CN108495619A - 棘霉素制剂及其制备方法和使用方法 - Google Patents
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- CN108495619A CN108495619A CN201680078445.9A CN201680078445A CN108495619A CN 108495619 A CN108495619 A CN 108495619A CN 201680078445 A CN201680078445 A CN 201680078445A CN 108495619 A CN108495619 A CN 108495619A
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- echinomycin
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Abstract
用于治疗患者的特征为HIF‑1α和/或HIF‑2α过度表达的疾病的脂质体药物制剂,包括在药学上可接受的载体中的多种脂质体。所述脂质体包封棘霉素,并且由聚乙二醇化磷脂、中性磷酸甘油酯和甾醇制成。所述聚乙二醇化脂质体可用于治疗增殖性疾病、白血病、癌症、自身免疫性疾病和移植物抗宿主病。
Description
本申请要求于2015年11月10日提交的序列号为62/253,257的美国临时专利申请的优先权。所有前述申请的全部内容在此通过参引方式引入本文。
技术领域
本申请主要涉及用于制备和递送用于治疗增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病和同种异体免疫应答的脂质体棘霉素制剂的组合物和方法。
背景技术
缺氧诱导因子(HIF)是转录因子并介导对缺氧的细胞应答。已知HIF在许多癌症、自身免疫性疾病和同种异体免疫应答中上调。特别是,HIF参与肿瘤代谢、血管生成和转移(Semenza,G.L.等,Nature Rev.Cancer.2003;3(10):721-32)。
棘霉素(NSC526417)是最初在1957年从多刺链霉菌(Streptomyces echinatus)分离的喹喔啉家族的成员。棘霉素是抑制HIF1α的DNA结合活性的小分子。已表明棘霉素显示抗B16黑素瘤和P388白血病植入的鼠肿瘤的抗肿瘤活性,并在体外和体内显示抗人肿瘤细胞的生长。此外,已表明棘霉素通过优先消除白血病干细胞而在异种模型中有效根除小鼠急性淋巴母细胞白血病和人急性骨髓性白血病(Wang等,Cell Stem Cell.2011;8(4):399-411)。
棘霉素被国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute)纳入临床试验。然而,在这些研究中使用的棘霉素在先前治疗的患者中没有表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性。多年来一直在进行多个I期(7-11)和II期(12-19)实体瘤的试验。然而,由于该药物对于所有现有疗法都难以治愈的实体瘤患者并不总是有效,因此停止了棘霉素的临床开发。由于在已知棘霉素是HIF抑制剂之前的很长时间就进行了这些研究(Kong D.等,Cancer Res.2005;65(19):9047-55),因此并未设计效力研究来评估抑制HIF的可能益处。虽然棘霉素以1200μg/m2的剂量在人类中用于一些II期临床试验中,但是由于从1985到1995年都没有可用的方法来测量药物浓度,因此没有出现药代动力学(PK)数据。然而,最近出现了新的方法,揭示了棘霉素在体内具有短的半衰期,从而限制了它的临床应用。
棘霉素高度不溶于水,这使能将药物配制成合适剂型的手段复杂化。当溶解于水中时,棘霉素迅速从溶液中沉淀出来,因此任何依赖于游离药物与水性溶剂的混合物的制剂都不能在接受者中产生显著的生物利用度。此外,棘霉素可溶于其中的可用溶剂例如DMSO在临床上是不可接受的,因为这些溶剂对患者具有苛刻的性质。棘霉素的临床试验还揭示了显著的所报道的副作用,例如严重的恶心和呕吐,从而进一步限制了其临床应用。
鉴于上述限制,需要新的和有效的棘霉素制剂,该制剂是无毒的并且有效地抗增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病、移植物抗宿主病或任何其它需要抑制HIF-1的疾病。
发明内容
本申请的一个方面涉及用于治疗以HIF-1α和/或HIF-2α过度表达为特征的患者中的疾病的脂质体药物制剂。所述脂质体药物制剂包含在药学上可接受的载体中的多种脂质体。所述脂质体包封棘霉素并且由聚乙二醇化磷脂、中性磷酸甘油酯和甾醇制成。
在一个实施方式中,所述聚乙二醇化磷脂是二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG)、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DMPE-PEG)、二棕榈酰甘油琥珀酸酯聚乙二醇(DPGS-PEG)、胆固醇基-聚乙二醇或神经酰胺基聚乙二醇化脂质。
在另一个实施方式中,所述中性磷酸甘油酯选自磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰肌醇。
在另一个实施方式中,所述制剂中的所述聚乙二醇化磷脂与总脂质的摩尔比为3%至6%;所述制剂中的所述中性磷酸甘油酯与总脂质的摩尔比为45%至60%;并且所述制剂中的所述甾醇与总脂质的摩尔比为30%至50%。
在一个实施方式中,所述聚乙二醇化磷脂是二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG),所述中性磷酸甘油酯是磷脂酰胆碱,并且所述甾醇是胆固醇。
在一个具体实施方式中,所述脂质体包含5.3%的DSPE-PEG-2000、56.3%的氢化大豆磷脂酰胆碱(HSPC)和38.4%的胆固醇。
在某些实施方式中,棘霉素与总脂质的质量比为2%至10%。在一个具体实施方式中,棘霉素与总脂质的质量比为5%。
在一些实施方式中,所述制剂中至少90%的所述脂质体具有80nm至120nm的直径。
在一些实施方式中,所述脂质体的平均多分散指数小于0.1并且所述脂质体足够稳定以在4℃达到至少12个月的有效期。
在其他一些实施方式中,所述脂质体被配制成冻干粉末。
在另一方面,根据本申请的使用聚乙二醇化脂质体制剂治疗以HIF-1α和/或HIF-2α过度表达为特征的患者的疾病的方法包括将聚乙二醇化制剂施用于有需要的患者,其中,所述脂质体制剂包含足以治疗所述疾病的量的棘霉素。
在一个实施方式中,所述疾病为增殖性病症。在一个具体的实施方式中,所述增殖性病症是白血病。在另一个实施方式中,所述增殖性病症是乳腺癌。
在另一个实施方式中,所述疾病是自身免疫性疾病。
在另一个实施方式中,所述疾病是移植物抗宿主病。
在另一方面,根据本申请的用于制备聚乙二醇化脂质体制剂的方法包括在极性溶剂中形成包含棘霉素和脂质组分的混合物,所述脂质组分包括聚乙二醇化磷脂、中性磷脂和甾醇;干燥所述混合物以除去所述极性溶剂,由此形成干燥脂质膜;将所述干燥脂质膜溶解在缓冲液中以形成脂质悬浮液;通过聚碳酸酯过滤器挤出所述脂质悬浮液以获得具有所需尺寸范围的脂质体;以及通过过滤对所述脂质体进行除菌。
附图说明
图1.脂质体棘霉素的物理特性。(A)在Malvern Zetasizer软件上通过动态光散射(DLS)测量的典型制剂的尺寸分布。(B)脂质体棘霉素的平均尺寸和ζ电位的总结。数据是6个独立制剂的+/-s.d的总结。测量使用Malvern Zetasizer软件进行。
图2.棘霉素从脂质体棘霉素的体外释放。(图A)在21℃针对ddH2O透析的脂质体棘霉素的药物释放曲线。数据点代表通过HPLC进行的三次重复测量的平均值+/-s.d.。(图B)指示在(图A)中绘制的相应时间点处的棘霉素峰的代表性HPLC色谱图。
图3.体外脂质体棘霉素储存和稳定性。(图A和图B)将脂质体棘霉素储存在4℃并在储存1个月和3个月后取样以获得稳定性参数。0月表示在制备后直接进行测量。在4℃储存期间脂质体棘霉素的平均尺寸和ζ电位(图A)和平均多分散指数(PdI)(图B)的测量。数据使用Malvern Zetasizer软件生成,误差线表示三次重复测量的s.d.。(图C)在4℃储存期间棘霉素内容物损失的HPLC分析,以初始测量(0个月)的百分比表示。误差线表示三次重复测量的s.d.。
图4.脂质体棘霉素与游离棘霉素的毒性和功效的比较。(图A)在接受治疗周期的脂质体棘霉素、PBS棘霉素(在PBS中的20%DMSO)或相当剂量的空脂质体媒剂(vehicle)的雌性NSG小鼠中的体重变化。通过静脉内注射(i.v.)用250μg/kg的脂质体棘霉素(n=7)或游离的(n=7)棘霉素或当量媒剂(n=4)处理小鼠,每隔一天一次,共3个剂量)。(图B)通过单次静脉内注射施用1mg/kg脂质体棘霉素或游离的棘霉素或相当剂量的空脂质体媒剂的NSG小鼠的存活率。
图5.脂质体棘霉素与游离的棘霉素的药代动力学比较。在单剂量静脉内注射施用0.1mg/kg脂质体棘霉素或游离棘霉素后,通过MS检测的棘霉素的血清血浆水平。
图6.棘霉素在肿瘤中的积累。单剂量静脉内注射(0.1mg/kg)脂质体棘霉素和常规配制的棘霉素后乳房肿瘤SUM159中的棘霉素浓度。n=3/时间点。
图7.ETP-ALL中HIF-1α的积累。(图A)通过蛋白质印迹测量的ETP ALL异种移植物模型的脾脏中的HIF-1α蛋白水平。(图B)来自异种移植小鼠脾脏的ETP-ALL-1细胞使用抗hCD45和CD117表面标记物进行染色,并用APC偶联的HIF-1α抗体进行细胞内染色,然后进行FACS分析。
图8.脂质体棘霉素消除异种移植小鼠模型中的人ETP-ALL细胞。(图A)用于ETP-ALL人源化小鼠的脂质体棘霉素治疗的施用方案的数据在图B中。第0天表示用人ETP-ALL-1细胞移植的当天。绿色(向上)箭头表示一次单独的脂质体棘霉素注射(经静脉内注射0.35mg/kg/注射)。红色(向下)箭头表示血液检测。(图B)以1.3Gy照射的NSG小鼠静脉内注射1×106个人ETP-ALL-1细胞。在移植后第34天通过FACS分析检测接受者PBMC中的人CD45+细胞。通过FACS分析对小鼠(媒剂和脂质体棘霉素处理)在处理前(第34天)和处理后(第42、48、56和64天)的接受者小鼠的PBMC中的人CD45+百分比进行分析。用媒剂或脂质体棘霉素处理的所有接受者小鼠的PBMC中的人CD45+百分比(每组n=10)的总结。(图C)在耐受良好的剂量下,脂质体棘霉素比最大程度游离的棘霉素更有效。对NSG小鼠照射1.3Gy并静脉内注射1×106个人ETP-ALL-1细胞。治疗前第21天进行FACS分析。在第22天,小鼠接受第一剂量治疗。一组接受者小鼠(PBS-EM,n=5)接受3个周期在PBS中的棘霉素(总共15个剂量)。在每个周期中,小鼠接受在PBS中的棘霉素,静脉内注射剂量为0.1mg/kg,每天注射一次,共5个剂量,然后在下一个周期开始前休息5天。在另一组接受者(Lipo-EM,n=5)中,小鼠通过静脉内注射接受0.35mg/kg的脂质体棘霉素。从第22天开始,对于前2个剂量,每4天施用一次脂质体棘霉素,随后休息7天。然后,小鼠每隔一天接受一次注射,4个剂量,然后休息7天,并且再每隔一天注射一次,4个剂量(共10个剂量)至结束。根据其中施用脂质体棘霉素的相同方案,让另一组小鼠接受空脂质体媒剂(n=5)。通过FACS分析对小鼠棘霉素处理后(第34、50和65天)接受者PBMC中人CD45+的百分比进行分析。
图9.棘霉素体外减少了活的乳腺癌细胞的数量。具有高(SUM 159)或低(MCF7)水平的HIF-1α的乳腺癌细胞在体外用不同浓度的棘霉素处理。显示与棘霉素共培养后棘霉素浓度和存活细胞的相对比例之间的相关性。具有高HIF-1α的SUM 159细胞对棘霉素比表达更少HIF-1α的MCF7更敏感。
图10.异种移植的乳腺癌细胞中棘霉素的积累。人乳腺癌细胞系SUM-159用荧光素酶转染,并在雌性NSG小鼠的乳房脂肪垫中原位异种移植。根据图底部的键符,将在水中游离的DiR或DiR标记的脂质体施用于异种移植小鼠。使用生物发光成像评估异种移植细胞中的萤光素酶表达(上图)并通过生物发光成像评估脂质体棘霉素的存在(下图)。
图11.脂质体棘霉素对乳腺癌的体内治疗作用。(图A)雌性NSG小鼠用人SUM159乳腺癌细胞进行异种移植并用游离棘霉素或媒剂(每组n=10)处理。从第28天开始通过静脉内注射让小鼠接受0.1mg/kg游离棘霉素或媒剂,每3天注射一次,共6个剂量。显示了SUM159的生长动力学。(图B)雌性NSG小鼠用SUM159乳腺癌细胞进行异种移植并用脂质体棘霉素或媒剂(每组n=5)处理。显示用媒剂和脂质体棘霉素处理的接受者小鼠中SUM159的生长动力学。在第9、11、13、25和27天通过静脉内注射让小鼠接受0.35mg/kg的脂质体棘霉素或媒剂。在整个实验中记录平均肿瘤体积。误差线表示±SEM。各个治疗和剂量用星号表示。(图C)使小鼠安乐死,解剖肿瘤并照相。(图D)来自媒剂和脂质体棘霉素处理的小鼠的乳腺癌的肿瘤重量总结。重量表示为平均重量±s.d.,通过t检验计算P值。
具体实施方式
除非另外定义,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与所公开的方法和组合物所属领域的技术人员通常理解的相同的含义。必须注意的是,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则如本文和所附权利要求中所使用的,单数形式“一”,“一个”和“所述”包括复数形式。因此,例如,对“一种肽”的提及包括多种这样的肽,对“所述肽”的提及是指对于本领域技术人员已知的一种或多种肽及其等价物等等。
如本文所用,术语“细胞增殖性病症”是指以细胞异常增殖为特征的病症。增殖性病症并不意味着对细胞生长速度的任何限制,而仅仅表明影响生长和细胞分裂的正常控制丧失。因此,在一些实施方式中,增殖性病症的细胞可以具有与正常细胞相同的细胞分裂速率,但不会对限制这种生长的信号做出响应。在“细胞增殖性病症”的范围内是赘生物或肿瘤,其是组织的异常生长。“癌症”是指以具有侵入周围组织和/或转移至新的定植部位的细胞增殖的能力为特征的各种恶性赘生物中的任何一种,并且包括白血病、淋巴瘤、癌、黑素瘤、肉瘤、生殖细胞肿瘤和母细胞瘤。用本公开方法治疗的示例性癌症包括脑癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、子宫颈癌、结肠癌、头颈癌、肾癌、肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、间皮瘤、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、胃癌和子宫癌、白血病和髓母细胞瘤。
