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CN108455555B - High-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

High-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN108455555B
CN108455555B CN201810049967.7A CN201810049967A CN108455555B CN 108455555 B CN108455555 B CN 108455555B CN 201810049967 A CN201810049967 A CN 201810049967A CN 108455555 B CN108455555 B CN 108455555B
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张苏
朱家瑶
王鲁香
贾殿赠
贾丽霞
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Xinjiang University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H01G11/44—Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

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Abstract

本发明涉及超级电容器电极材料技术领域，是一种高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料及其制备方法，该高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料，按照下述步骤得到：将煤炭粉碎得到煤粉，将煤粉与氧化剂进氧化处理，得到氧化煤；将氧化煤与氢氧化钾混合，得到混合物；将得到的混合物压实，对压实混合物进行炭化处理，得到炭化样品；炭化样品经洗涤、烘干，得到该电容器电极材料。本发明使用来源广泛的煤炭作为原料，通过简单、通用的压实活化法，制备了具有高表观密度、高比表面积和高体积比容量的多孔炭材料，本发明具有优异的快速充放电性能，解决了超级电容器电极材料体积比容量不高的问题，为煤的清洁、高效利用提供了思路。The invention relates to the technical field of supercapacitor electrode materials, in particular to a high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is obtained according to the following steps: pulverizing coal to obtain Coal powder, the coal powder and oxidant are subjected to oxidation treatment to obtain oxidized coal; the oxidized coal is mixed with potassium hydroxide to obtain a mixture; the obtained mixture is compacted, and the compacted mixture is carbonized to obtain a carbonized sample; the carbonized sample is subjected to washing and drying to obtain the capacitor electrode material. The present invention uses coal from a wide range of sources as raw materials, and prepares porous carbon materials with high apparent density, high specific surface area and high volume specific capacity through a simple and universal compaction activation method, and the present invention has excellent rapid charge-discharge performance. , solves the problem of low volume specific capacity of supercapacitor electrode materials, and provides ideas for the clean and efficient utilization of coal.

