CN1090836A - 烃的部分氧化产物的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
通过在部分氧化反应催化剂存在下,烃与来自空
气分离设备的氧接触制备烃部分氧化产物。将来自
反应器气流中的部分氧化产物分离后,在超大气压力
下通过将未反应烃吸附到吸附剂上,从流出物中回收
未反应烃,通过减压所述吸附剂以除去吸附剂中吸附
的烃,然后用来自空气分离设备的氮净化吸附剂。将
回收的未反应烃再循环入部分氧化反应器。
Description
本发明涉及烃部分氧化制备烃衍生物的方法,更准确地说,涉及在再循环的部分氧化过程中使用空气分离产物。
工业上某些部分氧化产物是通过在气相中用合适催化剂氧化适当烃制得的。例如工业上在有含氧气体存在情况下采用含钒催化剂通过气相催化部分氧化芳香烃如苯或直链烃例如正丁烷或丁烯制备马来酐。同样,在选择的催化剂存在下通过部分氧化合适烷烃和烯烃制备腈、烯化氧,醛和卤化烃。通常使用空气作含氧气体,因为其成本低并容易获得。该反应是在合适反应器中进行的。来自反应器的流出物通常含部分氧化产物、二氧化碳(CO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、水、未反应的烃和少量的其他部分氧化付产物。
反应设备系列通常包括反应器,其中产生部分氧化产物,洗涤器,其中用水或适于部分氧化产物的其他溶剂洗涤反应器气体流出物中的部分氧化产物,和适于进一步处理经洗涤的气体流出物的设备。在新式的再循环过程中还设有从洗涤的气体流中除去未反应烃和将它们循环入部分氧化反应器的设备。
通常,吸附系统用于除去洗涤的部分氧化气体流出物中的未反应烃。当用于上述目的时,该系统通常含有优选从洗涤的气流中吸附未反应烃的吸附剂。当设计的系统适于吸附未反应烃,而不吸附气流中的其他过量组分,例如氮、氩、二氧化碳和一氧化碳。
当温度变化吸附(TSA)系统用于从部分氧化反应器的排出气流中除去未反应烃时,吸附床通常可由通过该床加热的不可吸附的或较微吸附的净化气流使该床再生。净化气体解吸床中吸附的组分并将它们从系统吹除去。美国专利4231943公开通过正丁烷部分氧化制备马来酐的TSA方法。在该专利公开的方法中,来自气体产物洗涤器的含正丁烷的部分排出气直接循环入部分氧化反应器。剩余物流经吸附筒吸附排出气体中的丁烷。用热氮气或氮气-空气混合物清洗吸附床,从其中解吸丁烷。正丁烷净化气混合物再循环入部分氧化反应器。联邦德国专利公开2544927也公开了制备马来酐的部分氧化反应方法,其中未反应的C4烃是用温度变化吸附从反应器排出气体中回收。在该专利中吸附床是用热空气清洗。
本发明提供的方法优于上述方法。
按照本发明主要实施方案,再循环的部分氧化反应是通过将烃与富氧产物(下面定义)反应产生选择的部分氧化产物进行的;选择的产物从气体反应器流出物中除去;气体流出物在超大气压力下通过吸附器,因而从流出物中吸附未反应烃;未反应烃通过吸附床减压从吸附床中解吸;该吸附床是通过将富氮产物(下文定义)气流经过该床净化的;解吸的未反应烃-富氮产物混合物循环入部分氧化反应器。
在优选的实施方案中空气经过空气分离系统分离成富氮产物和富氧产物;在烃部分氧化过程中富氧产物用作氧化剂,其中未反应烃是在超大气压力下,通过将流出物经过吸附器,从部分氧化产物回收设备的气体流出物中分离出的,因而吸附流出物中未反应烃;未反应烃是通过使吸附床减压从其中解吸,通过富氮产物气流经床使床净化;将解吸的未反应烃-富氮产物混合物再循环入部分氧化反应器中。
本发明优选实施方案用附图作说明,该附图是再循环部分氧化反应系统的简图。
本发明方法可用来制备任何石油化学产品,该产品可在高温下,通过烃与氧的气相反应制得。可应用本发明的典型的石油化学产品制备方法:
在钒基催化剂存在下通过芳香族化合物或直链C4烃与氧反应制备环酐。实施例包括通过将苯或饱和或不饱和C4烃与氧反应制备马来酐,和通过将邻二甲苯或萘与氧反应制备邻苯二甲酸酐。
在氧化硅或氧化铝为载体的氧化银催化剂存在下、低级烷烃或烯烃与氧和氨反应制备烯化氧。实施例包括乙烷或乙烯与氧反应制备环氧乙烷,丙烷或丙烯与氧反应制备氧化丙烯。
在氧化硅或氧化铝为载体的氯化铜催化剂存在下,低级烷烃或烯烃与氧反应制备氯化烃。实施例包括乙烯或乙烷与氯化氢反应制备氯乙烯或二氯化乙烯。
在氧化硅或氧化铝为载体的铋钼氧化物催化剂或铁锑氧化物催化剂存在下,低级烷烃或烯烃与氧和氨反应制备烯属不饱和腈。这类方法的实施例包括丙烷或丙烯与氧反应制备丙烯腈的反应,和异丁烷或异丁烯与氧反应制备甲基丙烯腈的反应。
