CN1091840C - 在燃气轮机循环中生产电力的方法 - Google Patents
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- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
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- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
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Abstract
在燃气轮机循环中生产电力的方法,该循环包括:一个空气压缩阶段、一个燃料气体燃烧阶段和给转动的发电机提供机械动力的膨胀阶段,其改进之处包括:用吸热催化转化的方法从膨胀阶段回收在废气中所含的热量,此方法由把带有水的含有二甲醚和/或甲醇的初始燃料吸热催化转化成一种含有氢气和一氧化碳的一种燃气,并在燃料气体燃烧阶段至少部分地使用这种氢和一氧化碳组成的燃气作为燃料气体。
Description
本发明涉及生产电力的方法,具体地说,本发明涉及在化学回热燃气轮机循环中增加电力生产的方法。
在近几十年内燃气轮机的使用已经显著地增加。特别是对于电力生产,压气机、高压燃烧器和燃气轮机相结合已经越来越重要了。这些装置最经常用于提供机械能或电能,以及蒸气形式的热能,或者供化学应用或用于加热目的。
典型的用于燃气轮机的燃料包括天然气或其它通常为石油馏分的气体燃料,后者是通过气化原矿石燃料或蒸发液态燃油产生的。
近来的发展集中在提高总效率上,尤其是通过增加燃烧器运行时的压力、改进燃烧器的设计和增加燃气轮机进口的温度来提高的。为了实现热力学增益,以最高可能的温度运行燃气轮机,采用了二次加热工艺,其中,膨胀发生在两个阶段中,并且在阶段之间加入部分燃料二次加热燃气。
发电厂用的原始型燃气轮机是单循环工艺型的燃气轮机。全部空气和全部燃料在一个阶段内燃烧并膨胀。经过多年的改进,这种工艺在其最现代型中所达到的总能量效率在35%和40%之间,这是以电能和所耗用全部燃料的低热值之比计算的。这个效率明显地低于发电厂中以任意的矿石燃料运行的大多数蒸汽锅炉/蒸气轮机达到的效率。
低效率主要是由于废气中能量含量高的缘故,废气以400-800℃范围的高温离开涡轮机。因此,当前不断试图回收在废气中作为潜热的能量。最近采用了基于利用过热蒸气的几种方法,通过予热或转化成高压蒸气用于分步动力循环中,或用于在传统的蒸气轮机中发电和供热。这种燃气和蒸气循环的结合把总能量效率提高到45-50%。
进一步的改进包括对结合循环的发电厂采用二次加热的方法,使达到接近60%的总能量效率成为可能。这个成绩是通过安装相当复杂的设备,接近当今技术所能达到的边界线上运行获得的。
还进一步考虑采用一种吸热化学方法从燃气轮机的废气中回收热量。因此,曾提议供给烃类,例如天然气或馏出物和水蒸气以吸热转化必须的热量,部分地把烃类转化成含有氢气和一氧化碳的可燃气体,然后在燃气轮机的上游的燃烧器中使用这种从蒸气转化工艺获得的气体作为燃料。
使用化学热回收法是困难的,这有许多原因。化学热回收方法的一个主要缺陷是在低于某一温度(在500℃的范围内)不能应用,或者如丹麦专利申请第0070/95号中所描述的那样,该方法只能用于蒸气转化设备与氢分离工艺相结合的时候。
本发明的主要目的,是提供一种廉价而高效的从燃气轮机的废气中回收热量的方法—通过使用二甲醚(DME)和/或甲醇作为初始燃料。
因此,本发明是用燃气轮机循环生产电力的方法,该燃气轮机循环包括一个压气阶段、一个燃料气体燃烧阶段和一个膨胀阶段,后者为旋转发电机提供机械能,其改进之处包括:
用吸热催化转化的方法在膨胀阶段回收在废气中所含的热量,此方法由把带有水的含有二甲醚和/或甲醇的初始燃料催化吸热转化成含有氢和/或一氧化碳的一种燃气,并在燃料气体燃烧阶段至少部分地使用这种氢和一氧化碳组成的燃气作为燃料气体。
DME可以直接由天然气或其它矿物燃料制备,如在US-4417000和DE-4222655专利中所描述的那样。
本发明利用DME或甲醇原料气吸收热量降低温度的能力,把温度降至200-225℃,这是由把带水蒸气的输入气转化成含有氢气、CO和甲烷为主要可燃成分的一种燃气。转化反应在一种或几种催化剂存在的条件下进行,催化剂装填在一个反应器内并被在膨胀阶段从燃气轮机中出来的热废气加热。
DME和甲醇(MeOH)转化成燃气轮机燃料是按下述化学反应进行的:
(1)
(2)
(3)
能够在低温下催化上述反应的催化剂有:酸性沸石、硅酸铝、硅铝催化剂(Silica alumina)和与传统的以Cu-Zn-氧化铝为基甲醇分解催化剂—物理混合的氧化铝,如丹麦专利申请第0852/95号中所述。