Description

High-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electrode materials of super capacitors, in particular to a coal-based super capacitor electrode material with high volume specific capacity and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Supercapacitors are favored by researchers because of their advantages of high energy density, excellent cycle performance, low cost, and environmental friendliness. The electrode material is the core of the super capacitor, and the research and development of the high-performance electrode material are the research in the related fieldEmphasis is placed on. At present, the electrode material of the most applied super capacitor belongs to a porous carbon material. The carbon material prepared by the common method has large specific surface area and high specific capacity, but the apparent density is small, so that the specific capacity is not high. Energy storage devices are required to release energy in a relatively limited space as much as possible in consumer electronic products and electric vehicles, so that it is very important to prepare a capacitor material with both high-quality specific capacity and high-volume specific capacity. The calculation formula of the specific volume capacity of the material is Cv=CmX ρ wherein CmThe material is the mass specific capacity, and rho is the apparent density of the material. Therefore, increasing the apparent density ρ of the electrode material and reducing the porosity of the material are effective means for increasing the specific capacity of the electrode material. However, decreasing porosity results in a decrease in the specific surface area and porosity of the material, and a decrease in the number of active energy storage sites and ion transport channels. This not only gives C of the materialmThe volume specific capacity is still not high due to the large reduction, and the rapid charge and discharge capacity of the material is also sacrificed. Therefore, the improvement of the volume specific capacity of the electrode material needs to be started from the comprehensive physical properties of the material, the contradiction relation between the porosity and the apparent density is balanced, the micro-morphology and the pore structure distribution of the material are reasonably designed, and the prepared electrode material has high-quality specific capacity CmAnd an electrode material having a high apparent density ρ. This remains a research hotspot and challenge in this field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a coal-based supercapacitor electrode material with high volume specific capacity and a preparation method thereof, overcomes the defects of the prior art, and can effectively solve the problem that the volume specific capacity of the electrode material of the conventional supercapacitor is not high.
One of the technical schemes of the invention is realized by the following measures: a high-volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is obtained according to the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 0-4 to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, taking nitrogen as protective gas, carrying out carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture, carrying out temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and heating to 500-1200 ℃ from room temperature to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
The following is a further optimization or/and improvement of one of the above-mentioned technical solutions of the invention:
the oxidant is a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, wherein the volume ratio of the concentrated sulfuric acid to the concentrated nitric acid in the mixed solution is 3: 1.
The pressure of the mixture obtained is 0.1MPa to 40 MPa.
The sieving process described above used a 200 mesh sieving apparatus.
The second technical scheme of the invention is realized by the following measures: a preparation method of a high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material comprises the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 0-4 to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, taking nitrogen as protective gas, carrying out carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture, carrying out temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and heating to 500-1200 ℃ from room temperature to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
The following is further optimization or/and improvement of the second technical scheme of the invention:
the oxidant is a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, wherein the volume ratio of the concentrated sulfuric acid to the concentrated nitric acid in the mixed solution is 3: 1.
The pressure of the mixture obtained is 0.1MPa to 40 MPa.
The sieving process described above used a 200 mesh sieving apparatus.
According to the invention, coal with wide sources is used as a raw material, and the porous carbon material with high apparent density, high specific surface area and high volume specific capacity is prepared by a simple and universal compaction activation method.
Detailed Description
The present invention is not limited by the following examples, and specific embodiments may be determined according to the technical solutions and practical situations of the present invention. The various chemical reagents and chemical articles mentioned in the invention are all the chemical reagents and chemical articles which are well known and commonly used in the prior art, unless otherwise specified; the percentages in the invention are mass percentages unless otherwise specified; the solution in the present invention is an aqueous solution in which the solvent is water, for example, a hydrochloric acid solution is an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, unless otherwise specified; the normal temperature and room temperature in the present invention generally mean a temperature of 15 ℃ to 25 ℃, and are generally defined as 25 ℃.
The invention is further described below with reference to the following examples:
example 1: the high-volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized by being prepared according to the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 0-4 to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, taking nitrogen as protective gas, carrying out carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture, carrying out temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and heating to 500-1200 ℃ from room temperature to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
The prior known material volume specific capacity calculation formula is Cv=CmX ρ wherein CmThe material is the mass specific capacity, and rho is the apparent density of the material.
The apparent density of the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material obtained by the invention is 0.70g/m3To 1.0g/m3(ii) a The specific surface area is 1700g/m2To 1800g/m2(ii) a The total pore volume was 0.6g/m3To 0.9g/m3(ii) a Micropore volume 0.6g/m3To 0.8g/m3(ii) a Under the current density of 1A/g, the specific mass capacity is F/g 200-300F/g; under the current density of 1A/g, the volume-to-volume specific capacity is 150F/cm3To 300F/cm3(ii) a Fast charge and discharge performance: under the current density of 50A/g, the volume specific capacity retention rate can reach more than 50% under the current density of 1A/g.
Example 2: the high-volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized by being prepared according to the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide according to the mass ratio of 1:0.1 or 3 to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, taking nitrogen as protective gas, carrying out carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture, carrying out temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and raising the temperature from room temperature to 500 ℃ or 1200 ℃ to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
Example 3: as an optimization of the above embodiment, the oxidant is a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, wherein a volume ratio of the concentrated sulfuric acid to the concentrated nitric acid in the mixed solution is 3: 1.
Example 4: as an optimization of the above examples, the resulting mixture was pressurized to a pressure of 0.1MPa to 40 MPa.
The mixture is compacted using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 0.1 to 40 MPa.
Example 5: as an optimization of the above embodiment, a 200-mesh sieving apparatus was used for the sieving process.
The coal is crushed and screened to obtain fine coal powder with the coal powder of less than 200 meshes.
Example 6: the high-volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized by being prepared according to the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing 1.0g of oxidized coal and 1.0g of potassium hydroxide to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, performing carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture by using nitrogen as a protective gas under the pressure of 0.1-40 MPa of 3MPa, performing temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and heating from room temperature to 600 ℃ to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
Example 7: the high-volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized by being prepared according to the following steps: the first step, crushing and screening coal to obtain coal powder, and carrying out oxidation reaction on the coal powder and an oxidant to obtain oxidized coal; step two, uniformly mixing 1.0g of oxidized coal and 0.6g of potassium hydroxide to obtain a mixture; thirdly, compacting the obtained mixture, performing carbonization treatment on the compacted mixture by using nitrogen as a protective gas under the pressure of 0.1-40 MPa as 8MPa, performing temperature programming at the speed of 5 ℃/min, and heating from room temperature to 600 ℃ to obtain a carbonized sample; and fourthly, washing the carbonized sample by deionized water until the washing liquid is neutral, and drying the washed carbonized sample to obtain the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
Electrochemical performance tests were performed on the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode materials obtained in examples 6 and 7, and the obtained data are shown in table 1.
As can be seen from Table 1, the apparent density, the specific surface area, the volume specific capacity and the rapid charge and discharge performance of the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material are all superior to those of the conventional electrode material, and the pore structure distribution of the high-volume specific-capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is reasonable.
In conclusion, coal with wide sources is used as a raw material, and a simple and universal compaction activation method is adopted to prepare the porous carbon material with high apparent density, high specific surface area, high volume specific capacity and good rapid charge and discharge performance. The invention solves the problem of low volume specific capacity of the electrode material of the super capacitor, and provides an idea for clean and efficient utilization of coal.
The technical characteristics form an embodiment of the invention, which has strong adaptability and implementation effect, and unnecessary technical characteristics can be increased or decreased according to actual needs to meet the requirements of different situations.
Figure 14218DEST_PATH_IMAGE001

