CN1091320A - 体外的角膜等同物模型 - Google Patents
体外的角膜等同物模型 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1091320A CN1091320A CN93121325A CN93121325A CN1091320A CN 1091320 A CN1091320 A CN 1091320A CN 93121325 A CN93121325 A CN 93121325A CN 93121325 A CN93121325 A CN 93121325A CN 1091320 A CN1091320 A CN 1091320A
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Abstract
本发明针对用组织培养系统所做的眼的角膜部
分的器官等同物。构成角膜等同物的方法导致类似
于活体眼角膜的结构。角膜等同物是一种体外的眼
的模型,它可以用于在活体中的移植或植入,或可以
用于筛选体外的化合物。
Description
本发明属于组织培养系统领域。且针对眼角膜的器官等同物:角膜等同物模型。构成角膜等同物模型的组织培养方法导致一种活体上的眼角膜的类似物。角膜的等同物是一种体外的眼的模型,它可以用于在活体上的移植或植入,或者用于筛选体外的化合物。
组织培养技术一直成功地用于培养组织和器官等同物。作为这些技术的基础包括胶原基质结构,它能够通过活的细胞、养分和培养条件的正确组合再塑成有功能的组织和器官。组织等同物在大量的专利文献中已经作了许多描述,包括美国专利US-4,485,096;4,485,097;4,539,716;4,546,500;4,604,346;和4,837,379,所有这些在此作为参考文献引入。一种成功的使用的组织等同物是活的皮肤等同物,它具有类似真的人类皮肤的结构形态。活的皮肤等同物是由两层组成;上面一层是由分化的且分层的人类表皮角膜细胞组成,它复盖一较厚的在胶原基质内的人类皮肤成纤维细胞的下层。Bell等人:“用于再造皮肤的方法”(J.of Biochemical Engineering,113:113-119(1991))。
在培养角膜上皮和内皮细胞方面已经做出了一些研究,Xie等人;“一种简化的用于兔角膜细胞短期组织培养的方法”(In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 25;20-22(1989))和Simmons等人的“在组织培养中角膜上皮损伤的愈合;一种体外的眼刺激模型”(Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,88;13-23(1987)。培养体外的眼角膜器官等同物对用于体外的毒性分析是特别感兴趣的,以用作对于许多类型的制品和原材料的、活体眼和皮肤刺激潜能的、精确且廉价的、非动物的、预言性模型。
本发明针对眼角膜的器官等同物。按照本发明所构成的角膜等同物包括通过对角膜中的三种不同细胞层的组织培养的生成物;外层,它是一种分层的鳞状的上皮;中层,是胶原纤维,内层是一种简单的鳞状上皮,也称之为角膜内皮。构成角膜等同物的方法导致一种在活体中的类似于眼角膜的结构。
本发明部份是基于所要求的内皮层包涵物的发现,它不仅仅用于在活体中的角膜移植,而且也用于改进形态、生物化学和生理学标记的表达、细胞传播,粘附到基质上的上皮和在活体中的上皮复盖的均匀性。内皮促进在角膜等同物中基膜的出现,对于内皮在体外达到较高程度的上皮分化的影响的结果出乎意料的。
基于这种发现,可以得出使用在其它组织和器官等同物中的内皮也促进基膜的出现。由此,本发明也针对在这些组织和器官等同物构成物中的内皮细胞的使用,这种结构使用胶原或上皮细胞。
图1所示的显微照片A和B,它们分别表示有和没有内皮细胞层所形成的角膜等同物。显微照片A的三细胞的角膜构成物是在湿的界面上14天后取得的。正常的兔上皮(EP)大约由七个细胞层组成。由于有多层的转移鼠内皮层(EN),正常的兔基质成纤维细胞(FIB)并不过多的增殖。这样允许上皮附着,并消除纤维细胞皮肤的出现。在没有内皮层的(B)中,上皮几乎没有附着并在厚度和组织上变化。Mag=160X。
图2所示是显微 照片A,B和C,它们所示的是浸入培养之后在湿的界面和干的界面上的角膜等同物。显微照片表示在不同的环境条件下所培养的角膜等同物的组织学外观。用苏木精和曙红着色的塑性部份表示用不同培养环境获得的不同形态。当上皮细胞在浸入培养物(A)中保持14天在网格上生长时,其结果是一种最小有组织的增厚的上皮。这种上皮在厚度上也是变化的,这是由于皮细胞不均匀的扩展所致。如培养物上升到湿的界面,上皮将更加组织化(B)。当上升到干的界面,类似于角质层的一些层发展(C),就如许多角质化细胞层所显示的那样。
上;浸入,200X
下左;气举湿的界面,400X
下右;气举干的,200X
