CN108566862A - A kind of quick broad-leafization alteration method of East Sea island degeneration pine forest - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a rapid broad-leaf transformation method for degraded pine forests on islands in the East China Sea. In the pine forests damaged by pine wood nematodes on sea islands, continuous cleaning and tending of pine-infested trees and manual regeneration of broad-leaved trees are mainly used to realize the broad-leaved transformation of degraded pine forests. Restoration, due to the difficulty in finding potential plants and suitable tending measures, a large number of devalued species of broad-leaved pioneers in the forest have invaded, the stand structure is simple, the quality is low, the regeneration is difficult, and the protection effect is weak. The invention adopts technical methods such as zonal potential species as functional target construction species, sanitation felling and tending, replanting potential tree species, young forest tending, density regulation and stand management, etc., which can effectively improve the stand structure, tree species composition and advantages of degraded pine forests The number of trees significantly promoted the succession of forests towards zonal climax communities. This method improves stand conditions, forest community quality, and economic and ecological benefits, and will have broad application prospects in island degraded forest reconstruction.

Description

A rapid broad-leaf transformation method for degraded pine forests on East China Sea islands

technical field

The invention relates to a broad-leaved transformation technology for degraded forests, in particular to a rapid broad-leaved transformation method for degenerated pine forests on islands in the East China Sea.

Background technique

The ecological environment of island shelterbelts in the East China Sea region of my country is fragile and afforestation is difficult. In the past 20 years, due to the outbreak of pine wood nematode, the island masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forests have been wiped out, and most of the island pine forests have been completely degraded. At present, how to reverse the degradation trend of degraded masson pine and black pine shelterbelts, so that the ecological protection benefits of island forests will not be interrupted, has become a difficult point in the management of island shelterbelts.

The use of traditional forestry theory and forestry techniques often restores slowly, has a single forest structure, is difficult to regenerate, and has low benefits. Therefore, forestry workers continue to develop various effective, practical and operable methods. There are following methods in the prior art:

1) The common practice is to perform sanitary felling, clearing and tending of all trees in the pine forest first, and then close the mountain for afforestation, and let it recover naturally. After the closure of the mountain, pests and diseases broke out again, the trees were damaged, a large number of positive depreciation species invaded, and there were few native broad-leaved value-added species, the forest stand was barren, and the recovery was slow.

2) After adopting hygienic felling and tending in the degraded pine forest, the method of replanting and tending in small blocks or strips on the open space, due to improper selection of tree species and ineffective tending measures, a large number of sun-growing broad-leaved pioneer tree species invaded, resulting in replanting Planting saplings has low preservation rate, slow growth, difficult renewal, large investment and poor effect.

Therefore, there are two key factors restricting the transformation and recovery of degraded pine forests after pine nematode damage. One is the lack of sufficient potential tree species in the successional stage of pine forest communities; the other is the lack of a set of scientific and systematic management techniques. Therefore, it is imminent to develop an island forest scientific management technology that combines natural laws and technological advantages in degraded pine forests by applying natural endowments.

Schima superba (Schima superba) is one of the dominant species in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China, and it is also the main dominant tree species in the humid subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China. Due to the toughness, density, corrosion resistance, strong adaptability to artificial planting, fast growth, early fruiting, strong renewal ability and relatively shade-tolerant young trees of Schima superba, it is distributed in all provinces and cities south of the Yangtze River Basin in my country. Ideal for broadleaf premium timber, guard species and hybrids in the South.

The island forest vegetation in the east of my country belongs to the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, Castanopsiseyrei and Schima superba forests in Zhejiang and Fujian hills. During the succession of evergreen broad-leaved vegetation, Schima superba can not only naturally invade the community at the early stage of succession, but also develop to the later stage of succession, and play an adaptive role in the succession and development of evergreen broad-leaved forest community. Strong resistance, early fruiting, large quantity, quick recovery and good growth. It is not only a potential tree species in the islands and mountains in the southeast region, but also a precious timber tree species. However, according to long-term research, Schima superba has no natural distribution in the eastern islands of my country. This may be due to long-term human disturbance that caused its population to disappear, or it may be that Schima superba did not spread to the island area when the eastern island was separated from the mainland. In this case, how to use the superior ecological strategy of Schima superba to develop its technical methods in the broad-leaved transformation of degraded pine forests on islands can solve the problem of broad-leaved transformation of degraded pine forests on islands.

