CN108828029A - Moisture percentage measuring apparatus based on plug-in capacitance sensor - Google Patents
Moisture percentage measuring apparatus based on plug-in capacitance sensor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于插入式电容传感器的含水率测量装置，包括电容传感器、信号处理单元、有效值测量单元和计算单元。电容传感器包括同时作为激励电极和测量电极的激励测量电极和固定在其上方和下方的两个保护电极；信号处理单元包括前端放大器、同轴电缆、交流信号发生器和差分放大器，前端放大器的负输入端通过同轴电缆信号线与电容传感器中的激励测量电极相连接，前端放大器的正输入端与交流信号发生器相连，同时连接到电容传感器中的两个保护电极、同轴电缆的屏蔽层以及差分放大器的负输入端；一个标准电阻和电容并联后连接于前端放大器的负输入端和输出端；前端放大器的输出端连接到差分放大器的正输入端。
The invention relates to a water content measuring device based on a plug-in capacitive sensor, which includes a capacitive sensor, a signal processing unit, an effective value measuring unit and a calculating unit. The capacitive sensor includes an excitation measurement electrode that is both an excitation electrode and a measurement electrode and two protective electrodes fixed above and below it; the signal processing unit includes a front-end amplifier, a coaxial cable, an AC signal generator, and a differential amplifier. The negative electrode of the front-end amplifier The input end is connected to the excitation measurement electrode in the capacitive sensor through the coaxial cable signal line, the positive input end of the front-end amplifier is connected to the AC signal generator, and connected to the two protective electrodes in the capacitive sensor and the shielding layer of the coaxial cable at the same time And the negative input terminal of the differential amplifier; a standard resistor and capacitor are connected in parallel to the negative input terminal and output terminal of the front-end amplifier; the output terminal of the front-end amplifier is connected to the positive input terminal of the differential amplifier.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及油田开采领域，具体而言，涉及一种基于插入式电容传感器的含水率测量装置。The invention relates to the field of oil field exploitation, in particular to a water content measuring device based on an inserted capacitance sensor.
背景技术Background technique
当今社会的发展对能源的需求不断增大，石油作为＂第一能源＂，在国民经济、国家战略中有着十分重要的地位。但是，石油是一种不可再生的能源，所以在开采过程中尽量减少开采损失、充分利用资源具有十分重大的意义。在石油工程中，为了提高原油的开采效率，经常在油井的二次开采中采用高压注水、注聚合物的技术。但这一过程使得开采出的原油中含有水，导致油井开采以及开采后的传送过程中普遍存在油水两相流。原油的开采、脱水、集输、计量、冶炼等过程均会受到原油含水率的直接影响。在输送管道中，原油含水率的精确测量，对于确定出水或出油层位、估计产量和预测油井的开发寿命、油田的产量及质量控制、油井状态检测、提高二次采油质量等方面具有重要的作用。因此，含水率是一个很重要的检测参数，实时在线检测含水率具有十分重要的意义，同时也是油田精确在线计量的难点问题。The development of today's society has an increasing demand for energy, and oil, as the "primary energy source", plays a very important role in the national economy and national strategy. However, petroleum is a non-renewable energy source, so it is of great significance to minimize mining losses and make full use of resources during the mining process. In petroleum engineering, in order to improve the extraction efficiency of crude oil, high-pressure water injection and polymer injection technologies are often used in the secondary recovery of oil wells. However, this process makes the extracted crude oil contain water, resulting in the common occurrence of oil-water two-phase flow in the process of oil well exploitation and post-exploitation transmission. Crude oil extraction, dehydration, gathering and transportation, metering, smelting and other processes will be directly affected by the water content of crude oil. In the pipeline, the accurate measurement of the water content of crude oil plays an important role in determining the water or oil production layer, estimating the production and predicting the development life of the oil well, the production and quality control of the oil field, the detection of the state of the oil well, and improving the quality of secondary oil recovery. effect. Therefore, water cut is a very important detection parameter. Real-time online detection of water cut is of great significance, and it is also a difficult problem for accurate online measurement in oil fields.
