CN109115630A - The characterizing method of refractory material toughness - Google Patents
The characterizing method of refractory material toughness Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/20—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady bending forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses the characterizing methods of refractory material toughness, Step 1: refractory material sample is produced；Step 2: the fulcrum of refractory material sample is arranged: Step 3: the calculating of standard sample high temperature break resistant intensity；Step 4: precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity calculates；Step 5: the calculating of standard sample and precutting sample mean；Step 6: the calculating of toughness index；Step 7: the judgement of refractory material sample toughness and flexural strength.The characterizing method of this refractory material toughness compares influence of the pre-add notch to refractory material fracture behaviour by normal intensity detection, to be subject to accurate quantification and judgement to the toughness of refractory material, method is simple, easy, and be consistent with the structure feature of refractory material multiphase heterogeneous body, it can be to be provided directly and effective method foundation about the optimization of refractory material intensity and toughness.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the toughness characterization technique field of refractory material more particularly to the characterizing methods of refractory material toughness.
Background technique
One kind of refractory material category inorganic non-metallic material, usually by the refractory aggregate and fine powder form of particulate material form
Refractory matrix and the combined articulated system three parts of the two are constituted, it is heterogeneous for multiphase in object phase composition
Body.Therefore, the other compositions such as ceramics, glass, cement are different with the mutually single inorganic non-metallic material of object, and refractory material is this non-
The structural particularity of isotropic body brings many troubles to understanding and characterization capabilities of refractory materials to carry out optimum experimental, because
Mature basic theory about ceramics, glass is more, and when these theories are directly applied to refractory material will generate
Certain inadaptability, such as will study the result of ceramic brittleness and toughening theory applied to refractory material when seems fluctuation not
It is fixed, or even obtain and practical different conclusion.In consideration of it, simulation and characterization about capabilities of refractory materials especially key performance
It is all the research hotspot having attracted much attention all the time.
The toughness of refractory material is the key performance directly related with thermal shock resistance, resistance to flaking, conceptually refers to fire resisting
When material is by the external force for bringing it about deformation, to the resistivity to fracture, be material before rupture the absorbent energy of institute with
The ratio of volume.The test method of tradition characterization refractory material toughness mainly has the anti-split the law of hot or cold conditions and non-demolition bending
Test method(s).Split the law gives a pre-add breach, then with wedge shaped pressure head in pre-add as shown in Figure 1, on one piece of square coupons
Breach part gradually increases pressure vertically downward, and final sample is split out, and corresponding splitting compression and displacement is recorded, with this
The quality of various sample resistance of crack propagation is compared, this load is bigger, then show that material is less susceptible to be broken because of crack propagation,
Illustrate good toughness；This load is smaller, illustrates that material is easy to rupture failure due to crack propagation, illustrates poor toughness.Non-demolition heat
State bending experimental method is the TOUGHNESS TEST METHOD of another refractory material, and the method has used for reference traditional ess-strain detection side
Method, as shown in Fig. 2, sample used is generally longer than anti-folding and ess-strain detection sample, portion adds one to hold lower than sample in the sample
By the steady load of the limit, and specific time is kept at a certain temperature, pass through the bending journey of comparison various sample after cooling
It spends to characterize the quality of toughness of material；Bending is bigger, illustrates that the toughness of material is better, vice versa.This method is easy to operate,
Comparison is intuitive.
The problem of anti-split the law of used in the prior art hot or cold conditions and non-demolition cripping test method are primarily present
Be: (1) the anti-split the law of either hot or cold conditions or the hot bending experimental method of non-demolition can only carry out the toughness of refractory material
Characterization cannot simultaneously characterize the breakdown strength of refractory material；(2) the hot bending experimental method of non-demolition, although operation letter
It is single, comparison is intuitive, but the problem is that be unable to accurate quantification to the resistivity to fracture, and material cannot be characterized simultaneously
Breakdown strength；Inventor has developed the new method of characterization refractory material toughness based on defect in the prior art, is able to solve
The problem of stating existing characterizing method.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to solve above-mentioned problems of the prior art, provide characterization refractory material toughness
New method, the invention is simple, convenient easy；The present invention uses for reference and combines split the law and the inspection of existing flexural strength
Survey method compares influence of the pre-add crackle to flexural strength by contrived experiment with tough sex factor this parameter come quantitatively characterizing
The size of this influence.This method visual exam person specifically needs to select to do the contrasting detection under cold conditions i.e. normal temperature condition,
Can do under specific temperature it is i.e. hot under the conditions of contrasting detection, can be provided for the optimization characterization of toughness effectively and the foundation of quantization.