图3所示是免疫萤光显微 照片A-D,它们是在不同环境条件下烯醇酶的分布。显微 照片表示14天的角膜构成物,表示它在烯醇酶染色中的变化。烯醇酶是用于角膜上皮中的增殖的细胞群体的标记物。通常在limal区域的基底细胞中存在(Zieske,1992)。整个上皮对于烯醇酶正的着色,当培养物被浸入(A),它表示超增殖状态且缺乏特殊性或分化。当培养物升到无论是湿的界面(B,C)或干的界面(D)时在上基底层上的着色降低到非常接近活体上观察到的。
上左;浸入,200X
上右;气举湿的,200X
下左;气举湿的。400X
下右;气举干的,200X
图4是免疫萤光显微 照片A-D,它表示在不同环境条件下角蛋白-3的分布。角蛋白-3是专门用于角膜上皮细胞的标记物,它通常存在于角膜缘的所有上基底的细胞层和中心角膜细胞中(Shermer等人,1986)。浸入培养14天的角膜等同物呈现少量的角蛋白-3标记物(用AE5抗体在很少一些最表面的细胞(A)中作为标记物)。当培养物上升到湿的或干的界面(B,C,D)时,着色是强烈的,且存在于所有上基底层中,如在活体中正常的角膜缘中。
上左;浸入,200X
上右;气举湿的,200X
下左;气举干的,200X
下右;气举干的,左相位,200X
图5是免疫萤光显微 照片A-D,它们表示在有和没有内皮细胞层时在烯醇酶、角蛋白-3和Vinculin分布中的差异。在湿的界面上14天后含内皮层的角膜等同物呈现合适的α-烯醇酶(A)(Zieske等人,1992)和角蛋白-3着色的(用抗体AE-5做标记物)(Shermer等人,1986)(D)的分布。已在没有内皮层(B)的湿界面样品中Vinculin的生产过剩被减少到在具有一个内皮层(C)的样品中的有细孔的着色。Mag=200X。
上;湿的气举加内皮层;α-烯醇酶;
中左;湿的气举;Vinculin
中右;湿的气举加内皮层;Vinculin;
下;湿的气举加外皮层;AE5
图6表示角膜等同物的免疫显微摄形照片A-F,它们表示在有和没有内皮细胞的角膜等同物中Laminin和Ⅶ型的分布。角膜构成物14天后在没有内皮层的情况下在湿交界处 呈现少量的laminin(A)和Ⅶ型胶原(B)。当内皮层结合进构成物中(C,D,E,F)时,laminin(c)和Ⅶ型胶原(D,E,F)存在于基质-上皮连接处的连续线内。
上左;气举湿的,laminin,400X
上右;气举湿的,vii型,400X
中左;气举湿的加内皮,laminin,100X
中右;气举湿的加内皮,vii型,100X
下左;气举湿的加内皮,vii型,200X
下右;气举湿的加内皮。vii型,400X
图7-10是角膜构成物的透射电子显微镜照片。对于透射电子显微镜,含内皮、基质和上皮细胞层的角膜等同物,在2.0%仲甲醛,2.5%戍二醛,1%丙烯醛和在0.1M二甲胂酸钠内的0.1%硝酸镧的溶液(PH7.4)中放置4小时,在MA/L后一周固定。样品在1%OSO4(在0.1M二甲胂酸钠中)后固定并用2%的乙酸双氧铀(含水)整个地着色。样品在乙醇中脱水,并嵌入环氧树脂内。
图7是透射电子显微镜照片,它表示在湿的交界处培养后并没有不正常的鳞片分化的迹象,构成物的上皮具有柱状基部层和分层的超基底细胞,且没有形态上的分化的迹象。线条(Bar)=2μm。
图8是透射电子显微镜照片,它表示在三层角膜等同物内基部层的构成。基部层在基质-上皮联接处观察到,它具有许多 半桥粒(星号),很好确定的分层密区(大箭头头部),粘连细丝(anchoringfilaments)(小箭头头部)和有关的粘连斑点(箭头)。基质直接紧靠在由胶原纤维(白色箭头)和具有Bowman膜特征的短纤维(白色箭头头部)混合物组成的基部层(SM)的下面。线条(Bar)=0.01μm。
图9是透射电子显微镜照片,它表示在上皮表面上的蠕虫形状的隆起线。培养物的顶部细胞沿前表面(箭头头部)表达成蠕虫形状的隆起线。线条(Bar)=1μm。
图10是镧处理过的三层角膜等同物的透射电子显微镜照片,它表示所存在的紧密联接。紧密联接是在上皮顶层中的细胞间观察到的(箭头头部)。线条(Bar)=0.1μm。
图11是在存在内皮细胞单层但不与等同物直接接触时培养的角膜等同物的显微镜照片。具有上皮细胞的七天的角膜构成物在凹处(well)的底部上被用板固定为供料层,而不是结合进网格。纤维细胞迁移并在上皮把上皮推出网格的条件下增殖。Mag=320X。
图12是由通过丝裂霉素C处理过的稀释的内皮细胞层所形成的角膜等同物的显微 照片。含内皮细胞的14天的角膜构成物用丝裂霉素C稀释。内皮细胞(箭头)停止分裂,但它们不能阻止纤维细胞的趋化性(Chemotaxis)和超增殖。纤维细胞(箭头头部)把打乱的上皮推出网格。Mag=320X。
图13是在通过水平地把眼分成上半部份和下半部份的眼的赤道的子午面内所剖开的眼睛的(A)示意图。示意图(B)是通过人眼角膜的剖面图,用以表示它的五个层(示意图引自Borysenko等人的“Functional Histology”,Little Brown出版,PP216-217,1979)。
眼的最外层是纤维膜,它由致密的无血管连接组织组成。纤维膜具有两个不同的区域:巩膜和角膜。巩膜,也称“眼白”,它形成纤维膜的后面部份。纤维膜前面的六分之一被改进形成透明的角膜(图13A)。