Compound fertilizer Akang produced in Russia is a common compound fertilizer on the market, and its N:P:K is 16%:16%:16%.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for rapid broad-leaved transformation of degraded pine forests on East China Sea islands in order to solve the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art

In order to achieve the above object, a kind of fast broad-leaved transformation method of degraded pine forest on East China Sea islands designed by the present invention, its method comprises the following steps:

Step 1: According to the typicality, fragility and persistence characteristics of pine wood nematodes in islands and black pine forests, and considering the site conditions of pine forests, two site types, hillside and ridge, are firstly divided. According to the canopy density of young pine forests, there are forest areas and sparse forest areas; the judging criteria of the pine forest density and sparse forest areas are: canopy density > 0.4 is forest area; canopy density ≤ 0.4 It is a sparse forest area;

Step 2: In the different areas divided in the above step 1, according to the potential vegetation and community succession law, combined with the forest management objectives, determine the target tree species; implement sanitary felling, thinning and tending to the pine forest, and comprehensively remove pine diseased trees, windfall trees, etc. , folded wood and decayed wood; comprehensive removal of pine blight residues; clean up shrubs, bamboo, rattan, and grass, and cover their residues in the forest to rot naturally; Leaf saplings are damaged; the remaining broad-leaved saplings are pruned to promote the growth of main shoots;

Step 3: In the sparse forest area divided in the above step 1, the land preparation and replanting shall be done in blocks or clusters, and in the forested areas, the seedlings of evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Schima chinensis shall be replanted in irregular strips; After clearing and tending the pine forest, dig holes and prepare the land. The size of the holes is 0.5m×0.5m×0.35m, the surface soil is filled to the bottom, and the core soil is upward. According to the amount of remaining pine trees, the row-to-plant distance can be long or short, and the row-to-plant distance is about 2.8m×2.6m in the hole under the canopy 1.2m away from the plants; the seedlings are replanted in the middle and late March, and the seedlings are local 1 to 2-year bare-root seedlings or container seedlings cultivated in or nearby areas that are solid, robust, have obvious top dominance, high lignification, and are free from diseases and insect pests;

Step 4, the tending of replanted seedlings, in late May and early September after planting seedlings, loosen the soil and tend the newly grown shrubs and weeds within 1.0m around the newly planted seedlings for 3 consecutive years; Severely damaged or dry saplings during post-logging cleaning and transportation should be removed at the root piles about 3cm above the ground to facilitate the regeneration of sprouts; when the new seedlings are 2m high, the measures for young forest tending are, in late February, After removing irrigation and clearing grass around the plants, excavate semicircular shallow ditches above the plants, with a depth of 5cm, and apply about 30g of Akang compound fertilizer produced in Russia to each plant.

Step 5: Carry out comprehensive management of forest stands, and continuously remove pine, windfall, and folded wood in the arbor layer; select excellent wood individuals that are solid, robust, strong in vitality, straight in dry shape, perfect, and free of tree damage As a preparatory target tree; in the regeneration layer and herbaceous layer, artificially replant the regenerated seedlings to control the stand density. In the middle and late March, the seedlings with more regenerated seedlings under the canopy are planted now and then replenished again. Plant on open ground, strengthen seedling cultivation; prevent forest diseases and insect pests and forest fires; establish forest monitoring sample plots and forest resource files; establish forest monitoring sample plots, the projected area of the sample plots is 400m ² , the number is 3, and a control The seedling selection standard for replanting seedlings of the described regulation and control density is seedling height ≥ 0.4m, robust, full terminal buds, high degree of lignification, and strong vitality of the seedlings; The seedlings after seedlings are pruned, and 1/3 of the leaves are removed, and they are planted on the cleared ground of the pine blight wood in the later stage, and watered after planting; and the young forest tending measures in step 4 are repeated to adjust the stand density to make it evenly distributed .

The beneficial effect that the present invention obtains is: through the sanitation and thinning of pine blighted wood, wind down, folded wood, removal of shrubs and weeds tending, artificial replanting of potential tree species seedlings, tending of young plants, timely regulation and control of forest stand density, forest Sub-management and other technologies have improved the composition of stand species, stand structure and site conditions, significantly promoted the rapid restorative growth and development of the zonal evergreen broad-leaved dominant tree species Schima superba, and rapidly broadened the degraded coniferous forest; The invention improves the stand quality, renewal ability, economic benefit and ecological protection function of the transformed forest, and will have wide application prospects in the transformation of degraded coniferous forests in islands and mountains in southeastern China.

Detailed ways

Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is further described.

The implementation site is located on the coastal slopes and ridges of the purple bamboo forest in Putuo Mountain, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, at an altitude of 50m, with a slope facing southeast and a slope of ≤15°. In the early stage, it was an artificial masson pine and black pine middle-aged forest, a pure forest with a canopy density of 0.7. In 2005, it suffered from pine wood nematode pests and diseases.

