CN109070066B - 活性scr催化剂 - Google Patents
活性scr催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109070066B CN109070066B CN201780027347.7A CN201780027347A CN109070066B CN 109070066 B CN109070066 B CN 109070066B CN 201780027347 A CN201780027347 A CN 201780027347A CN 109070066 B CN109070066 B CN 109070066B
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- small pore
- copper
- iron
- pore zeolite
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003658 tungsten compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea;hydrate Chemical compound O.NC(N)=O WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052675 erionite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical compound O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 229910052676 chabazite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 7
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ZKXWKVVCCTZOLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one Chemical compound [Cu].CC(O)=CC(C)=O.CC(O)=CC(C)=O ZKXWKVVCCTZOLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 zeolite compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000505 Al2TiO5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000021 acetate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/50—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T, as exemplified by patent document US2950952
- B01J29/52—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T, as exemplified by patent document US2950952 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/56—Iron group metals or copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
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- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/30—Tungsten
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- B01J29/50—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T, as exemplified by patent document US2950952
- B01J29/58—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T, as exemplified by patent document US2950952 containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
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- B01J29/78—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J35/643—Pore diameter less than 2 nm
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- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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- B01J37/30—Ion-exchange
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种包含小孔沸石的催化剂,所述小孔沸石含有铁和铜并且具有八个四面体原子的最大环尺寸,其特征在于,所述小孔沸石的所述通道宽度在至少一个维度上总计>
Description
本发明涉及用于降低内燃机废气中的氮氧化物的活性SCR催化剂。
配备主要以稀燃操作的内燃机的机动车辆的废气具体地含有除了颗粒排放物之外的主要排放物一氧化碳CO、碳氢化合物HC、以及氮氧化物NOx。由于相对较高的氧气含量为至多15体积%,因此一氧化碳和碳氢化合物可相对容易地通过氧化而变得无害。然而,氮氧化物还原成氮气变得更加困难。
用于在存在氧气的情况下从废气中去除氮氧化物的一种已知方法是在合适的催化剂上借助于氨的选择性催化还原方法(SCR方法)。在该方法中,利用氨将废气中待去除的氮氧化物转化为氮和水。用作还原剂的氨可通过将氨前体化合物例如尿素、氨基甲酸铵或甲酸铵按剂量给料到废气流中并随后水解而可用。
例如,某些金属交换沸石可用作SCR催化剂。通常根据沸石最大孔开口的环尺寸将沸石细分成大孔、中孔和小孔沸石。大孔沸石具有12的最大环尺寸,并且中孔沸石具有10的最大环尺寸。小孔沸石具有8的最大环尺寸。
在重型车辆领域,过去已大范围地使用基于铁交换β沸石(即,大孔沸石)的SCR催化剂。然而,在这些产品中,随着使用寿命的增加,可观察到非常明显的铁颗粒附聚和沸石结构脱铝现象。因此,基于铁交换β沸石的SCR催化剂的水热稳定性无法满足增加了的要求。
基于小孔沸石的SCR催化剂也已为人所知,参见例如,US2014/154175、WO2010/043891 A1、WO2008/106519 A1、WO2008/118434 A1和WO2008/132452 A2。最后提及的文献公开了大量的小孔沸石,尤其还具有结构类型EAB、ERI和LEV。然而,已发现,基于铁交换小孔沸石的SCR催化剂在新鲜状态下呈现出缺点。
也可从上述文献以及从EP 2 878 361 A1中了解到基于铜交换小孔沸石的SCR催化剂,尤其是基于铜交换菱沸石的SCR催化剂。
从EP 2520365 A2已知,可将包含第一金属的第一分子筛与包含第二金属的第二分子筛混合。
WO2013/126619 A1还公开了与两种金属(例如,铁和铜)交换的沸石。根据该文献,如果废气中存在等份的NO和NO2并且所谓的快速SCR反应可因此根据以下反应方程式继续,与铁和铜交换的菱沸石(SSZ-13,参见实施例1至3)具有优势:
4 NH3+2 NO+2 NO2→4 N2+6 H2O
WO2013/082560 A1描述了一种微孔晶体材料,其具有3至10的SAR值并且包含选自碱土金属基团、稀土基团、碱基团或它们的混合物的第一金属和选自铜、铁或它们的混合物的第二材料。
WO2010/043891 A1公开了具有>0.5微米的平均微晶尺寸的小孔铝硅酸盐沸石。这些为结构类型CHA、ERI和LEV,其中CHA是优选的。在实施方案中,沸石可包含铜和铁。
WO2011/045252 A1公开了结构类型LEV的含铜沸石,其具有小于30的SAR值并且具有小于0.45的Cu∶A1比率。除铜之外,沸石还可包含一种或多种过渡金属,也提及了铁。
US2012/014867公开了结构类型ZSM-34、OFF和/或ERI的含铜沸石,其具有4至50的SAR值,并且ZSM-5是优选的。除铜之外,沸石还可包含一种或多种过渡金属,也提及了铁。
EP 2985068A1公开了包含氮氧化物储存催化剂和SCR催化剂的催化剂体系。该系统的SCR催化剂可选自包括ERI和LEV的一系列沸石。钴、铁、铜或者这些金属中两者或三者的混合物被公开为金属。
US 2015/290632描述了CuFe/CHA系统,其中在菱沸石合成期间掺入铁,并且在随后的离子交换步骤中掺入铜。在老化状态下,该产品在>350℃的温度范围内表现出比Cu/CHA更好的SCR活性,但在<350℃的温度范围内表现出更差的SCR活性。
在重型领域中,仍然存在对在新鲜状态下具有足够活性并且具有高水热稳定性的SCR催化剂的需求。具体地讲,适合的催化剂在根据以下反应方程式的所谓的标准SCR反应中也具有足够的SCR活性:
4 NH3+4 NO+O2→4 N2+6 H2O
即,在不存在NO2的情况下。
现已令人惊奇地发现,与铁和铜二者交换的基于某些小孔沸石的SCR催化剂满足这些要求。
在本发明的范围,术语“通道宽度”应理解为术语“通道的结晶学自由直径”,如Ch.Baerlocher,“Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types”,第六次修订版2007(参见第8页)中所描述的。根据本发明,通道宽度在至少一个维度上必须>0.38nm在本发明的范围内,在其他维度上的通道宽度不是关键的。
