CN108504611B - 一种复合菌剂及其制备烟草种植有机肥的方法 - Google Patents
一种复合菌剂及其制备烟草种植有机肥的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于微生态制剂领域和有机肥生产技术领域，具体涉及一种复合菌剂及其制备烟草种植有机肥的方法，包括枯草芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、氧化硫杆菌、铁氧化钩端螺旋菌、红酵母和地霉属霉菌。复合菌剂在一级发酵菌液培养基中培养，然后再进入二级发酵液培养基中培养得到二级发酵种子液，将二级发酵种子液通过高压喷雾装置，对高温蒸汽脱毒的固体发酵物料进行喷射，然后进入堆肥反应器，曝气时间间隔2小时一次。本发明将猪粪和玉米粉、菜籽饼、花生鼓的混合物混合使用，精确限定猪粪的含水量，整个发酵过程中不用另外补充水分，简化了制备工艺和操作，也减少了补充水分操作的不规范给生物转化效果带来的不确定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于微生态制剂领域和有机肥生产技术领域，具体涉及一种复合菌剂及其制备烟草种植有机肥的方法。
背景技术
固体发酵生产有机肥技术在国内外已相当成熟，但是普遍选用的菌种落后，菌种的生长速度缓慢，导致发酵时间长达5-6天，严重影响生产。而且所选用的微生物达不到综合改善土壤的效果，往往造成土壤的过度酸化，大量使用动物粪肥造成重金属二次污染等严重问题。因此急需通过基础研究找到合适的菌种，进行科学配比，达到综合改善土壤的性能，提高农作物生产效率，同时保护环境的功能。
猪粪是养猪过程中猪排泄的大量粪便，其中混合着大量尿液、粘液。猪粪是一种不易晾晒的禽畜粪便，随着我国养殖场养殖规模的不断扩大，集约化养殖带来的是大量猪粪集中化，大量猪粪堆置一起很难处理。猪粪长期放置不仅招来蚊蝇，同时臭气对周围环境、对地下水源都造成极大污染，如不解决猪粪问题，不仅对环境的污染日益严重，同时对养殖场的持续化发展也造成严重的影响。如何才能有效的对猪粪进行处理、有效地开发利用，成为养猪业可持续发展的重中之重问题。
发明内容
本发明为了解决上述技术问题，提供了一种复合菌剂以及利用其制备的有机肥。利用微生态制剂发酵、连续生产有机肥，通过6种复合微生物发酵的有机废料生产的有机肥，可有效提高烟草的生产性能，保护土壤，及重金属治理，降解土壤残留农药。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种复合菌剂，活性成分按重量比计算，包括：枯草芽孢杆菌3-5份、解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-5份、氧化硫杆菌1-3份、铁氧化钩端螺旋菌1-3份、红酵母1-3份和地霉属霉菌3-10份。
解淀粉芽孢杆菌作为试验菌种，促进有机物分解，产生大量氨基酸，如天门氨酸，促进植物营养吸收，提高土壤保水能力达20％，土壤含水量增加30％，保持期延长3天。对除草剂丁草胺(N-丁氧甲基氯-2′-氯-2′，6′-二乙基乙酰替苯胺)具有明显的降解效果。
嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌和铁氧化钩端螺旋菌是以硫杆菌为主的嗜酸性自养菌，具有很强的氧化性，能够将硫化物、硫化氢这些往往会导致粪肥发臭的物质氧化，因此除臭效果好；创造的低pH值和氧化环境还会使得病原菌不适应这一环境，因此具有杀菌作用。
耐酸性的红酵母菌和地霉属霉菌属于嗜酸性异养菌，能够吸附土壤中重金属离子，改善土壤。特别是红酵母可产生天门氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、蛋氨酸等多种氨基酸，促进烟草生长发育，提高烟碱含量，烟叶质量。