角膜由两个面上的上皮片覆盖。外片是一个分层的鳞状的上皮,它在巩膜-角膜连接处与眼结膜融合。一种简单的鳞状上皮,也称之为角膜内皮,它沿角膜的里表面排列。角膜的中间层是透明的,这是由于它的胶原纤维整齐排列的结果。有两个膜从上皮层和内皮层分离基质:Bowman膜和Descemet膜(图13B)。
1. 体外的角膜模型的构造
按照本发明构成的角膜等同物包括在角膜内的三种不同细胞层的组织培养物和生成物:外层是一个分层的鳞状上皮;中间层是胶原纤维,而内层是一个简单的鳞状上皮,也称之为角膜内皮。构成角膜等同物的方法导致一种类似于在活体中的眼角膜的结构。
下面说明的角膜等同物的优选实施例示意图在于说明而不在于限制。对细胞和培养参数可以作出各种改进,但这都在本发明的保护范围之内。
在构成 体外的角膜模型的第一步,内皮细胞接种在细胞培养插入物的膜上。
细胞培养插入物的壁可以由聚苯乙烯,聚碳酸酯,树脂、聚丙烯(或其它生物相容的塑料)与聚碳酸酯的多孔膜基片或其它的培养物相容的膜片,如附着在可以培养细胞的底部上的胶原、纤维素、玻璃纤维或尼龙制的膜组成。膜的孔隙度可以在0.2μm到10μm之间变化,优选的是3μm。插入物 是悬吊的或者是支托在培养皿中,以便使培养介质能接近培养物的下边。一层非细胞的胶原层浇注在细胞培养膜上并使凝胶处于室温下。非细胞层浇注的量决定于所使用的细胞培养膜,但典型的为1ml到约5ml。
在上述的优选方法中,使用的是具有3μm多孔聚碳酸酯膜基片(面积约为2cm2)的K-树脂培养插入物。1ml的非细胞层浇注在聚碳酸酯膜上,并使它能成为凝胶。非细胞胶原层包括686μg在0.05%的醋酸中酸萃取牛腱胶原,8.1% 10x最小量实质的鹰介质(Minimal Essential Eagle Medium),4mM 1-谷酰胺,50μg/ml庆大霉素,1.8mg/ml碳酸氢钠,和10%Dulbecco改进的鹰介质(DMEM)10%的新生小牛血清(NBCS)。一旦这种非细胞的胶原层已经凝胶,3×104内皮细胞(6.7×103/cm2)接种在凝胶上。然后,把内皮层浸入含10%的NBCS,4mM 1-谷酰胺和50μg/ml庆大霉素中,在37℃,10%CO2条件下浸4天。另一种方法是不用非细胞胶原层,而是把内皮细胞直接接种在多孔膜上。当使用被转移的内皮细胞时,优选用非细胞层,以便抑制在膜下边上的非接触抑制细胞过度生长。另外,非细胞层可以用Ⅳ型胶原,Laminin或水凝胶制造。
用于形成内层的内皮细胞可以从各种不同的来源衍生出来。已经使用取自棉羊、兔和老鼠的角膜内皮细胞。老鼠的内皮细胞是用大TSV40抗原转移的(Muragaki:等人,1992)。优选的细胞类型是转移的鼠角膜内皮细胞线,或者是自绵羊或兔衍生出的正常的角膜内皮细胞。最优选的是正常的兔角膜内皮细胞。正常的内皮细胞从酶化分离的角膜内皮或从角膜的外殖体衍生出来,且顺序地通过加入50μg/ml肝素和0.4μg/ml肝素连接增殖因子-1(MSBME)改进的MSBM介质中(Johnson等人,1992)培养。转移的内皮细胞是在DMEM-10%NBCS中培养。
取自角膜源的内皮细胞也可以用于本发明。可以用于本发明的非角膜源内皮细胞包括血管和人类脐静脉内皮细胞。
内皮细胞也可以用含SV40的大T抗原(Muragaki:等人,1992)和重新结合的反转录病毒被转移。转移的细胞在角膜等同物中连续地增长,并在非细胞层的顶部形成堆团,这是由于它缺乏接触抑制所致。非转移细胞形成在基质细胞-胶原层下面的一个单层。另外,正常的内皮细胞可以如上所述的转变感染(transfect),但要加入热敏基因,这样使细胞能在降低温度的条件下在连续培养中增长。融合性的内皮细胞层建立之后,温度可以升高,以便使转移基因失去活力,使细胞能恢复它的正常调节并呈现接触抑制,以便形成类似于非转移细胞的内皮细胞单层。大量的肽是热敏的(且除开热冲击蛋白质),因此,可以广泛地选取肽,它可以是通过升高培养温度而使得失去活力。按这种方式的转移也可以减轻使用的困难,以便获得和培养如人类角膜内皮细胞的细胞类型。
在第二步,胶原与角膜的角膜细胞(基质纤维细胞)混合,以便得到细胞-胶原混合物。细胞-胶原混合物含大约每微克酸提炼的牛腱胶原100个基质纤维细胞。纤维细胞收缩凝胶,以便形成大约2.5cm2的升高了的区域。
可以使用的胶原是酸提炼的牛腱胶原,酶提炼的牛腱胶原或鼠尾胶原。另外,胶原也可以由Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原的混合物组成,如通常从真皮提炼的,或者是由Ⅰ型、Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型的混合物组成,如从角膜基质提炼。优选的是从牛腱提炼的纯化酸提取Ⅰ型胶原用于初级凝胶,在典型组织构成物中,基质的纤维细胞将合成其它类型的胶原,如Ⅴ和Ⅵ,同样,还有Ⅰ类胶原,因它们在培养过程中改进胶原的基质。上皮细胞在上皮-基质连接处将贡献Ⅳ型和Ⅶ型胶原,而内皮细胞在内皮-基质连接处将贡献Ⅻ型胶原(Muragaki等人,1992)。
任何哺乳动物的基质纤维细胞可以用于这个细胞层,任何连接组织的纤维细胞,如从巩膜,真皮,腱或筋膜提取的都可以使用。当使用角膜细胞时,从兔或人类角膜基质取得的纤维细胞是优选的。细胞是从正常的角膜基质酶化分离,在DMEM-10%NBCS中培养并顺序地通过。结合在构成物中的细胞在通道4处使用。