当然,在进料中使用的具体烃取决于产生的石油化学产品。当制备环酐时,通常,烃反应剂是低分子量芳族烃,即含高达12个碳原子的芳烃,或低分子量直链烃,即含高达10个碳原子的直链烃。当制备烯属不饱和腈,烯化氧、氯化烃时、烃反应剂通常是低分子量烷烃或烯烃,即含高达10个碳原子的烷烃或烯烃。
附图对本发明所用装置及本发明所有系统中各种设备布置作了说明。在优选的实施方案中,所用的装置包括空气分离系统A,烃部分氧化反应器B,石油化学产品回收设备C,和压力变化吸附系统D。
空气分离设备A是可以从空气中分离氮和氧的任何系统。本发明方法中可使用的普通空气分离设备是低温分馏系统、吸附系统和半透膜系统。当设备A是低温蒸馏系统时,它可以是简单的一塔设备、具有高压和低压塔的二塔设备或配备氩气侧臂塔的二塔设备。同样,当设备A是吸附系统时,它可以是任何吸附系统,例如可用净化气再生的简单吸附系统,压力变化吸附(PSA)系统,温度变化吸附(TSA)系统或这些系统的组合。在本发明优选的实施方案中,设备A是低温蒸馏系统或PSA系统。
反应器B可以是任何合适的部分氧化反应器,它配有热交换器(没表示出),以除去放热反应中产生的热。反应器B可以装填适于进行特定的部分氧化反应的催化剂。
石油化学产品回收设备C可以是任何可从气流中分离石油化学产品的通用设备,例如气体洗涤器,即吸附器或冷凝器。在附图中,说明洗涤器配有用水或含水或不含水液体与气体产品接触,以从反应器流出物中萃取石油化学产品的设备和从回收设备中分离洗涤的石油化学产品的设备。
如上所述,分离器D是压力变化吸附(PSA)系统,该系统包括单个吸附床或一组串联或并联排列的床或它们的组合。在优选的装置中,PSA系统包括二个或二个以上物相循环的吸附床,向反应器B提供假连续再循环未反应烃。优选的PSA设备包括在循环过程中操作的二个或二个以上吸附床,循环系统包括在相对高的压力下吸附和在相对低的压力或真空下再生。
分离器D的作用是吸附部分氧化废气流中未反应的烃,该废气流通常含未反应烃,部分氧化付产物,例如二氧化碳、水蒸汽和一氧化碳及各种其他气体组分,例如氮,氩和少量氧。与设备C流出物中的其他组份相比,烃通常被大部分吸附剂强有力的吸附,因此设备D含有的吸附剂更强力地吸附烃,而废气流的其他组分却不易吸附。在设备D中用的一般的吸附剂是沸石分子筛,活性碳、碳分子筛、硅胶、活性氧化铝等。
上述设备是人们熟知的,它们设计上的特点不构成本发明一部分。
在本发明方法中正如附图说明的实施方案所实施的那样,空气分离设备A通过管线2接受进料物流,通过管线4排出富氮产物,通过管线6排出富氧产物。
用富氮产物作净化气以吹除分离器D中未反应烃,因此,富氮产物基本上可以是纯氮,氮和氩或富氮空气的混合物,条件是富氮空气的氧含量不高到在循环管线中任何点足以产生易燃气体与解附烃的混合物。富氮产物的组成在很大程度上取决于用于分离空气组分的方法。对于本发明的目的,“富氮产物”实际上定义为基本纯氮或富氮空气衍生物,其氧含量应不足以在本发明系统再循环部分形成易燃混合物。换言之,当氧与解吸气体组分混合进入分离器D时引入到分离器D作为部分富氮产物净化气流的氧应不足以形成易燃混合物。在本发明优选的实施方案中富氮产物基本上是纯氮。
富氧产物可以是基本纯氧,它可以含氩或是富氧空气,它的组成取决于本发明方法所用的具体空气分离设备。对本发明来说,富氧产物定义为基本纯氧或含至少80%(体积)氧的富氧空气衍生物。
在部分氧化反应中,通常优先使用基本纯氧,因为惰性气体例如氮或氩增加会使反应效率降低。然而,在某些情况下可要求使用纯度低于由空气分离设备获得的氧。这可通过将空气与由空气分离设备获得的富氧产物混合或将富氧产物和空气引入到反应器B中完成,条件是混合的富氧空气和补充氧的总氧浓度低于约80%(体积)。
离开设备A的富氧产物通过管线6进入烃部分氧化反应器B中。反应器B除了接受富氧产物外,还通过管线8接受烃进料和通过管线10接受循环物流。当生产产物,例如腈,氯化烃等时,应将所需的其他反应剂,例如氨、氯化氢、氯等通过进料管线引入到反应器B中,这部分在附图中未标出。反应调节剂,例如二氧化碳或其他惰性气体也可与反应剂一起引入到设备B中。
另一种附图所示引入反应器B的反应剂的进料方式是如果需要可将包括再循环物流中未反应烃的一些或全部反应剂预混合并一起引入到反应器B中,条件是这样的混合不着火或不产生爆炸危险。通常,引入方式取决于实施本发明所用反应器类型。在固定床反应器系统中,进料组分通常混合后进入反应器,因此通过单个管线进入反应器。而在流化床反应器系统中,进料组分通常是分别进入反应器。部分氧化反应的具体描述和反应剂引入反应器B的方式不构成本发明的一部分。