该方法的特别诱人之处在于,DME或MeOH能在低温下吸热并转化成化学能,后者会在燃气轮机之前释放。使用使废气的温度在500-800℃的范围内的简单的单程循环燃气轮机即能达到总能量平衡,并且不用二次加热即获得高的总能量效率,从而简化了设备。DME/MeOH和水的供料方法能够通过予热和蒸发的方法利用离开DME/MeOH转化器的,例如在250℃的废气中剩余的热量,因而极为有利地把在废气中的热量转移,烟气的温度降得非常低,甚至低于100℃。水与DME和/或MeOH之间的比例可以在很宽的范围内变动,从而只以最佳和总的能量效率为目的确定之。最佳效率常常要求水蒸气和DME和/或MeOH之间范围为2∶1至20∶1的低比例。反应器可以是传统型的,包括管式反应器,废气围绕管子流过,而被处理的燃料气穿流过装填了催化剂的管子。
优选使用二种或多种类型的催化剂:一种低温催化剂,如上文所述,它在低到约200℃,仍然能保持高活力;和一种高温催化剂,例如氧化铝,它可以受到比低温催化剂允许的更高的温度。优选使用高温催化剂用于完成DME和/或MeOH的转化。
在本方法中DME和/或MeOH是与水同时输入的。混合物可以被予热和蒸气化,利用这一事实:水蒸气DME/MeOH蒸气混合物能够在所需高压下在显著低于水蒸气被单独气化时所要求的温度下充分气化。
本发明将参考附图通过下述实施例作更详细地描述,其中,图1表示基于单循环、一次加热燃气轮机发电装置的DME的简化工艺示意图。
实施例
在按图1所示的条件下运行时,能达到48%的总能量效率,它比传统的单循环装置所获得的总能量效率至少约高20%。
该装置包括一个转化反应器2,它带有催化剂管4,内装ZSM-5和一种Cu-Zn-氧化铝的甲醇分解催化剂的催化剂混合物,可以从丹麦的Haldor Topse公司购买到。
一个燃烧室8与反应器2相连,燃烧室8通过燃烧在反应器2内由于DME转化而获得的含氢和一氧化碳的燃料气给燃气轮机10提供热气流。该燃料气是与从压气机12来的压缩空气一起燃烧的,压气机12与燃气轮机10同轴连结。燃气轮机10还与旋转发电机14同轴连结用以产生电能。
在运行上述燃气轮机循环中,以摩尔比为H2O∶DME=14.5∶1的H2O和DME输入气体以94101Nm3/h的流量在予热器16中予热至196℃,此方法是由在反应器2中被冷却至308℃温度的涡轮废气20(下文中将进一步描述)用间接热交换的方式予热。已经予热的输入气体用在温度为771℃下离开涡轮10的热涡轮废气18以间接热交换方式在予热器17中加热至300℃,热涡轮废气则被冷却至450℃的温度。
然后将予热气在300℃引入转化反应器4中。在反应器4中,该气体与上述催化剂混合物接触被转化成富含氢的燃料气22,其组成为30.52mole%的氢气,59.22mole%的水,10.01mole%的二氧化碳,和0.25mole%的一氧化碳。在反应器的管4中维持吸热转化反应的热量是由废气18提供的,后者在450℃下被引入到反应器2的管4的外壁上。废气20在给转化反应器供热之后,成为309℃温度的被冷却的废气20从反应器2被排出,并如上所述用于予热反应器2的输入气体。
燃料气22在温度为350℃反应器的出口以流量为118385Nm3/h送至燃烧室8,与由压气机12以16atm的压力、420℃的温度、137921Nm3/h流量供应的空气24一起燃烧。燃烧后的气体26,以1350℃的温度、16atm的压力和238094Nm3/h的流量从燃烧室16引入燃气轮机10。该气体膨胀至大气压从而提供转动能量,后者在发电机14中转化为电能。
在上述的条件下,在输入气体中的能量是100MW,在燃气轮机循环中有48MW变成电力,相应的循环效率为48%。
Claims (3)
1.在一种燃气轮机循环中生产电力的方法,该方法包括:一个空气压缩阶段、一个燃料气体燃烧阶段和给转动的发电机提供机械动力的膨胀阶段,其改进之处包括:
用吸热催化转化的方法在膨胀阶段回收在废气中所含的热量,其中通过将带有水蒸气的二甲醚与一种催化剂组合物接触,而使其吸热催化转化成含有氢和/或一氧化碳的一种燃气,并在燃料气体燃烧阶段至少部分地使用这种含有氢和/或一氧化碳的燃气作为燃料气体,所述催化剂组合物由下列成分组成:一种由酸性沸石、硅酸铝、硅铝催化剂、氧化铝组成的二甲醚分解催化剂和一种甲醇分解催化剂。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中,二甲醚在催化转化反应之前,通过热交换用废气预热。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中,膨胀阶段包括二个或多个膨胀器,在膨胀器之间带有二次加热器。
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IT1222297B (it) | 1988-01-18 | 1990-09-05 | Paolo Alberto Paoletti | Radar antinebbia per autoveicoli |
