CN108967100A - Potato-late rice double no-tillage throw-planting method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a potato-late rice double no-tillage throw-planting method, which belongs to the field of agricultural production and mainly comprises the following steps of (1) potato no-tillage cultivation, namely ① fine variety selection, ② ditching and ridge-drawing, ③ potato seed treatment, ② 0 reasonable close planting, sufficient base fertilizer application, ⑤ straw covering, ⑥ field management, ⑦ timely harvesting, (2) late rice no-tillage throw-planting, namely ① variety selection, ② seedling raising and throw-planting, ③ field management, namely scientific fertilization, reasonable irrigation, timely weeding and pest control, and ④ timely harvesting.

Description

A kind of potato-late rice double no-tillage throwing planting method

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a potato-late rice dual no-tillage and throwing planting method in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which saves time and labor and improves economic benefits.

Background technique

The main driving force for the development of agricultural production is to improve production efficiency and increase farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain. Potato-super rice double no-tillage throwing planting refers to the no-tillage planting of potatoes in the winter slack field after the harvest of late rice. A planting mode of throwing late rice. At present, the number of migrant workers in rural areas is increasing, and agricultural production is increasingly developing in the direction of lightness and simplification. Planting potatoes in the conventional way requires a lot of labor for sowing and harvesting potatoes, and it is easy to cause damage to the potatoes, and the commodity is poor. In cold weather, it is easy to cause freezing damage, resulting in delayed harvesting and affected benefits. In addition, the traditional rice production mode is no longer suitable for the requirements of my country's agricultural development, and the implementation of simplified cultivation methods is imperative. Compared with traditional seedling raising and transplanting methods, rice no-tillage throwing and planting is one of the core technologies of conservation tillage, which greatly reduces the damage to the environment caused by agricultural production activities, and at the same time saves time, labor, costs and improves economic benefits and other advantages, in the current situation where traditional transplanting and transplanting are difficult and expensive, it is a realistic choice to use rice no-tillage and throwing.

Potato is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. The tubers are edible and are widely planted all over the world. China is the country with the largest potato production in the world. Potatoes have comprehensive nutrition, high value, storage resistance and long storage time, and are good food for rural people to improve food structure and residents to maintain health care. In recent years, with the development of the potato processing industry and the adjustment of the agricultural planting industry structure, the area of potato intercropping, autumn and winter cropping and multiple cropping has continued to expand, and the potato industry has become increasingly important crops such as grain, vegetables, feed and processing raw materials. Increased efficiency and farmers' income have made a greater contribution. Rice is the main food crop in the world, and more than one-third of the world's population uses rice as a staple food.

Rice is the main grain crop in my country. The planting area accounts for about 30% of the grain crop planting area, and the output is about half of the total grain output. Among the main grain crops in China, the total output of rice ranks first. Under the dual pressure of population growth and sharp reduction of arable land, the problem of food security has become increasingly serious. Due to the dual constraints of arable land and water resources, the only way is to increase production through scientific and technological progress, of which rice cultivation methods are a very important aspect.

Due to the advantages of time-saving, labor-saving, labor-saving and high input-output rate, no-tillage rice planting has been widely promoted in major rice areas in the country. In recent years, the southern region has vigorously developed winter-planted potatoes in paddy fields, but at the same time it is faced with problems such as how to deal with the planting beds, potato stems and leaves, and unrotted straw left after potato harvesting. In production, there are methods of burning straw and stalks, or removing straw and stalks from the paddy field, and re-irrigating the plow and harrowing field. This treatment method is not conducive to the accumulation of soil organic matter, but also causes air pollution, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. , Delay farming time. The potato-late rice double no-tillage and throwing planting method involves planting potatoes with no-tillage after the late rice is harvested, and then using the remaining planting furrows for no-tillage and throwing rice after the potatoes are harvested. This planting method turns traditional seed potatoes into pods when sowing, and turns digging into picking potatoes when harvesting, which greatly saves labor and labor, and the potato pieces are not damaged, the color is fresh and tender, and the commodity is good. At the same time, it greatly alleviated the tension of double-cropping rice stubble connection in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Using sufficient stubble connection time to fully soak the potato stems and leaves and covered straw, increase soil organic matter and fertilize the soil. At the same time, it also has the advantages of reducing labor intensity, saving costs and increasing efficiency, increasing production and income, and is simple and easy to implement. It is a new type of light and simple planting mode with great production potential in the southern region.

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a potato-late rice double no-tillage throwing planting method that saves time, labor and improves economic benefits. The method of the present invention is simple and easy to implement, which can save time, labor, cost and increase efficiency It can increase the content of soil organic matter, and effectively alleviate the contradiction between the tight stubble connection in the southern double-cropping rice area.

A kind of potato-late rice double no-tillage planting method comprises the following steps and method:

(1) Potato no-till cultivation:

①Selection of fine varieties

Choose mid-maturing, high-yield, strong resistance to stress, and no disease-free varieties of virus-free varieties Faureita and Zhongshu No. 4.

② Ditching and plotting

Drain the field water before the late rice is harvested to keep the field soil moist without water accumulation on the field surface. When the late rice is harvested, it should be harvested as close to the ground as possible, and the rice pile should be kept shallow. Immediately after harvesting, no-tillage furrowing and ditching can be carried out, and ditching machine or manual ditching can be used for furrowing. The width of the border is preferably the width of the straw and the straw cover, generally 1.5m, the ditch width is 0.3m, the ditch depth is 0.3m, and the ditch wall should be straight. The excavated ditch mud should be spread evenly on the furrow surface, so that the furrow surface is turtle-shaped to prevent waterlogging. A drainage ditch is set up 1m away from the field ridge, the ditch width is 0.35m, and the ditch depth is 0.4m.