Specific practice is as follows:
Cold conditions or it is hot under the conditions of, prepare two groups of materials and technological parameter strip sample all the same, every group of sample number of blocks
Not less than 3 pieces, it is proposed that take 5 pieces, specimen size is 40 mm *, the 40 mm * 160mm of existing flexural strength examination criteria.Its
In one group of sample block be standard sample, non-incision；Another group of sample for being prepared as the notch containing pre-add with sized samples.It is resistance to for shaping
Fiery material, the notch can use patterning method, cut out the notch of one fixed width and depth；For unshape refractory as being poured
Material, can it is pre-buried with the hard plastic sheet of certain thickness and width in castable and toast burning lose to obtain notch.Referring to anti-
Intensity detection standard GB/T3001-2007 is rolled over, method difference examination criteria sample group is destroyed using three-point bending and pre-add notch tries
The flexural strength of each sample of sample group, wherein pre-add notched specimen needs to contain when detecting notch down and is located at two sides particle
Middle part, with top load loading direction on a vertical line.It (is sample to standard sample according to the width of sample, thickness
Thickness, to pre-add notched specimen be sample thickness subtract notch depth), fulcrum spacing and measurement load, each examination is calculated
The flexural strength numerical value of sample, and averaged is distinguished to the flexural strength numerical value of every group of sample.Finally, calculating precutting sample
The ratio of the average flexural strength of the average flexural strength and standard sample group of group, i.e. toughness index.Toughness index closer to 1,
Then illustrate that pre-add notch is less susceptible to extend, i.e. the toughness of material is more preferable；If toughness index illustrates pre-add notch closer to 0
It more easily extends, i.e., material is easier to that brittle fracture occurs, and toughness is poor.
The toughness characterizing method of present invention offer refractory material:
Step 1: refractory material sample is produced: under the hot condition of high temperature, producing two groups of materials and technological parameter is all the same
Strip sample, one group be standard sample, another group be precutting sample, every group 5 pieces of sample producing；Standard sample and precutting
The thickness h of sample0It indicates；Bottom middle position, longitudinal precutting for offering strip in precutting sample；
Step 2: the fulcrum of refractory material sample is arranged: the bottom of standard sample and precutting sample is used to two 3 points respectively
Bending method fulcrum support, the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums are indicated with L；
Step 3: the calculating of standard sample high temperature break resistant intensity: the standard sample of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2
Upper middle position applies vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when the maximum perpendicular load that standard sample is born
When the threshold value that reaches capacity, standard sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this time0；
According to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of standard sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: F0For the maximum perpendicular load of standard sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, and b is
The width of standard sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample；
Step 4: precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity calculates: the precutting sample of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2
Upper middle position, apply vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when the maximum perpendicular that precutting sample is born
Load reach capacity threshold value when, precutting sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this timec；
Also according to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: FcFor the maximum perpendicular load of precutting sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, b
For the width of precutting sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample, hcFor the depth of precutting；
Step 5: the calculating of standard sample and precutting sample mean: by various criterion sample calculated in step 3
High temperature break resistant intensity, read group total go out average value；Simultaneously by difference precutting sample calculated in step 4, read group total goes out
Average value；
Step 6: the calculating of toughness index: by the average value of the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample divided by step 3 Plays
The average value of the high temperature break resistant intensity of sample；
Toughness index (Toughness Index) TI:
Wherein TIIt indicates toughness index, indicates the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample, indicate that the anti-folding of the high temperature of standard sample is strong
Degree；
Step 7: the judgement of refractory material sample toughness and flexural strength: according to the toughness index T being calculated in step 6I
, work as TIUsually between 0 ~ 1, TIValue shows that influence of the precutting to material flexural strength is smaller, the toughness of material is got over closer to 1
It is good, such as metal, rubber toughness material；Otherwise TIValue is got over, small TIThen show that precutting confrontation folding intensity effect is big, material resists
Crack propagation performance, that is, toughness is poor, such as conventional ceramic, plate glass.
Wherein in step 1, the precutting in the bottom middle position of precutting sample, longitudinal direction offer depth hcFor 1 ㎝,
Width b is 0.3 ㎝.