Claims (2)

1.一种高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料，其特征在于按照下述步骤得到：第一步，将煤炭粉碎，筛分处理后，得到煤粉，将煤粉与氧化剂进行氧化反应，得到氧化煤，其中，氧化剂为浓硫酸和浓硝酸的混合溶液，浓硫酸与浓硝酸的体积比为3：1；第二步，将所需量的氧化煤与氢氧化钾按1:0至4的质量比例混合均匀，得到混合物，其中，该数值范围不能为零；第三步，将得到的混合物压实，以氮气作为保护气，对压实混合物进行炭化处理，以5℃/min的速度程序升温，由室温升到500℃至1200℃，得到炭化样品，其中，混合物压实时，压力为0.1MPa至40MPa；第四步，炭化样品经去离子水洗涤，至洗涤液为中性时，将洗涤后的炭化样品烘干，得到高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料。1. a high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized in that obtaining according to the following steps: the first step, by pulverizing coal, after the sieving treatment, obtains pulverized coal, pulverized coal and oxidant are carried out oxidation reaction, Obtain the oxidized coal, wherein, the oxidant is a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, and the volume ratio of the concentrated sulfuric acid to the concentrated nitric acid is 3:1; in the second step, the required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide is 1:0 to The mass ratio of 4 is uniformly mixed to obtain a mixture, wherein the numerical range cannot be zero; in the third step, the obtained mixture is compacted, and nitrogen is used as a protective gas, and the compacted mixture is carbonized. The speed is programmed to increase temperature, from room temperature to 500°C to 1200°C, to obtain carbonized samples, wherein, when the mixture is compacted, the pressure is 0.1 MPa to 40 MPa; in the fourth step, the carbonized samples are washed with deionized water until the washing solution is neutral. At the same time, the washed carbonized samples were dried to obtain high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode materials. 2.一种高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料的制备方法，其特征在于按照下述步骤得到：第一步，将煤炭粉碎，筛分处理后，得到煤粉，将煤粉与氧化剂进行氧化反应，得到氧化煤，其中，氧化剂为浓硫酸和浓硝酸的混合溶液，浓硫酸与浓硝酸的体积比为3：1；第二步，将所需量的氧化煤与氢氧化钾按1:0至4的质量比例混合均匀，得到混合物，其中，该数值范围不能为零；第三步，将得到的混合物压实，以氮气作为保护气，对压实混合物进行炭化处理，以5℃/min的速度程序升温，由室温升到500℃至1200℃，得到炭化样品，其中，混合物压实时，压力为0.1MPa至40MPa；第四步，炭化样品经去离子水洗涤，至洗涤液为中性时，将洗涤后的炭化样品烘干，得到高体积比容量煤基超级电容器电极材料。2. a preparation method of high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material, it is characterized in that obtaining according to the following steps: the first step, by pulverizing coal, after the sieving treatment, obtain pulverized coal, pulverized coal and oxidant are carried out. Oxidation reaction to obtain oxidized coal, wherein, the oxidant is a mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid, and the volume ratio of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid is 3:1; in the second step, the required amount of oxidized coal and potassium hydroxide are 1 : The mass ratio of 0 to 4 is uniformly mixed to obtain a mixture, wherein the numerical range cannot be zero; the third step, the obtained mixture is compacted, and nitrogen is used as a protective gas, and the compacted mixture is carbonized. The temperature was programmed at a rate of /min, and the temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 °C to 1200 °C to obtain a carbonized sample. When the mixture was compacted, the pressure was 0.1 MPa to 40 MPa; in the fourth step, the carbonized sample was washed with deionized water until the washing solution When it is neutral, the washed carbonized sample is dried to obtain a high volume specific capacity coal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
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