③ Seed potato treatment

Pick out the rotten diseased potato pieces 15-20 days before planting, soak the whole potato in 0.1%-0.15% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes before cutting into pieces, then make full use of the top advantage, spirally cut obliquely towards the top, and finally The terminal bud is divided into two or one into four. Each piece of seed potato is required to have 1-2 bud eyes, and each cut piece is guaranteed to have at least one healthy bud with a weight of 25-30g. Generally, cut 30-40 pieces per kilogram of seed potatoes, and the incisions should be more than 1cm away from the buds. Pay attention to the disinfection of the potato cutter. After cutting, dip the incision with plant ash, and then dry it in the air for 2-3 days, until the incision hardens and scabs, then accelerate germination. When accelerating germination, place the cut seed potatoes in a room with a temperature of 15-20°C or in a greenhouse, use the layering method to accelerate germination, and stack them in the form of one layer of wet sand and one layer of seed potatoes, and the number of layers is controlled at 4 to 5 layers. , the uppermost layer is covered with wet sand, and a snakeskin bag is covered on the wet sand. The temperature of the germination seedbed is kept at 18-20°C. When the buds grow to 1-2cm, take out the seed potatoes and place them under astigmatism (keep at a low temperature of 10-15°C) to dry for 5-7 days before sowing.

④Reasonable dense planting, enough base fertilizer

When sowing, there is no need to make a nest, just straighten the potato pieces and place them on the field and press them firmly. The row spacing is 33cm, the plant spacing is 22cm, and about 97,500 to 105,000 holes are sown per hectare. After placing the seeds, use potassium sulfate (N:P:K=15:15:15) compound fertilizer 750kg/hm ² as a one-time base fertilizer and evenly spread it on the side of the seed potato. And add fully decomposed pig manure or cow manure and other organic fertilizers of 15000-22500kg/hm ² , and the organic fertilizers cannot directly contact the seed potatoes. During the potato growth period, there is no need for intertillage and weeding, and there is no need for topdressing. For fields with weak growth, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea solution can be used for 1 or 2 root sprays.

⑤ covered with straw

After sowing, 8-10 cm of straw is evenly covered on the furrow surface, and the straw is perpendicular to the box, and the grass tip overlaps the grass tip to cover the entire box surface. About 12,000 kg/hm ² of rice straw is used per hectare, and the thickness of the covering is based on the opacity of the border surface, so as to facilitate tuber formation and reduce the number of green potatoes, and at the same time suppress the growth of weeds. After the straw is covered, use the ditch mud to press the straw at several points to prevent the straw from being blown away by the strong wind, causing the seed potatoes to be exposed and form green potatoes, which will reduce the quality.

⑥Field management (water management, pest control, frost prevention)

a. Water management: During the growth and development period of potatoes, sufficient water must be ensured and the soil should be kept moist. In case of dry weather, small water should be used for furrow irrigation along the furrow, so that the water can penetrate the furrow surface, and the water should be drained in time after irrigation. In case of heavy rain, attention should be paid to drainage and anti-staining to avoid rotten potatoes caused by water accumulation in the field.

b. Prevention and control of pests and diseases: During the growth period of plants, late blight, stem rot, bacterial wilt, aphids, cutworms and other pests and diseases should be prevented in time. Pesticides such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, imidacloprid, Nongdile, acetamiprid and other pesticides should be used For prevention and control, the use of any pesticides is prohibited within 15 days before harvest.

c. Frost prevention: In case of frost, you can spray the leaves with plant ash or spray 0.2% ZnSO ₄ solution on the evening before the frost to reduce the damage.

⑦ Timely harvest

When the stems and leaves gradually turn from green to yellow to withered, the grape stems and tubers are easy to fall off, and the tubers are harvested when the epidermis is tough and the color is normal. Most of the potatoes grown under no-tillage straw cover are exposed on the soil layer under the straw. According to the market conditions, the straw can be removed anytime and anywhere to pick up the big potatoes first and go on the market (this will affect some yields, but it will be more beneficial. High), then cover the straw and leave the small potatoes to let them continue to grow, and harvest them all when the potato seedlings wither and turn yellow. This harvesting method can not only select the best potato type to go on the market in time, but also obtain high yield and abundant harvest, and improve economic benefits. The harvested potato stems and leaves can be buried in furrows on the spot as rice base fertilizer to reduce the amount of fertilizer.

(2) No-tillage throwing planting of late rice

① Irrigate and soak the fields

Immediately after the potatoes are harvested, deep water is poured into the field without any plowing and harrowing, so that the potato stems, leaves and straw in the field are fully rotten and the surface soil is soft. About 20 days before rice transplanting, use a mixture of systemic and contact herbicides to eliminate weeds and stumps in the field. Drain the water 1 to 2 days before spraying herbicides, and wait 4 to 5 days after spraying herbicides. After the weeds withered and turned yellow, return to the water and continue soaking in the fields. At the same time, the soil conditioner can be sprayed in combination with herbicides. Generally, 3000g/hm ² "no deep tillage" is used to spray 750-900kg of water on the surface.

② Variety selection

No-tillage fields should choose high-quality and high-yielding varieties with developed root system, strong tillering ability, thick stalks, and strong lodging resistance. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, super varieties such as II You 527, Ganxin 688 and Rongyou 225 suitable for planting in this area can be selected. Rice varieties.

③Throwing and planting of seedlings

Sowing and raising seedlings can be carried out around the middle and late May, and the amount of seed used per mu is 1.2-2.0kg. No-tillage throwing requires short and strong seedlings of the right age to make the seedlings stand quickly and have a high survival rate after throwing. Otherwise, the seedlings are too high, which will easily cause top-heavy and difficult to stand. It is advisable to sow seeds according to the floppy disk throwing seedling raising method, and sow the germinated rice seeds evenly into the floppy disk at about 2 grains per hole. The seedlings are sprayed with paclobutrazol when the two leaves are in one heart to prevent excessive growth. Seedling age should be controlled within 20 days, and seedling fertilizer can be used for seedling raising. Apply basal fertilizer before planting, and the density of planting is 270,000 to 320,000 holes/hm ² . It should be planted after 16:00 on cloudy or sunny days, stick to cloudy days without water, and sunny days in shallow water.