在石油开采初期，大部分油井内充满低含水率的油水两相流。对于这种情况，水相为离散相，油相为连续相，电容法含水率测量技术是首要选择。传统电容传感器是由一对平板电极组成，其中一个作为激励电极，另一个为测量电极。这种电极虽然激励场分布均匀，但存在电力线边缘效应以及电极正对面积、电极间距难以确定等问题，适用于方形管道；同轴筒状电容传感器大部分为截断式安装，安装复杂，维护困难；截面多电极(如ECT成像技术)能够较准确的测量出管道中两相流的分布情况，但其结构复杂、安装不便且成本高。因此，对于低含水率的油水两相流，亟需提出激励场均匀且结构简单、便于安装的传感器及测量装置。In the early stages of oil production, most oil wells are filled with oil-water two-phase flow with low water content. For this case, where the water phase is the discrete phase and the oil phase is the continuous phase, the capacitive water cut measurement technique is the primary choice. A traditional capacitive sensor consists of a pair of flat electrodes, one of which acts as an excitation electrode and the other as a measurement electrode. Although the excitation field distribution of this kind of electrode is uniform, there are problems such as the edge effect of the electric force line, the electrode facing area, and the electrode spacing are difficult to determine. It is suitable for square pipes; most of the coaxial cylindrical capacitive sensors are truncated installations, which are complicated to install and difficult to maintain. ; Cross-sectional multi-electrode (such as ECT imaging technology) can accurately measure the distribution of two-phase flow in the pipeline, but its structure is complicated, installation is inconvenient and the cost is high. Therefore, for oil-water two-phase flow with low water content, it is urgent to propose sensors and measuring devices with uniform excitation field, simple structure, and easy installation.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对油井低含水的油水两相流含水率测量问题，本发明提出一种插入式电容传感器装置，旨在为以油相为连续相的低含水油水两相流含水率的测量设计出结构简单且激励场均匀的传感器形式、提供新的测量装置。当管道内的导电介质为离散相、绝缘介质为连续相时，将管道内的混合介质等效为一个电容，混合介质的相含率发生变化时，电容随之变化，最终可由两者之间的函数关系获得含水率。技术方案如下：Aiming at the problem of water cut measurement of oil-water two-phase flow with low water cut in oil well, the present invention proposes a plug-in capacitive sensor device, which aims to design a simple structure and A sensor form with a uniform excitation field provides a new measurement device. When the conductive medium in the pipeline is a discrete phase and the insulating medium is a continuous phase, the mixed medium in the pipeline is equivalent to a capacitor. When the phase hold-up ratio of the mixed medium changes, the capacitance changes accordingly, and finally it can be determined by the The functional relationship to obtain the water content. The technical solution is as follows:
一种基于插入式电容传感器的含水率测量装置，用于以油为连续相的低含水油水两相流管道内的含水率测量，包括电容传感器、信号处理单元、有效值测量单元和计算单元，其特征在于，A water cut measuring device based on a plug-in capacitive sensor, which is used for measuring water cut in a low-water oil-water two-phase flow pipeline with oil as the continuous phase, including a capacitive sensor, a signal processing unit, an effective value measuring unit and a computing unit, It is characterized in that,
电容传感器固定在竖向管道和横向管道的弯管接头处，沿着竖直管道方向自上向下插入，电容传感器包括同时作为激励电极和测量电极的激励测量电极和固定在其上方和下方的两个保护电极；The capacitive sensor is fixed at the elbow joint of the vertical pipe and the horizontal pipe, and inserted from top to bottom along the direction of the vertical pipe. Two guard electrodes;
信号处理单元包括前端放大器、同轴电缆、交流信号发生器和差分放大器，前端放大器的负输入端通过同轴电缆信号线与电容传感器中的激励测量电极相连接，前端放大器的正输入端与交流信号发生器相连，同时连接到电容传感器中的两个保护电极、同轴电缆的屏蔽层以及差分放大器的负输入端；一个标准电阻Rf和电容Cf并联后连接于前端放大器的负输入端和输出端；前端放大器的输出端连接到差分放大器的正输入端。The signal processing unit includes a front-end amplifier, a coaxial cable, an AC signal generator and a differential amplifier. The negative input of the front-end amplifier is connected to the excitation measurement electrode in the capacitive sensor through the coaxial cable signal line, and the positive input of the front-end amplifier is connected to the AC The signal generator is connected to the two protective electrodes in the capacitive sensor, the shielding layer of the coaxial cable and the negative input terminal of the differential amplifier; a standard resistor R f and capacitor C f are connected in parallel and then connected to the negative input terminal of the front-end amplifier and output; the output of the front-end amplifier is connected to the positive input of the differential amplifier.