一旦内皮细胞培养准备就绪,以便制备第二层细胞,细胞-胶原混合物,介质从含有融合的内皮细胞(典型地1.7-2.5×X10×5细胞1插入物)的细胞培养插入物中去掉。转移细胞-胶原混合物并与内皮细胞层的表面接触。细胞-胶原混合物含与具有附加的5×104基质纤维细胞/ml浇注混合物的非细胞层同样比例的材料。3ml的这种混合物用吸移管移入每个细胞培养插入物,并使它能凝胶。然后把构成物浸入DMEM-10%NBCS中,使它在37℃,10%的CO2收缩七天。
最终包括角膜模型的内皮层和胶原层的这样两层在本专业普通技术人员公知的培养物条件下进行培养,以便形成凝聚的胶原网格,优选地是通过在37℃,10%的CO2的条件下在Dulbecco-10%NBCS中浸泡七天,以便形成中心抬高的区域或“高地”,这“高地”通过形成的凝聚胶原网格的基质纤维细胞而源于胶原的收缩。正常的兔基质纤维细胞培养七天,但培养时间可短可长(通常为2-10天),这决定于种类、所用的细胞类型和数量。DMEM-10%NBCS是优选的培养介质,但是任何能正常地支持纤维细胞增长的介质都可以使用。
第三步,一旦形成凝聚的胶原网格,角膜上皮细胞涂在升高的胶原区域上。角膜上皮细胞可以从各种哺乳动物来源中获取。优选的上皮细胞是兔或人的角膜上皮细胞(角膜的角膜细胞),但任何哺乳动物的角膜的角膜细胞都可以使用。其它的上皮的角膜细胞,如从眼的巩膜(外眼白的不透明部份)或表皮获取的也可以替代,但角膜的角膜细胞是优选的。
从培养插入物(含凝聚的基质基体和内皮层)和它的周围去掉介质。正常的兔角膜上皮细胞,通道4受胰蛋白酶作用并以7.2×104-1.4×105细胞/cm2的密度接种在膜的顶部。然后,构成物在没有介质的情况下在37℃,10%的CO2条件下孵育4小时,以便使上皮细胞能粘附。在孵育之后,构成物浸入角膜保持介质中(CMM)(Johnson等人,1992)。
上皮细胞被培养直到高地由上皮细胞覆盖。上皮聚集的整体性可以用各种不同的方法确定,例如通过用尼罗兰硫酸盐(1∶10,000)在用磷酸盐缓冲的金属盐水中对培养物着色来显示。
大约在七天之后一旦被覆盖,用足够的角膜保持介质(CMM)把构成物无菌地转移到的培养盘上,使流体水平恰好达到构成物表面,以保持没有上皮层浸入的湿的界面。构成物在37℃,10%CO2和大于60%的湿度的条件下孵育,如需要的话,用CMM使介质变化,典型地每周三次。
如在此使用术语“湿的界面”意指可调节培养环境,因此,构成物的表面是湿的,且是具有高的湿度,但不是干的或浸入的。在培养环境里的水份和湿度的准确程度不是关键的,但它应该有足够的水份,以防止形成角质化(Cornified)细胞。湿的界面是以试图与人眼湿润程度类似重复为特征。
构成物孵育的形态和免疫细胞化学的比较在于:(1)正确的空气界面(干的)与(2)浸入孵育与(3)孵育的温度,但不是浸入,表明只是产生接近于正常角膜上皮的湿的或干的界面。然而,在干的界面上的孵育使角膜上皮受到不正常的鳞状(皮肤线)差异。
另外还有若干种获取上皮层和介质的湿的界面的方法。
在上皮层达到湿的界面的一种可供选择的方法是利用脂类/粘蛋白混合物,以便模拟撕裂薄膜(tearfilm)。特殊的撕裂薄膜可以按如下配方,使用含有蛋白质-脂类表面活性剂或脂类和/或粘蛋白的生理缓冲盐溶液,葡萄胺聚糖(glycoasaminoglycans),透明质酸或其它保持湿度的物质。薄膜滴置于高地(mesa)的顶部,以便保持上皮和大气之间的湿的障碍物,当介质改变时,薄膜一般再置放。另外,一个或多个组份的撕裂薄膜可以直接加到介质中,并且在湿的表面界面处培养时,能使虹吸芯(wick)遍布构成物的表面。
另外,湿的界面也可以通过使用引入或保持在培养物表面上的水份的人工层来辅助保持。这种方法可以通过使用由琼脂糖、水凝胶或藻酸盐制的薄层实现。
在另外一个可供选择的方法中,湿的表面也可以使用渗析膜或聚合物,如制做接触透镜的材料并把它切成比高地稍大的尺寸来实现,也可以使用引入和保持液体并防止水份损失。
2.在其它器官等同物中内皮的用途
内皮层包含物有利于改进形态,生物化学和生理标记物的表达,细胞的分散,上皮附着到基质上和在活体上上皮覆盖的均匀性。对内皮达到较高水平的体外 的上皮分化和促进基部膜的形成的影响的结果可以应用于按照 体外的培养方法培养的其它组织等同物。
在制备使用胶原的组织或器官的等同物时,内皮细胞的第一层可以在内皮层上浇注胶原之前按前述的第一部份所述的方法培养。可以按照本发明改进的组织等同物的例子包括美国专利申请号07/408,052所记载的,在此作为参考文献引入这篇美国专利。在一个优选的实施例中,内皮细胞层可以用于改进 体外的皮肤等同物的模型,如在美国专利4,485,096中所描述的(在此作为参考文献引入),以便促进上皮差异和基部膜的形成。
3.角膜等同物模型的使用
Draize眼刺激试验(Draize等人,1944)在过去的45年中已经作为评估产品的眼刺激潜力的标准。