本发明所述的枯草芽胞杆菌为菌株PB6，具有繁殖迅速、分泌抗多种微生物(病毒、细菌、原虫等)的活性短肽功能，能够有效抑制土壤中线虫的生长，保护植物根部，提高烟草抗病能力；发酵过程中产生大量有机酸，促进土壤中金属离子释放，提高植物吸收能力。
氧化硫杆菌必须为TS6这种生长迅速，有竞争优势。
本发明的复合菌剂由细菌、真菌、酵母菌和放线菌复合而成，互不拮抗，协同作用。功能多、效果好：不仅对有机物料有强大腐熟作用，48小时完成腐熟，时间快；而且在发酵过程中还繁殖大量功能细菌并产生多种特效代谢产物，从而刺激作物生长发育，提高作物抗病、抗旱能力，功能细菌进入土壤后，可固氮、解磷、解钾，增加土壤养分、改良土壤结构、提高化肥利用率。
本发明的复合菌剂使用安全：可处理多种有机物料，无毒、无害、无污染。促进有机物料矿质化和腐殖化：物料经过矿质化，养分由无效态和缓效态变为有效态和速效态；经过腐殖化，产生大量腐殖酸，刺激作物生长。
利用本发明的复合菌剂可以制备烟草种植有机肥。
利用本发明的复合菌剂制备的烟草种植有机肥的制备方法：
步骤如下：
(1)、复合菌剂在一级发酵菌液培养基中培养，一级发酵菌液培养基按照质量份数组成为：1000份蒸馏水、20份葡萄糖、15份蛋白胨、5份氯化钠和0.5份牛肉膏；
(2)、然后再进入二级发酵液培养基中培养得到二级发酵种子液，二级发酵液培养基按照质量份数组成为：玉米粉或者豆粕10000份、鱼粉5000份、葡萄糖8000份和豆皮粉2000份；
(3)、三级连续固体发酵：将二级发酵种子液通过高压喷雾装置，对高温蒸汽脱毒的固体发酵物料进行喷射，然后进入堆肥反应器，曝气时间间隔2小时一次。
优选地，所述的二级发酵种子液与固体发酵物料的重量比例为1：1000。
优选地，所述的固体发酵物包括辅料、有机质和葡萄糖，三者比例为2：7：1。
本发明的辅料为玉米粉、秸秆、麸皮、菜籽饼、豆粕、花生鼓等常用有机肥辅料。
进一步优选地，所述的有机质为猪粪。可用于处理猪粪等养殖废弃物，保护环境。以猪粪为主要原料，在2-3天内产出肥效高、成本低的有机肥，克服现有技术2到6个月堆肥时间较长，肥效损失较大，种植户用肥成本较高的缺陷。
进一步优选地，所述猪粪的含水量为50-60％，整个发酵过程中不用另外补充水分，简化了制备工艺和操作，也减少了补充水分操作的不规范给生物转化效果带来的不确定性。
进一步优选地，所述的固体发酵物为猪粪70份、玉米粉或者豆粕20份、葡萄糖10份。
本发明的有益效果在于:提供了一种新的烟草专用有机肥的生产方法，基于本发明方法，可以成功实现饼肥和畜禽粪便的科学联用；固体连续发酵技术速度快于常规微生物堆肥，产出肥效高、成本低的烟草专用有机肥。
本发明采用的辅料是农业生产中最常使用的玉米粉、秸秆和麸皮等的混合物，将猪粪和玉米粉、菜籽饼或者菜籽饼与花生鼓的混合物按照科学的比例混合使用。本发明精确限定猪粪的含水量，整个发酵过程中不用另外补充水分，简化了制备工艺和操作，也减少了补充水分操作的不规范给生物转化效果带来的不确定性。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明的实质性内容作进一步详细的描述。
实施例1
菌种选育：
活性成分按重量比计算，包括：枯草芽孢杆菌4份、解淀粉芽孢杆菌4份、氧化硫杆菌2份、铁氧化钩端螺旋菌2份、红酵母2份和地霉属霉菌5份。
1)6种菌专一培养基上，连续划线培养，挑选菌落形态饱满，菌落半径最大的菌进行保种和生产。此过程连续操作10次以上，直到菌株性能稳定，繁殖约1000代。
2)对筛选的菌株进行抗逆性复筛，在营养贫瘠的平板上，能保障生长良好。
3)模拟土壤条件对菌种进行三次复筛。采样三种将土壤灭菌以后，接种混合菌液，连续培养和采样测序分析，其中淤泥样本生长菌数最丰富。粘土次之，沙土最差。跟土壤中有机质的含量成正相关性。
表1：每克样本中菌数数量级
实施例2