US5740667A (en) * | 1994-12-15 | 1998-04-21 | Amoco Corporation | Process for abatement of nitrogen oxides in exhaust from gas turbine power generation |
US6324827B1 (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 2001-12-04 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Method of generating power in a dry low NOx combustion system |
US6361757B1 (en) * | 1997-10-07 | 2002-03-26 | Nkk Corporation | Catalyst for manufacturing hydrogen or synthesis gas and manufacturing method of hydrogen or synthesis gas |
EP0931762B1 (en) * | 1998-01-21 | 2005-05-04 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Process for the preparation of hydrogen-rich gas |
US6223519B1 (en) | 1999-02-11 | 2001-05-01 | Bp Amoco Corporation | Method of generating power using an advanced thermal recuperation cycle |
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- 1996-08-12 EP EP96112947A patent/EP0761942A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-08-13 TW TW085109794A patent/TW356504B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-16 US US08/695,978 patent/US5819522A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-19 JP JP21748596A patent/JP3999289B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-22 CN CN96113277A patent/CN1091840C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-22 RU RU96116682/06A patent/RU2175724C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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US4567857A (en) * | 1980-02-26 | 1986-02-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Combustion engine system |
US5394685A (en) * | 1990-11-14 | 1995-03-07 | United Technologies Corporation | Method and apparatus to enhance combustion rates and extend extinction limits in high speed propulsion units |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DK94695A (da) | 1997-02-24 |
JP3999289B2 (ja) | 2007-10-31 |
CN1153253A (zh) | 1997-07-02 |
RU2175724C2 (ru) | 2001-11-10 |
US5819522A (en) | 1998-10-13 |
TW356504B (en) | 1999-04-21 |
EP0761942A1 (en) | 1997-03-12 |
JPH09119319A (ja) | 1997-05-06 |
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