy steel powder, the deposition hardness can reach HV380, the tensile strength can reach 1020MPa, and the elongation can reach 28%.
Example 4
In the embodiment, the method for improving the structure and the mechanical property of the laser additive manufacturing alloy structural steel comprises the following specific steps:
1. the granularity of the alloy structural steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 93%, and the oxygen content is more than or equal to 500 PPM; the granularity of the stainless steel powder is 100-300 meshes, the sphericity is more than or equal to 95%, and the purity of the chemical components is less than or equal to 500 PPM.
2. Taking Cr12Ni2, 316L, 1Cr13 and 17-4PH stainless steel powder, and mixing the stainless steel powder according to the weight ratio of Cr12Ni2:316L:1Cr13, 17-4PH:12CrNi2 ═ 1:1:1:1:8 by weight ratio, were mixed into alloy steel 12CrNi2 powder.
3. Drying treatment of mixed powder: the temperature is 90 ℃ multiplied by 2.5 h.
4. Depositing a matrix: 12CrNi2 alloy structural steel.
5. Laser deposition vacuum glove box environment: h2O、O2≤50PPM。
6. The technological parameters of laser deposition are as follows: laser continuous irradiation with laser power of 600W and power density of 5 × 105W/cm2The scanning speed is 12mm/s, the lapping amount is 35%, and the irradiation light spot phi is 1 mm; the laser coaxial argon powder feeding is carried out, the powder feeding speed is 20g/min, the argon protection is adopted, and the flow of the protective gas is 18L/min.
7. A laser: a 3000W Nd: YAG laser.
In the embodiment, the structural steel powder treated by the method has uniform and compact structure after laser deposition, and deposited holes and crack defects are completely eliminated. As can be seen from the hardness distribution of the laser deposition alloy structural steel and the mixed alloy steel powder, the deposition hardness can reach HV430, the tensile strength can reach 930MPa, and the elongation can reach 37%.
One or more kinds of stainless steel powder with the same granularity as the alloy structural steel powder are uniformly mixed in the alloy structural steel powder in a certain proportion through a ball mill, laser deposition is carried out in a vacuum glove box by a synchronous powder feeding method, argon with certain flow is used for protecting a laser deposition action area in the deposition process, the laser deposition action area is purified, and the solidification rate is improved. The invention realizes the laser additive manufacturing that the laser deposition alloy structural steel structure is compact and uniform, and the defects of holes, cracks and inclusions are completely eliminated, and simultaneously, the mechanical properties (such as hardness and tensile property) of the laser deposition layer are obviously improved, thereby providing a solution for optimizing the deposition structure and the mechanical properties in the aspect of laser additive manufacturing of alloy steel structural members.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents can be made in the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or some technical features of the present invention may be substituted. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
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| CN114082961A (en) * | 2021-10-09 | 2022-02-25 | 华南理工大学 | A method for repairing surface cracks in steel structures by additive manufacturing |
| CN114939656B (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-07-21 | 南昌航空大学 | Method for improving performance of alloy steel manufactured by laser additive by adding rare earth oxide |
| CN114959412B (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-01-31 | 南昌航空大学 | Method for improving structure and performance of additive manufacturing alloy steel |
| CN116197412B (en) * | 2023-01-17 | 2024-04-30 | 福州大学 | A method to improve the plasticity of 3D printed duplex stainless steel |
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