有效值测量单元，将差分放大器的交流输出正弦电压信号转化为电压有效值，获得与被测管道中的油水两相流的电容值成正比的输出电压。The effective value measuring unit converts the AC output sinusoidal voltage signal of the differential amplifier into a voltage effective value, and obtains an output voltage proportional to the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow in the measured pipeline.
计算单元，根据所获得与被测管道中的油水两相流的电容值成正比的输出电压，采用油水两相流电容值与含水率的函数关系模型，计算含水率。The calculation unit calculates the water cut according to the obtained output voltage proportional to the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow in the measured pipeline, and adopts the functional relationship model between the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow and the water cut.
在基于插入式结构中，本发明的激励测量电极共用传感器的同一个电极，金属管道作为参考地，比管段式结构更方便安装；本发明采用同轴电缆信号线进行测量信号的传输，该同轴电缆的屏蔽层连接交流信号发生器，消除测量电路中分布电容对测量信号的影响；本发明中，信号处理单元和插入式传感器相互配合，1)减少了电缆分布参数的影响；2)保证了激励测量电极处电场的均匀；3)获得了与被测电容值成正比的输出电压。In the plug-in-based structure, the excitation measurement electrodes of the present invention share the same electrode of the sensor, and the metal pipe is used as a reference ground, which is more convenient to install than the pipe-section structure; the present invention uses a coaxial cable signal line to transmit the measurement signal, and the same The shielding layer of the axial cable is connected to the AC signal generator to eliminate the influence of distributed capacitance in the measurement circuit on the measurement signal; in the present invention, the signal processing unit and the plug-in sensor cooperate with each other to 1) reduce the influence of the cable distribution parameters; 2) ensure 3) The output voltage proportional to the measured capacitance value is obtained.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是测量原理图；Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the measurement;
图2是测量等效电路；Figure 2 is the measurement equivalent circuit;
图3是传感器结构图；Fig. 3 is a sensor structural diagram;
上述图中的标记均为：The symbols in the above figures are:
1、激励测量电极，2、保护电极，3、同轴电缆，4、屏蔽层，5、交流信号发生器，6、前端放大器，7、差分放大器，8、金属管道，9、显示仪表壳体，10、法兰1. Exciting measurement electrode, 2. Protective electrode, 3. Coaxial cable, 4. Shielding layer, 5. AC signal generator, 6. Front-end amplifier, 7. Differential amplifier, 8. Metal pipe, 9. Display instrument housing , 10, flange
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细描述。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
本发明主要包括传感器设计、信号处理单元、有效值测量单元以及计算单元的设计，具体设计如下：The present invention mainly comprises the design of sensor design, signal processing unit, effective value measuring unit and calculating unit, and concrete design is as follows:
1.传感器设计1. Sensor design
如图1所示，插入式电容传感器由中间的激励测量电极和上下的两个保护电极组成。其中，激励和测量共用传感器的同一个电极，以连地金属管道作为参考地。安装时，传感器沿着竖直管道方向自上向下插入，使电极位于竖直管道轴心。传感器的激励测量电极和保护电极分别引线到信号处理单元，引线采用屏蔽电缆，由传感器中心引出。As shown in Figure 1, the plug-in capacitive sensor consists of an excitation measurement electrode in the middle and two protection electrodes up and down. Among them, the excitation and measurement share the same electrode of the sensor, and the metal pipe connected to the ground is used as the reference ground. When installing, the sensor is inserted from top to bottom along the direction of the vertical pipeline, so that the electrode is located at the axis of the vertical pipeline. The excitation measurement electrode and the protection electrode of the sensor are lead to the signal processing unit respectively, and the lead wire is a shielded cable, which is drawn out from the center of the sensor.