④Field management (scientific fertilization, rational irrigation, timely weeding, pest control)

a. Scientific fertilization: Rice no-tillage cultivation has problems such as surface soil enrichment in the early stage and serious fertilizer shortage and premature aging in the later stage. Therefore, the fertilization technology should adopt the fertilization technology of a small amount of multiple meals, moving chemical fertilizers backward, and supplementing foliar fertilizers in the later stage. The amount of fertilization per hectare is nitrogen (N) 180-210kg, P ₂ O ₅ 90-105kg, K ₂ O 180-240kg, divided into basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer for three times, phosphorus fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer at one time, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer According to the ratio of base fertilizer: tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 3:4:3, apply it in stages.

b. Rational irrigation: Water management adopts the irrigation mode of alternating dry and wet. When planting, there is no water in cloudy days and shallow water in sunny days. After throwing and planting, irrigate the water layer of 5-10mm on the 2nd day, and then keep the field from drying the mud until the seedlings turn green and stand up. After the standing seedlings turn green, irrigate about 20mm of water, wait for them to dry naturally for 2-3 days, and then irrigate with a water layer of 10-15mm, so that the front water disappears. When the number of seedlings reaches 70% to 80% of the planned number of spikes, open ditches, drain and dry the fields to control ineffective tillers. Dry the field until the tip of the second leaf is exposed, rehydrate and raise the fetus, and then keep the combination of shallow water and humidity to keep the field from softening until the earing stage. Irrigate 10-20mm of water at the heading stage, use alternating dry and wet irrigation methods at the grouting stage, use shallow water at the milky stage, and open fields at the waxy stage.

c. Timely weeding: For the control of weeds, generally the fields that have been weeded out with herbicides before planting do not need to be weeded again, and the fields that have not been weeded out or new grass buds grow will turn green and stand up Afterwards, weeding should be applied with a suitable pre-emergence herbicide combined with tillering fertilizer, and the water layer should be maintained for 3-4 days. After that, the fields with weed damage should be manually pulled out depending on the situation.

d. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: The control of diseases and insect pests can refer to conventional cultivation techniques to prevent and control rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, rice false smut, borers, rice leaf rollers and rice planthoppers in a timely manner.

⑤ timely harvest

Harvest in time after the water is ripe, generally when 90% to 95% of the grains in the field reach yellow maturity. The specific harvest time of this planting method is generally harvested in the first ten days of October.

Compared with the plowing cultivation of single-crop rice and double-crop early rice-double-crop late rice, the present invention has the following advantages:

(1) Effectively alleviate the contradiction of the tense stubble connection in the double-cropping rice area.

In the double-cropping rice areas in the south, the harvest of early rice and the transplanting of late rice are tight, and farmers describe it as "double rush". In addition, due to the economic development of our country, the labor force in the main rice-growing areas in the south has been transferred to the developed coastal areas, making the rural labor force even more tense. Many farmers had to reduce the sowing area of late rice due to lack of labor, or delayed the transplanting of some rice fields until the end of July to early August without reducing the sowing area of late rice. On the one hand, the transplanting age of late rice was greatly increased, and on the other hand On the one hand, it greatly increases the risk of "cold dew wind" during the full heading period of late rice. Under the potato-late rice double-no-tillage throwing planting mode, potatoes are generally sown in mid-to-late November, harvested in early-to-mid May, and can be harvested in late May. Competing for the contradictions of the seasons and allowing time for the adjustment of the rice field planting structure.

(2) Make full use of winter slack fields.

In the double-cropping rice area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, due to tight stubble gaps, few varieties of winter crops to choose from, and low economic benefits after the late rice harvest, more than 90% of the farmers will choose to abandon it, resulting in a serious waste of land, light, temperature, and water resources. As a result, the area of winter fallow fields remains high. Under the potato-late rice double no-tillage and throwing planting mode, it can effectively use the winter and spring land in southern paddy fields, and the temperature, light and heat resources to grow potatoes. It makes use of the winter and spring seasons, enriches winter agriculture, and makes full use of winter slack fields.

(3) Improve the yield and quality of potatoes and late rice.

Potato-late rice double no-tillage throwing planting mode, planting potatoes through straw mulching, can keep heat and keep moisture, help to promote potato growth and tuber expansion, and can reduce rainwater leaching of topsoil fertilizers, improve soil water supply and fertilizer retention Potatoes can be harvested only by removing the straw during harvesting, which can ensure that the potatoes will not be damaged, and improve the commodity and appearance of the potatoes; in addition, the soil organic matter can be increased after the potato stems and leaves and straw are rotted, and the cultivation Fertilizing the soil can also promote the increase of rice yield.

(4) Save time and labor, and increase farmers' income.

The potato-late rice double no-tillage and throwing planting mode adopts the no-tillage planting of the field to plant potatoes, which saves the plowing and crushing of the field and hole planting, especially when harvesting, the potatoes can be harvested only by removing the straw, saving time and labor; The one-season late rice adopts no-tillage and throwing planting, which eliminates the need for plowing the soil and reduces the labor intensity of seedling transplanting, greatly saves agricultural labor, reduces production cost input, improves economic benefits, and promotes farmers to increase income.

(5) Increase soil organic matter and fertilize soil fertility.

Covering and cultivating potatoes with rice straw in winter can reduce rice straw burning and improve the ecological environment of rice fields; rice straw and potato stems and leaves can increase soil organic matter, return nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium elements, improve soil structure, fertilize the soil, and reduce the input of chemical fertilizers , to reduce non-point source pollution of paddy fields. In addition, no-tillage straw mulching can also reduce the direct impact of rainwater on the soil, reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and reduce ground evaporation; compared with traditional tillage methods, no-tillage can reduce the number of times machines enter the ground and reduce the compaction of agricultural machines on the soil and the degree of damage to the soil structure; it can effectively save energy and reduce production investment; the soil compactness of the no-tillage layer is more suitable, slowing down the mineralization rate of soil organic matter, which is conducive to the accumulation of organic matter and the growth of crop roots.