术语“白血病”是指血液形成器官的进行性恶性疾病,并且通常以血液和骨髓中白细胞及其前体的不正常增殖和发育为特征。用于治疗的示例性白血病包括例如急性非淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性早幼粒细胞性白血病、成体T细胞性白血病、白细胞不增多性白血病(aleukemicleukemia)、白细胞增多性白血病(leukocythemic leukemia)、嗜碱性粒细胞性白血病、母细胞性白血病、牛白血病、慢性髓细胞性白血病、皮肤白血病、胚胎性白血病、嗜酸性粒细胞性白血病、格罗斯白血病、毛细胞性白血病、成血细胞性白血病、血胚细胞性白血病、组织细胞性白血病、干细胞白血病、急性单核细胞性白血病、白细胞减少性白血病、淋巴性白血病、成淋巴细胞性白血病、淋巴细胞性白血病、淋巴性白血病、淋巴样白血病、淋巴肉瘤细胞性白血病、肥大细胞性白血病、兆级细胞性白血病、微成髓细胞性白血病、单核细胞性白血病、成髓细胞性白血病、髓细胞性白血病、髓样粒细胞性白血病、髓单核细胞性白血病、内格利型白血病、浆细胞性白血病(plasma cell leukemia)、原生质细胞性白血病(plasmacyticleukemia)、早幼粒细胞性白血病、多形核细胞性白血病(Rieder cell leukemia)、急性单核细胞性白血病(Schilling's leukemia)、干细胞性白血病、亚白血性白血病和未分化细胞性白血病。
术语“癌”是指倾向于渗透周围组织并引起转移的上皮细胞的恶性生长。示例性癌包括例如腺泡癌、腺泡状癌、腺囊性癌、腺样囊性癌、腺癌、肾上腺皮质癌、肺泡癌、肺泡细胞癌、基底细胞癌、基底细胞性癌(carcinoma basocellulare)、基底样癌、基底鳞状细胞癌(basosquamous cell carcinoma)、支气管肺泡癌、细支气管癌、支气管原癌、脑样癌、胆管细胞癌、绒毛膜癌、胶质癌、粉刺癌、子宫体癌、筛状癌、铠甲状癌、皮肤癌、圆柱形癌、圆柱细胞癌、导管癌、硬粒癌、胚胎癌、脑样癌、表皮样癌、腺样上皮癌、外生殖器癌、癌前病变、纤维瘤、明胶样癌、明胶癌、巨细胞性癌(giant cell carcinoma)、巨细胞癌(carcinomagigantocellulare)、腺癌、颗粒细胞癌、毛发基质癌、血癌、肝细胞癌、许特莱氏细胞腺癌(Hurthle cell carcinoma)、透明细胞癌、下胚叶癌、婴儿胚胎癌、原位癌、表皮内癌、上皮内癌、科隆布彻氏癌(Krompecher’s carcinoma)、库尔茨基细胞癌(Kulchitzky-cellcarcinoma)、大细胞癌、豆状癌(lenticular carcinoma)、豆状核癌(carcinomalenticulare)、脂肪瘤性癌、淋巴上皮癌、髓样癌(carcinoma medullare)、髓质癌(medullary carcinoma)、黑色素癌、癌性痣、粘液性癌、粘液细胞癌、粘液表皮样癌、粘液表皮样癌、粘膜癌、粘液癌癌黏液瘤、鼻咽癌、燕麦细胞癌、骨化癌、骨癌、乳头状癌、门静脉癌、癌前病变、棘细胞癌、肺腺癌、肾的肾细胞癌、贮备细胞癌、肉瘤、鳞癌、硬皮病、阴囊癌、印戒细胞癌、单纯癌、小细胞癌、茄状癌、梭样细胞癌、梭形细胞癌、海绵状癌、鳞状癌、鳞状细胞癌、绳捆癌、毛细血管扩张癌(carcinoma telangiectaticum)、毛细血管扩张性癌(carcinoma telangiectodes)、移行细胞癌、结节癌、结节性癌、疣状癌和绒毛状癌。
术语“肉瘤”是指由诸如胚胎结缔组织的物质组成的肿瘤,并且通常由嵌入纤维状或均质物质中的密排细胞组成。示例性肉瘤包括例如软骨肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、淋巴肉瘤、黑素肉瘤、粘液肉瘤、骨肉瘤、阿氏肉瘤(Abemethy’s sarcoma)、脂肪肉瘤(adipose sarcoma)、脂肪质肉瘤(liposarcoma)、肺泡软组织肉瘤、成釉细胞肉瘤、葡萄状肉瘤、绿肉瘤、绒毛膜癌、胚胎肉瘤、温氏肿瘤肉瘤(Wilns'tumor sarcoma)、间质肉瘤、基质肉瘤、尤因肉瘤、筋膜肉瘤、成纤维细胞肉瘤、巨细胞肉瘤、粒细胞肉瘤、霍奇金肉瘤、特发性多发色素性出血性肉瘤、B细胞免疫母细胞肉瘤、淋巴瘤(例如非霍奇金淋巴瘤)、T细胞的免疫母细胞肉瘤、延森肉瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤、枯氏细胞肉瘤、血管肉瘤、白细胞肉瘤、恶性间叶瘤肉瘤、骨膜外肉瘤、网状细胞肉瘤、劳斯肉瘤、浆液性肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤和毛细血管扩张肉瘤。
术语“黑素瘤”是指由皮肤和其他器官的黑素细胞系统产生的肿瘤。黑色素瘤包括例如肢端雀斑样痣黑素瘤、无色素性黑色素瘤、良性幼年黑色素瘤、克劳德曼黑色素瘤、S91黑色素瘤、哈-帕二氏黑素瘤(Harding Passey melanoma)、青少年黑色素瘤、雀斑恶性黑色素癌、恶性黑色素瘤、结节性黑色素瘤、分角黑色素瘤(subungal melanoma)和浅表性扩散性黑色素瘤。
其他癌症包括例如何杰金氏病、多发性骨髓瘤、神经母细胞瘤、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、横纹肌肉瘤、原发性血小板增多症、原发性巨球蛋白血症、小细胞肺肿瘤、原发性脑肿瘤、胃癌、结肠癌、恶性胰腺胰岛瘤、恶性类癌、恶变前皮肤病变、睾丸癌、甲状腺癌、神经母细胞瘤、食道癌、泌尿生殖道癌、恶性高钙血症、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌和肾上腺皮质癌。
如本文所用,术语“自身免疫性疾病”是指其中个体的免疫系统(例如激活的T细胞)攻击该个体自身组织和细胞的病症。术语“同种免疫反应”是指个体的免疫系统攻击植入组织或细胞(如在移植物(graft)或移植物(transplant)中)的病症。
用本公开方法治疗的示例性自身免疫性疾病包括关节炎、斑秃、强直性脊柱炎、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、自身免疫性肝炎、白塞病、克罗恩氏病、皮肌炎、糖尿病(I型)、肾小球性肾炎、格雷夫斯病、吉兰-巴利综合征、炎性肠病(IBD)、狼疮肾炎、多发性硬化症、重症肌无力、心肌炎、天疱疮/类天疱疮、恶性贫血、结节性多动脉炎、多发性肌炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、牛皮癣、类风湿性关节炎、风湿热、结节病、硬皮病、修格兰氏综合征、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、甲状腺炎(如桥本氏甲状腺炎和奥德氏甲状腺炎)、溃疡性结肠炎、葡萄膜炎、白癜风和韦格纳肉芽肿病。用本公开方法治疗的示例性同种免疫应答包括移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)和移植排斥。
如本文所用,“治疗”是指增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病或同种免疫性应答的任何改善。
术语“治疗”和“处理”是指改善与细胞增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病或同种异体免疫应答有关的一种或多种症状;预防或延迟细胞增殖性病症、自身免疫病或同种免疫应答的一种或多种症状的发作;和/或减轻细胞增殖性病症、自身免疫病或同种免疫应答的一种或多种症状的严重性或频率。
在本文中使用的术语“改善”、“增加”或“减少”指示相对于基线测量的值或参数,例如在开始本文所述的治疗之前在同一个体中的测量或在没有本文描述的治疗的情况下在对照个体(或多个对照个体)中的测量。
“对照个体”是患有与正在接受治疗的个体相同的疾病或病症的个体,其与接受治疗的个体大约相同的年龄(以确保个体中的疾病阶段和对照个体是可比较的)。被治疗的个体(也称为“患者”或“受试者”)可以是哺乳动物受试者,优选人类受试者,例如胎儿、婴儿、儿童、青少年或成人。
微乳液棘霉素药物递送系统
本申请提供了用于治疗其中HIF-1α或HIF-2α升高的增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病和同种免疫应答的微乳液棘霉素药物递送系统。乳液是两种或更多种通常不混溶(不可混合或不可共混)的液体的混合物。微乳液棘霉素药物递送系统可以包含脂质体、胶束、或脂质体和胶束的混合物。脂质体是具有被脂质双层形式的疏水膜包围的水溶液核的球形囊泡。脂质体通常由磷脂组成,尤其是由磷脂酰胆碱组成,但也可以包含其他脂质,只要它们与脂质双层结构相容即可。典型的胶束是由单层两亲分子形成的球形囊泡,两亲分子的亲水“头部”区域与周围溶剂接触,从而将疏水单尾区域隔离在胶束中心。
本申请提供了包封棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的脂质体组合物,以及使用这种组合物治疗其中HIF-1α或HIF-2α升高的增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病和同种免疫应答的方法。棘霉素或棘霉素类似物制剂优选使用微乳液药物递送系统施用于患者。除非另有说明,否则短语“棘霉素制剂”应解释为包括含有棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的微乳液制剂。
在一些优选的实施方式中,所用的微乳液药物递送系统是脂质体药物递送系统。在其他一些实施方式中,所用的微乳液药物递送系统由微粒(或微球)、纳米颗粒(或纳米球)、纳米胶囊、嵌段共聚物胶束或其他聚合物药物递送系统组成。在另外一些的实施方式中,所使用的药物递送系统是基于聚合物的非微乳液药物递送系统,例如水凝胶、薄膜或其他类型的聚合物药物递送系统。在又一些实施方式中,棘霉素或棘霉素类似物在基于脂质的溶剂中进行肠胃外施用。
本发明的方法可用于治疗所有哺乳动物受试者,特别是人类患者的增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病和同种免疫应答。如本文所用,“患者”是人类患者。
棘霉素(NSC526417)是最初从多刺链霉菌(Streptomyces echinatus)分离的喹喔啉家族的成员。棘霉素是一种抑制HIF-1α的DNA结合活性的小分子。棘霉素可溶于乙醇、碱、酮、乙酸和氯仿。它不溶于水。棘霉素因此是亲脂性的,并且通常容易与脂质例如许多用于本发明的微乳液药物递送系统的那些脂质联合。在某些实施方式中,棘霉素也可以配制成金属螯合剂。
棘霉素类似物包括由于其与棘霉素的结构和功能相似性而表现出对降低HIF-1α或HIF-2α活性(类似于棘霉素的作用)的作用的化合物。示例性的棘霉素类似物包括YK2000和YK2005(Kim,J.B.等,Int.J.Antimicrob.Agents,2004年12月;24(6):613-615);醌霉素G(Zhen X.等,Mar.Drugs,2015年11月18日;13(11):6947-61);2QN(Bailly,C.等,Anticancer Drug.Des.,1999年6月;14(3):291-303);和喹唑霉素(KhaN,A.W.等,IndianJ.Biochem.,1969年12月;6(4):220-1)。
包括脂质体在内的微乳剂药物递送媒剂可以用于在细胞或患有增殖性病症或自身免疫性疾病的患者中或在表现出同种免疫应答的患者中例如在GVHD中递送棘霉素或棘霉素类似物。棘霉素或棘霉素类似物可以包封在(或掺入到)任何合适的能够将药物体外或体内递送至靶细胞的微乳剂药物递送媒剂中。
如本文所用,微乳液药物递送媒剂是包含能够悬浮于药学上可接受的液体介质中的颗粒的媒剂,其中颗粒的尺寸范围为数纳米至数微米直径。在本申请中考虑的微乳液药物递送系统包括在体内施用时基本上保持其微乳液性质的那些微乳液药物递送系统。微乳液药物递送系统包括但不限于脂质基颗粒和聚合物基颗粒。微乳液药物递送系统的例子包括脂质体、纳米颗粒(或纳米球)、纳米胶囊、微粒(或微球)和嵌段共聚物胶束。
脂质体与细胞膜有许多相似之处,并且考虑将其结合本发明用作棘霉素和棘霉素类似物的载体。它们是广泛适用的,因为水性物质和脂溶性物质都可以分别被包封,即包封在含水空间和双层本身内。基于它们的疏水性,本领域技术人员可以对脂质体的脂质体制剂进行修饰以使棘霉素或其任何类似物的溶解度最大化。
适用于递送棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的脂质体包括主要由成泡脂质组成的那些脂质体。用于本发明的合适的形成囊泡的脂质包括可以在水中自发形成双层囊泡的那些脂质,如以磷脂所例举的那些脂质。
对适合用于脂质体进行的脂质选择取决于如下因素:(1)脂质体稳定性,(2)相变温度,(3)电荷,(4)对哺乳动物系统无毒,(5)包封效率,(6)脂质混合物特性。预期受益于本公开内容的本领域技术人员可以根据本发明配制优化这些因素的脂质体。这种类型囊泡形成脂质优选具有两个烃链(通常为酰基链)和极性或非极性的头基的那些脂质。烃链可以是饱和的或具有不同程度的不饱和度。有各种合成的囊泡形成脂质和天然存在的囊泡形成脂质,包括磷脂、磷酸甘油酯、糖脂如脑苷脂和神经节苷脂、鞘脂、醚脂质、甾醇和笼状磷脂(caged phospholipid)。
脂质体包括由一种或多种同心的脂质单层或脂质双层组成的脂质体壳。因此,脂质壳可以由单一脂质双层(即,壳可以是单层)或几个同心脂质双层(即,壳可以是多层)形成。脂质可以是合成的、半合成的或天然存在的脂质,包括磷脂、生育酚、类固醇、脂肪酸、糖蛋白如白蛋白、阴离子脂质和阳离子脂质。脂质可以具有阴离子、阳离子或两性离子亲水头部基团,并且在生理pH下可以是阴离子、阳离子脂质或中性。
脂质体制剂可以包含脂质的混合物。该混合物可以包含(a)中性和/或两性离子脂质的混合物;(b)阴离子脂质的混合物;(c)阳离子脂质的混合物;(d)阴离子脂质和阳离子脂质的混合物;(e)中性或两性离子脂质和至少一种阴离子脂质的混合物;(f)中性或两性离子脂质和至少一种阳离子脂质的混合物;或(g)中性或两性离子脂质、阴离子脂质和阳离子脂质的混合物。此外,该混合物可以包含饱和脂质、不饱和脂质或它们的组合。如果不饱和脂质具有两个尾部,则两个尾部都可以是不饱和的,或者可以具有一个饱和尾部和一个不饱和尾部。在一些实施方式中,脂质的混合物不含任何不饱和脂质。
在一个实施方式中,脂质制剂基本上不含阴离子脂质、基本上不含阳离子脂质或两者。在另一个实施方式中,脂质制剂不含阴离子脂质或阳离子脂质或两者。在一个实施方式中,脂质制剂仅包含中性脂质。通常,中性脂质组分是具有两个酰基的脂质(即,二酰基磷脂酰胆碱和二酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺)。具有各种不同链长和饱和度的各种酰基链基团的脂质可商购获得,或者可以通过公知技术分离或合成。