2.信号处理单元起到将电容传感器中油水两相流的电容信号转化为可测量的电信号的作用，是测量系统的核心部分。信号处理单元的构成包括前端放大器、同轴电缆、交流信号发生器和差分放大器。信号处理单元将传感器采集到的信号,经过前端放大器转化为电压信号vo1(t)，再经过差分放大器获得正弦电压vo2(t)，然后输出到有效值测量单元，后者提取出其中包含电容信息的电压有效值作为整个单元的输出电压。具体情况如下：2. The signal processing unit plays the role of converting the capacitance signal of the oil-water two-phase flow in the capacitance sensor into a measurable electrical signal, which is the core part of the measurement system. The composition of the signal processing unit includes a front-end amplifier, a coaxial cable, an AC signal generator and a differential amplifier. The signal processing unit converts the signal collected by the sensor into a voltage signal v o1 (t) through the front-end amplifier, and then obtains the sinusoidal voltage v o2 (t) through the differential amplifier, and then outputs it to the effective value measurement unit, which extracts the The voltage effective value of the capacitance information is used as the output voltage of the whole unit. Details are as follows:
(1)首先将传感器与信号处理单元通过同轴电缆连接起来，即，将同轴电缆信号线的一端连接传感器的激励测量电极，另一端连接前端放大器的负输入端，使测量信号经同轴电缆信号线传输至前端放大器上；(1) First connect the sensor and the signal processing unit through a coaxial cable, that is, connect one end of the coaxial cable signal line to the excitation measurement electrode of the sensor, and the other end to the negative input terminal of the front-end amplifier, so that the measurement signal passes through the coaxial The cable signal line is transmitted to the front-end amplifier;
(2)采用交流信号发生器为传感器提供激励电压vi(t)＝Vim sin(ωt)，为了减少激励测量电极处的电极边缘效应的影响，本发明将交流信号发生器的输出施加于传感器的保护电极和前端放大器的正输入端，根据“虚短”原理，连接前端放大器负输入端的激励测量电极与保护电极的电势相同，由于电极边缘电场的畸变发生在保护电极附近，从而避免了电极边缘效应对激励测量电极测量电容的影响；(2) The AC signal generator is used to provide the sensor with an excitation voltage v i (t)=V im sin (ωt), in order to reduce the influence of the electrode edge effect at the excitation measurement electrode, the present invention applies the output of the AC signal generator to The protection electrode of the sensor and the positive input terminal of the front-end amplifier, according to the principle of "virtual short", the excitation measurement electrode connected to the negative input terminal of the front-end amplifier has the same potential as the protection electrode, because the distortion of the electric field at the edge of the electrode occurs near the protection electrode, thus avoiding The influence of the electrode edge effect on the measured capacitance of the excitation measuring electrode;
(3)在(2)中的连接方式下，本发明将交流信号发生器的输出施加于连接激励测量电极同轴电缆的屏蔽层和前端放大器的正输入端，根据“虚短”原理，同轴电缆的信号线与屏蔽线等势，从而减少了电缆分布电容对测量的影响；(3) Under the connection mode in (2), the present invention applies the output of the AC signal generator to the positive input end of the shielding layer and the front-end amplifier connected to the excitation measurement electrode coaxial cable, according to the "virtual short" principle, simultaneously The signal line and the shielding line of the axis cable are equipotential, thereby reducing the influence of the distributed capacitance of the cable on the measurement;
(4)一个标准电阻Rf和电容Cf并联后连接于前端放大器的负输入端和输出端，流经激励测量电极和金属管道的电流与油水两相流的电容值Cx成正比关系。本发明将油水两相流等效为电容Cx，等效后的测量电路如图2所示，其对应容抗为其中，ω为激励电压角频率。经前端放大电路输出电压为 (4) A standard resistor R f and capacitor C f are connected in parallel to the negative input and output of the front-end amplifier. The current flowing through the excitation measurement electrode and the metal pipeline is proportional to the capacitance C x of the oil-water two-phase flow. In the present invention, the oil-water two-phase flow is equivalent to capacitance C x , and the equivalent measurement circuit is shown in Figure 2, and its corresponding capacitance reactance is Among them, ω is the excitation voltage angular frequency. The output voltage of the front-end amplifier circuit is