Wherein in step 2, the distance between two supporting blocks of standard sample and precutting sample are arranged to equidistant, mark
The spacing L of quasi- two supporting blocks of sample=two, precutting sample supporting block spacing L.
Wherein in step 1, refractory material sample is divided into standard sample and precutting sample, and refractory material sample is rectangular
Body, while under the hot condition of high temperature；The main purpose done so is for the test of seek unity of standard sample and precutting sample
Determination of the environment improves the accuracy and science of toughness and the breakdown strength characterization of standard sample and precutting sample.
Wherein in step 1, bottom middle position, longitudinal precutting for offering strip in precutting sample, pre-cut
Bottom middle position, the longitudinal direction of oral examination sample offer depth hcIt is the precutting of 0.3 ㎝ for 1 ㎝, width b；What is done so is main
Purpose is in order to by opening up precutting on precutting sample, when the maximum perpendicular load that precutting sample is born reaches pole
When limiting threshold value, precutting sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this timecAnd pass through maximum perpendicular load FcCalculate precutting
The high temperature break resistant intensity of sample.
Wherein in step 1, precutting longitudinally offers depth hcIt is 0.3 ㎝ for 1 ㎝, width b；These supplemental characteristics
Selection is practiced by data a large amount of in actual production, and obtain as a result, wherein there is very big selection difficulty, simultaneously
Overcome various difficulties in the prior art；Precutting longitudinally offers depth hcFor 1 ㎝, width b is 0.3 ㎝, for material
And the precutting sample that technological parameter is all the same, it is the data that one group of optimal high temperature hot modulus of rupture calculates.
Wherein in step 2, the bottom of standard sample and precutting sample is used to two three-point bending method fulcrum branch respectively
Support, the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums are indicated with L；Spacing L=precutting sample two of two supporting blocks of standard sample
The spacing L of a supporting block；The main purpose done so is for sample and the precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity meter of seeking unity of standard
The consistency of parameter is calculated, the accuracy of high maximum temperature flexural strength when calculating standard sample and precutting sample fracture is improved, from
And finally improve the accuracy of refractory material sample toughness index.
Wherein in step 3, the upper middle position of the standard sample of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2, is utilized
Hot strength testing machine applies vertical static load F, when the maximum perpendicular load that standard sample is born reaches capacity threshold value, mark
Quasi- sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this time0；Wherein hot strength testing machine mainly for standard sample provide it is static,
Accurate vertical load, to play the accuracy for improving standard sample high temperature break resistant intensity value.
Wherein in step 4, precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity is calculated: will set supporting block spacing L's in step 2
The upper middle position of precutting sample applies vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when precutting sample is born
Maximum perpendicular load reach capacity threshold value when, precutting sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this timec；It is wherein hot strong
Degree testing machine mainly provides static, accurate vertical load for precutting sample, improves precutting sample high temperature to play
The accuracy of flexural strength value.
Wherein in step 5, the high temperature break resistant intensity value of the precutting sample in step 4 is tried divided by step 3 Plays
The high temperature break resistant intensity value of sample；The main purpose done so is to accurately calculate the tough of standard sample and precutting sample
Sex index, by toughness index come the relationship between criterion sample and the toughness and high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample,
To overcome difficulty in the prior art, amount while quantization to the high temperature break resistant intensity of refractory material to toughness is realized
Change characterization.
Beneficial effects of the present invention: the present invention provides the characterizing method of refractory material toughness, the invention is easy to operate,
It is convenient and easy and directly effective；The present invention uses for reference the anti-split the law of hot or cold conditions and non-demolition cripping test method, prepares two pieces long
The sample of bar shaped, one piece is standard sample, and one piece is precutting sample；Detected respectively according to three-point bending method precutting sample and
The flexural strength of standard sample, and toughness index is calculated with the radiometer of the two, in this, as the good table of refractory material toughness
Levy foundation.The characterizing method of this refractory material toughness is compared pre-add notch by normal intensity detection and is broken to refractory material
The influence of behavior meets refractory material multiphase heterogeneous body so that the toughness to refractory material is subject to accurate quantification and judgement
Structure feature can provide directly and effective method foundation for the optimization in relation to refractory material intensity and toughness.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram that split the law in the prior art of the invention characterizes refractory material toughness；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram that the hot bending method of non-demolition in the prior art of the invention characterizes refractory material toughness；
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of present invention characterization refractory material toughness and intensity；
Fig. 4 is influence performance map of the flexibilizer additive type to hot strength in the embodiment of the present invention one；
Fig. 5 is influence performance map of the flexibilizer additive type to toughness index in the embodiment of the present invention one；
It is marked in Fig. 1: 1, wedge block, 2, rolling cylinder, 3, tensile stress load region, 4, sample precutting.