进入反应器B的组分在反应器B中接触催化剂,产生石油化学产品和二氧化碳及一氧化碳付产物。烃氧化反应的条件是熟知的,不构成本发明的一部分。氧化反应是一般在约200℃-600℃,通常约250-500℃,压力一般约2-500psig,通常约3-300psig下进行。反应剂通常以速度约0.5-5.0ft/秒通过反应器。进料中氧对烃比最好为0.3∶1-10∶1(体积)。
部分氧化反应产物物流经过管线12排出反应器B,通常通过热交换器(没标出)冷却至温度约30-200℃。冷却后,产物气流进入产物回收设备C,在该设备中除去气流中石油化学产品。在回收设备C中,产物气体与通过管线14进入该设备的溶剂密切接触。溶剂基本上能溶解产物气流中所有要求的石油化学产品。含石油化学产品的溶液经管线16排出产物回收设备C,通常,将它们进一步处理以回收石油化学产品。经洗涤的气流通过管线18排出回收设备C。将来自设备C的全部气体物流压缩至超大气压,并通入分离器D。
当来自设备C的气体物流通过分离器D时,基本上所有未反应烃被其中所含吸附剂吸附,未吸附的气体通过废气排出管线20排出分离器D,排到大气中或另作处理。当未反应烃物流到分离器D的预定位置时应停止向分离器D输入进料气流,并开始循环的再生阶段。在这阶段,将吸附床逆流减压。在吸附循环的至少一部分吸附剂再生阶段,来自空气分离器A的富氮产物通过管线4,并在低压下引入到分离器D作为净化气体。富氮产物有助于解吸吸附床中的未反应烃,未反应的烃-富氮产物气体混合物排出分离器D并通过管线10再循环入反应器B。
吸附循环可包括除基本的吸附和再生步骤之外的步骤,例如,将吸附床在二个步骤中减压是有好处的,即将第一步骤的减压产物用来使吸附系统另一个床局部加压,这样可减少与未反应烃一起循环入反应器的非烃气体的数量。
应用本发明获得了若干好处。将空气的组分用于本方法的系统中的那些,它们是最有用的部。将富氧产物组分用作氧化剂,因此,能量不有浪费,来加热大量氮气。当空气用作氧化剂时,这些大量的氮气是与所需要的氧气量同时存在的。第二,富氮产物用作净化气,因此可使气体分离系统中几乎没有爆炸气体混合物或不产生爆炸气体混合物的危险性。第三,引入循环系统反应器中的氮可用作惰性稀释剂。如果需要,通过增加作为净化气体流过分离器D的氮气量可增加进入反应器B的氮气量。如果需要,通过调节富氧产物流中氮气浓度或除了富氧产物外还将空气引入反应器中可使附加量氮气引入到反应器B中。最后,由于来自石油化学回收设备的所有流出物都流过未反应烃PSA回收系统,使再循环入部分氧化反应器的惰性气体和付产物气体量变得最小。
虽然特别参考附图所示系统对本发明作了描述,但应考虑到变化。例如,本发明可用于气体物质和氧之间的任何反应,其中要求回收和再循环气体物质的未反应部分,条件是找到的吸附剂吸附未反应气体物质比吸附反应器流出物中的其他气体组分更强有力。本发明范围仅受所附的权利要求限制。
Claims (10)
1、一种选自环酐、烯化氧、卤化烃、醛、不饱和羧酸、不饱和腈及其混合物的部分氧化产物的制备方法,包括:
(a)在有合适氧化催化剂存在下,在制备含所述部分氧化产物的气体产物流的条件下,在反应区中使含2至12个碳原子烃和富氧产物在气相中接触;
(b)除去所述气体产物流中的部分氧化产物;
(c)在超大气压力下,将基本上所有无石油化学产物的气体产物流通过装有对所说烃具有选择性的吸附剂的吸附床,从而除去所述无石油化学产物的气体产物流中的未反应烃;
(d)当所述吸附床中未反应烃流达到预定位置时应终止无石油化学产物气体物流通过所述吸附床,并减压所述吸附床,因而解吸所述吸附床中的未反应烃;
(e)富氮产物通过所述吸附床,因而进一步解吸所述吸附床中未反应烃;
(f)将解吸的未反应烃和富氮产物再循环入所述反应区。
2、一种选自环酐,烯化氧、卤化烃、醛、不饱和羧酸、不饱和腈及其混合物的部分氧化产生物制备方法,包括:
(a)将空气分离成富氧产物和富氮产物;
(b)在合适氧化催化剂存在下,在制备含所述部分氧化产物的气体产物流的条件下,在反应区中使含2至12个碳原子的烃与所述富氧产物在气相接触;
(c)从所述气体产物流中回收部分氧化产物;
(d)在超大气压力下,将基本上所有无石油化学产物的气体产物流通过装有对所说烃具有选择性的吸附剂的吸附床,从而除去无石油化学产物的气体产物流中的未反应烃;
(e)当未反应烃流达到所述吸附床预定位置时终止无石油化学产物气体产物流通过所述吸附床,因而从吸附床中解吸未反应烃;
(f)将富氮产物通过所述吸附床,因而进一步解吸所述吸附床中未反应烃;