示例性的中性或两性离子磷脂包括但不限于卵磷脂酰胆碱(EPC)、卵磷脂酰甘油(EPG)、卵磷脂酰肌醇(EPI)、卵磷脂酰丝氨酸(EPS)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(EPE)、卵磷脂酰胆碱(EPC)、卵磷脂酰甘油(EPG)、卵磷脂酰肌醇(EPI)、卵磷脂酰丝氨酸(EPS)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(EPE)、磷脂酸(EPA)、大豆磷脂酰甘油(SPG)、大豆磷脂酰丝氨酸(SPS)、大豆磷脂酰肌醇(SPI)、大豆磷脂酰乙醇胺(SPE)、大豆磷脂酸(SPA)、氢化卵磷脂酰胆碱(HEPC)、氢化卵磷脂酰甘油(HEPG)、氢化卵磷脂酰肌醇(HEPI)、氢化卵磷脂酰丝氨酸(HEPS)、氢化磷脂酰乙醇胺(HEPE)、氢化磷脂酸(HEPA)、氢化大豆磷脂酰胆碱(HSPC)、氢化大豆磷脂酰甘油(HSPG)、氢化大豆磷脂酰丝氨酸(HSPS)、氢化大豆磷脂酰肌醇(HSPI)、氢化大豆磷脂酰乙醇胺(HSPE)、氢化大豆磷脂酸(HSPA)、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)、1-棕榈酰-2-肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱(PMPC)、1-肉豆蔻酰-2-棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(MPPC)、二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱(DMPC)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(DSPC)、1-棕榈酰-2-硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(PSPC)、1,2-二花生酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DBPC)、1-硬脂酰-2-棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(SPPC),1,2-二十二碳烯酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DEPC)、棕榈酰油酰磷脂酰胆碱(POPC)、二月桂酰磷脂酰胆碱(DLPC)、棕榈酰硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(PSPC)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)、二亚油酰基磷脂酰胆碱(DLPC)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DMPE)、二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DPPE)、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine,DOPE)、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine,DOPE)、棕榈酰油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(POPE)、和棕榈酰硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油(PSPG)、甾醇如胆固醇和麦角甾醇;胆碱酯、神经酰胺、脑苷脂、二酰甘油、鞘氨醇、鞘磷脂如脑鞘磷脂、卵鞘磷脂、二棕榈酰鞘磷脂和二硬脂酰鞘磷脂二氢鞘磷脂;和单酰化磷脂,如单油酰-磷脂酰乙醇胺(MOPE)。
两性离子脂质包括但不限于酰基两性离子脂质和醚两性离子脂质。可用的两性离子脂质的实例有1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)、1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DSPC)、1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)、1,2-二油酰-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DOPC)、1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(DOPE)、1,2-二植烷酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺(DPyPE)和十二烷基磷酸胆碱。
示例性的阴离子脂质包括二(十六烷基)磷酸酯(DhP)、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸,包括二酰基磷脂酰丝氨酸,如二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、二棕榈酰磷脂酰丝氨酸;磷脂酰甘油,如二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰甘油(DMPG)、二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油(DPPG)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油(DSPG)、二油酰磷脂酰甘油(DOPG)、二月桂酰磷脂酰甘油(DLPG)、二硬脂酰磷脂酰甘油(DSPG)、和溶血磷脂酰甘油(lysylphosphatidylglycerol,LPG);磷脂酰乙醇胺,如N-十二烷酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、N-琥珀酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、N-戊二酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;磷脂酸,包括二磷脂酰甘油和二酰基磷脂酸,如二肉豆蔻酰磷酸和二棕榈酰磷酸;心磷脂和胆固醇半琥珀酸酯(CHEMS)。
阳离子脂质通常具有亲脂性部分,例如甾醇、酰基或二酰基链,并且其中脂质具有总净正电荷。优选地,脂质的头部基团携带正电荷。示例性的阳离子脂质包括N-[1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基铵盐,也称为TAP脂质,例如甲基硫酸盐。合适的TAP脂质包括但不限于DOTAP(二油酰基-)、DMTAP(二肉豆蔻酰基-)、DPTAP(二棕榈酰基-)和DSTAP(二硬脂酰基-)。其它合适的阳离子脂质包括二甲基二(十八烷基)溴化铵(DDAB)、1,2-二酰氧基-3-三甲基铵丙烷、N-[1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基]-N,N-二甲基胺(N-[1-(2,3-dioloyloxy)propyl]-N,N-dimethyl amine,DODAP)、1,2-二酰氧基-3-二甲基铵丙烷、N-[1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(DOTMA)、1,2-二烷基氧基-3-二甲基铵丙烷、二(十八烷基)酰胺基甘氨酰基精胺(DOGS)、3-[N-(N',N'-二甲基氨基乙烷)氨基甲酰基]胆固醇(DC-Chol)、2,3-二油酰基-N-(2-(精胺酰胺)-乙基)-N,N-二甲基-1-丙铵三氟乙酸酯(DOSPA)、β-丙氨酰基胆固醇、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、二C14-脒、N-叔丁基-N'十四烷基-3-十四基氨基丙酰胺(N-tert-butyl-N'-tetradecyl-3-tetradecylaminopropionamidine)、N-(α-三甲基铵乙酰基)二(十二烷基)-d-谷氨酰氯化物(TMAG)、二(十四碳酰基)-N-(三甲基铵-乙酰基)二乙醇胺氯化物、1,3-二油酰氧基-2-(6-羧基-精胺基)-丙酰胺(DOSPER)和N,N,N',N'-四甲基-、N'-双(2-羟乙基)-2,3-二油酰氧基-1,4-丁烷二铵碘化物、1-[2-(酰氧基)乙基]2-烷基(链烯基)-3-(2-羟基乙基)-咪唑啉鎓氯化物衍生物如1-[2-(9(Z)-十八烯酰氧基)乙基]-2-(8(Z)-十七烯基-3-(2-羟乙基)-咪唑啉鎓氯化物(DOTIM)、1-[2-(十六烷酰氧基)乙基]-2-十五烷基-3-(2-羟乙基)咪唑啉氯化物(DPTIM)和在季胺上含有羟烷基部分的2,3-二烷氧基丙基季铵衍生物,例如1,2-二油酰基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DORI)、1,2-二油酰氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DORIE),1,2-二油酰氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟丙基溴化铵(DORIC-HP),1,2-二油基–氧-丙基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DORIE-HB),1,2-二油酰氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟戊基溴化铵(DORIE-Hpe),1,2-二肉豆蔻氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DMRIE),1,2-二棕榈酰氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DPRIE),1,2-二癸氧基丙基-3-二甲基-羟乙基溴化铵(DMRIE),1,2-二硬脂氧基-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基丙烷(DSDMA),1,2-二油酰氧基-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基丙酸(DODMA),1,2-二亚油基氧基-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基丙烷(DLinDMA),1,2-二亚麻基氧基-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基丙烷(DLenDMA)。
通常,根据本申请的脂质体制剂在脂质体内包含至少一种被聚乙二醇化的脂质,即脂质包含聚乙二醇部分。包括聚乙二醇化脂质的脂质体将具有PEG取向,使得它存在于脂质体的至少外部(但是一些PEG也可以暴露于脂质体内部,即暴露于水性核心)。这种取向可以通过将PEG连接到脂质的适当部分来实现。例如,在两亲脂质中,PEG将被连接到亲水头部上,因为是这种头部将其自身定向到脂质双分子层的面向水性的外部。以这种方式进行聚乙二醇化可以使用本领域已知的技术通过将PEG共价连接至脂质来实现。
示例性的聚乙二醇化脂质包括但不限于二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG),包括DSPE PEG(1000MW)、DSPE PEG(2000MW)和DSPE PEG(5000MW);肉豆蔻酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DMPE-PEG),包括DMPE PEG(1000MW)、DMPE PEG(2000MW)和DMPEPEG(5000MW);二棕榈酰基甘油基琥珀酸酯聚乙二醇(DPGS-PEG),包括DPGS-PEG(1000MW)、DPGS(2000MW)和DPGS(5000MW);硬脂酰基-聚乙二醇、胆固醇基-聚乙二醇和神经酰胺基聚乙二醇化脂质,例如称为C8PEG(MW)神经酰胺的N-辛酰基鞘氨醇-1-{琥珀酰基[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)MW]},其中MW为750、2000或5000,或者N-棕榈酰基-鞘氨醇-1-{琥珀酰基[甲氧基(聚乙二醇)MW]}或称为C16PEG(MW)神经酰胺,其中MW为750、2000或5000。其它聚乙二醇化脂质可以可从Avanti Polar Lipids,Inc.(Alabaster,AL)获得。
本发明的脂质体通常将包括大量的可以相同或不同的PEG部分。本发明脂质体中PEG的平均分子量大于350Da但小于5kDa,例如0.35~5kDa、1~3kDa、1~2~6kDa、2~3kDa或4~5kDa,或优选2kDa(PEG2000)。PEG通常包含线性聚合物链,但在一些实施方式中,PEG可包含支化聚合物链。
在一些实施方式中,PEG可以是取代的PEG,例如其中聚合物中的一个或多个碳原子被一个或多个烷基、烷氧基、酰基或芳基取代。在其它实施方式中,PEG可以包含共聚物基团,例如一种或多种丙烯单体以形成PEG聚丙烯聚合物。
在某些实施方式中,脂质体由一种或多种聚乙二醇化磷脂和一种或多种另外的中性脂质的混合物形成。聚乙二醇化脂质的摩尔百分比可以在0.1~20%之间。在一些实施方式中,聚乙二醇化脂质的摩尔百分比为组合物中脂质总量的1~9%,2~8%,优选为5~6%。
如本文所用,脂质A在含有脂质A、B和C的混合物中的“摩尔百分比”被定义为:
A的摩尔量/(A摩尔量+B摩尔量+C摩尔量)×100%
在另一个实施方式中,脂质体由包含聚乙二醇化磷脂、中性磷酸甘油酯(例如磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油或磷脂酰肌醇)和中性甾醇(例如胆固醇或麦角甾醇)的脂质混合物形成。在该实施方式中,聚乙二醇化磷脂的摩尔百分比可以占总脂质的1至10%或3至6%;中性磷酸甘油酯(占总脂质)的量可以为20~60%或30~50%,或者33~43%;并且中性甾醇的摩尔比可以为35~75%或45~65%或50~60%。
在一个具体的实施方式中,脂质体由DSPE-PEG(2000)、HSPC和胆固醇的混合物形成。在该实施方式中,DSPE-PEG(2000)的摩尔百分比为约5.3%,HSPC的摩尔百分比为约56.3%,并且胆固醇的摩尔百分比为约38.4%。
作为聚乙二醇化的替代方案,可以通过共价连接不同于PEG的部分来对脂质进行修饰。例如,在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚磷腈。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚(丙烯酰胺)。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚(2-甲基-2-恶唑啉)。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚(2-乙基-2-恶唑啉)。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包含磷脂酰聚甘油。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包括聚[N-(2-羟丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺]。在一些实施方式中,脂质可以包含除PEG之外的聚亚烷基醚聚合物。
静脉内注射的脂质体的归宿和分布取决于它们的物理性质,例如尺寸、流动性和表面电荷。它们可能在组织中持续数小时或数天,这取决于它们的组成,并且在血液中的半衰期为数分钟到数小时。脂质体通常分为三组:多层囊泡(MLV);小单层囊泡(SUV);和大单层囊泡(LUV)。MLV在各囊泡中具有多个双层,形成若干独立的水性隔室。SUV和LUV具有包封水性核心的单个双层。MLV通常具有0.5至4μm的直径。MLV的超声处理导致形成直径在50~500nm范围内的大单层囊泡(LUV),或直径小于50nm,典型地在范围内的小单层囊泡(SUV),其在核心中包含水溶液。