It is marked in Fig. 3: 1, standard sample, 2, precutting sample, 3, precutting, 4, three-point bending method fulcrum.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described further below in conjunction with specific embodiment, these embodiments be merely to illustrate the present invention without
For limiting the scope of the invention.
Step 1: refractory material sample is produced: under the hot condition of high temperature, producing two groups of materials and technological parameter is homogeneous
With strip sample, one group be standard sample 1, another group be precutting sample 2, every group 5 pieces of sample producing；Standard sample 1
With the thickness h of precutting sample 20It indicates；The pre- of strip is offered in bottom middle position, the longitudinal direction of precutting sample 2
Notch 3；
Step 2: the fulcrum of refractory material sample is arranged: the bottom of standard sample 1 and precutting sample 2 is used to two three respectively
Point bending method fulcrum 4 supports, and the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums 4 are indicated with L；
Step 3: the calculating of standard sample high temperature break resistant intensity: the standard sample 1 of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2
Upper middle position, apply vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when the maximum perpendicular that standard sample 1 is born
Load reach capacity threshold value when, standard sample 1 be broken, obtain maximum perpendicular load F at this time0；
According to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of standard sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: F0For the maximum perpendicular load of standard sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, and b is
The width of standard sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample；
Step 4: precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity calculates: the precutting sample of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2
2 upper middle position applies vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when the maximum that precutting sample 2 is born is hung down
Straight load reach capacity threshold value when, precutting sample 2 is broken, and obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this timec；
Also according to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: FcFor the maximum perpendicular load of precutting sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, b
For the width of precutting sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample, hcFor the depth of precutting；
Step 5: the calculating of standard sample and precutting sample mean: by various criterion sample 1 calculated in step 3
High temperature break resistant intensity, read group total go out average value；Simultaneously by the anti-folding of high temperature of difference precutting sample 2 calculated in step 4
Intensity, read group total go out average value；
Step 6: the calculating of toughness index: by the average value of the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample 2 divided by step 3 Plays
The average value of the high temperature break resistant intensity of sample 1；
Toughness index (Toughness Index) TI:
Wherein TIIt indicates toughness index, indicates the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample, indicate that the anti-folding of the high temperature of standard sample is strong
Degree；
Step 7: the judgement of refractory material sample toughness and flexural strength: according to the toughness index T being calculated in step 6I
, work as TIUsually between 0 ~ 1, TIValue shows that influence of the precutting to material flexural strength is smaller, the toughness of material is got over closer to 1
It is good, such as metal, rubber toughness material；Otherwise TIValue is got over, small TIThen show that precutting confrontation folding intensity effect is big, material resists
Crack propagation performance, that is, toughness is poor, such as conventional ceramic, plate glass.
Embodiment 1: as shown in attached drawing 4, attached drawing 5: for optimizing fish torpedo ladle impact zone Al2O3- SiC-C brick
The composition of the brick: Brown Alundum particulate material 65%, -325 keevil shape corundum fine powders 18%, 97 carborundum powder 9%, -195 of -200 mesh
Mesh crystalline flake graphite 6%, 98 metallic silicon power 2% of -200 mesh, additional 4.5% thermosetting phenolic resin.It tests and amounts to 5 groups of samples, except benchmark is matched
Other than the side H0, other four group of formula do not add a kind of flexibilizer additive, are denoted as HC, HB, HK, HA respectively according to toughener type.Respectively
It is formulated after mixing through 1000 tons of friction press formings, then after 200 DEG C of bakings, cuts standard sample 1 and precutting respectively
Sample 2, notch depth 10mm, width 2mm.It is as shown in table 1 to detect each conventional index, detects hot 1400 DEG C of * 0.5h buried charcoal item
Hot modulus of rupture and toughness index difference under part is as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2:
According to the above results, it directly can effectively select to determine preferred plan, hot modulus of rupture and toughness can be taken into account
The scheme of index is preferred plan.It is formulated as obtained by optimization experiment and is tried out at the scene, effect reaches expected, solves impact
The problem of easily broken brick in area.