Sanitary felling and tending of degraded masson pine forest and black pine forest on Zhoushan island to transform it into the target construction species of Schima superba;

According to the law of succession of potential plant communities, determine the tree species to be transformed, and select zonal broad-leaved trees such as Schima superba and Machilusthunbergii as the target tree species; in the winter of 2007, the pine forest will be sanitized and thinned, and the withered trees harmed by pine xylophilus will be completely eliminated. , windfall, folded wood and shrub vines and weeds, improve the sanitation and light conditions of the forest stand, and carry out comprehensive removal of the trunk and branches of the pine tree; put some shrubs and weed residues in the forest, and It decomposes and rots naturally; during cleaning and transportation, try to avoid causing damage to the renewing broad-leaved seedlings and saplings; pruning the retained broad-leaved saplings to promote the growth of the main shoot.

Replant potential tree species;

From mid-March to early April, 2008, digging holes in the open space of degraded pine forest tending stands; the size of the holes is 0.5m×0.5m×0.3m, the spacing between plants and rows is 2.6m×2.8m for block-shaped soil preparation, and strip-shaped soil preparation The spacing between plants and rows should make the best use of the gaps in the felling of pine blight, generally 3m×2.8m, and replant under the canopy 1m away from the pine plants; the seedlings should be cultivated in nearby areas to be robust, highly lignified, and 1-year-old bare-rooted seedlings without pests and diseases.

replanting saplings;

In late May and early September, 2008, the newly grown shrubs and weeds within 1.5m around the newly planted seedlings were removed, and they were continuously tended for three years; Build it into a "small steamed bun" shape to facilitate the growth of the seedling root system; strictly prevent the damage to the saplings during the cleaning and transportation of the later pine diseased trees; the damaged saplings can be broken and dried at a height of 3 cm from the ground to facilitate germination; If the damage is light, the branches need to be pruned to maintain the growth of the main shoot and promote the growth of the trunk of the young tree.

Control stand density;

When the height of the saplings is about 3m, remove the shrubs and clean the grass around the plants once every 2 years for three consecutive times to promote the tree height, crown growth and early fruiting of the saplings; At the end of February, in the field where the seedlings of the dominant broad-leaved species have been naturally renewed, semicircular shallow ditches were opened at the end of February for the seedlings with a height of about 0.5m and a depth of 5cm, and then 30g of Akang compound fertilizer from Russia was applied to each plant. Cover soil after application; promote the growth of young trees.

forest stand management;

Carry out continuous comprehensive management of forest stands, remove pine-infested trees, wind-downed and folded trees in time, and protect replanted seedlings and saplings; cultivate poles for first-time replanted trees, and select ready-for-growth, strong, and dry-shaped trees. Individuals that are straight, full, vigorous, and without tree damage are used as target trees; prevent forest diseases, insect pests and forest fires, and human interference and damage are strictly prohibited; establish forest dynamic monitoring sample plots, and select typical reconstruction and restoration stands in August 2017 Set up 3 sample plots of 20m×20m, and set up a control sample plot, and establish forest resource files.

Beneficial effect;

In the masson pine forest site conditions, the same stand age, and the same measures for clearing and tending pine wood nematode diseased trees, in September 2017, the reconstruction area (10 years after replanting) and the control area (only clearing of pine diseased trees and mountain closure measures) were investigated. ) The unit density, diameter at breast height, tree height, canopy width, stock volume and regenerated seedling density, tree height and other indicators of the arbor layer of the stand. The results showed that the indicators of trees in the arbor layer in the transformed area were significantly greater than those in the control area, and the indicators of young trees in the regeneration layer were also better than those in the control area. The density of coniferous and broad-leaved tree species dominated by Schima superba in the arbor layer of the transformed area, because the density of Pinus massoniana was significantly reduced after the removal of pine blight, the average diameter at breast height, tree height and stock volume per hectare were 13.9cm and 9.9cm respectively and 132.1m ³ , respectively increased by 7.5%, 43% and 21.5% compared with the traditional management; in the regeneration layer of the renovation area, due to artificial tending to remove sun-depreciating species, its density also decreased, but the remaining species were mainly Schima superba The average DBH and tree height of the broad-leaved saplings reached 3.3cm and 3.9cm respectively, which were 94% and 92% higher than the traditional management; the relative abundance of Schima superba seedlings in the herb layer of the transformed area reached 14.1%, which has occupied the first place among the regenerated seedlings. The traditional management mainly focuses on species such as Bermudagrass, Spartina, Abacus, and Orchard. This shows that the technology of the present invention has not only significantly promoted the growth of forest trees, but also Schima superba has rapidly become the main building species of this forest stand.