较大的脂质体如MLV和LUV可以被网状内皮系统的吞噬细胞迅速摄取,但是循环系统的生理学限制了这种大物种在大多数部位的排出。它们只能在毛细血管内皮中存在大的开口或孔隙的地方如肝脏或脾脏的血窦排出。因此,这些器官是主要摄取部位。另一方面,SUV表现出更广泛的组织分布,但仍然在肝脏和脾脏中被高度隔离。一般来说,这种体内行为限制了脂质体仅可能靶向容许它们的大尺寸进出的器官和组织。这些器官和组织包括血液、肝脏、脾脏、骨髓和淋巴样器官。
本申请的脂质体优选为直径在60~180nm、80~160nm或90~120nm范围内的SUV。本申请的脂质体可以是包含多种脂质体的脂质体制剂的一部分,其中多种脂质体中的脂质体可以具有一定范围的直径。在一些实施方式中,脂质体制剂包含至少80%、至少90%或至少95%的具有在60~180nm、80~160nm、90~120nm范围内的平均直径的脂质体。而且,多种脂质体的直径可以具有<0.2、<0.1或<0.05的多分散指数。在一些实施方式中,使用MalvernZetasizer方法测定脂质体的平均直径。
增加脂质体循环时间的一种方法是使用用亲水聚合物链或聚烷基醚如聚乙二醇(PEG)衍生的脂质体(参见例如美国专利号5,013,556、5,213,804、5,225,212和5,395,619)。聚合物涂层降低巨噬细胞摄取脂质体的速率,从而延长脂质体在血流中的存在。这也可以用作脂质体携带的药物延长释放的机制。因此,根据本申请的脂质体棘霉素制剂优选包含一种或多种聚乙二醇化脂质。
本领域技术人员可以选择达到指定程度的流动性或刚性的囊泡形成脂质。脂质体的流动性或刚性可用于控制诸如脂质体在血清中的稳定性或包封剂在脂质体中的释放速率等因素。具有更刚性的脂质双层或者液晶双层的脂质体通过掺入相对刚性的脂质来实现。脂质双层的刚性与双层中存在的脂质的相变温度相关。相变温度是脂质改变物理状态并从有序凝胶相转变为无序液晶相的温度。有若干因素影响脂质的相变温度,包括脂质的烃链长度和不饱和度、电荷和头部基团物种。具有相对高相变温度的脂质将产生更刚性的双层。其他脂质组分如胆固醇也已知有助于脂质双层结构中的膜刚性。胆固醇可用于操纵脂质双层的流动性、弹性和渗透性。它被认为通过填充脂质双层中的空隙来起作用。相反,脂质流动性通过掺入流动性相对较高的脂质来实现,这样的脂质通常是具有较低相变温度的脂质。许多脂质的相变温度在各种来源如Avanti Polar Lipids目录和Martin Caffrey,CRCPress的Lipidat中列出。
根据脂质与水的摩尔比,当分散于水中时,磷脂可以形成除脂质体之外的多种结构。在低比例下,脂质体是优选的结构。脂质体的物理特性取决于pH值、离子强度和二价阳离子的存在。脂质体可显示对离子和极性物质的低渗透性,但在高温下经历显著改变其渗透性的相变。相变涉及从紧密堆积的有序结构(称为凝胶状态)转变为松散堆积的有序性较低的结构(称为流体)。这发生在特征性的相变温度并导致对离子、糖和药物的渗透性增加。
本申请的脂质体可以被制备成在选定的尺寸范围内具有基本均匀的尺寸。一种用于REV和MLV的有效尺寸控制方法包括将脂质体的含水悬浮液挤出通过一系列具有0.03至0.2μm典型地为0.05、0.08、0.1或0.2μm的选定均匀孔径的聚碳酸酯膜。膜的孔径大致对应于通过该膜挤出产生的脂质体的最大尺寸,特别是当制剂通过相同的膜被挤出两次或更多次的时候。均化方法也可用于将脂质体尺寸减小至100nm或更小的尺寸(MartiN,F.J.,在Specialized Drug Delivery Systems-Manufacturing and Production Technology中,(P.Tyle编)Marcel Dekker,New York,第267-316页(1990))。均化依靠剪切能将大脂质体分成较小的脂质体。减小脂质体尺寸的其他合适方法包括通过在合适的增溶洗涤剂如脱氧胆酸盐存在下剧烈搅拌脂质体来减小脂质体尺寸。
已经将尺寸控制至约0.2~0.4μm范围的脂质体可以通过基于高通量的通过通常为0.22μm过滤器的常规无菌过滤器过滤脂质体来除菌。其他合适除菌方法对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
在本申请中,脂质的非毒性也是重要的考虑因素。批准用于临床应用的脂质对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的。在某些实施方式中,例如,合成脂质优于源自生物源的脂质,因为来自生物来源的病毒或蛋白质的污染的风险降低。
形成脂质体的原始方法包括首先将磷脂悬浮在有机溶剂中,然后蒸发至干,直至形成干脂质饼或膜。加入适量的水性介质并且脂质自发形成多层同心双层囊泡(也称为多层囊泡(MLV))。这些MLV可以通过机械手段分散和降低尺寸。
尽管棘霉素具有水不溶性,但是本申请的发明人已经发现稳定脂质体可以通过将棘霉素和脂质在极性溶剂例如乙醇中组合,干燥这些组分以形成膜以及然后将脂质体分散在含水介质中。因此,在一个实施方式中,在棘霉素和脂质在有机溶剂中充分混合后,使用例如旋转蒸发器除去溶剂,由此得到干燥的脂质膜。将干燥的脂质膜水合并溶解在合适的缓冲液(例如PBS,pH7.4)中,由此得到脂质悬浮液。然后使用Avanti微型挤出机(AvantiMini-Extruder)通过聚碳酸酯过滤器反复挤出脂质悬浮液以获得具有所需尺寸范围的脂质体。然后通过过滤(0.45μm或0.2μm无菌过滤器)将脂质体除菌。水溶性棘霉素类似物可通过用含有水溶性棘霉素类似物的水溶液水合脂质膜而被动包封。
棘霉素可以定位在脂质体双层中、脂质体双层的两个小叶之间、内部核心空间内、双层的任一面上、在脂质体的PEG部分之内或之上、或其组合。用于形成大单层囊泡(LUV)的另一种方法是反相蒸发法,在例如美国专利No.4,235,871中有描述。该方法产生反相蒸发囊泡(REV),其大部分是单层的,但通常也包含一些寡层囊泡。在此过程中,极性脂质在有机溶剂中的混合物与合适的含水介质混合。形成均匀的油包水型乳液,并且蒸发有机溶剂直至形成凝胶。然后通过将凝胶状混合物分散在水性介质中而将凝胶转化为悬浮液。
在一个备选实施方式中,棘霉素或棘霉素类似物可以偶联至脂质体双层的表面。在一个实施方式中,棘霉素通过酰胺偶联而共价连接至脂质体。例如,具有羟基官能团的磷脂可以与存在于棘霉素或其类似物之一中的氨基之一偶联。
根据本发明的脂质体制剂将具有足够的长期稳定性以实现在室温或冷藏温度(例如4℃)至少3个月、至少6个月、至少12个月、至少24个月或至少48个月的有效期。
在一些替代实施方式中,棘霉素或棘霉素类似物可以被包封在本质上是基于聚合物而不是基于脂质的保护性壁材料中。用于包封生物活性剂的聚合物通常是单一共聚物或均聚物。聚合物药物递送系统本质上可以是微乳液或非微乳液。
微乳液聚合物包封结构包括微粒、微胶囊、微球、纳米粒子、纳米胶囊、纳米球体、嵌段共聚物胶束等。人造的合成聚合物和包括蛋白质和多糖的生物聚合物均可用于本发明。聚合物药物递送系统可以由生物可降解或不可生物降解的聚合物材料或其任何组合组成。
如本文所用,“微乳液”是指包含具有规则或半规则形状的微球的乳液,且其直径为约10nm至500μm。在一些实施方式中,本申请的微乳液含有直径为20~400nm、30~300nm、50~200nm、60~150nm或80~120nm的脂质体。
在一些实施方式中,本申请的微乳液包含具有由单层两亲分子组成的壳的胶束。胶束的内核为非极性药物创造了疏水性微环境,而亲水性壳提供位于胶束核心和含水介质之间的稳定界面。亲水性壳的性质可以调整到最大化生物相容性并避免网状内皮系统摄取和肾过滤。胶束的尺寸通常在10nm和100nm之间。
本发明还涵盖包括膜、水凝胶和“贮库”型药物递送系统在内的非微乳液聚合物药物递送系统。这种非微乳液聚合物体系也可以结合肠胃外注射而用于本发明,特别是当非微乳液药物递送系统放置在靶向癌组织的近端的时候。如本文所用,“水凝胶”是指聚合物的溶液(有时称为溶胶),通过小离子或具有相反电荷的聚合物或通过化学交联转化为凝胶状态。“聚合物膜”是指通常厚度为约0.5至5mm的聚合物基膜,其有时用作涂层。
在某些实施方式中,包含棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的脂质体、微颗粒、纳米颗粒、微胶囊、嵌段共聚物胶束或其他聚合物药物递送媒剂可以被涂覆、偶联或以细胞特异性靶向配体进行修饰。通过将递送媒剂与细胞靶向配体连接,可将棘霉素递送导向与细胞靶向配体或靶向配体结合的靶细胞群。如本文所用,“靶向配体”包括任何导致脂质体与靶细胞类型联合至比非靶向组织的程度高的配体。
靶向配体如抗体或抗体片段可以用于结合至脂质体表面并将抗体及其药物内容物导向位于特定细胞类型表面上的特异性抗原性受体(参见例如Mastrobattista等,1999)。碳水化合物决定簇(在细胞与细胞之间的识别、相互作用和粘附中起作用的糖蛋白,凝集素和糖脂细胞表面组分)也可用作靶向配体,因为它们有可能将脂质体引导至特定细胞类型。某些蛋白质可以用作靶向配体,通常是被靶向组织的自体表面受体识别的那些靶向配体。例如,结合至在特定癌细胞中过度表达的细胞表面受体的配体可用于增加靶组织对脂质体的摄取。在某些实施方式中,被内吞的细胞表面受体是优选的。当与聚乙二醇化脂质体组合时,靶向配体通常连接到暴露于水性介质的亲水聚合物的末端。或者,脂质体可以掺入融合蛋白,例如衍生自病毒的促融合蛋白,其诱导脂质体与细胞膜融合。
在某些实施方式中,靶向配体是被靶细胞内吞的细胞表面受体。用于本申请的适当的靶向配体包括导致脂质体与靶细胞的细胞表面结合或联合增加(相对于非靶细胞)的任何配体。靶向配体可以是小分子、肽、配体、抗体片段、适体或合成抗体(synbody)。合成抗体是由文库产生的合成抗体,该文库由筛选用于结合目标靶蛋白的随机肽串组成,并且描述于US2011/0143953中。适体是包含一类寡核苷酸的抗体的核酸形式,所述寡核苷酸可以形成对多种细胞表面分子/蛋白质和/或大分子结构显示高亲和力结合的特异性三维结构。示例性的细胞靶向配体包括但不限于下面进一步描述的结合(并靶向)例如表皮树突细胞的小分子(例如叶酸、腺苷、嘌呤)和大分子(例如肽或抗体)。
示例性的抗体或抗体衍生的片段可以包括由以下成员组成的组的任何成员:IgG、抗体可变区;分离的CDR区;包含通过允许两个结构域之间联合以形成抗原结合位点的肽接头连接的VH和VL结构域的单链Fv分子(scFv);双特异性scFv二聚体;包含连接至CH3结构域的scFv的微型体;双抗体(dAb)片段;由VH或VL结构域组成的单链dAb片段;由VL,VH,CL和CH1结构域组成的Fab片段;Fab'片段,其与Fab片段的不同之处在于在重链CH1结构域的羧基末端添加了几个残基,包括来自抗体铰链区的一个或多个半胱氨酸;Fab'-SH片段,其中恒定结构域的半胱氨酸残基带有游离巯基的Fab'片段;F(ab')2,包含两个连接的Fab片段的二价片段;由VH和CH1结构域组成的Fd片段;其衍生物;和保留抗原结合功能的任何其他抗体片段。Fv,scFv或双抗体分子可通过掺入连接VH和VL结构域的二硫键来稳定化。当使用抗体衍生的片段时,其中的任何或全部靶向结构域和/或Fc区可以使用本领域技术人员熟知的方法“人源化”。在一些实施方式中,抗体可以被修饰以移除Fc区。
抗体-棘霉素药物偶联物
另一方面,棘霉素或其类似物之一可以偶联至细胞结合剂或抗体,如上述的抗癌抗体。如本文所用,短语“抗体偶联物”或“抗体药物偶联物(ADC)”是指通过接头或双功能交联剂与棘霉素或其类似物偶联的抗体。使用棘霉素/棘霉霉菌类似物-抗体偶联物将肿瘤相关抗原的单克隆抗体的高特异性与棘霉素或其类似物的药理效力相结合。ADCs的实例包括吉姆单抗奥佐米星(gemtuzumab ozogamicin)(Mylotarg;与刺孢霉素(calicheamycin)偶联的抗CD33单克隆抗体,Pfizer/Wyeth);布妥昔单抗维多丁(brentuximab vedotin)(SGN-35,Adcetris,由布妥昔单抗组成的CD30靶向ADC,共价连接至MMAE(单甲基奥利司他丁(monomethylauristatin)),Seattle Genetics);和曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)-DM1偶联物(T-DM1)。
如美国专利9,090,629中所述,已经采用一系列广泛的接头技术来制备抗体-药物偶联物。本文所述的任何一种方法和试剂均可用于制备本申请的抗体-棘霉素偶联物。如本文所用,“双功能交联剂”是指具有两个反应性基团的试剂;其中一个能够与细胞结合剂或抗体反应,另一个能够与棘霉素反应,从而将细胞结合剂或抗体与棘霉素连接,由此形成偶联物。
任何合适的双功能交联试剂都可以与本申请结合使用,只要接头试剂分别提供治疗活性(例如HIF-1α抑制)保持和抗体的靶向特性而没有过度毒性。优选地,接头分子通过化学键将棘霉素和/或棘霉素类似物与细胞结合剂或抗体结合(如上所述),使得棘霉素和细胞结合剂彼此化学偶联(例如共价结合)。可用于制备本发明的药物-接头化合物的双功能交联剂包括在Thermo Scientific Pierce Crosslinking Technical Handbook中描述的那些双功能交联剂。
接头可以是“可切割的”接头或“不可切割的”接头。可切割接头可被设计成当受到某些环境因素时,例如当内化到靶细胞中时,释放药物。可切割接头包括酸不稳定接头、蛋白酶敏感性接头、光不稳定接头、二甲基接头或含二硫化物接头。不可切割接头倾向于在靶细胞中内化和降解时保持与抗体和药物的至少一个氨基酸共价连接。
在一个实施方式中,双官能交联剂包括不可切割接头。不可切割接头是能够以稳定的共价方式将棘霉素与细胞结合剂或抗体连接的任何化学部分。因此,在细胞毒性剂或细胞结合剂保持活性的条件下,不可切割接头基本上耐受酸诱导切割、光诱导切割、肽酶诱导切割、酯酶诱导切割和二硫键切割。