各种不同的试验样品和协议(Protocol)已经建议作为体外的筛,用于评估眼刺激(Booman等人,1988)。为了评估细胞毒性,与可定量的对象边界点一起使用的细胞培养物已经表明对在活体内的数据组的良好修正(Bruner等人,1991)。然而,在单层培养物中的细胞固有的限制,如同用于预测在复杂的器官中(如眼睛)的刺激的模型系统一样。典型地,在单层培养物中的细胞,对远在它们要求的引入在活体内的刺激浓度之下的刺激是敏感的。试验样品在引入培养物系统之前首先必须在细胞培养介质中被溶解。这可能导致副毒性,这是由于渗透性、PH或介质成份所致,进一步,由稀释试验样品所得到的人工制品可以掩盖毒性并导致低估样品刺激能力,在单层培养物所获得的表皮分化的水平只是很低级地模拟在活体中所观察到的差异程度。角膜上皮的保护阻挡功能包括细胞骨架的角蛋白网状物,桥粒和紧密连接,已知这些在保护由化学伤害眼组织方面起重要作用(Holly,1985)这些是不存在的。在此提出的典型器官模型通过提供更接近于模拟感兴趣的目标器官的模型系统克服某些单层培养物的固有限制。此外,这种试验角膜的实际形状使得能局部用于在近似于在活体中暴露的模式的载体(例如,凡士林和矿物油)内的试验样品。
研究者已经用两种动物模型和培养的细胞努力近似于人类情况。然而,在直接使用可能性上还有一个较大的差距。动物在它们对损伤的生理响应上也有差异,使用传统的细胞培养物分析对于直接关联在活体中极可能的人类响应上也太简单化。然而,这些方法是必需的,且是有用的,使用人类典型器官构成物帮助消除了人类和动物反应之间的分歧,并弥补了培养的细胞和复杂的器官之间的差距。细胞与细胞之间的相互作用和对于伤害和药物的反应可易于在一个控制的典型器官环境进行检查。
典型器官的培养方法也可以用于形成可移植的人类组织,无论是作为附属于传统的移植,或者作为替代物。使用培养的角膜内皮细胞也已经表明作为用于通常是损坏的或不适合的移植材料的内皮的替代的优越性(Insler和Lopez,1986)。使用培养的角膜内皮也已经表明在促进伤口愈合方面的某些优点(Roat和Thoft,1988)。典型器官角膜构成物由内皮、基质和上皮组成,它可以用于眼伤的愈合和整个厚度上的角膜修复。尽管它在体外 不是透明的,但可以预期由上述构成物所提供的内皮细胞可以调节输送到角膜基质的流体,并进而刺激基质的纤维细胞继续使基质组织化,和产生接近于为角膜变清所需要的胶原和葡萄胺聚糖。在体外 的角膜等同物可以与或多或少的超细胞状的基体或基质一起构成以便促进改型。伤口的愈合应该通过有良好粘贴的角膜上皮保持,由此,限制基质基体的超增生和疤痕。
引用的参考文献
Booman,K.A,De Prospo,J.,Demetrulias,J.,Driedger,A.,Griffith,J.F.,Grochoski,G.,Kong,B.,Mckormick,W.C.,North-Root,H.,Rosen,M.G.,Sedlak,R.I.,“在体外的用于评估清洁制品的眼刺激的方法,第1阶段;预备性评估,”J.Toxicel.Cut.& Ocular Toxicol7∶173-185(1988)。
Draiz,J.H.,Woodard,G.,Calvery,H.O.,“用于研究局部施加到皮肤和粘膜的物质的刺激和毒性的方法”,J.Pharmacel,Exp,Ther.82∶377-390(1944)。
Bruner,L.H,Kain,D.J.,Roberts,D.A.,Parker,R.D.,“用于眼安全试验的七种在体外的 可供选择的方法的评估”,Fund.Appl.Toxicol.17∶136-149(1991)。
Holly,F.J.,“正常的和撕裂薄膜的物理化学”,Trans.Opthalmol.Soc.U.K.104∶374-380(1985)。
Insler,M.S.,Lopez,J.G.,“被培养的人类新生儿角膜内皮的移植”,Curr.Eye.Res.5(12)∶967-72(1986)。
Johnson,W.E.,Meunier,S.F.,Roy,C.J.和Parenteau,N.L.,“正常人类角膜细胞的顺序培养;确定的、研究增长分化的调节的系统,”In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.28A∶429-435(1992)。
Muragaki,Y.,Shiota,C.,Inoue,M.,Ooshima,a.,Olsen,B.R.,和Ninomiya,Y.,“α-1-Ⅷ胶原基因转录对短链胶原多肽的编码以及通过在新生鼠组织中的各种上皮、内皮和间质细胞的表达”,Eur.J.Biochem.207(3)∶895-902(1992)。
Roat,M.I.,Thoft,R.A.,“眼表面上皮的移植,”Int.Opthalmol,Clin,28(2)∶169-174(1988)。
Schermer,A.,Galvin,S.,和Sun,T.T.,“在活体中主要的64K角膜角蛋白的分化相关的表达以及在培养物中间接表明的角膜上皮母体细胞的肢状位置”,J.Cell,Bial.103∶49(1986)。