(5)在电压信号vo1(t)中，为获得与被测电容成正比的电压信号，该发明引入差分放大器，将前端放大器的输出端和交流信号发生器的输出端分别连接于差分放大器的正输入端和负输入端。上述电压vo1(t)信号经差分放大器转化成正弦电压信号当jωCfRf＞＞1时，上式可近似为 (5) In the voltage signal v o1 (t), in order to obtain a voltage signal proportional to the measured capacitance, the invention introduces a differential amplifier, and connects the output terminal of the front-end amplifier and the output terminal of the AC signal generator to the differential amplifier respectively positive and negative inputs. The above voltage v o1 (t) signal is converted into a sinusoidal voltage signal by a differential amplifier When jωC f R f ＞＞1, the above formula can be approximated as
3.经有效值测量单元，将差分放大器的交流输出正弦电压vo2(t)转化为电压有效值Vo。该有效值与被测管道中的油水两相流的电容值成正比。3. Convert the AC output sinusoidal voltage v o2 (t) of the differential amplifier into a voltage effective value V o through the effective value measuring unit. The effective value is directly proportional to the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow in the pipeline under test.
4.计算单元4. Calculation unit
在获得与被测电容值成正比的输出电压后，由公式可以获得油水两相流的电容值Cx，最后，采用油水两相流电容值与含水率的函数关系模型，即可计算含水率。After obtaining the output voltage proportional to the measured capacitance value, by the formula The capacitance value C x of the oil-water two-phase flow can be obtained. Finally, the water cut can be calculated by using the functional relationship model between the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow and the water cut.
对于上述油水两相流电容值与含水率的函数关系模型，常用模型主要包括简单串并联模型、Maxwell-Garnett模型、Bruggeman模型、Hanai模型、指数模型以及对数模型等。此外，还可以通过实验标定获得具体的电容值与含水率，建立两者之间的具体关系，进而得出函数关系模型。For the above-mentioned functional relationship model between capacitance value and water cut in oil-water two-phase flow, commonly used models mainly include simple series-parallel model, Maxwell-Garnett model, Bruggeman model, Hanai model, exponential model and logarithmic model, etc. In addition, the specific capacitance value and water content can also be obtained through experimental calibration, and the specific relationship between the two can be established, and then the functional relationship model can be obtained.
本实施例提供的插入式电容传感器的设计如图3所示，此传感器应用于内径较小且具有弯管部分的管道。将插入式电容传感器沿着竖直管道方向自上向下安装，使电极位于竖直管道轴心。激励和测量共用传感器的同一个电极，以连地金属管道作为参考地。传感器由中间的激励测量电极和上下的两个保护电极组成。激励测量电极和保护电极分别引线到信号处理单元，引线采用屏蔽电缆，由传感器中心引出。传感器通过安装于电极上方的法兰与管道进行连接。The design of the plug-in capacitive sensor provided in this embodiment is shown in FIG. 3 , and this sensor is applied to a pipe with a small inner diameter and an elbow part. Install the plug-in capacitive sensor from top to bottom along the vertical pipeline, so that the electrode is located at the axis of the vertical pipeline. Excite and measure the same electrode of the common sensor, with the grounded metal pipe as the reference ground. The sensor consists of an excitation measurement electrode in the middle and two protection electrodes above and below. The excitation measurement electrode and the protection electrode are respectively leaded to the signal processing unit, and the lead wires are shielded cables, which are drawn out from the center of the sensor. The sensor is connected to the pipeline through the flange installed above the electrode.