在棘霉素和细胞结合剂或抗体之间形成不可切割接头的合适交联剂在本领域中是公知的。在一个实施方式中,棘霉素和/或棘霉素类似物通过硫醚键与细胞结合剂或抗体连接。不可切割接头的实例包括具有用于与细胞毒性剂反应的马来酰亚胺基或卤代酰基部分的接头。这种双功能交联剂在本领域中是公知的(参见例如美国专利申请公开号2010/0129314),以及可以从Pierce Biotechnology Inc.(Rockland,Ill)获得的那些双功能交联剂,包括但不限于N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(马来酰亚氨基甲基)环己烷羧酸酯(SMCC)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺基甲基)-环己烷-1-羧基-(6-氨基己酸酯),其是SMCC的“长链”类似物(LC-SMCC)、κ-马来酰亚胺基十一酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(KMUA)、γ-马来酰亚胺丁酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(GMBS)、δ-马来酰亚胺基己酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(EMCS)、间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酰基-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-(α-马来酰亚胺乙酰氧基)-琥珀酰亚胺酯(AMAS)、琥珀酰亚胺基-6-(β-马来酰亚胺丙酰亚胺基)己酸酯(SMPH)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基4-(对-马来酰亚胺苯基)-丁酸酯(SMPB)和N-(对-马来酰亚胺苯基)异氰酸酯(PMPI)。包含基于卤代乙酰基部分的交联试剂包括N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(碘代乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)、N-琥珀酰亚胺基碘代乙酸酯(SIA)、N-琥珀酰亚胺溴代乙酸酯(SBA)和N-琥珀酰亚胺基3-(溴代乙酰胺基)丙酸酯(SBAP)、双-马来酰亚胺基聚乙二醇(BMPEO)、BM(PEO)2、BM(PEO)3、N-(β-马来酰亚胺基丙氧基)琥珀酰亚胺酯(BMPS)、5-马来酰亚胺基戊酸NHS、HBVS、4-(4-N-马来酰亚胺苯基)-丁酸酰肼HCl(MPBH)、琥珀酰亚胺基-(4-乙烯基磺酰基)苯甲酸酯(SVSB)、二硫代双-马来酰亚胺乙烷(DTME)、1,4-双-马来酰亚胺基丁烷(BMB)、1,4-双马来酰亚胺基-2,3-二羟基丁烷(BMDB)、双-马来酰亚胺基己烷(BMH)、双-马来酰亚胺基乙烷(BMOE)、磺基琥珀酰亚胺基4-(N-马来酰亚氨基-甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸酯(磺基-SMCC)、磺基琥珀酰亚胺(4-碘-乙酰基)氨基苯甲酸酯(磺基SIAB)、间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酰基-N-羟基磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-MBS)、N-(δ-马来酰亚胺丁氧基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-GMBS)、N-(δ-马来酰亚胺己酰基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-EMCS)、N-(κ-马来酰亚胺基十一碳酰氧基)磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(磺基-KMUS)、磺基琥珀酰亚胺基4-(对-马来酰亚胺苯基)丁酸酯(磺基-SMPB)、CX1-1、磺基-Mal和PEGn-Mal。优选地,双功能交联剂是SMCC。
可以将含水缓冲液中的抗体溶液与摩尔过量的抗体修饰剂例如N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(N-马来酰亚胺甲基)-环己烷-1-羧酸酯(SMCC)一起温育以引入马来酰亚胺基团,或与N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-(碘代乙酰基)-氨基苯甲酸酯(SIAB)一起温育以引入碘代乙酰基。然后将修饰的抗体与含巯基的棘霉素衍生物反应以产生硫醚连接的抗体-棘霉素偶联物。然后通过凝胶过滤或上述其他方法或通过本领域技术人员已知的方法纯化抗体-细胞毒性偶联物。将马来酰亚胺基团或卤代乙酰基团引入细胞结合剂上的其他交联剂在本领域中是公知的,并且包括上述接头。
抗体偶联物可以包括平均约1、约2、约3、约4、约5、约6、约7、约8、约9、约10、约11、约12、约13、约14、约15、约16、约17、约18、约19或约20个棘霉素分子(和/或类似物)/抗体。
联合疗法。在某些实施方式中,用本申请的棘霉素制剂进行的HIF-1α抑制可以与标准癌症治疗(例如手术、放射疗法和化学疗法)组合。这种方法是基于已知HIF介导对放射疗法和化学疗法的抗性的事实(Semenza,Trends Pharmacol Sci.2012Apr;33(4):207-214)。例如,证据表明HIF-1活性可能会有助于对新型靶向治疗如伊马替尼(imatinib)治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的抗性的发展。具体而言,HIF-1似乎通过代谢重编程,通过激活转酮醇酶表达并由此通过戊糖磷酸途径增加非氧化臂的葡萄糖通量来介导对伊马替尼的抗性。由HIF-1介导的从氧化代谢到还原代谢的转变具有降低细胞ROS水平的作用,这可能增加对细胞毒性化学疗法的抗性(Semenza,2012)。
在某些实施方式中,棘霉素或其类似物可以与一种或多种其他化学治疗剂或抗癌剂协同组合施用。在这些情况下,可以降低施用的化学治疗剂或抗癌剂的剂量。这种组合的例子是棘霉素与伊马替尼联合用于治疗白血病或联合使用棘霉素和赫赛汀(Herceptin)治疗乳腺癌。据信,组合使用HIF-1α抑制和化学疗法可逆转对放射疗法、化学疗法和/或细胞凋亡的抗性,以及血管生成性、干细胞维持、代谢重新编程、自分泌生长因子信号、上皮间质转化、侵袭和转移的负面影响。
如本文所用,短语“抗癌剂”是指可降低癌细胞生长速率或诱导或介导受试者(例如人类)中癌细胞的死亡(例如坏死或凋亡)的“小分子药物”或蛋白质或抗体。短语“小分子药物”是指这样的分子实体,其通常是有机或有机金属(而不是聚合物),其具有医药活性,并且具有小于约2kDa、小于约1kDa、小于约900Da、小于约800Da或小于约700Da的分子量。除了蛋白质或核酸之外,该术语还包括大多数被称为“药物”的医药化合物,不过小肽或核酸类似物可以被认为是小分子药物。例子包括化学疗法抗癌药物和酶抑制剂。小分子药物可以合成地获得、半合成地获得(即从天然存在的前体)或通过生物学方法获得。
抗癌剂可以是烷化剂;蒽环类抗生素;抗代谢物;解毒剂;干扰素;多克隆或单克隆抗体;EGFR抑制剂;HER2抑制剂;组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂;激素或抗激素试剂;有丝分裂抑制剂;磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)抑制剂;Akt抑制剂;哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标(mTOR)抑制剂;蛋白酶体抑制剂;聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂;Ras/MAPK途径抑制剂;中心体去簇剂;多激酶抑制剂;丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶抑制剂;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;VEGF/VEGFR抑制剂;紫杉烷或紫杉烷衍生物、芳香酶抑制剂、蒽环类物质、微管靶向药物、拓扑异构酶毒物药物、分子靶标或酶(例如激酶或蛋白质甲基转移酶)抑制剂、胞苷类似物或其组合。
示例性的烷化剂包括但不限于环磷酰胺(Cytoxan;Neosar);苯丁酸氮芥(Leukeran);美法仑(Alkeran);卡莫司汀(BiCNU);白消安(Busulfex);洛莫司汀(CeeNU);达卡巴嗪(DTIC-Dome);奥沙利铂(Eloxatin);卡莫司汀(Gliadel);异环磷酰胺(Ifex);二氯甲二乙胺(mechlorethamine)(Mustargen);白消安(Myleran);卡铂(Paraplatin);顺铂(CDDP;Platinol);替莫唑胺(Temodar);噻替派(Thioplex);苯达莫司汀(Treanda);或链佐星(Zanosar)。
示例性的蒽环类抗生素包括但不限于多柔比星(阿霉素);多柔比星脂质体(Doxil);米托蒽醌(Novantrone);博莱霉素(Blenoxane);柔红霉素(Cerubidine);柔红霉素脂质体(DaunoXome);放线菌素(Cosmegen);表柔比星(Ellence);伊达比星(伊达霉素);普卡霉素(Mithracin);丝裂霉素(Mutamycin);喷司他丁(Nipent);或戊柔比星(valrubicin)(Valstar)。
示例性的抗代谢物包括但不限于氟尿嘧啶(Adrucil);卡培他滨(希罗达);羟基脲(Hydrea);巯嘌呤(嘌呤醇);培美曲塞(Alimta);氟达拉滨(Fludara);奈拉滨(Arranon);克拉屈滨(Cladribine Novaplus);氯法拉滨(Clolar);阿糖胞苷(Cytosar-U);地西他滨(Dacogen);阿糖胞苷脂质体(DepoCyt);羟基脲(Droxia);普拉曲沙(Folotyn);氟尿苷(FUDR);吉西他滨(Gemzar);克拉屈滨(Leustatin);氟达拉滨(Oforta);甲氨蝶呤(MTX;Rheumatrex);甲氨蝶呤(Trexall);硫鸟嘌呤(小报);TS-1或阿糖胞苷(Tarabine PFS)。
示例性解毒剂包括但不限于氨磷汀(Ethyol)或美司钠(Mesnex)。
示例性干扰素包括但不限于干扰素α-2b(Intron A)或干扰素α-2a(Roferon-A)。
示例性的多克隆或单克隆抗体包括但不限于曲妥珠单抗(Herceptin);奥法木单抗(Arzerra);贝伐单抗(Avastin);利妥昔单抗(Rituxan);西妥昔单抗(Erbitux);帕尼单抗(Vectibix);托西莫单抗/碘131托西莫单抗(Bexxar);阿仑单抗(Campath);替伊莫单(Zevalin;In-111;Y-90Zevalin);吉姆单抗(Mylotarg);依库珠单抗(Soliris)和奥地诺单抗(ordenosumab)。
示例性的EGFR抑制剂包括但不限于吉非替尼(易瑞沙);拉帕替尼(Tykerb);西妥昔单抗(Erbitux);埃罗替尼(Tarceva);帕尼单抗(Vectibix);PKI-166;卡奈替尼(canertinib)(CI-1033);马妥珠单抗(Emd7200)或EKB-569。
示例性HER2抑制剂包括但不限于曲妥珠单抗(Herceptin);拉帕替尼(Tykerb)或AC-480。
示例性的组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂包括但不限于伏立诺他(Zolinza)、丙戊酸、罗米地辛、恩替司他、阿贝斯诺司他(abexinostat)、吉芬诺司他(givinostat)和莫西汀。
示例性的激素或抗激素试剂包括但不限于他莫昔芬(Soltamox;Nolvadex);雷洛昔芬(Evista);甲地孕酮(Megace);亮丙瑞林(Lupron;Lupron Depot;Eligard;Viadur);氟维司群(Faslodex);来曲唑(Femara);曲普瑞林(Trelstar LA;Trelstar Depot);依西美坦(Aromasin);戈舍瑞林(Zoladex);比卡鲁胺(Casodex);阿那曲唑(Arimidex);氟甲睾酮(Androxy;Halotestin);甲孕酮(medroxyprogesterone)(Provera;Depo-Provera);醋酸阿比特龙(Zytiga);亮丙瑞林(Lupron);雌莫司汀(Emcyt);氟他胺(Eulexin);托瑞米芬(Fareston);地加瑞克(Firmagon);尼鲁米特(Nilandron);阿布雷里克斯(Plenaxis);或睾内酯(Teslac)。
示例性有丝分裂抑制剂包括但不限于紫杉醇(Taxol;Onxol;Abraxane);多西他赛(Taxotere);长春新碱(Oncovin;Vincasar PFS);长春碱(Velban);依托泊苷(Toposar;Etopophos;VePesid);替尼泊苷(Vumon);伊沙匹隆(Ixempra);诺考达唑;埃博霉素;长春瑞滨(Navelbine);喜树碱(CPT);伊立替康(Camptosar);托泊替康(Hycamtin);安吖啶或片螺素(lamellarin)D(LAM-D)。
示例性的磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)抑制剂包括作为PI3K的不可逆抑制剂的渥曼青霉素、渥曼青霉素衍生物去甲氧基吡啶LY294002、PI3K的可逆抑制剂;BKM120(Buparlisib);伊德拉利昔(Idelalisib)(PI3Kδ抑制剂);杜氟利昔(duvelisib)(IPI-145,一种PI3Kδ和γ的抑制剂);阿佩利昔(alpelisib)(BYL719)、α特异性PI3K抑制剂;TGR 1202(以前称为RP5264),口服PI3Kδ抑制剂;和古泮利昔(copanlisib)(BAY 80-6946),PI3Kα、δ亚型占优势的抑制剂。
示例性的Akt抑制剂包括但不限于米替福新、AZD5363、GDC-0068、MK2206、哌立福新、RX-0201、PBI-05204、GSK2141795和SR13668。
示例性MTOR抑制剂包括但不限于依维莫司(Afinitor)或替西罗莫司(Torisel);雷帕莫涅(rapamune)、德福利莫斯(ridaforolimus);德弗罗利莫斯(deforolimus)(AP23573)、AZD8055(AstraZeneca)、OSI-027(OSI)、INK-128、BEZ235、PI-103、Torin1、PP242、PP30、Ku-0063794、WAY-600、WYE-687、WYE-354和CC-223。
示例性蛋白酶体抑制剂包括但不限于硼替佐米(PS-341)、伊萨佐米(ixazomib)(MLN 2238)、MLN 9708、德兰佐米(delanzomib)(CEP-18770)、卡飞佐米(carfilzomib)(PR-171)、YU101、欧隆佐米(oprozomib)(ONX-0912)、玛利佐米(marizomib)(NPI-0052)和地舒菲兰(disufiram)。
示例性的PARP抑制剂包括但不限于奥拉帕尼、伊尼帕尼(iniparib)、维拉帕尼(velaparib)、BMN-673、BSI-201、AG014699、ABT-888、GPI21016、MK4827、INO-1001、CEP-9722、PJ-34、Tiq-A、Phen、PF-01367338及其组合。
示例性的Ras/MAPK途径抑制剂包括但不限于曲美替尼(trametinib)、司美替尼(selumetinib)、古必美替尼(cobimetinib)、CI-1040、PD0325901、AS703026、RO4987655、RO5068760、AZD6244、GSK1120212、TAK-733、U0126、MEK162和GDC-0973。
示例性的中心体去簇剂包括但不限于灰黄霉素;诺斯卡品、诺斯卡品衍生物、例如溴化诺斯卡品(例如9-溴苯斯卡平)、还原溴代斯卡斯汀(RBN)、N-(3-溴苄基)诺斯卡品、氨诺卡西平及其水溶性衍生物;CW069;菲衍生的聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶抑制剂,PJ-34;N2-(3-吡啶基甲基)-5-硝基-2-糠酰胺、N2-(2-噻吩基甲基)-5-硝基-2-糠酰胺和N2-苄基-5-硝基-2-糠酰胺。