本发明的实施方案中,具有八个四面体原子的最大环尺寸和在至少一个维度上>0.38nm的通道宽度的小孔沸石具有结构类型EAB(在至少一个维度上,通道宽度为0.51nm)、ERI(在至少一个维度上,通道宽度为0.51nm)、ESV(在至少一个维度上,通道宽度为0.47nm)、JBW(在至少一个维度上,通道宽度为0.48nm)或LEV(在至少一个维度上,通道宽度为0.48nm),ERI和LEV是优选的。
由于EAB结构类型的沸石可用,这种类型的所有沸石均是本领域技术人员已知的。示例为TMA-E和贝尔伯格石。
由于ERI结构类型的沸石可用,这种类型的所有沸石均是本领域技术人员已知的。这些沸石包括天然存在的但优选合成制备的毛沸石。示例为Linde T、LZ-220和ZSM-34,但具体地讲,为被指定为“毛沸石”的材料。
由于ESV结构类型的沸石可用,这种类型的所有沸石均是本领域技术人员已知的。示例为ERS-7。
由于JBW结构类型的沸石可用,这种类型的所有沸石均是本领域技术人员已知的。示例为Na-J。
由于LEV结构类型的沸石可用,这种类型的所有沸石均是本领域技术人员已知的。示例为Nu-3、ZK-20、RUB-1和LZ-132,但具体地讲,为被称为“插晶菱沸石”的材料。
在本发明的范围内,术语“沸石”不仅指硅铝酸盐,而且也指所谓的硅铝酸盐或磷酸铝类型的沸石类化合物,只要这些化合物具有根据本发明的结构。ERI结构类型的示例为SAPO-17和A1PO-17,并且LEV结构类型的示例为SAPO-35和A1PO-35。
在本发明的实施方案中,小孔沸石具有1至50优选5至35的SAR值。本领域技术人员理解,SAR值为二氧化硅与氧化铝的摩尔比率。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,小孔沸石具有结构类型ERI并且具有5至15具体地5至10的SAR值。
在本发明的另外优选实施方案中,小孔沸石具有结构类型LEV并且具有20至40的SAR值,例如,30至40、或25至35或30至35的SAR值。
在本发明的实施方案中,小孔沸石包含以Cu计算的0.2重量%至3重量%、优选地1重量%至小于2重量%、约1重量%至1.9重量%的铜和以Fe计算的0.2重量%至3重量%、优选地1重量%至2重量%的铁,并且在两种情况下,均基于交换沸石的总重量计。
小孔沸石特别优选包含以Cu计算的1.5重量%的铜和以Fe计算的1.3重量%的铁,并且在两种情况下,均基于交换沸石的总重量计。在该实施方案中,铜与铁的原子比为1。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,小孔沸石具有结构类型ERI,并且Cu∶Al的摩尔比为0.03至0.10,具体地为0.05至0.09。(Cu+Fe)∶Al的摩尔比为0.12至0.2,具体地为0.13至0.17。
在本发明的另外优选实施方案中,小孔沸石具有结构类型LEV,并且Cu∶Al的摩尔比为0.15至0.30,具体地为0.18至0.25。(Cu+Fe)∶Al的摩尔比为0.32至0.50,具体地为0.39至0.47。
在本发明的实施方案中,除铜和铁之外,小孔沸石不含另外的金属。具体地讲,小孔沸石不含碱金属、碱土金属和稀土金属。此外,具体地讲,小孔沸石不含钴。
根据本发明的催化剂可根据本身已知的方法容易地制备。
例如,可通过固态升华获得该催化剂。出于该目的,提供了小孔沸石与铜和铁化合物的干燥的紧密混合物,例如各自的乙酰丙酮化物,该混合物随后在100℃到600℃的温度下被分解成金属或金属离子。随后,在足够高的温度下进行足够长的时间段的煅烧,以便实现小孔沸石中铜和铁的固态升华。
然后,将所得粉末分散在水中,并且加入粘结剂,例如,勃姆石或硅胶。然后仅需搅拌或均质化所得的混合物,并且可直接用作用于涂覆载体基材的涂层悬浮液(载体涂层)。
另选地,根据本发明的催化剂也可通过例如以其钠、钾或铵盐形式在水中浆化小孔沸石然后加入相应量的可溶性铜和铁盐来制备。醋酸盐特别用作可溶性盐。
在根据本发明的催化剂的实施方案中,其以载体基材上的涂层的形式存在。载体基材可为所谓的流通基材或壁流式过滤器。
两者均可由惰性材料组成,惰性材料例如碳化硅、钛酸铝或堇青石。此类载体基材是本领域技术人员已知的,并且可商购获得。
然而,载体基材本身也可以是催化活性的,并且包含催化活性材料,例如SCR催化活性材料。出于该目的作为SCR催化活性材料考虑的大体上为本领域技术人员已知的所有材料,即,例如,基于混合氧化物的那些和基于金属交换沸石化合物的那些(具体地讲,Cu-和/或Fe-交换的沸石化合物)。具体地讲,出于此目的,考虑了含钒、钛和钨化合物的混合氧化物。
除催化活性材料之外,这些载体基材包含基质组分。所有也用于制备催化剂基材的惰性材料都可用作基质组分。这些是例如硅酸盐、氧化物、氮化物或碳化物,其中特别优选硅酸镁铝。
在根据本发明的催化剂的其他实施方案中,其本身作为载体基材的一部分存在,即,例如,作为流通基材或壁流式过滤器的一部分。此类载体基材另外包含上文已描述的基质组分。