Detailed ways

Example 1

In order to make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects achieved by the present invention easy to understand, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

A potato-late rice double no-tillage planting method, specifically comprising the following steps:

(1) Potato no-till cultivation:

①Selection of fine varieties

Choose mid-maturing, high-yield, strong resistance to stress, and no disease-free varieties of virus-free varieties Faureita and Zhongshu No. 4.

② Ditching and plotting

Drain the field water before the late rice is harvested to keep the field soil moist without water accumulation on the field surface. When the late rice is harvested, it should be harvested as close to the ground as possible, and the rice pile should be kept shallow. Immediately after harvesting, no-tillage furrowing and ditching can be carried out, and ditching machine or manual ditching can be used for furrowing. The width of the border is preferably the width of the straw and the straw cover, generally 1.5m, the ditch width is 0.3m, the ditch depth is 0.3m, and the ditch wall should be straight. The excavated ditch mud should be spread evenly on the furrow surface, so that the furrow surface is turtle-shaped to prevent waterlogging. A drainage ditch is set up 1m away from the field ridge, the ditch width is 0.35m, and the ditch depth is 0.4m.

③ Seed potato treatment

Pick out the rotten diseased potato pieces 15-20 days before planting, soak the whole potato in 0.1%-0.15% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes before cutting into pieces, then make full use of the top advantage, spirally cut obliquely towards the top, and finally The terminal bud is divided into two or one into four. Each piece of seed potato is required to have 1-2 bud eyes, and each cut piece is guaranteed to have at least one healthy bud with a weight of 25-30g. Generally, cut 30-40 pieces per kilogram of seed potatoes, and the incisions should be more than 1cm away from the buds. Pay attention to the disinfection of the potato cutter. After cutting, dip the incision with plant ash, and then dry it in the air for 2-3 days, until the incision hardens and scabs, then accelerate germination. When accelerating germination, place the cut seed potatoes in a room with a temperature of 15-20°C or in a greenhouse, use the layering method to accelerate germination, and stack them in the form of one layer of wet sand and one layer of seed potatoes, and the number of layers is controlled at 4 to 5 layers. , the uppermost layer is covered with wet sand, and a snakeskin bag is covered on the wet sand. The temperature of the germination seedbed is kept at 18-20°C. When the buds grow to 1-2cm, take out the seed potatoes and place them under astigmatism (keep at a low temperature of 10-15°C) to dry for 5-7 days before sowing.

④Reasonable dense planting, enough base fertilizer

When sowing, there is no need to make a nest, just straighten the potato pieces and place them on the field and press them firmly. The row spacing is 33cm, the plant spacing is 22cm, and about 97,500 to 105,000 holes are sown per hectare. After placing the seeds, use potassium sulfate (N:P:K=15:15:15) compound fertilizer 750kg/hm ² as a one-time base fertilizer and evenly spread it on the side of the seed potato. And add fully decomposed pig manure or cow manure and other organic fertilizers of 15000-22500kg/hm ² , and the organic fertilizers cannot directly contact the seed potatoes. During the potato growth period, there is no need for intertillage and weeding, and there is no need for topdressing. For fields with weak growth, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea solution can be used for 1 or 2 root sprays.

⑤ covered with straw

After sowing, 8-10 cm of straw is evenly covered on the furrow surface, and the straw is perpendicular to the box, and the grass tip overlaps the grass tip to cover the entire box surface. About 12,000 kg/hm ² of rice straw is used per hectare, and the thickness of the covering is based on the opacity of the border surface, so as to facilitate tuber formation and reduce the number of green potatoes, and at the same time suppress the growth of weeds. After the straw is covered, use the ditch mud to press the straw at several points to prevent the straw from being blown away by the strong wind, causing the seed potatoes to be exposed and form green potatoes, which will reduce the quality.

⑥Field management (water management, pest control, frost prevention)

a. Water management: During the growth and development period of potatoes, sufficient water must be ensured and the soil should be kept moist. In case of dry weather, small water should be used for furrow irrigation along the furrow, so that the water can penetrate the furrow surface, and the water should be drained in time after irrigation. In case of heavy rain, attention should be paid to drainage and anti-staining to avoid rotten potatoes caused by water accumulation in the field.

b. Prevention and control of pests and diseases: During the growth period of plants, late blight, stem rot, bacterial wilt, aphids, cutworms and other pests and diseases should be prevented in time. Pesticides such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, imidacloprid, Nongdile, acetamiprid and other pesticides should be used For prevention and control, the use of any pesticides is prohibited within 15 days before harvest.

c. Frost prevention: In case of frost, you can spray the leaves with plant ash or spray 0.2% ZnSO ₄ solution on the evening before the frost to reduce the damage.

⑦ Timely harvest

When the stems and leaves gradually turn from green to yellow to withered, the grape stems and tubers are easy to fall off, and the tubers are harvested when the epidermis is tough and the color is normal. Most of the potatoes grown under no-tillage straw cover are exposed on the soil layer under the straw. According to the market conditions, the straw can be removed anytime and anywhere to pick up the big potatoes first and go on the market (this will affect some yields, but it will be more beneficial. High), then cover the straw and leave the small potatoes to let them continue to grow, and harvest them all when the potato seedlings wither and turn yellow. This harvesting method can not only select the best potato type to go on the market in time, but also obtain high yield and abundant harvest, and improve economic benefits. The harvested potato stems and leaves can be buried in furrows as rice base fertilizer to reduce the amount of fertilizer.