示例性的多激酶抑制剂包括但不限于瑞格非尼;索拉非尼(Nexavar);舒尼替尼(Sutent);BIBW 2992;E7080;ZD6474;PKC-412;莫特塞尼;或AP24534。
示例性的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶抑制剂包括但不限于:鲁波司他林(ruboxistaurin);埃里尔/伊索迪尔盐酸盐(eril/easudil hydrochloride);黄酮类抗肿瘤药;塞利西利(seliciclib)(CYC202;Roscovitrine);SNS-032(BMS-387032);PKC412;苔藓抑素;KAI-9803;SF1126;VX-680;AZD1152;Arry-142886(AZD-6244);SCIO-469;GW681323;CC-401;CEP-1347或PD 332991。
示例性的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂包括但不限于埃罗替尼(Tarceva);吉非替尼(Iressa);伊马替尼(Gleevec);索拉非尼(Nexavar);舒尼替尼(Sutent);曲妥珠单抗(Herceptin);贝伐单抗(Avastin);利妥昔单抗(Rituxan);拉帕替尼(Tykerb);西妥昔单抗(Erbitux);帕尼单抗(Vectibix);依维莫司(Afinitor);阿仑单抗(Campath);吉姆单抗(Mylotarg);坦罗莫司(temsirolimus)(Torisel);帕唑帕尼(Votrient);达沙替尼(Sprycel);尼罗替尼(Tasigna);伐他拉尼(vatalanib)(Ptk787;ZK222584);CEP-701;SU5614;MLN518;XL999;VX-322;Azd0530;BMS-354825;SKI-606CP-690;AG-490;WHI-P154;WHI-P131;AC-220;或AMG888。
示例性的VEGF/VEGFR抑制剂包括但不限于贝伐单抗(Avastin);索拉非尼(Nexavar);舒尼替尼(Sutent);兰尼单抗;哌加他尼;或万德替尼(vandetinib)。
示例性的微管靶向药物包括但不限于紫杉醇、多西他赛、长春新碱、长春碱、诺考达唑、埃博霉素和诺维本。
示例性的拓扑异构酶毒物药物包括但不限于替尼泊苷、依托泊苷、阿霉素、喜树碱、柔红霉素、更生霉素、米托蒽醌、安吖啶、表柔比星和伊达比星。
示例性紫杉烷或紫杉烷衍生物包括但不限于紫杉醇和多西他赛。
示例性的一般化学治疗剂、抗肿瘤剂、抗增殖剂包括但不限于六甲蜜胺(Hexalen);异维甲酸(Accutane;Amnesteem;Claravis;Sotret);维甲酸(Vesanoid);阿扎胞苷(Vidaza);硼替佐米(Velcade);天冬酰胺酶(Elspar);左旋咪唑(Ergamisol);米托坦(Lysodren);丙卡巴肼(Matulane);培门冬酶(pegaspargase)(Oncaspar);地尼白介素(denileukin diftitox)(Ontak);卟菲尔(Photofrin);阿地白介素(aldesleukin)(Proleukin);来那度胺(Revlimid);贝沙罗汀(Targretin);沙利度胺(Thalomid);特姆莫司(temsirolimus)(Torisel);三氧化二砷(Trisenox);维替泊芬(Visudyne);和含咪唑(Leucenol)。
在一些实施方式中,棘霉素或棘霉素类似物以与一种或多种SOC MTX/钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂的协同组合施用以治疗GVHD。
另外的这些化学治疗剂可以与棘霉素或其类似物一起装载到脂质体中、可以为与本申请的脂质体制剂共同施用的单独的脂质体制剂形式或者通过其他方式施用(例如口服施用,静脉内注射等)。
药物制剂。根据标准技术制备包含棘霉素或棘霉素类似物和微乳液药物递送载体(carrier)例如脂质体的本发明的药物组合物。它们可以进一步包含药学可接受的载体。如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的”是指适当地施用于动物或人时不产生不利反应,过敏反应或其他不良反应的分子实体或组合物。如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的载体”包括可以用作药学上可接受的物质的介质的任何和所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌剂和/或抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂、缓冲剂、赋形剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、凝胶、表面活性剂等。
示例性的载体或赋形剂包括但不限于碳酸钙、磷酸钙、各种糖、淀粉、纤维素衍生物、明胶和聚合物如聚乙二醇。示例性的药学可接受载体包括水、盐水、等渗水溶液、磷酸盐缓冲盐水、右旋糖、0.3%甘氨酸水溶液、甘油、乙醇等中的一种或多种以及它们的组合。在许多情况下,优选在组合物中包含等渗剂,例如糖,多元醇如甘露醇,山梨糖醇或氯化钠,或用于增强稳定性的糖蛋白,如白蛋白、脂蛋白和球蛋白。药学上可接受的载体可以进一步包含少量辅助物质,例如润湿剂或乳化剂、防腐剂或缓冲剂,其增加了治疗剂的有效期或效力。
这些组合物可以通过本领域技术人员熟知的常规除菌技术进行除菌。足够小的脂质体例如可以使用无菌过滤技术进行除菌。
可以改变的制剂特征包括例如pH和渗透压。例如,可能期望获得具有与人血液或组织相似的pH和渗透压的制剂,以在肠胃外施用时促进制剂的有效性。或者,为了促进所公开的组合物经由其他施用途径施用时的有效性,可以改变替代性特征。
除其他目的之外,缓冲剂在本发明中可用于控制药物制剂的总pH(特别是希望用于肠胃外施用的情况中)。本领域已知的各种缓冲剂可以用于本发明的制剂中,例如有机或无机酸、碱或氨基酸的各种盐,并且包括各种形式的柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、酒石酸盐、琥珀酸盐、己二酸盐、马来酸盐、乳酸盐、醋酸盐、碳酸氢盐或碳酸盐离子。对用于本发明中目前公开的组合物的肠胃外施用形式的特别有利的缓冲剂包括钠或钾缓冲剂,包括磷酸钠、磷酸钾、琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠。
可以使用氯化钠来改变浓度为0~300mM(对于液体剂型最佳为150mM)的溶液的毒性。对于冻干剂型,可以包含冷冻保护剂,主要为0~10%(优选为0.5~1.0%)蔗糖。其他合适的冷冻保护剂包括海藻糖和乳糖。对于冻干剂型,可以包含填充剂,主要为1~10%(优选为2~4%)甘露醇。稳定剂可以用于液体和冻干剂型,主要为1~50mM(优选为5~10mM)L-甲硫氨酸。其他合适的填充剂包括甘氨酸、精氨酸,可以作为0~0.05%(优选0.005~0.01%)聚山梨酯-80包含。
在一个实施方式中,磷酸钠以约20mM的浓度使用以实现约7.0的pH。特别有效的磷酸钠缓冲体系包含磷酸二氢钠一水合物和磷酸氢二钠七水合物。当使用磷酸二氢钠和磷酸氢二钠的这种组合时,各自的有利浓度为约0.5至约1.5mg/ml一元碱和约2.0至约4.0mg/ml二元碱,优选浓度为约0.9mg/ml一元碱和约3.4毫克/毫升二元磷酸盐。制剂的pH根据所用缓冲液的量而变化。
取决于剂型和预期的施用途径,换以使用不同浓度的缓冲液或使用其他添加剂来调节组合物的pH以涵盖其它范围可能是有利的。本发明组合物的有用pH范围包括约2.0的pH至约12.0的pH。
在一些实施方式中,在目前公开的制剂中使用表面活性剂也是有利的,其中这些表面活性剂不会破坏所使用的药物递送系统。证明有用的表面活性剂或抗吸附剂包括聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐、聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单月桂酸酯、聚山梨酸酯-20、例如Tween-20TM、聚山梨醇酯-80、聚山梨酸酯-20、羟基纤维素、genapol和BRIJ表面活性剂。举例来说,当在本发明中使用任何表面活性剂来生产肠胃外施用的组合物时,以约0.01至约0.5mg/ml的浓度使用是有利的。
根据组合物和配制者的特定需要或预期用途,本领域技术人员容易确定其他有用的添加剂。一种这样特别有用的另外物质是氯化钠,其可用于调节制剂的渗透压以实现期望产生的渗透压。用于所公开的组合物的肠胃外施用的特别优选的渗透压浓度范围为约270至约330mOsm/kg。肠胃外施用的组合物,特别是可注射的组合物的最佳渗透压浓度约为3000sm/kg,并且通过使用浓度为约6.5至约7.5mg/ml的氯化钠可以实现,氯化钠浓度为约7.0mg/ml是特别有效的。
含棘霉素的脂质体或含棘霉素的微乳液药物递送媒剂可以在无菌条件下以冻干粉末的形式储存并在施用前与无菌水溶液组合。如上所述,用于重悬脂质体的水溶液可以根据需要含有药学上可接受的辅助物质以接近物理条件,例如pH调节剂和缓冲剂、张力调节剂等。
在其他实施方式中,含棘霉素的脂质体或含棘霉素的微乳液药物递送媒剂可以在施用前作为悬浮液,优选作为含水悬浮液储存。在某些实施方式中,用于储存脂质体或微乳液药物载体悬浮液的溶液将包括在存储时保护脂质免受自由基和脂质过氧化损伤的脂质保护剂。合适的保护性化合物包括自由基猝灭剂例如α-生育酚和水溶性铁特异性螯合剂,例如铁草铵。
如下文进一步描述的,可以在合适的动物模型中测试棘霉素/棘霉素类似物剂量。作为一般建议,治疗有效量的棘霉素、棘霉素类似物或其他抗癌剂将以约10ng/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天的范围施用,无论是通过一次还是多次施用。在一个具体的实施方式中,每种融合蛋白或表达载体以如下剂量范围施用:约10ng/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约10ng/kg体重/天至约1μg/kg体重/天、10ng/kg体重/天至约100ng/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约100mgkg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约100ngkg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约100ng/kg体重/天至约1μg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天约10mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约1μg/kg体重/天至约10μg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约10μg/kg体重/天至约100μg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约100μg/kg体重/天至约1mg/kg体重/天、约1mg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天、约1mg/kg体重/天至约10mg/kg体重/天、约10mg/kg体重/天至约100mg/kg体重/天。
在一些实施方式中,棘霉素以基于身体表面积的如下剂量计施用:10~30,000μg/m2、100~30,000μg/m2、500~30,000μg/m2、1000~30,000μg/m2、1500~30,000μg/m2、2000~30,000μg/m2、2500~30,000μg/m2、3000~30,000μg/m2、3500~30,000μg/m2、4000~30,000μg/m2、100~20,000μg/m2、500~20,000μg/m2、1000~20,000μg/m2、1500~20,000μg/m2、2000~20,000μg/m2、2500~20,000μg/m2、3000~20,000μg/m2、3500~20,000μg/m2、100~10,000μg/m2、500~10,000μg/m2、1000~10,000μg/m2、1500~10,000μg/m2、2000~10,000μg/m2或2500~10,000μg/m2。
在其他实施方式中,棘霉素以如下范围施用:每个单次施用约10ng至约100ng、每个单次施用约10ng至约1μg、每个单次施用约10ng至约10μg、每个单次施用约10ng至约100μg、每个单次施用约10ng至约1mg、每个单次施用约10ng至约10mg、每个单次施用约10ng至约100mg、每次注射约10ng至约1000mg、每个单次施用约10ng至约10,000mg、每个单次施用约100ng至约1μg、每个单次施用约100ng至约10μg、每个单次施用约100ng至约100μg、每个单次施用约100ng至约1mg、每个单次施用约100ng至约10mg、每个单次施用约100ng至约100mg、每次注射约100ng至约1000mg、每个单次施用约100ng至约10,000mg、每个单次施用约1μg至约10μg、每个单次施用约1μg至约100μg、每个单次施用约1μg至约100μg、每个单次施用约1μg至约1mg、每个单次施用约1μg至约10mg、每个单次施用约1μg至约100mg、每次注射约1μg至约1000mg、每个单次施用约1μg至约10,000mg、每个单次施用约10μg至约100μg、每个单次施用约10μg至约1mg、每个单次施用约10μg至约10mg、每个单次施用约10μg至约10mg、每个单次施用约10μg至约100mg、每次注射约10μg至约1000mg、每个单次施用约10μg至约10,000mg、每个单次施用约100μg至约1mg、每个单次施用约100μg至约10mg、每个单次施用约100μg至约100mg、每次注射约100μg至约1000mg、每次注射约100μg至约10,000mg、每个单次施用约1mg至约10mg、每个单次施用约1mg至约100mg、每次注射约1mg至约1000mg、每次施用约1mg至约10mg、每个单次施用约10mg至约100mg、每次注射约10mg至约1000mg、每个单次施用约10mg至约10,000mg、每次注射约100mg至约1000mg、每个单次施用约100mg至约10,000mg、以及每个单次施用约1000mg至约10,000mg。可以每天、每2、3、4、5、6或7天或每1、2、3或4周施用融合蛋白或表达载体。
在其他具体的实施方式中,棘霉素可以以如下的量施用:大约0.0006mg/天、0.001mg/天、0.003mg/天、0.006mg/天、0.01mg/天、0.03mg/天、0.06mg/天、0.1mg/天、0.3mg/天、0.6mg/天、1mg/天、3mg/天、6mg/天、10mg/天、30mg/天、60mg/天、100毫克/天、300毫克/天、600毫克/天、1000毫克/天、2000毫克/天、5000毫克/天或10,000毫克/天。如预期的那样,剂量将取决于患者的病状、大小、年龄和状况。