Zieske,J.D.,Bukusoglu,G.,Yankauckas,M.A.,“角膜上皮母体细胞的潜在标记物内特征,”Invest.Opthalmol.Vis,Sci.33∶143-152(1992)。
将通过下述这些例子来进一步说明本发明,这些例子决不意味着以任何方式进行限制。
实例
例1,用于构成角膜等同物的角膜保持介质(CMM)具有下列成份;
3∶1无钙Dulbecco改进的Eagle介质:Ham′s F-12
1.1μM氢化可的松
5μg/ml胰岛素
5μg/ml铁传递蛋白
20pM三碘甲腺氨酸
10-4M乙醇胺
10-4MO-磷酰基-乙醇胺
1mM氯化锶
50μg/ml庆大霉素
4mM1-谷酰胺
90μM腺嘌呤
3×10-6M硒
1.8μM氯化钙
0.3% NBCS
例2.使用内皮细胞层和一个湿的界面的模型两者的关键特征已按下列方式作出:
顺序传代的鼠角膜内皮细胞株(line)或正常的兔角膜内皮细胞通过胰蛋白酶处理,并接种在DMEM 10%新生小牛血清或无血清介质(MSBME)内的以3×104细胞/插入物的细胞培养插入物的(如一种Coater transwell)膜上,并在37℃,10%的CO2中孵育4天。
牛Ⅰ型酸提炼胶原的混合物(在0.5%乙酸中0.9-1.2mg/ml)在4℃用10x浓缩的MEM中和,MEM含碳酸氢钠,10%新生牛血清和20mM1-谷酰胺。冷中和的胶原混合物与顺序传代的兔角膜的角膜细胞(基质细胞)的悬浮物混合,以便产生5×104角膜细胞/ml的最终细胞浓度。
介质从内皮细胞培养物中去掉,3ml细胞-胶原混合物吸移到内皮细胞层的表面。然后,对胶原凝胶加热,以便形成细胞胶原凝胶。该凝胶通过角膜细胞浓缩,以便在大约7天形成具有中心抬高区域或“高地”的凝聚的胶原网格,所说的网格用内皮层铺垫。
在第7天,顺序传代地角膜上皮细胞被胰蛋白酶处理,且以1.8×105细胞/高地的浓度镀敷在高地上。构成物在增湿的孵育器内在37℃、10%CO2中孵育4小时,以便使细胞能粘附到胶原网格上。然后,构成物浸入13ml角膜保持介质(CMM)孵育。介质每周换三次。
在第7天,上皮化后,一块样品用尼罗兰硫酸盐溶液(1∶10000在磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中)着色,以便检查上皮复盖的完整性。
如果高地100%的复盖,构成物无菌地转移到新的含11ml介质和二个的棉花垫的盘中以支托培养插入物和防止新月形形成。11ml的介质恰好使流体水平达到构成物的表面上(这时厚度是1mm或更小)。这样保持未浸入的湿的表面。然后,如上所述孵育构成物,且介质每周换3次,每次换9ml介质(棉花垫保持剩下的2ml)。
例3,角膜分化的环境影响
上皮化的角膜构成物在CMM内培养1周后,它们或者离开浸入,提升在棉花垫上,形成一个干燥空气-液体界面,或者提升在具有足够介质的棉垫上,以提供一个湿的但不浸入的上皮表面。干燥的界面是通过从它的载体上去掉细胞培养插入物,并把它放在培养井,深井盘,或含足够介质的盘内悬挂的两块棉花垫的顶部上面,以便恰好达到棉花垫来获得。介质可以通过棉花垫虹吸到培养物的下表面。湿的界面以同样的方式得到,但围绕棉花垫的介质的量增加到使流体的水平高到高地的台阶处(构成物中心抬高的部份)。典型地,在具有两个棉花垫的深井培养盘中,介质达到干的界面为9ml,达到湿的界面为7ml。介质是自然地吸过高地的表面,而没有浸入高地顶部的上皮表面。
在真实空气界面(干的)的构成物孵育与浸入的孵育与湿的孵育的形态和免疫细胞化学方面的比较表明只有干的和湿的界面产生于在Vinculin和α-稀醇酶分布上接近于正常边缘的角膜上皮。然而,在干的界面上的培养物使角膜上皮经受不正常的鳞状的(皮肤线)的差异。
例4.内皮细胞层的包涵物
内皮细胞层的包涵物使构成物能更多复制且可以制作,它改进了角膜上皮在基体上的向外生长,改进了上皮层实际的附着能力(在没有内皮的情况下,很容易地可与基体分离,反之是不可分开的),且消除了在胶原表面内和其上角膜细胞过分增长(没有内皮,基质角膜细胞出现超繁殖,并且通过所出现的上皮的趋化性质被抽出网格,然后,与用于网格表面的上皮细胞对抗)。
例5.内皮细胞层包涵物的影响
内皮层的包涵物也产生具有较大的典型组织特征的构成物,免疫化学研究比较了具有或不具有内皮层的湿构成物表明;它提高了Ⅶ型胶原、粘连丝的组分和laminin(一种基体膜的成份)的表达(基层和细胞基质相互间的作用在研究角膜伤口愈合上是重要的成份,缺乏这些成份将减轻角膜构成物的效用)。三层的构成物也表明甚致更大的类似于边缘的α-稀醇酶位置(被限止在角膜外皮的基层)。
例6.角膜等同物的超结构的特殊化
三细胞构成物形态上的分化表明存在有组织的基层,缺乏不正常的鳞状差异和在上皮表面存在特征的蠕虫状的隆起部。
例7.内皮细胞层与基质网格的直接接触对于最佳效果是必需的。
转移的鼠角膜内皮细胞在DMEM-10% NBCS的六井组织培养皿内(6.7×103细胞/cm2)被用板固定,并使得能增长到融合。含未收缩的基质网格的细胞培养插入物放在井内,使来自内皮层的被调节的介质浸泡网格,而它收缩七天。在第七天,当在正常情况下,基质构成物被上皮化,并在存在内皮细胞的情况下被培养七天。样品按组织学分析。其结果类似于具有结构破坏的上皮和纤维细胞趋化性的例3。用板固定在培养皿底部上的内皮细胞从直接与基质层接触中分离出来,也不能达到欲要求的结果。