(2) No-tillage throwing planting of late rice

① Irrigate and soak the fields

Immediately after the potatoes are harvested, deep water is poured into the field without any plowing and harrowing, so that the potato stems, leaves and straw in the field are fully rotten and the surface soil is soft. About 20 days before rice transplanting, use a mixture of systemic and contact herbicides to eliminate weeds and stumps in the field. Drain the water 1 to 2 days before spraying herbicides, and wait 4 to 5 days after spraying herbicides. After the weeds withered and turned yellow, return to the water and continue soaking in the fields. At the same time, the soil conditioner can be sprayed in combination with herbicides. Generally, 3000g/hm ² "no deep tillage" is used to spray 750-900kg of water on the surface.

② Variety selection

No-tillage fields should choose high-quality and high-yielding varieties with developed root system, strong tillering ability, thick stalks, and strong lodging resistance. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, super varieties such as II You 527, Ganxin 688 and Rongyou 225 suitable for planting in this area can be selected. Rice varieties.

③Throwing and planting of seedlings

Sowing and raising seedlings can be carried out around the middle and late May, and the amount of seed used per mu is 1.2-2.0kg. No-tillage throwing requires short and strong seedlings of the right age to make the seedlings stand quickly and have a high survival rate after throwing. Otherwise, the seedlings are too high, which will easily cause top-heavy and difficult to stand. It is advisable to sow seeds according to the floppy disk throwing seedling raising method, and sow the germinated rice seeds evenly into the floppy disk at about 2 grains per hole. The seedlings are sprayed with paclobutrazol when the two leaves are in one heart to prevent excessive growth. Seedling age should be controlled within 20 days, and seedling fertilizer can be used for seedling raising. Apply basal fertilizer before planting, and the density of planting is 270,000 to 320,000 holes/hm ² . It should be planted after 16:00 on cloudy or sunny days, stick to cloudy days without water, and sunny days in shallow water.

④Field management (scientific fertilization, rational irrigation, timely weeding, pest control)

a. Scientific fertilization: Rice no-tillage cultivation has problems such as surface soil enrichment in the early stage and serious fertilizer shortage and premature aging in the later stage. Therefore, the fertilization technology should adopt the fertilization technology of a small amount of multiple meals, moving chemical fertilizers backward, and supplementing foliar fertilizers in the later stage. The amount of fertilization per hectare is nitrogen (N) 180-210kg, P ₂ O ₅ 90-105kg, K ₂ O 180-240kg, divided into basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer for three times, phosphorus fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer at one time, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer According to the ratio of base fertilizer: tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 3:4:3, apply it in stages.

b. Rational irrigation: Water management adopts the irrigation mode of alternating dry and wet. When planting, there is no water in cloudy days and shallow water in sunny days. After throwing and planting, irrigate the water layer of 5-10mm on the 2nd day, and then keep the field from drying the mud until the seedlings turn green and stand up. After the standing seedlings turn green, irrigate about 20mm of water, wait for them to dry naturally for 2-3 days, and then irrigate with a water layer of 10-15mm, so that the front water disappears. When the number of seedlings reaches 70% to 80% of the planned number of spikes, open ditches, drain and dry the fields to control ineffective tillers. Dry the field until the tip of the second leaf is exposed, rehydrate and raise the fetus, and then keep the combination of shallow water and humidity to keep the field from softening until the earing stage. Irrigate 10-20mm of water at the heading stage, use alternating dry and wet irrigation methods at the grouting stage, use shallow water at the milky stage, and open fields at the waxy stage.

c. Timely weeding: For the control of weeds, generally the fields that have been weeded out with herbicides before planting do not need to be weeded again, and the fields that have not been weeded out or new grass buds grow will turn green and stand up Afterwards, weeding should be applied with a suitable pre-emergence herbicide combined with tillering fertilizer, and the water layer should be maintained for 3-4 days. After that, the fields with weed damage should be manually pulled out depending on the situation.

d. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: The control of diseases and insect pests can refer to conventional cultivation techniques to prevent and control rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, rice false smut, borers, rice leaf rollers and rice planthoppers in a timely manner.

⑤ timely harvest

Harvest in time after the water is ripe, generally when 90% to 95% of the grains in the field reach yellow maturity. The specific harvest time of this planting method is generally harvested in the first ten days of October.

Embodiment 1: No-tillage cultivation yield test of different potato varieties covered with straw

The experiment was carried out in 2014 in the winter slack rice field in Fengchuan Town, Fengxin County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province. Five varieties were selected for the test, namely Dongnong 303, Zhongshu No. 4, Zhengshu No. 5, Kexin 18 and Feiwu Ruita. One treatment for each variety, 3 repetitions for each treatment, plot area 25m ² , arranged in random blocks. The soil fertility of the test is uniform, the soil layer is deep, and the drainage and irrigation are convenient. It was used as late rice, and the soil fertility is medium. When the late rice is harvested, it should be harvested as close to the ground as possible, with shallow rice piles, and no-tillage division and furrowing should be carried out immediately after harvesting. The furrow width is 1.5m, the ditch width is 0.3m, and the ditch depth is 0.3m. Drainage ditches are opened around the fields. The planting density per hectare is about 100,000 plants. After placing the seeds, use 750kg/hm2 of potassium sulfate (N:P:K=15:15:15) compound fertilizer as a one-time base fertilizer and evenly spread it on the side of the seed potatoes, and apply ^19000kg of fully decomposed manure /hm ² , the thickness of covering straw after sowing is 8-10 cm. The sowing date was November 25, 2014, and the harvest date was May 15, 2015. The results are shown in Table 1.