剂量可以在适合用于特定增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病或同种免疫应答的几种本领域接受的动物模型中进行测试。
药物组合物中的治疗剂可以以“治疗有效量”配制。“治疗有效量”是指在必需的剂量和时间段内有效达到所需治疗结果的量。治疗有效量的脂质体制剂或其他微乳液药物递送媒剂可根据因如下因素而异:待治疗的病症,病症的严重程度和病程,施用模式,特定试剂的生物利用度、递送媒剂在个体中引起期望的反应的能力、先前的疗法、患者的年龄、体重和性别、患者的临床病史和对抗体的反应、使用的融合蛋白或表达载体的类型、主治医生的判断力等。治疗有效量也是其中治疗有益效果超过输送媒剂的任何毒性或有害作用的量。
施用棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的方法
在一个方面,本发明的微乳液药物递送系统用于治疗患有增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病或表现同种免疫应答的哺乳动物受试者的方法。
在一个实施方式中,治疗和/或降低哺乳动物受试者中增殖性病症的严重性的方法包括:向受试者施用药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含含有有效治疗和/或降低受试者中增殖性病症的严重程度的量的棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的微乳液药物递送媒剂。
在另一个实施方式中,治疗和/或降低哺乳动物受试者中自身免疫性疾病的严重程度的方法包括:向受试者施用药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含含有有效治疗和/或降低受试者中自身免疫性疾病的严重程度的量的棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的微乳液药物递送媒剂。
在进一步的实施方式中,预防接受同种异体造血干细胞(HSC)移植物的哺乳动物受试者中GvHD的发展或降低GvHD的严重程度的方法包括:向受试者、移植的HSC或两者施用包含微乳液药物递送媒剂的药物组合物组合,所述微乳液药物递送媒剂包含有效预防或减轻受试者中GvHD的严重程度的量的棘霉素。
当棘霉素或棘霉素类似物被包封在脂质体或其他微乳液药物递送媒剂中时,可以施用任何有效量的棘霉素或棘霉素类似物。优选地,通过肠胃外注射施用含有棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的脂质体制剂或其他微乳液药物递送媒剂,肠胃外注射包括静脉内、动脉内、肌内、皮下、组织内、鼻内、皮内、滴注、脑内、直肠内、阴道内、腹膜内、肿瘤内注射。
脂质体棘霉素的静脉内施用已被小鼠以大约1mg/kg体重的剂量耐受,并且没有达到LD50值。相比之下,游离棘霉素的LD50值为0.629mg/kg。
其他施用途径包括口服、局部(鼻腔、透皮、皮内或眼内)、粘膜(例如鼻内、舌下、口腔、直肠、阴道)、吸入、淋巴内、脊柱内、颅内、腹膜内、气管内、膀胱内、鞘内、肠内、肺内、淋巴内、腔内、眼眶内、囊内和经过尿道以及通过导管或支架的局部输送。
在某些实施方式中,组合物可以配制成长效制剂。这种长期作用制剂可以通过在合适的部位植入或通过肠胃外注射施用,特别是肿瘤内注射施用或在与癌组织相邻的部位注射施用。
可以将脂质体制剂或其他微乳液递送媒剂冻干(优选在真空下)并作为无菌粉末储存,然后在注射前在抑菌水(含有例如苯甲醇防腐剂)或无菌水中重构。药物组合物可以配制用于通过注射(例如通过快速浓注或连续输注)进行肠胃外施用。
输送媒剂可以一次或通过一系列治疗而施用于患者,并且可以在从诊断开始的任何时间施用于患者。输送媒剂可作为单一治疗施用或与可用于治疗所考虑的疾病的其它药物或疗法联合施用。
通过以下实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明,这些实施例不应被解释为限制性。本申请通篇引用的所有参考文献、专利和公开的专利申请以及附图和表格的内容通过引用并入本文。根据本公开内容,本领域技术人员应该理解,可以在公开的具体实施方式中做出许多仍然获得相似或类似的结果的改变而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。
实施例
实施例1.脂质体棘霉素制剂的制备。在分析天平上称出脂质组分和棘霉素,并在玻璃闪烁瓶中将其以合适的比例溶解在合适的溶剂如氯仿/甲醇(2:1,v/v)中,并在涡旋混合器中混合。使用缓慢的氮气流来蒸发有机溶剂并在玻璃瓶的壁上产生均匀的脂质膜。为了防止凝胶化,干燥过程在65℃进行。通过加入预先加热至65℃的双蒸水(ddH2O)中的10%蔗糖(w/v)使脂质膜水合,使得总脂质的最终浓度为7.1mg/mL。将水合的混合物保持在65℃以上并涡旋剧烈混合直到所有膜都溶解。使用AvantiMini-Extruder以1mL增量将大的多层囊泡(LMV)的水合溶液快速挤出通过200nm、100nm和50nm堆叠聚碳酸酯(PC)过滤器,直到合并的挤出后混合物中的脂质体的平均尺寸通过动态光散射(DLS)确定在94~99nm范围内,其多分散指数(PdI)小于0.05。为了防止膜污染,挤出过程在65℃进行,在每1mL增量之间更换PC膜。每1mL增量的最小挤出次数为21次,但是如果在对挤出后的混合物进行分析后DLS质量标准测量不符合,则使用50nmPC膜进行另外的次数。使所得的小单层囊泡(SUV)的悬浮液在室温(21℃)稳定过夜。然后将产物通过33mm直径的0.22μmPES膜(Millipore)无菌过滤一次以除去未包封的棘霉素,取用于HPLC和DLS分析的滤液样品,并储存在2~8℃的无菌玻璃瓶中直至使用。
1.1.DSPC-棘霉素制剂的制备。向溶解于氯仿中的1.25mL 0.2mg/mL棘霉素中将在氯仿中的1.25mL 13.75mg/mL二硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱(DSPC)加入圆底烧瓶中。接着,加入1.25毫升的溶于氯仿中的9.8mg/mL胆固醇,用手旋转轻轻混合5至10秒。接着,在旋转蒸发器中以最大转速在真空下蒸发氯仿45分钟,直到在烧瓶的壁上形成含棘霉素的脂质膜并且所有溶剂已完全蒸发。用5mL脂质缓冲液再水化该膜并剧烈涡旋45分钟以产生脂质体的异质混合物。然后将所述混合物挤出通过0.2μm过滤器,并通过HPLC分析所得混合物的封装效率。
1.2.mPEG-DSPE-DOPC-棘霉素制剂的制备。可以用DOPC代替DSPC以提高包封效率,不过可以加入mPEG-DSPE以减少网状内皮系统(RES)的清除并增加体内循环时间。在一个实施例中,将1.25mL 0.2mg/mL棘霉素溶于氯仿中,将在氯仿中的1.25mL 13.75mg/mL 1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸胆碱(DOPC)加入到圆底烧瓶中。接着,加入溶解于氯仿中的1.25mL的9.8mg/mL胆固醇和在氯仿中的1.25mL的1.25mg/mL聚(乙二醇)-α-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(mPEG-DSPE)-2000并手动漩涡混合5至10秒。接着,在旋转蒸发器中以最大转速在真空下蒸发氯仿45分钟,直到在烧瓶的壁上形成含棘霉素的脂质膜并且所有溶剂已完全蒸发。将该膜用5mL脂质缓冲液再水合并剧烈涡旋45分钟以产生脂质体的异质混合物。然后将所述混合物挤出通过0.2μm过滤器,并通过HPLC分析所得混合物的封装效率。
1.3.mPEG-DSPE-EPC-HEPC-棘霉素制剂的制备。将0.25mg棘霉素溶于在圆底烧瓶中的1.25ml氯仿,并将12.2mg/ml卵磷脂酰胆碱(EPC)、2.28mg/ml氢化卵磷脂酰胆碱(HEPC)、2.28mg/ml胆固醇和5.4mg/ml甲氧基聚乙二醇-二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺(mPEG-DSPE)在1.25ml氯仿/甲醇中的溶液加入在圆底烧瓶中的棘霉素溶液中。一旦脂质在溶剂中充分混合,将溶剂在真空下蒸发以除去该溶剂并在圆底烧瓶的壁上形成脂质膜。将该膜用5mL脂质缓冲液再水合并剧烈涡旋45分钟以产生脂质体的异质混合物。然后将所述混合物挤出通过0.2μm过滤器,并通过HPLC分析所得混合物的封装效率。
1.4.mPEG-DSPE-HSPC-棘霉素制剂的制备。在另一个实施例中,按如下方式制备14mL批次的脂质体棘霉素:将60mg HSPC、20mg DSPE-PEG(2000)和20mg绵羊毛胆固醇溶解于装有4mL的氯仿/甲醇(2:1(v/v))的5mL玻璃闪烁小瓶中。向混合物中加入0.5mL在氯仿/甲醇(2:1(v/v))中的10mg/mL棘霉素,并通过涡旋将混合物混合30秒。然后将混合物在水浴中加热至65℃,并使用缓慢的氮气流蒸发有机溶剂并用手旋转小瓶,直至在小瓶壁上形成含有棘霉素和脂质的均相膜。在蒸发有机溶剂的过程中,将混合物保持在65℃以避免胶凝是关键的。或者,可以将圆底烧瓶用于在加热水浴中的自动蒸发器系统中并旋转;然而,对于小型实验室规模的生产批次,用手旋转小瓶就足以产生均匀膜层。在小型烘箱中,将足够体积的水合溶液预热至65℃。在本实施例中,水合溶液为在蒸馏去离子水(sucDDW)中的10%蔗糖(w/v),但应注意的是,其他水合溶液也是可接受的,其他水合溶液例如为常规DDW、在DDW中的0.9%盐水或1x PBS。然后将脂质-棘霉素膜在65℃在14mL sucDDW中水合,且通过涡旋振动器(vortex)剧烈混合直到所有膜完全溶解(约1小时)以产生大多层囊泡(LMV)的白色悬浮液。随后使用Avanti Mini-Extruder以1mL增量将大多层囊泡(LMV)的水合溶液快速(extensively)挤出通过200nm、100nm和50nm堆叠式聚碳酸酯(PC)过滤器,直到合并挤出后混合物中的脂质体的平均铃动力直径通过动态光散射(DLS)确定处在94nm至99nm范围内,且多分散指数(PdI)小于0.05。为了防止膜污染,挤出过程在65℃进行,并且在每1mL增量之间更换PC膜。每1mL增量的最小挤出次数为21次,但是如果在对挤出后混合物进行分析后没有达到DLS质量标准测量值,则针对50nm PC膜进行另外的次数。使得到的小单层囊泡(SUV)的悬浮液在室温(21℃)稳定12至15小时。然后将产物通过33mm0.22μm PES膜(Millipore)无菌过滤一次以除去未包封的棘霉素和其他可能的污染物。取用于HPLC和DLS分析的滤液样品,并保存在2至8℃的无菌玻璃瓶中直至使用。
实施例2.脂质体棘霉素的尺寸分布和物理表征。使用Malvern Zetasizer软件表征脂质体棘霉素制剂以确定平均尺寸和ζ电位。如图1的图A中的代表性动态光散射(DLS)曲线所示,发现尺寸分布始终在多分散指数小于0.1的非常窄的范围内。据报道,对于脂质体尺寸<100nm的脂质体,由于网状内皮系统(RES)的快速摄取导致聚乙二醇化鞘脂质体的增强的渗透和保留率(EPR)和最大免疫侵袭性而在肿瘤组织中累积脂质体。发现脂质体棘霉素的平均流体动力学直径为约98d.nm;这很容易在批次之间再现(图1,图B)。
测量脂质体制剂的ζ电位可以为预测颗粒稳定性和聚集趋势提供可靠的方法。发现脂质体棘霉素的平均ζ电位为约-30mV,这表明产物是稳定的且不太可能聚集(图1,图B)。表1中显示了6种独立脂质体棘霉素制剂的其他物理特性(包括PdI、平均值和标准偏差)的总结。所有数据均使用Malvern Zetasizer软件生成。
表1
实施例3.棘霉素从棘霉素脂质体的体外释放。通过在室温在水中的每个时间点通过HPLC在240小时的时段测量棘霉素的释放速率,通过透析进行脂质体棘霉素体外药物释放的评估。根据棘霉素标准曲线计算每个时间点的棘霉素浓度。根据在开始透析之前在脂质体棘霉素样品中检测到的初始棘霉素浓度函数,推算释放百分比。脂质体的体外释放特征总结在如图2的图A中所示的累积释放百分比中。在图2的图B中画出了在相应时间点显示棘霉素峰的代表性HPLC色谱图。
实施例4.脂质体棘霉素的体外储存和稳定性。为了测试储存条件下脂质体棘霉素的稳定性,监测在4℃下3个月期间脂质体棘霉素的物理特性。使用Malvern Zetasizer软件评估在储存1个月和3个月时脂质体棘霉素的尺寸、PdI和ζ电位。发现这些参数中没有任何参数相对于初始测量值发生显著变化(图3,图A和图B)。脂质体棘霉素的药物含量损失通过在1和3个月的多个时间点通过0.22μm PES膜过滤去除累积的药物沉淀物来测试。在滤液的HPLC分析中,在储存条件下没有找到任何药物从脂质体泄漏或沉淀的证据。
实施例5.脂质体棘霉素在小鼠中的毒性。为了测试脂质体棘霉素在小鼠中的毒性,通过静脉内注射250μg/kg的剂量(脂质体配制的,非脂质体配制的或相当剂量的空脂质体媒剂)来施用棘霉素治疗周期。每隔一天注射一次,共3个剂量。在整个这个时段监测小鼠的体重。这个分析的结果显示,接受脂质体棘霉素的小鼠比接受相当剂量和时间安排的游离棘霉素的小鼠的减轻的体重小并且减轻的体重恢复较快(图4,图A)。在更高的药物剂量(1mg/kg)下,所有游离棘霉素处理的小鼠在一周内死亡,而接受加载了棘霉素的脂质体的小鼠在整个3个月以上的观察期内存活70%(图4,图B)。
实施例6.脂质体棘霉素与游离棘霉素在小鼠中的药代动力学。由于脂质体表面存在PEG部分,因此已知“隐形”脂质体与其游离药物对应物相比在血流中显示出延长的循环时间。PEG保护脂质体不被RES快速摄取并为脂质体颗粒提供空间稳定性。为了测量血流中脂质体棘霉素与游离棘霉素相比延长的循环,通过在小鼠中静脉内注射0.1mg/kg的脂质体棘霉素或游离棘霉素之后通过质谱法检测血浆中的棘霉素水平来评估两种制剂的药代动力学(图5)。这个分析的结果表明,与接受相当剂量的游离棘霉素的小鼠相比,接受脂质体棘霉素的小鼠的血液中的棘霉素浓度和循环时间显著增加。特别是,数据显示仅在施用0.1mg/kg游离棘霉素后15分钟就达到>1ng/ml的血浆浓度,但相同剂量的脂质体棘霉素在施用后维持该浓度超过8小时(图5)。
另外,评估NSG小鼠的乳腺癌组织中常规棘霉素和脂质体配制的棘霉素的药代动力学并发现其显著增加。如图6所示,在常规棘霉素给药后2小时才达到>5ng/g的肿瘤浓度。相对而言,以相同的0.1mg/kg的剂量施用脂质体棘霉素(Lipo-EM)达到>5ng/g的组织浓度,其在施用后延长超过10小时(图6)。更重要的是,脂质体棘霉素处理组中的药物峰水平比游离棘霉素治疗组高约6倍。
实施例7.用棘霉素治疗ALL的基础。早期的T细胞前体急性淋巴细胞白血病(ETPALL)最近被认为是一种具有不良预后的T细胞ALL(T-ALL)的形式(Coustan-Smith等,Lancet Oncol.,2009Feb;10(2):147-156)。ETP ALL的特征在于非常早期的分化停滞以及与造血干细胞和骨髓祖细胞最相关的独特的遗传和转录特征。尽管已经表征了ETP ALL的免疫表型、基因表达谱和基因突变谱,但是ETP ALL病理学的分子机制很少了解,有效的治疗靶点仍有待鉴定。