(g)将解吸的未反应烃和富氮产物循环入所述反应区。
3、权利要求2的方法,其中步骤(a)用低温分馏方法进行。
4、权利要求2的方法,其中步骤(a)用压力变化吸附进行。
5、权利要求1至4的任何一个方法,其中所述富氧产物基本上是纯氧。
6、权利要求1至4的任何一个方法,其中所述富氮产物基本上是纯氮。
7、权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述烃选自含6至12个碳原子的芳香烃和含2-10个碳原子的脂族烃。
8、在氧化催化剂存在下,通过烃与氧的气相氧化制备部分氧化产物的装置,包括:
(a)将空气分离成富氧产物和富氮产物的空气分离设备;
(b)烃与所述富氧产物接触以制备含部分氧化产物和未反应烃的气体产物流的反应器;
(c)除去所述气体产物流中的所述部分氧化产物以制备部分氧化产物的液态产物流和含未反应烃的基本上无部分氧化产物的气流的设备;
(d)从所述基本上无部分氧化产物气流中除去未反应烃的压力变化吸附设备;
(e)将来自所述压力变化吸附设备的所述未反应烃循环入所述反应器;
(f)将来自所述空气分离设备的所述富氧产物输送入所述反应器的设备;和
(g)将来自所述空气分离设备的所述富氮产物输送入所述吸附设备的设备。
9、权利要求8的装置,其中所述空气分离设备是低温分馏系统。
10、权利要求8的装置,其中所述空气分离设备是压力变化吸附系统。
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US4259246A (en) * | 1975-12-31 | 1981-03-31 | Chevron Research Company | Maleic anhydride production with recycle treatment |
US4231943A (en) * | 1979-05-31 | 1980-11-04 | Chevron Research Company | Maleic anhydride production |
US4342699A (en) * | 1981-02-23 | 1982-08-03 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Process for production of maleic anhydride |
US4868330A (en) * | 1988-04-06 | 1989-09-19 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Process for the production of nitriles |
US4987239A (en) * | 1988-04-06 | 1991-01-22 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Process for the production of anhydrides |
-
1993
- 1993-08-11 ZA ZA935853A patent/ZA935853B/xx unknown
- 1993-08-13 AU AU44646/93A patent/AU672612B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-08-16 EP EP93306438A patent/EP0585023A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-08-21 CN CN93118271A patent/CN1090836A/zh active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-05-09 US US08/239,636 patent/US5532384A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ZA935853B (en) | 1994-06-10 |
EP0585023A1 (en) | 1994-03-02 |
AU4464693A (en) | 1994-02-24 |
US5532384A (en) | 1996-07-02 |
AU672612B2 (en) | 1996-10-10 |
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