It can be known from the results in Table 1 that the yields of different potato varieties covered with straw and no-tillage cultivation are all above 18000kg/hm ² , among which the yield of Favorita is the highest, reaching 21764kg/hm ² . The second is Zhongshu No. 4, with a yield of 21488kg/hm ² . The yields of Dongnong 303, Zhengshu 5 and Kexin 18 were 18984kg/hm ² , 19820kg/hm ² and 20340kg/hm ² respectively. Yield results showed that the potato yields of Zhongshu 4 and Feiwuruita were significantly higher than other varieties, and they were more suitable for no-tillage rice-straw mulching cultivation in autumn in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Table 1 Yield experiment of different potato varieties covered with rice straw and no-tillage cultivation

Test species Average yield of the plot (kg) Converted output (kg/hm ² ) ranking Dongnong 303 52.46 18984 5 Zhongshu No.4 58.72 21488 2 Zhengshu No.5 54.55 19820 4 Kexin No. 18 55.85 20340 3 Favorita 59.41 21764 1

Example 2

Planting density test of potato straw mulched no-tillage cultivation:

The experiment was carried out in 2016 in the winter leisure rice field of Fengchuan Town, Fengxin County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, and the tested variety was Feiwu Ruita. Five planting densities were set up in the experiment, namely: (1) 75,000 plants/hm ² ; (2) 82,500 plants/hm ² ; (3) 90,000 plants/hm ² ; (4) 97,500 plants/hm ² ; (5) 105,000 plants/hm ² . Each density is 1 treatment, each treatment has 3 repetitions, the area of the plot is 25m ² , and they are arranged in random blocks. The soil fertility of the test is uniform, the soil layer is deep, and the drainage and irrigation are convenient. It was used as late rice, and the soil fertility is medium. When the late rice is harvested, it should be harvested as close to the ground as possible, with shallow rice piles, and no-tillage division and furrowing should be carried out immediately after harvesting. The furrow width is 1.5m, the ditch width is 0.3m, and the ditch depth is 0.3m. Drainage ditches are opened around the fields. The sowing date of each treatment is November 23, 2015, and the harvest date is harvested on May 10, 2015, and the fertilization rate is potassium sulfate (N:P:K=15:15:15) compound fertilizer 750kg/hm ^2. Apply 20,000 kg/hm ² of fully decomposed manure, and cover with straw with a thickness of 8-10 cm after sowing. The other field management measures were the same for each treatment. The results are shown in Table 2.

It can be seen from the test results in Table 2 that the potato yield under no-tillage cultivation with rice straw mulching showed an increasing trend with the increase of planting density. The highest potato yield was 21852kg/hm ² when the planting density was 105,000 plants/hm ² . Followed by the treatment with a planting density of 97,500 plants/hm ² , the yield reached 20612 kg/hm ² . But the potato yields of the other three planting densities were all lower than 20000kg/hm ² . Therefore, the optimal planting density of no-tillage cultivars covered by potato straw is 97,500 to 105,000 plants/hm ² .

Table 2 Planting density test of no-tillage cultivation of potato straw mulching

planting density Average yield of the plot (kg) Converted output (kg/hm ² ) ranking 75,000 plants/hm ² 49.84 17936 5 82,500 plants/hm ² 51.27 18508 4 90,000 plants/hm ² 54.36 19744 3 97,500 plants/hm ² 56.53 20612 2 105,000 plants/hm ² 59.63 21852 1

Example 3

Experiment on no-tillage throwing planting density of late rice

The test was carried out in Tianbao Township, Yifeng County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province in 2015, and the tested variety was II You 527. The test set 5 planting densities, respectively: (1) 170,000 holes/hm ² ; (2) 220,000 holes/hm ² ; (3) 270,000 holes/hm ² ; (4) 320,000 holes/hm ² ; (5) 370,000 points/hm ² . Each density is 1 treatment, each treatment has 3 repetitions, the area of the plot is 30m ² , and they are arranged in random blocks. The sowing date was June 5, 2015, and the harvest date was October 10, 2015. The amount of fertilization per hectare is nitrogen (N) 180-210kg, P ₂ O ₅ 90-105kg, K ₂ O 180-240kg. The results are shown in Table 3.

The test results in Table 3 show that the yield of late rice varies greatly under different no-tillage planting densities, and the rice yield is the highest when the planting density is 320,000 holes/hm ² , reaching 8486.67kg/hm ² . Followed by the treatment with a planting density of 270,000 holes/hm ² , the yield reached 8213.33 kg/hm ² . The rice yields of 170,000 holes/hm ² , 220,000 holes/hm ² and 370,000 holes/hm ² were 7216.67kg/hm ² , 7650.00kg/hm ² and 8005.67kg/hm ² , respectively. It can be seen that the low or high planting density of no-tillage rice is not conducive to high yield, and 270,000 to 370,000 holes/ ^hm2 is the best planting density.

Table 3 Yield comparison of no-tillage throwing planting density of late rice

Planting density Average yield of the plot (kg) Converted output (kg/hm ² ) ranking 170,000 holes/hm ² 21.65 7216.67 5 220,000 holes/hm ² 22.95 7650.00 4 270,000 holes/hm ² 24.64 8213.33 2 320,000 holes/hm ² 24.86 8486.67 1 370,000 holes/hm ² 24.32 8005.67 3

Example 4

Experiments on Different Fertilization Methods of Late Rice No-tillage and Throwing Planting

The test was carried out in Tianbao Township, Yifeng County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province in 2015, and the tested variety was II You 527. Under the condition that the total amount of fertilization is consistent, the phosphorus fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer at one time, and the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are applied in three times according to the base fertilizer: tiller fertilizer: ear fertilizer, and 5 kinds of fertilization ratios are set, respectively: (1) 5: 5: 0; (2) 5: 4: 1; (3) 5: 3: 2; (4) 5: 2: 3; (5) 3: 4: 3. Each density is 1 treatment, each treatment has 3 repetitions, the area of the plot is 30m ² , and they are arranged in random blocks. The sowing date was June 5, 2015, and the harvest date was October 10, 2015. The planting density is 270,000 holes/hm ² , and the total fertilization amount is 180-210kg/hm ² N, 90-105kg/hm ² P ₂ O ₅ , 180-240kg/hm ² K ₂ O. The results are shown in Table 4.