之前,用于鉴定白血病干细胞的T-ALL的自发小鼠模型揭示,即使在常氧下,在小鼠T-ALL和人AML的干细胞中HIF1α信号传导被选择性激活(Wang Y等,Cell StemCell.2011;8(4):399-411)。最近的研究证实,该途径对于维持慢性粒细胞性白血病干细胞也是关键的。重要的是,HIF1α抑制剂棘霉素有效地根除小鼠白血病,并且在体外和体内消除AML干细胞方面均是具有高度有效性和选择性(Wang等,2011)。这些研究表明,在常氧下,HIF1α激活ETP ALL细胞中存在的细胞亚群,并且棘霉素处理显著降低异种移植NSG小鼠中的ETP ALL细胞(参见Wang等2011的图1、2和3)。这些观察结果表明,在常氧的环境中HIF1α的异常激活代表了ETP ALL的独特特征。至于ETP ALL具有与干细胞和骨髓祖细胞最相关的转录特征并且具有升高的HIF-1α及其靶基因的表达,这些特征支持将HIF-1α与脂质体棘霉素作为治疗ETP ALL的目标。
实施例8.脂质体棘霉素施用在异种移植ETP-ALL NSG小鼠中的治疗效果。如从实施例7中的结果所预期的,发现与来自患有ETP-ALL的患者的PBMC对照样品相比,HIF1α蛋白在ETP ALL细胞中过量产生(图7,图A和图B)。通过蛋白质印迹分析(图7,图A)或通过HIF1α的细胞内染色然后进行FACS分析(图7,图B),在3个ETP-ALL样品中检测到HIF-1α的高度积累。这些结果证实,在常氧下,人原代ETP ALL细胞中存在HIF1α的异常活化。
为了测试脂质体棘霉素(Lipo-EM)的施用是否可以在体内消除人ETP-ALL细胞,根据图8的图A中概述的施用方案将Lipo-EM施用至异种移植ETP-ALL NSG小鼠。简而言之,通过静脉内注射将1×106个ETP ALL-1细胞移植到1.3Gy照射的NSG小鼠中。通过检测接受者小鼠的外周血中的hCD45来来监测人ETP-ALL细胞的重建。这个分析的结果显示,在移植后第34天,在接受者小鼠的血液中检测到约10~-20%的人CD45+细胞。20天的Lipo-EM治疗方案由两个周期组成,且每隔一天4次连续治疗作为一个周期,在周期之间间隔8天休息,在第35天开始。在治疗后监测人ETP ALL-1细胞的百分比。这个分析的结果显示,Lipo-EM显著降低异种移植小鼠血液中的ETP-ALL细胞(图8,图B)。特别是,描绘施用前和在Lipo-EM治疗后三个时间点的人ETP ALL细胞百分比的FACS图显示,媒剂小鼠中人CD45的平均百分比在血液中在第34天时为10.73%,在第42天时增加至22.35%,在48天时增加至45.61%,在第56天时增加至57.44%,最后在第64天达到80.18%。然而,在Lipo-EM处理的小鼠中,通过该治疗方案几乎完全消除了ETP-ALL-1细胞,使得人CD45细胞的百分比在接受者小鼠血液中从治疗前的17.47%下降到治疗后在第64天的1.19%。这些结果表明,脂质体棘霉素能有效消除异种移植小鼠中的ETP-ALL细胞。
为了比较在这种用于ETP-ALL的小鼠异种移植模型中脂质体棘霉素与游离棘霉素的功效,通过静脉内注射将1×106个ETP ALL-1细胞移植到1.3Gy照射的NSG小鼠中。根据第21天的FACS分析,当第22天开始Lipo-EM治疗时,外周血中的%hCD45+细胞达到约1%。将小鼠分成3组,每组5只小鼠。所有治疗均通过静脉内注射进行。第一组接受总共15个剂量的在PBS中的棘霉素,分成3个相同的周期。在每个周期中,小鼠每天接受一次在PBS中的0.1mg/kg棘霉素,总共5个剂量,然后在下一周期开始前休息5天。第二组接受总共10个剂量的Lipo-EM,其中前2个剂量每4天施用一次,随后7天休息,然后每隔一天4个剂量,然后再休息7天,然后接着是4个剂量,每隔一天施用一次。根据其中施用Lipo-EM的相同方案,另外一组小鼠接受空脂质体媒剂(n=5)。通过FACS分析确定在第34、50和65天的外周血,以比较治疗过程中接受者中ETP-ALL-1细胞的生长(图8,图C)。这个分析的结果表明,虽然用在PBS中的棘霉素治疗确实抑制ETP-ALL-1细胞的生长速率,但与前者相比,用Lipo-EM治疗提供了优越的功效(图8,图C)。
实施例9.棘霉素在体外乳腺癌细胞中的体外作用。为了更好地理解在乳腺癌细胞中高HIF-1α表达的重要性,在两种乳腺癌细胞系MCF7和SUM159中测试了棘霉素降低乳腺癌细胞存活的能力。更具体地说,对MCF7和SUM159用不同浓度的棘霉素处理48小时,随后进行MTT测定以测量细胞活力。这个分析的结果显示,棘霉素减少了活SUM159细胞的数量(IC50=1nM)。相反,MCF7细胞对棘霉素相对不太敏感(图9)。这些数据表明,过度表达HIF蛋白的癌症对棘霉素更敏感。
实施例10.脂质体棘霉素在体内乳腺癌细胞中的治疗效果。为了确定Lipo-EM是否允许将棘霉素有效递送至乳腺癌肿瘤位点,将携带表达萤光素酶的SUM 159肿瘤异种移植物的小鼠施用D-荧光素以通过生物发光使肿瘤块可视化。此外,用荧光染料1,1'-二(十八烷基)四甲基吲哚三羰花青碘化物(1,1’-dioctadecyltetramethyl indotricarbocyanineiodide,DiR)进行标记Lipo-EM,从而能够对脂质体进行体内追踪和积累。通过内源表达的萤光素酶活性追踪肿瘤生长。这个分析的结果显示,在施用荧光标记的脂质体棘霉素后24小时进行成像时,Lipo-EM在人乳腺癌SUM159肿瘤中选择性地积累。相反,施用相当剂量的在水中的游离DiR染料在荧光通道中不产生明显的积累或荧光信号。重要的是,没有任何肿瘤的小鼠在其他器官中没有明显的脂质体积累(图10)。这些数据表明,Lipo-EM可以选择性地积累在小鼠的人乳腺癌的异种移植肿瘤中。
为了测试在体内乳腺癌细胞中的游离棘霉素(在PBS中)、Lipo-EM和媒剂的治疗功效,将SUM159细胞异种移植到NOD-SCID小鼠的乳房脂肪垫中。当施用0.1mg/kg游离棘霉素时,棘霉素治疗组和媒剂对照组之间未观察到肿瘤大小的显著差异(图11,图A)。为了测试体内人乳腺肿瘤中Lipo-EM的功效,将SUM159乳腺癌细胞移植入10只NSG小鼠中,其中5只小鼠通过静脉内注射施用Lipo-EM,在第9、11、13、25和27天以0.35mg/kg的剂量施用,并且在这些相同时间点对5只小鼠施用媒剂对照(仅有脂质体)。另外,通过体积(图11,图B)和重量(图11,图C和图D)测量移植肿瘤的生长动力学。在媒剂小鼠中的肿瘤尺寸达到早期取出标准后,处死这10只小鼠,并称重肿瘤(图11,图C和图D)。这些分析的结果显示,与媒剂处理小鼠相比,仅接受总共5次注射的Lipo-EM治疗小鼠中的肿瘤的生长显著降低。
这些分析的结果表明,与游离棘霉素或媒剂对照相比,脂质体棘霉素是一种稳定的制剂,其显示出降低的毒性,增加的血流中的循环时间,和增加的在小鼠中人实体肿瘤异种移植物中积累的能力。当施用于携带表达高水平HIF-1α的造血和实体肿瘤恶性疾病的人异种移植物的小鼠时,脂质体棘霉素显示出充分的抗肿瘤作用。
以上描述是为了教导本领域普通技术人员如何实施本发明,并且不打算详细描述对于在阅读本说明书后的本领域技术人员显而易见的所有这些明显的修改和变化。但是,所有这些明显的修改和变化都意图包括在由以下权利要求限定的本发明的范围内。除非上下文明确指出相反的情况,否则权利要求旨在覆盖所要求保护的有效达到预期目标的任意顺序的组件和步骤。
Claims (19)
1.一种用于治疗患者疾病的聚乙二醇化脂质体药物制剂,所述制剂包含:
棘霉素、
聚乙二醇化磷脂、
中性磷酸甘油酯、和
甾醇,并且
其中,所述组合物包含多种包封棘霉素的聚乙二醇化脂质体,并且
其中,所述脂质体悬浮在药学上可接受的载体中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制剂,其中,所述聚乙二醇化磷脂为二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG)、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DMPE-PEG)、二棕榈酰甘油琥珀酸酯聚乙二醇(DPGS-PEG)、胆固醇基-聚乙二醇或神经酰胺基聚乙二醇化脂质。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制剂,其中,所述中性磷酸甘油酯选自磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰肌醇。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的制剂,其中,所述制剂中的所述聚乙二醇化磷脂与总脂质的摩尔比为3%至6%,
其中,所述制剂中的所述中性磷酸甘油酯与总脂质的摩尔比为45%至65%,并且
其中,所述制剂中的所述甾醇与总脂质的摩尔比为30%至50%。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的制剂,其中,所述聚乙二醇化磷脂是二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇(DSPE-PEG),所述中性磷酸甘油酯是磷脂酰胆碱,并且所述甾醇是胆固醇。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制剂,所述制剂包含DSPE-PEG-2000、氢化大豆磷脂酰胆碱(HSPC)和胆固醇。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制剂,其中,DSPE-PEG-2000、HSPC和胆固醇与总脂质的摩尔比分别为5.3%、56.3%和38.4%。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的制剂,其中,棘霉素与总脂质的质量比为2%至10%。
9.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的制剂,其中,棘霉素与总脂质的质量比为5%。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的制剂,其中,所述制剂中的至少90%的所述脂质体具有80nm至120nm的直径。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的制剂,其中,所述脂质体的平均多分散指数小于0.1,并且所述脂质体足够稳定以在4℃达到至少12个月的有效期。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的制剂,其中,所述脂质体被配制成冻干粉末。
13.一种治疗患者疾病的方法,所述方法包括:
将权利要求1所述的制剂施用于有需要的患者,
其中,所述脂质体制剂包含棘霉素或棘霉素类似物,所述棘霉素或棘霉素类似物的量足以治疗增殖性病症、自身免疫性疾病或移植物抗宿主病,其中,所述疾病以HIF-1α或HIF-2α过度表达为特征。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述疾病是增殖性病症。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述增殖性病症为白血病。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述增殖性病症为乳腺癌。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述疾病为自身免疫性疾病。
18.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述疾病为移植物抗宿主病。
19.制备权利要求1所述的药物组合物的方法,所述方法包括:
在极性溶剂中形成包含棘霉素和脂质组分的混合物,所述脂质组分包括聚乙二醇化磷脂、中性磷脂和甾醇;
干燥所述混合物以除去所述极性溶剂,由此形成干燥脂质膜;
将所述干燥脂质膜溶解在缓冲液中以形成脂质悬浮液;
通过聚碳酸酯过滤器挤出所述脂质悬浮液以获得具有所需尺寸范围的脂质体;和
通过过滤以对所述脂质体进行除菌。
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CN114432328A (zh) * | 2020-11-05 | 2022-05-06 | 广州中医药大学第一附属医院 | 一种用于治疗肝细胞癌的药物组合物及其应用 |
WO2024002385A1 (zh) * | 2022-08-05 | 2024-01-04 | 成都华昊中天药业有限公司 | 棘霉素类抗生素胶束及其制备方法和用途 |
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JP7378929B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-27 | 2023-11-14 | 花王株式会社 | リポソームの製造方法 |
WO2021163466A1 (en) * | 2020-02-14 | 2021-08-19 | Children's National Medical Center | Uses of hypoxia-inducible factor inhibtors for treating tp53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia |
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CN108135941A (zh) * | 2015-08-19 | 2018-06-08 | 儿研所儿童医学中心 | 用于治疗移植物抗宿主病的组合物和方法 |
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ES2956013T3 (es) | 2023-12-11 |
EP3373910C0 (en) | 2023-07-12 |
CA3004939A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
EP3373910A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
US20180344642A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
KR20180101340A (ko) | 2018-09-12 |
US11116726B2 (en) | 2021-09-14 |
EP3373910B1 (en) | 2023-07-12 |
JP2018533628A (ja) | 2018-11-15 |
AU2016352874A1 (en) | 2018-06-07 |
WO2017083403A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
JP7017018B2 (ja) | 2022-02-08 |
EP3373910A4 (en) | 2019-06-12 |
PL3373910T3 (pl) | 2023-10-09 |
SG11201803915UA (en) | 2018-06-28 |
AU2016352874B2 (en) | 2021-06-24 |
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