Embodiment 2: for improving the toughness of ladle MgO-C brick
The composition of the brick: 975 fused magnesite aggregates 70%, -195 mesh crystalline flake graphites 14%, resist -200 mesh fused magnesite fine powders 15%
Oxidant 1%, additional 3% thermosetting phenolic resin use 630 tons of friction press compression mouldings after mixing, then toast through 200 DEG C
Afterwards, standard sample 1 and precutting sample 2, precutting 3 depth 10mm, width 2mm are cut respectively.In 1400 DEG C of * 0.5h buried charcoal items
The toughness index of the original formulation sample detected under part is 0.37, and additional fine-powdered toughness additive 0.15%, which mentions
Up to 0.56, while the hot modulus of rupture of the two is respectively 10.15MPa and 10.02MPa, in fairly horizontal.The above results
Illustrate that the toughness additive improves the toughness of MgO-C brick under tested additional amount 0.15%, while not having to hot modulus of rupture
There is negative effect, achievees the purpose that material toughening.
Claims (3)
1. the characterizing method of refractory material toughness, it is characterised in that: Step 1: refractory material sample is produced: in hot high temperature
Under state, two groups of materials and technological parameter strip sample all the same are produced, one group is standard sample, and another group is precutting
Sample, every group 5 pieces of sample producing；The thickness h of standard sample and precutting sample0It indicates；In the bottom of precutting sample
Between position, longitudinal precutting for offering strip；Step 2: the fulcrum of refractory material sample is arranged: by standard sample and in advance
Two three-point bending method fulcrum supports, the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums L table are used respectively in the bottom of notched specimen
Show；Step 3: the calculating of standard sample high temperature break resistant intensity: the standard sample of supporting block spacing L will be set in step 2
Upper middle position applies vertical static load F using hot strength testing machine, when the maximum perpendicular load that standard sample is born
When the threshold value that reaches capacity, standard sample fracture obtains maximum perpendicular load F at this time0；
According to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of standard sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: F0For the maximum perpendicular load of standard sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, and b is
The width of standard sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample；Step 4: precutting sample high temperature break resistant intensity calculates: will
The upper middle position that the precutting sample of supporting block spacing L is set in step 2 is applied using hot strength testing machine and is hung down
Straight static load F, when the maximum perpendicular load that precutting sample is born reaches capacity threshold value, precutting sample fracture, at this time
Obtain maximum perpendicular load Fc；
Also according to high temperature break resistant intensity calculation formula:
The high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample can be calculated:
Wherein in formula: FcFor the maximum perpendicular load of precutting sample, L is the distance between two three-point bending method fulcrums, b
For the width of precutting sample precutting, h0For the thickness of standard sample, hcFor the depth of precutting；Step 5: standard sample and
The calculating of precutting sample mean: by the high temperature break resistant intensity of various criterion sample calculated in step 3, read group total
Average value out；Simultaneously by difference precutting sample calculated in step 4, read group total goes out average value；Step 6: toughness refers to
Several calculating: by the average value of the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample divided by the high temperature break resistant intensity of step 3 Plays sample
Average value；
Toughness index TI:
Wherein TIIt indicates toughness index, indicates the high temperature break resistant intensity of precutting sample, indicate that the anti-folding of the high temperature of standard sample is strong
Degree；Step 7: the judgement of refractory material sample toughness and flexural strength: according to the toughness index T being calculated in step 6I,
Work as TIUsually between 0 ~ 1, TIValue shows that influence of the precutting to material flexural strength is smaller, the toughness of material is got over closer to 1
It is good, such as metal, rubber toughness material；Otherwise TIValue is got over, small TIThen show that precutting confrontation folding intensity effect is big, material resists
Crack propagation performance, that is, toughness is poor, such as conventional ceramic, plate glass.
2. the toughness characterizing method of refractory material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the bottom of precutting sample
Between the precutting of position, longitudinal depth h that offerscIt is 0.3 ㎝ for 1 ㎝, width b.
3. the toughness characterizing method of refractory material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: standard sample and pre-cut oral examination
The setting of the distance between two supporting blocks of sample is equidistant, and the spacing of two supporting blocks of standard sample is equal to two branch of precutting sample
The spacing L of bracer.
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