The results in Table 4 show that there are significant differences in the yield of late rice under no-tillage throwing planting under different fertilization methods, and the rice yield is the highest when the ratio of basal, tiller and panicle fertilizers is 3:4:3, reaching 8477.70kg/hm ² . Followed by the treatment of basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer application ratio of 5:2:3, the yield reached 8314.30kg/hm ² . But the treatment with 5:5:0 ratio of basal fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer had the lowest yield, only 7860.00kg/hm ² . It can also be seen from the test results that moderately reducing the amount of fertilizer applied in the early stage and increasing the amount of fertilizer applied in the later stage of late rice no-tillage throwing planting is conducive to high rice yield, which may be related to the fact that the root system is not deep in the soil, the root system is not developed enough, and the nutrient absorption capacity of rice in the early stage of no-tillage throwing planting. Not strong enough. Therefore, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Jiangxi), the best application ratio of no-tillage rice planting base, tiller and panicle fertilizer is 3:4:3.

Table 4 Yield comparison of different fertilization methods for no-tillage and throwing planting of late rice

Example 5

Comparison of Economic Benefits of Different Planting Modes

The experiment was carried out in Fengchuan Town, Fengxin County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province from 2016 to 2017. Four treatments and four planting patterns were set up in the experiment: (1) winter fallow field-double cropping rice; (2) winter fallow field-plowing cultivation of super rice; (3) potato-late rice double no-tillage cultivation; (4) potato without tillage Till-till cultivation of super rice, that is, no-till cultivation of potatoes in winter, and then plow cultivation of late rice after the potatoes are harvested. There are no repetitions, and there are four communities in total, with an area of 223.35m ² . The early rice variety of winter idle field-double-cropping rice planting mode is Jinyou 463, and the late rice variety of other treatments is II You 527; Urie it. The results are shown in Table 5.

It can be seen from Table 5 that the order of profits obtained by the four planting modes is potato-late rice double no-tillage throwing cultivation > potato no-tillage cultivation-late rice plowing cultivation > winter fallow-double cropping rice tillage cultivation > winter fallow-late rice cultivation Tillage cultivation. The profit of the potato-late rice double-no-tillage throwing planting mode is the highest, reaching 61328 yuan/hm ² , compared with the winter fallow-double-cropping rice plowing cultivation planting mode, the profit per hectare increases by 32898 yuan, and the percentage reaches 115.50%. The results showed that the potato-late rice double-no-tillage throwing planting mode had the best economic benefits, and had the advantages of saving time and labor, increasing yield, increasing farmers' income and improving soil fertility.

Table 5 Comparison of economic benefits of different planting models

Note: The output value of early rice is 2.6 yuan/kg, late rice is 3.0 yuan/kg, and potato is 2.4 yuan/kg.

Claims (1)