本实施例中，为了保证激励电极与保护电极之间的相对位置固定，加工时应保证激励电极与保护电极之间存在1-2mm的绝缘间隔。为了使测量电极附近的电场分布的更加均匀，本实施例中要求激励测量电极所处的管道段无弯曲管段，即完全保证此处管段竖直。由于本实施例中，管壁为导电材质，且进行接地操作，因此需要防止保护电极与管壁之间短路，因此要求上侧保护电极的上边缘低于插入部分与弯管交接点10-15mm。In this embodiment, in order to ensure that the relative position between the excitation electrode and the protection electrode is fixed, an insulation interval of 1-2 mm should be ensured between the excitation electrode and the protection electrode during processing. In order to make the electric field distribution near the measuring electrodes more uniform, it is required in this embodiment that the pipe section where the exciting measuring electrodes are located has no curved pipe section, that is, the pipe section here is completely guaranteed to be vertical. Since in this embodiment, the pipe wall is made of conductive material and is grounded, it is necessary to prevent a short circuit between the protective electrode and the pipe wall, so the upper edge of the upper protective electrode is required to be 10-15mm lower than the intersection point of the insertion part and the elbow .
开始激励后，将传感器测量的信号经过同轴电缆信号线传输至信号处理单元。经过前端放大器、差分放大器的处理，获得电压信号将此信号输入到有效值测量单元，经内部电路处理，最终获得与被测管道中的油水两相流的电容值成正比的输出电压有效值 After the excitation is started, the signal measured by the sensor is transmitted to the signal processing unit through the coaxial cable signal line. After processing by the front-end amplifier and differential amplifier, the voltage signal is obtained Input this signal to the effective value measurement unit, and after internal circuit processing, finally obtain the effective value of the output voltage proportional to the capacitance value of the oil-water two-phase flow in the measured pipeline
获得油水两相流的电容值Cx后，本实施例采用Maxwell-Garnett公式来推导出电容值与含水率之间的具体对应函数关系，最终可得出相应的含水率值。推导过程如下：After obtaining the capacitance value C x of the oil-water two-phase flow, this embodiment uses the Maxwell-Garnett formula to derive the specific corresponding functional relationship between the capacitance value and the water content, and finally obtain the corresponding water content value. The derivation process is as follows:
(1)由前述可知，激励电压为vi(t)，混合相电容为Cx，经电路处理后的测量电压有效值为 (1) From the foregoing, it can be seen that the excitation voltage is v i (t), the mixed-phase capacitance is C x , and the effective value of the measured voltage after circuit processing is
(2)采用Maxwell-Garnett公式(2) Using the Maxwell-Garnett formula
推导得出：It is derived that:
其中，CW为水相电容，Coil为油相电容,Cx为油水两相流的含水率；Among them, C W is the capacitance of the water phase, C oil is the capacitance of the oil phase, and C x is the water content of the oil-water two-phase flow;
(3)通过(1)中测量电压与电容之间的正比关系可推导出：(3) Through the proportional relationship between the measured voltage and capacitance in (1), it can be deduced that:
(4)由此式即可计算出油水两相流的含水率αW。(4) From this formula, the water cut α W of the oil-water two-phase flow can be calculated.
本发明原理及结构简单、易于安装、应用范围广，适用于低含水的油水两相流的含水率测量。The invention has a simple principle and structure, is easy to install and has a wide application range, and is suitable for measuring the water content of oil-water two-phase flow with low water content.
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