包含根据本发明的催化剂的载体基材可用于废气净化中。然而,它们也可继而涂覆有催化活性材料,例如,SCR催化活性材料。如果这些材料为SCR催化活性物质,则开始考虑前述SCR催化剂。
为了制备催化活性载体基材,根据本身已知的方法挤出由例如10重量%至95重量%的惰性基质组分和5重量%至90重量%的催化活性材料组成的混合物。如上文已述,所有也用于制备催化剂基材的惰性材料均可用作基质组分。这些是例如硅酸盐、氧化物、氮化物或碳化物,其中特别优选硅酸镁铝。
向惰性或本身催化活性载体基材施加根据本发明的催化剂和向包含根据本发明的催化剂的载体基材施加催化活性涂层可通过本领域技术人员已知的方法执行,例如,根据通常的浸涂方法或泵吸涂覆方法,随后进行热处理(煅烧)。
本领域技术人员知道,在壁流式过滤器的情况下,后者的平均孔径和根据本发明的催化剂的平均粒度可彼此适应,使得所得的涂层位于形成壁流式过滤器的通道的多孔壁上(壁上涂层)。然而,平均孔径和平均粒度优选地彼此适应,使得根据本发明的催化剂定位于形成壁流式过滤器的通道的多孔壁中,因此发生内孔表面的涂层(壁内涂层)。在这种情况下,根据本发明的催化剂的平均粒度必须足够小以渗透到壁流式过滤器的孔中。
根据本发明的催化剂可有利地用于纯化来自稀燃操作的内燃机,特别是柴油发动机的废气。这将废气中所含的氮氧化物转化为无害的化合物氮气和水。
因此,本发明还涉及用于净化稀燃操作的内燃机的废气的方法,其特征在于,废气经过根据本发明的催化剂。
在根据本发明的方法中,氨优选地用作还原剂。例如,所需的氨可在根据本发明的颗粒过滤器上游的废气系统中形成,例如,借助于上游氮氧化物存储催化剂(“少NOx捕集器”-LNT)。这种方法称为“被动SCR”。
然而,氨也可以合适的形式(例如,以尿素、氨基甲酸铵或甲酸铵的形式)载入,并且根据需要加入到废气流中。常见的是,载有尿素水溶液并且根据需要在其上游通过喷射器将该水溶液加入根据本发明的催化剂中。
因此,本发明还涉及一种用于纯化来自稀燃操作的内燃机的废气的系统,其特征在于,其包括根据本发明的催化剂,该催化剂优选以载体基材上的涂层的形式或者作为载体基材和用于尿素水溶液的喷射器的一部分,其中喷射器定位在根据本发明的催化剂的上游。
例如,从SAE-2001-01-3625中已知,如果氮氧化物存在于一氧化氮和二氧化氮的1∶1或者在任何情况下接近该比率的混合物中,则与氨的SCR反应进行得更快。由于稀燃操作的内燃机的废气通常具有与二氧化氮相比过量的一氧化氮,因此该文献提出借助于氧化催化剂来增加二氧化氮的比例。根据本发明的方法不仅可用于标准SCR反应中(即,在不存在二氧化氮的情况下),而且还可用于快速SCR反应中(即,当一氧化氮的一部分已被氧化成二氧化氮时),因此理想的是,存在1∶1的一氧化氮和二氧化氮混合物。
因此,本发明还涉及用于纯化来自稀燃操作的内燃机的废气的系统,其特征在于,其包括氧化催化剂、用于尿素水溶液的喷射器和根据本发明的催化剂,该催化剂优选以载体基材上的涂层的形式或者作为载体基材的一部分。
在本发明的实施方案中,载体材料上的铂用作氧化催化剂。
本领域技术人员出于此目的知悉的所有材料被认为是载体材料。它们的BET表面积为30m2/g至250m2/g,优选100m2/g至200m2/g(根据DIN 66132确定),并且特别是氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化镁、氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化铈以及这些氧化物中至少两种的混合物或混合氧化物。
氧化铝和铝/硅混合氧化物是优选的。如果使用氧化铝,则特别优选用例如氧化镧来稳定。
使用根据本发明的系统,使得氧化催化剂,然后用于尿素水溶液的喷射器以及最后根据本发明的催化剂被布置在废气的流动方向上。
相比于仅与铜或仅与铁交换的小孔沸石,根据本发明的催化剂令人惊奇地具有优势。此外,相比于与铜和铁交换的菱沸石型沸石,它也具有优势。
本发明在接下来的实施例和附图中有更详细的解释。
图1示出了在新鲜状态下的K1、VK1和VK2的SCR活性
图2示出了在老化状态下的K1、VK1和VK2的SCR活性
图3示出了在新鲜状态下的K2、VK3和VK4的SCR活性
图4示出了在老化状态下的K2、VK3和VK4的SCR活性
图5示出了在新鲜状态下的VK5、VK6和VK7的SCR活性
图6示出了在老化状态下的VK5、VK6和VK7的SCR活性
实施例1
将1.24g乙酰丙酮铜(24.4重量%的Cu)和1.65乙酰丙酮铁(15.8重量%的Fe)与具有8的SAR值的19.8g毛沸石粗略地混合并均质化,然后在550℃下煅烧2小时。这使得约20g的毛沸石与1.5重量%的铜和1.3重量%的铁交换,下文称为K1。
比较例1
重复实施例1中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铁。这使得约20g的毛沸石与1.5重量%的铜交换,下文称为VK1。
比较例2
重复实施例1中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铜,并且使用的乙酰丙酮铁的量为2.53g。这使得约20g的毛沸石与2.0重量%的铁交换,下文称为VK2。