1. a potato-late rice double no-tillage throwing planting method is characterized in that, comprises the following steps: (1) Potato no-till cultivation: ①Selection of fine varieties Select mid-maturity, high-yield, strong resistance to stress, and no disease-free varieties of virus-free varieties Fawu Ruita and Zhongshu No. 4; ② Ditching and plotting Drain the field water before the late rice harvest, keep the field soil moist, and there is no water on the field surface. When the late rice is harvested, it should be harvested as close to the ground as possible, and the rice piles should be kept shallow. For furrowing and furrowing, the width of the furrow is controlled to be 1.5m between the straw and the straw cover, the width of the ditch is 0.3m, and the depth of the ditch is 0.3m. The wall of the ditch should be straight. Turtle-shaped to prevent waterlogging, a drainage ditch is set up 1m away from the field ridge, the ditch width is 0.35m, and the ditch depth is 0.4m. ; ③ Seed potato treatment Pick out the rotten diseased potato pieces 15-20 days before planting, soak the whole potato in 0.1%-0.15% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes before cutting into pieces, then make full use of the top advantage, spirally cut obliquely towards the top, and finally The terminal bud is divided into two or one into four. Each piece of seed potato is required to have 1 to 2 bud eyes, and each cut piece is guaranteed to have at least one strong bud with a weight of 25 to 30g. Generally, 30 to 40 pieces per kilogram of seed potato are cut. The incision should be more than 1cm away from the buds, and the potato knife should be disinfected. After cutting, dip the incision with plant ash, and then dry it for 2-3 days. After the incision hardens and scabs, germination will be carried out. Indoors or greenhouses with a temperature of 15-20°C, adopt the stratification method to accelerate germination, and stack them in the form of a layer of wet sand and a layer of seed potatoes. The number of layers is controlled at 4-5 layers, and the top layer is covered with wet sand. Cover with a snakeskin bag, keep the temperature of the germination seedbed at 18-20°C, and when the buds grow to 1-2cm, take out the seed potatoes and place them under astigmatism, keep a low temperature of 10-15°C, let them dry for 5-7 days, and then sow. ; ④Reasonable dense planting, enough base fertilizer When sowing, there is no need to make a nest, just put the potato pieces in a straight line on the field and press them firmly. The row spacing is 33cm, the plant spacing is 22cm, and 97,500 to 105,000 holes are sown per hectare. : K=15:15:15, compound fertilizer 750kg/hm ² , one-time as basal fertilizer and spread evenly on the side of the seed potato, and add fully decomposed pig manure or cow manure such as organic fertilizer 15000~ 22500kg/hm ² , the organic fertilizer cannot directly contact the seed potatoes, and there is no need for intertillage and weeding during the potato growth period, and there is no need for top dressing. For fields with weak growth, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea solution can be used. 1 to 2 root sprays; ⑤ covered with straw After sowing, evenly cover the border surface with ^8-10cm of straw. The straw is perpendicular to the box, and the grass tip overlaps the grass tip to cover the entire box surface. Use 12,000 kg/hm2 of straw per hectare. To facilitate tuber formation and reduce the number of green potatoes, at the same time play a role in suppressing the growth of weeds. After the straw is covered, use the ditch mud to press the straw to several points to prevent the straw from being blown away by the strong wind, causing the seed potatoes to be exposed and form green potatoes. , reduce the quality; ⑥Field management a. Water management: During the growth and development period of potatoes, sufficient water must be ensured, and the soil should be kept moist. In case of drought, small water should be used for furrow irrigation along the border to make the water soak into the border. After irrigation, drain water in time. During heavy rain, attention should be paid to drainage and anti-staining, so as to avoid rotten potatoes caused by water accumulation in the field; b. Prevention and control of pests and diseases: During the growth period of plants, late blight, stem rot, bacterial wilt, aphids, cutworms and other pests and diseases should be prevented in time. Pesticides such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, imidacloprid, Nongdile, acetamiprid and other pesticides should be used Prevention and control, the use of any pesticides is prohibited within 15 days before harvest; c. Frost prevention: In case of frost, in the evening before the arrival of frost, spray the leaves with plant ash or spray 0.2% ZnSO ₄ solution on the leaves to reduce the damage; ⑦ Timely harvest When the stems and leaves gradually turn from green to yellow to withered, the grape stems and tubers are easy to fall off, and the tubers are harvested when the skin is tough and the color is normal. Most of the potatoes planted with no-tillage covered with straw are exposed on the soil layer under the straw. , according to the market situation anytime and anywhere, remove the straw and pick up the big potatoes first, then cover the straw and leave the small potatoes to let them continue to grow. Selecting the best potato type to go on the market in time can achieve high yield and good harvest and improve economic benefits. The harvested potato stems and leaves can be buried in the furrows and used as rice base fertilizer to reduce the amount of fertilizer; (2) No-tillage throwing planting of late rice ① Irrigate and soak the fields After the potatoes are harvested, without any plowing and harrowing, immediately fill the field with deep water for retting, so that the potato stems, leaves and straw in the field are fully rotten, and the surface soil is soft. Use systemic agents and contact killers to weed 20 days before rice transplanting Use mixed herbicides to kill weeds and stumps in the field. Drain the water 1 to 2 days before spraying the herbicides, and 4 to 5 days after spraying the herbicides. After the weeds turn yellow, return to the water and continue to soak the field. At the same time, spray the herbicides together Apply soil conditioner, generally use 3000g/hm ² "no deep tillage" to spray 750-900kg of water on the surface; ② Variety selection No-tillage fields should choose high-quality and high-yielding varieties with developed root system, strong tillering ability, thick stalks, and strong lodging resistance. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, super varieties such as II You 527, Ganxin 688 and Rongyou 225 suitable for planting in this area can be selected. rice varieties; ③Throwing and planting of seedlings Sowing and raising seedlings can be carried out around the middle and late May. The amount of seeds per mu is 1.2-2.0kg. No-tillage throwing requires short, strong and suitable age seedlings so that they can stand quickly after throwing and have a high survival rate. Otherwise, the seedlings will be too high , it is easy to cause top-heavy and difficult to stand seedlings, sow according to the floppy disk seedling raising method, sow the germinated rice seeds evenly into the floppy disk with 2 grains per hole, and spray the seedlings with paclobutrazol when the two leaves are in one center to prevent excessive growth. Seedling age should be controlled within 20 days. Seedling fertilizer can be used for seedling raising. Base fertilizer should be applied before planting. The density of planting should be 270,000 to 320,000 holes/hm ² . It should be planted after 16:00 on cloudy or sunny days. Water planting, shallow water planting in sunny days; ④Field management a. Scientific fertilization: Rice no-tillage cultivation has problems such as surface soil enrichment in the early stage and serious fertilizer shortage and premature aging in the later stage. Therefore, the fertilization technology should adopt the fertilization technology of a small amount of multiple meals, moving chemical fertilizers backward, and supplementing foliar fertilizers in the later stage. The amount of fertilization per hectare is nitrogen N180～210kg, P ₂ O ₅ 90～105kg, K ₂ O180～240kg, divided into base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and ear fertilizer for three times, and phosphorus fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer at one time. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are based on base fertilizer: tillering Fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 3:4:3 ratio is applied in stages; b. Irrigation: The water management adopts the irrigation mode of alternating dry and wet. When planting, it will be planted in cloudy days without water, and in shallow water on sunny days. After planting, the water layer of 5-10mm will be irrigated on the second day, and the field will not be exposed to mud in the future. Grass seedlings turn green and stand up. After the standing seedlings turn green, irrigate 20mm of water, wait for them to dry naturally for 2-3 days, and then irrigate with a water layer of 10-15mm. After the front water disappears, when the number of seedlings reaches 70%-80 %, open ditches, drain and dry the field to control ineffective tillering, dry the field until the 2nd leaf outcrop stage to rehydrate and raise the fetus, and then keep the combination of shallow water and humidity, keep the field from softening until the heading stage, and irrigate 10-20mm at the heading stage Water, the irrigation method of alternating dry and wet is adopted during the grouting period, the shallow water is mainly used in the milky period, and the open field is mainly used in the waxy period; c. Timely weeding: For the control of weeds, use herbicides to weed the fields that have been weeded before throwing and planting. There is no need to weed the fields that have not been weeded or newly grown grass buds, after turning green and establishing seedlings , should be combined with tillering fertilizer to apply a suitable pre-emergent herbicide to weed, and keep the water layer for 3-4 days, and then manually pull out the fields that still have weed damage according to the situation; d. Prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests: the control of plant diseases and insect pests can refer to conventional cultivation techniques to timely control rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, rice false smut, borers, rice leaf rollers and rice planthoppers; ⑤ timely harvest Harvest in time after the water is ripe, generally should be harvested when 90% to 95% of the grains in the whole field reach yellow ripeness, and the specific harvest time of this planting method is generally harvested in the first and middle ten days of October.