例8.内皮细胞与丝裂霉素C的稀释抑制它们在角膜等同物中的影响。
转移的鼠内皮细胞不能提供增长的接触抑制,作为一种结果,它们继续成倍地形成多层和在基质网格下面的细胞堆团。作了一些在基质网格形成之前,试图用丝裂霉素C稀释细胞的研究。
转移的鼠内皮细胞直接接种在细胞培养插入物的聚碳酸酯膜上,并使得能增长到融合。在浇注基质层之前,内皮细胞在含有2或4μg/ml丝裂霉素C的介质中在37℃,10%CO2的条件下孵育1或2个小时。内皮细胞用DMEM-10%NBCS冲洗两次,基质层在顶部吸取。丝裂霉素C处理防止了内皮细胞过多增长和促进上皮的增长,然而,它们不可能防止纤维细胞的趋化性。用丝裂霉素C稀释鼠内皮细胞,以便防止鼠内皮细胞的进一步分裂(据推测由于它们的SV40的转移,它缺乏接触抑制),从而减少了内皮层的影响。
例9.在角膜等同物中功能障碍性质的研究。
存在着功能的紧密连接是使用有萤光透过能力的检验证实的。有透过能力的障碍物在整个过程中作出如下的改进。也已经明显,提供具有湿的界面的培养物改进可透过的障碍物。此外,可透过的障碍物可以通不同的细胞系来改进。两种兔角膜上皮系之间的差异在下面说明。
把在细胞培养插入物中的角膜构成物放在含2ml具有钙和镁的Hanks平衡盐溶液(HBSS)的六井皿中。聚碳酸酯环放在高地的顶部并用聚硅酮滑脂密封,以防止渗出。这样暴露了0.785cm2的表面积。50μl-滴的萤光钠(在HBSS中为0.5mg/ml)吸移到角膜上皮顶部上的环内,并允许用箔片复盖住在室温下培养30分钟。在井中HBSS里的萤光吸收用光谱摄谱仪在490nm处测量。典型的结果表示于后,湿的培养物表明对假定的紧密联接发展的萤光可透过能力有更大的阻力。可以看出可透过能力取决于上皮细胞系的量(当通过外观,增长特征评价时)而变化。
普通的过滤器(对照) 2.565
2.552
2.549
兔上皮系12.59
9天湿的界面: 0.322
0.343
0.347
9天的浸入: 1.830
14天的湿界面: 0.130
0.102
0.821
14天的浸入: 0.932
0.508
0.616
兔上皮系12129
9天湿的界面: 0.064
0.054
0.037
14天的浸入: 0.030
0.023
0.03
尽管上面的发明为了能清楚的理解,通过说明举例的方式作了详细的说明,对于本专业领域内的普通专业人员,在所附的权利要求书要求保护的范围内可以作出一定的改变或改进,但是这些将都是显而易见的。
Claims (11)
1、一种角膜等同物,包括
a.一个内皮细胞层,
b.一个由基质细胞接种的胶原层,和
c.一个上皮细胞层。
2、按照权利要求1所述的角膜等同物,其中所说的细胞层的内皮细胞是用SV40的大T抗原转移的。
3、按照权利要求1所的角膜等同物,其中所说的细胞层的内皮细胞是用热敏感的基因转移的。
4、按照权利要求1所述的角膜等同物,其中所说的上皮层是由角膜上皮细胞组成。
5、一种制造角膜等同物的方法,包括;
(a)培养内皮细胞,以便形成一个内皮细胞层;
(b)培养胶原和基质细胞,以便获得细胞-胶原混合物;
(c)把所说的细胞-胶原混合物与内皮细胞层表面接触;
(d)培养所说的两层,由此胶原层形成一个被抬高的中心区域;
(e)把上皮细胞与细胞-胶原层的表面接触;
(f)培养所说的上皮细胞,直到胶原层由上皮细胞复盖;和
(g)在一定的条件连续的培养所说的上皮细胞以获得湿的表面界面,以便形成角膜等同物。
6、按照权利要求5所述的方法,其中所说的细胞层的内皮细胞是用SV40的大T抗原转移的。
7、按照权利要求5所述的方法,其中所说的细胞层的内皮细胞是用热敏感的基因转移的。
8、按照权利要求5所述的方法,其中所说的上皮层是由角膜上皮细胞组成。
9、一种用于测试试验物质的效果的方法,包括;
(a)使角膜等同物暴露于试验物质,和
(b)确定在角膜等同物上的试验物质的效果。
10、一种用于在活体内植入角膜等同物的方法,包括;
(a)按照权利要求1所述的方法培养体外的 角膜等同物;
(b)在活体中植入角膜等同物。
11、一种具有胶原层的组织等同物,其改进包括内皮细胞层与所说的胶原层相接触。
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CN112689861A (zh) * | 2018-06-19 | 2021-04-20 | Ebm株式会社 | 手术操作训练用的人工器官模型、该人工器官模型的制造方法以及使用该人工器官模型的手术操作训练方法 |
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1992
- 1992-11-13 US US07/974,740 patent/US5374515A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1993