复筛的菌种经过以下培养：
(1)、复合菌剂在一级发酵菌液培养基中培养，一级发酵菌液培养基按照质量份数组成为：1000份蒸馏水、20份葡萄糖、15份蛋白胨、5份氯化钠和0.5份牛肉膏；
(2)、然后再进入二级发酵液培养基中培养得到二级发酵种子液，二级发酵液培养基按照质量份数组成为：玉米粉或者豆粕10000份、鱼粉5000份、葡萄糖8000份和豆皮粉2000份。
(3)、三级连续固体发酵：将二级发酵种子液通过高压喷雾装置，对高温蒸汽脱毒的固体发酵物料进行喷射，然后进入堆肥反应器，曝气时间间隔2小时一次。
将新鲜猪粪，经固液分离后含水量50-60％，与适量比例的玉米粉、工业葡萄糖搅拌均匀，配制成烟草专用有机肥发酵配方料，见表2。将配方料利用连续传送装置送入连续固体发酵容器中，配方料发酵容器高6m，配方料最终变为黑褐色，物料松散，晾干后可制成烟草专用有机肥，见表2所示。
表2：烟草专用有机肥物料配方
| 物料 | 粪肥/废弃物 | 葡萄糖 | 玉米粉/豆粕 |
| 比例(％) | 70 | 10 | 20 |
实施例3
本发明的烟草专用有机肥的应用试验。
烟草品种:K326；
供试土壤:牛肝土田；
试验方案：本试验选取本发明制备得到的有机肥样和对比例两个处理。根据总氮用量相同的原则，对比例为纯施化肥，每亩施氮量为3.5kg，而实施例为5％，10％，20％，30％的有机氮加30％的化肥氮。试验结果见表3所示。
表3：应用试验结果
试验结果表明，本发明有机肥在上述指标中优于化肥，施用本发明有机肥均在一定程度上增加了烟叶的产量、品质和产值等。
本发明的有机肥指标检测，按照行业标准进行检测分析；
表4：有机肥主要含量与指标
结果表明：本发明在生产的有机肥符合有机肥国家标准，且含有丰富的土壤有益菌，能快速改善土壤，提高土壤肥力。
Claims (5)
1.一种复合菌剂，其特征在于，活性成分按重量比计算，由以下原料组成：枯草芽孢杆菌3-5份、解淀粉芽孢杆菌3-5份、氧化硫杆菌1-3份、铁氧化钩端螺旋菌1-3份、红酵母1-3份和地霉属霉菌3-10份；所述的枯草芽胞杆菌为菌株PB6，所述的氧化硫杆菌为TS6。
2.运用权利要求1所述的复合菌剂来制备烟草种植有机肥的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
（1）、复合菌剂在一级发酵菌液培养基中培养，一级发酵菌液培养基按照质量份数组成为：1000份蒸馏水、20份葡萄糖、15份蛋白胨、5份氯化钠和0.5份牛肉膏；
（2）、然后再进入二级发酵液培养基中培养得到二级发酵种子液，二级发酵液培养基按照质量份数组成为：玉米粉或者豆粕10000份、鱼粉5000份、葡萄糖8000份和豆皮粉2000份；
（3）、三级连续固体发酵：将二级发酵种子液通过高压喷雾装置，对高温蒸汽脱毒的固体发酵物料进行喷射，然后进入堆肥反应器，曝气时间间隔2小时一次；
所述的固体发酵物包括辅料、有机质和葡萄糖，三者质量比例为2：7：1；所述的辅料为玉米粉、秸秆、麸皮、菜籽饼、豆粕中一种或多种混合物；
所述的有机质为猪粪。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备烟草种植有机肥的方法，其特征在于，所述的二级发酵种子液与固体发酵物料的重量比例为1：1000。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备烟草种植有机肥的方法，其特征在于，所述猪粪的含水量为50-60%。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备烟草种植有机肥的方法，其特征在于，所述的固体发酵物为猪粪70份、玉米粉或者豆粕20份、葡萄糖10份。
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