Table 1 is a comparison of the effects of two management methods in degraded pine forests;

Table 1 Comparison of the effects of two business transformation methods

Note: Density in arbor layer and regeneration layer is trees per hectare; abundance in herbaceous layer.

Claims (1)

1. a kind of quick broad-leafization alteration method of East Sea island degeneration pine forest, feature include the following steps：

Step 1 endangers the typicalness, fragility and characteristics of SSTA persistence of masson pine forest and black pine woods according to island pine nematode, Comprehensive pine forest land occupation condition, marks off the two site type regions in hillside and ridge, further according to pine in the two regions first The canopy density of the young middle forest of tree have marked off forest zone domain and sparse woods region；The judgement mark for having woods and sparse woods region of the Pine Forest Density Standard is canopy density>0.4 is to have forest zone domain；Canopy density≤0.4 is sparse woods region；

Step 2, in the different zones divided in above-mentioned steps one, according to Potential vegetation and succession of community rule, in conjunction with forest Operations objective determine that function builds group seeds；And sanitation felling, thinning for tending are implemented to pine forest, loose epidemic disease wood, wind-fall, discount are removed comprehensively Wood and decline wood；Outward transport is removed comprehensively to loose epidemic disease residuum；Filling, bamboo, rattan, grass are cleared up, its residuum is covered in woods, from So rot；It avoids that broad-leaved treelet is caused to damage as possible when fostering and transporting；It prunes to the broad-leaved treelet of reservation, promotes master The tip is grown；

Step 3, the sparse woods region divided in above-mentioned steps one site preparation after-culture by the way of blocky or bulk, is there is forest zone Using broad-leaved evergreens seedling such as irregular stripelike manner site preparation after-culture Schima superbas；December cave is dug after the cleaning of degeneration pine forest is fostered Site preparation cultivates cave specification 0.5m × 0.5m × 0.35m, and table soil fills out bottom, and cubsoil is upward, and blocky or bulk site preparation distance between rows and hills is 2.8m × 2.6m, the distance between rows and hills of strip site preparation away from cultivating cave under the crown canopy outside plant 1.2m, according to retain pine plant amount number, row Spacing in the rows is changeable, and distance between rows and hills is about 2.8m × 2.6m；After-culture is carried out in mid or late March, seedling strain uses local or neighbouring area Cultivate grow directly from seeds, be healthy and strong, apical dominance is apparent, degree of lignification is high, 1 to the 2 year bare-root seeding or container seedling of no disease and pests harm；

Step 4, after-culture nursery stock foster, the late May after planting seedlings and early September, within the scope of 1.0m around planting nursery stock Shrub, the weeds newly grown loosen the soil fostering, continuous 3 years；To being damaged treelet that is serious or giving money as a gift in the cleaning transport of loose epidemic disease wood It is removed with all being repaiied at the pile from the high about 3cm of earth's surface, branch update is sprouted with profit；The measure of tending ot young growth is when planting height of seedling 2m, 2 The last ten-days period moon also excavate semicircle shallow ridges, deep 5cm, every plant is applied Russia after carrying out the clear grass of bushing around plant above plant Chan A health composite fertilizer about 30g applies rear earth backing, continuous fertilization 3 years；

Step 5 carries out integrated management to standing forest, and loose epidemic disease wood, wind-fall, discount wood are persistently removed in arborous layer；Selection grow directly from seeds, The excellent wood individual healthy and strong, vitality is strong, dry type is logical directly, satisfactory, without tree body damage is as alternative target tree；In update step and draft In layer, using artificial after-culture at updated seedling is set, regulate and control the density of crop, it is more by seedling is updated under crown canopy in mid or late March Nursery stock, now playing existing cultivation, after-culture reinforces seedling culture on vacant lot again；Prevent forest disease and pest and forest fires from occurring；It establishes gloomy Woods monitor sample and files of forest resources；It is described to establish forest monitoring sample, sample projected area be 400m², quantity 3, and Set up control；The regulation and control density after-culture selection of seedling standard is height of seedling >=0.4m, it is healthy and strong, terminal bud is full, degree of lignification is high, The strong seedling of vitality；The measure of the regulation and control density after-culture seedling is to try to transplantation with soil, and branch is carried out to the nursery stock after lifting Leaf trim, dredge take 1/3 leaf, plant in the gap that later stage pine epidemic disease wood is removed ground, water after plant；And repeat the young growth of step 4 Tending adjusts the density of crop, it is made to be uniformly distributed.