- 1993-11-13 CN CN93121325A patent/CN1080130C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-11-15 PT PT94901313T patent/PT621766E/pt unknown
- 1993-11-15 ES ES94901313T patent/ES2160116T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-11-15 JP JP6512252A patent/JPH08500041A/ja active Pending
- 1993-11-15 DK DK94901313T patent/DK0621766T3/da active
- 1993-11-15 CA CA002127120A patent/CA2127120A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-11-15 WO PCT/US1993/010727 patent/WO1994010940A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-11-15 AT AT94901313T patent/ATE202688T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-11-15 DE DE69330402T patent/DE69330402T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-11-15 EP EP94901313A patent/EP0621766B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-07-11 OA OA60536A patent/OA10089A/en unknown
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2001
- 2001-10-03 GR GR20010401639T patent/GR3036778T3/el not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112689861A (zh) * | 2018-06-19 | 2021-04-20 | Ebm株式会社 | 手术操作训练用的人工器官模型、该人工器官模型的制造方法以及使用该人工器官模型的手术操作训练方法 |
CN112689861B (zh) * | 2018-06-19 | 2023-06-30 | Ebm株式会社 | 手术操作训练用的人工器官模型、该人工器官模型的制造方法以及使用该人工器官模型的手术操作训练方法 |
US12131666B2 (en) | 2018-06-19 | 2024-10-29 | EBM Corporation | Artificial organ model for training for surgical technique, method for manufacturing artificial organ model, and method for training for surgical technique using artificial organ model |
Also Published As
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EP0621766A1 (en) | 1994-11-02 |
EP0621766B1 (en) | 2001-07-04 |
ATE202688T1 (de) | 2001-07-15 |
PT621766E (pt) | 2001-12-28 |
DK0621766T3 (da) | 2001-09-17 |
EP0621766A4 (en) | 1996-04-24 |
OA10089A (en) | 1996-12-18 |
DE69330402T2 (de) | 2002-05-29 |
WO1994010940A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
DE69330402D1 (de) | 2001-08-09 |
ES2160116T3 (es) | 2001-11-01 |
CA2127120A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
CN1080130C (zh) | 2002-03-06 |
US5374515A (en) | 1994-12-20 |
JPH08500041A (ja) | 1996-01-09 |
GR3036778T3 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
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