实施例2
重复实施例1中所述的过程,不同之处在于,使用19.8g的具有30的SAR值的插晶菱沸石,而非使用毛沸石。这使得约20g的插晶菱沸石与1.5重量%的铜和1.3重量%的铁交换,下文称为K2。
比较例3
重复实施例2中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铁。这使得约20g的插晶菱沸石与1.5重量%的铜交换,下文称为VK3。
比较例4
重复实施例2中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铜,并且使用的乙酰丙酮铁的量为2.53g。这使得约20g的插晶菱沸石与2.0重量%的铁交换,下文称为VK4。
比较例5
重复实施例1中所述的过程,不同之处在于,使用19.8g的具有28的SAR值的菱沸石,而非使用毛沸石。这使得约20g的菱沸石与1.5重量%的铜和1.3重量%的铁交换,下文称为VK5。
比较例6
重复比较例5中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铁。这使得约20g的菱沸石与1.5重量%的铜交换,下文称为VK6。
比较例7
重复比较例5中所述的过程,不同之处在于,省略了乙酰丙酮铜,并且使用的乙酰丙酮铁的量为2.53g。这使得约20g的菱沸石与2.0重量%的铁交换,下文称为VK7。
对比实验
a)催化剂K1和K2以及催化剂VK1至VK7是新鲜的,并且对其进行比较。在580℃下,在N2中以10%H2O和10%O2条件,执行老化100小时。
b)在下表所给出的条件下,在固定床石英反应器中测试老化的催化剂K1和K2以及催化剂VK1至VK7的SCR活性。
处于该目的,首先筛选催化剂粉末,并且将500μm至700μm的部分用于测试。
然后在N2中将其加热至600℃,然后将其送到测试气体(参见下表),并且以2K/min的速度将其冷却至100℃。同时,通过在线FT-IR装置监测NO与NH3的转化。
结果示于图1至图6中。
在新鲜状态下,相比于VK1(含铜的毛沸石)和VK2(含铁的毛沸石),K1(含铜和铁的毛沸石)已表现出明显的优势,这种优势在老化状态下还在增加。在将K2(含铜和铁的插晶菱沸石)与VK3(含铜的插晶菱沸石)和VK4(含铁的插晶菱沸石)进行比较时,得到类似的结果。尽管在新鲜状态下K2和VK3呈现大致相同的结果,但在老化状态下,K2具有相当大的优势。
在比较含菱沸石的VK5、VK6和VK7时,则得到不同的结果。此处,仅含铜的VK6在新鲜和老化状态下提供最佳结果。
Claims (17)
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中,所述小孔沸石具有1至50的SAR值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中,所述小孔沸石具有结构类型ERI并且具有5至15的SAR值。
4.根据权利要求3所述的催化剂,其中,Cu:Al的摩尔比为0.03至0.10。
5.根据权利要求3所述的催化剂,其中,(Cu+Fe):Al的摩尔比为0.12至0.2。
6.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中,所述小孔沸石具有结构类型LEV并且具有20至40的SAR值。
7.根据权利要求6所述的催化剂,其中,Cu:Al的摩尔比为0.15至0.30。
8.根据权利要求6所述的催化剂,其中,(Cu+Fe):Al的摩尔比为0.32至0.50。
9.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中,其以载体基材上的涂层的形式存在。
10.根据权利要求9所述的催化剂,其中,所述载体基材为流通基材或壁流式过滤器。
11.根据权利要求9所述的催化剂,其中,所述载体基材包含SCR催化活性材料,所述SCR催化活性材料选自Cu-和/或Fe-交换的沸石化合物和包括含有钒、钛和钨化合物的混合氧化物。
12.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中,其作为载体基材的一部分存在。
13.根据权利要求12所述的催化剂,其中,所述载体基材为流通基材或壁流式过滤器。
14.根据权利要求12所述的催化剂,其中,所述载体基材涂覆有催化活性材料。
15.一种用于净化稀燃操作的内燃机的废气的方法,其中,所述废气经过根据权利要求1所述的催化剂。
16.一种用于净化来自稀燃操作的内燃机的废气的系统,其中,其包括根据权利要求1所述的催化剂以及用于尿素水溶液的喷射器,其中所述喷射器定位在根据权利要求1所述的催化剂的上游。
17.根据权利要求16所述的系统,其中,其包括氧化催化剂、用于尿素水溶液的喷射器以及根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其中所述喷射器定位在根据权利要求1所述的催化剂的上游。
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