CN108430518A - 生物相关正交细胞因子/受体对 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了工程化的正交细胞因子受体/配体对及其使用方法。具体地,本公开提供了用于选择性活化细胞中的受体的系统,所述系统包括:(a)正交受体,其未结合至其天然配体;和(b)正交细胞因子,其(i)未结合至其天然受体并且(ii)结合至并活化所述正交受体。还公开了使用工程化的细胞群以治疗病症的方法。
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求2016年9月11日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/217,364和2016年8月15日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/375,089的权益,所述申请以引用方式整体并入本文。
联邦政府资助的研究和开发
本发明是在政府支持下,在美国国立卫生研究院授予的合同AI513210下进行的。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
发明背景
操纵细胞特别是免疫细胞以分化、开发特化功能并在数目方面扩大令人具有极大的临床兴趣。影响这些活性的许多蛋白质因子是本领域已知的,特别包括细胞因子和趋化因子。然而,这些信号传导分子还对未被靶向操作的细胞具有多效性作用,因此期望选择性活化靶细胞群中的信号传导的方法。特别地,工程化T细胞以进行控制的行为是令人感兴趣的。例如,在过继性免疫疗法中,将T细胞从血液中分离,离体处理并重新输注到患者体内。T细胞经工程化以用于治疗性应用,诸如识别和杀死癌细胞、细胞内病原体和参与自身免疫的细胞。
基于细胞的疗法中的关键挑战是将过继转移的细胞工程化成所需行为,诸如活化、扩增等,其被保护免于内源性信号传导途径,不影响非靶向内源性细胞,并且可一旦施用给患者后便加以控制。这因为发育可塑性和环境因素在决定T细胞命运、功能和定位方面所发挥的巨大影响而对于T细胞工程化是特别有意义的。
以独立或正交于天然蛋白质或配体的影响的方式操纵蛋白质结合并应答修饰的配体的能力构成蛋白质工程化中的重大挑战。迄今为止,已经创建了许多与类似的天然相互作用正交的合成配体-直向同源物受体对。在用于此项工作的蛋白质中包括核激素受体和G蛋白偶联受体。尽管进行了大量工作来工程化由合成小分子配体活化的受体,但是生物相关蛋白对的工程化仍然是一项重大挑战。
发明概述
提供了工程化的正交细胞因子受体/配体对及其使用方法。工程化(正交)细胞因子特异性结合至对应的工程化(正交)受体。结合后,正交受体活化通过天然细胞元件转导的信号传导,以提供模拟此天然应答的生物活性,但是所述生物活性对表达正交受体的工程化的细胞是特异性的。正交受体不结合至内源对应细胞因子,包括正交细胞因子的天然对应物,而正交细胞因子不结合至任何内源受体,包括正交受体的天然对应物。在一些实施方案中,正交细胞因子对正交受体的亲和力与天然细胞因子对天然受体的亲和力相当。
用于工程化正交细胞因子受体对的方法可包括以下步骤:(a)将氨基酸变化工程化到天然受体中以破坏与天然细胞因子的结合;(b)在用于受体结合的接触残基处将氨基酸变化工程化到所述天然细胞因子中,(c)选择结合至直向同源物受体的细胞因子直向同源物;(d)舍弃结合至天然受体的直向同源物细胞因子,或者可替代地至步骤(c)和(d);(e)选择结合至直向同源物细胞因子的受体直向同源物;(f)舍弃结合至天然细胞因子的直向同源物受体。在优选的实施方案中,细胞因子/受体复合物结构的知识用于选择用于定点或易错诱变的氨基酸位置。便利地,酵母展示系统可用于选择过程,但是其它展示和选择方法也是有用的。
在一些实施方案中,提供了工程化的细胞,其中细胞已经通过引入本发明的直向同源受体来修饰。任何细胞均可用于此目的。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞为T细胞,包括但不限于初始CD8+T细胞、细胞毒性CD8+T细胞、初始CD4+T细胞、辅助T细胞例如TH1、TH2、TH9、TH11、TH22、TFH;调控性T细胞例如TR1、天然TReg、诱导型TReg;记忆T细胞例如中央记忆T细胞、效应记忆T细胞、NKT细胞、γδT细胞等。在其它实施方案中,工程化细胞为干细胞,例如造血干细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞或树突细胞。在一些实施方案中,在转移到受试者中之前,将细胞在离体程序中遗传修饰。工程化的细胞可以用于疗法的单位剂量来提供,并且相对于预期的接受者可为同种异体的、自体的等。
在一些实施方案中,提供了包含编码正交受体的编码序列的载体,其中编码序列可操作地连接至在所需细胞中有活性的启动子。各种载体为本领域中已知的并可用于此目的,例如病毒载体、质粒载体、微环载体,所述载体可整合到靶细胞基因组中或可以游离基因方式维持。编码受体的载体可在试剂盒中提供,与编码结合至并活化受体的直向同源细胞因子的载体组合。在一些实施方案中,直向同源细胞因子的编码序列可操作地连接至高表达启动子,并且可被优化针以进行生产。在其它实施方案中,提供了试剂盒,在所述试剂盒中编码直向同源受体的载体与直向同源细胞因子的纯化组合物一起,例如以包装用于向患者施用的单位剂量来提供。在另一些实施方案中,提供了试剂盒,在所述试剂盒中编码直向同源受体的载体与编码直向同源细胞因子的载体一起提供,以使得直向同源受体在细胞中表达,并且还表达旨在用于由同一细胞分泌的直向同源细胞因子,以使得能够进行自分泌正交细胞因子受体信号传导。
在一些实施方案中,提供了治疗方法,所述方法包括将工程化的细胞群引入到有需要的接受者中,其中所述细胞群已经通过引入编码本发明的直向同源受体的序列来修饰。细胞群可被离体工程化,并且通常相对于接受者为自体同源的或同种异体的。在一些实施方案中,在施用工程化细胞后,使引入的细胞群在体内与同源直向同源细胞因子接触。本发明的优势为在直向同源细胞因子与天然受体之间缺乏交叉反应性。
附图简述
结合附图阅读以下详细描述时可最透彻地理解本发明。要强调的是,根据惯例,附图的各种特征件不成比例。相反,为清楚起见,各种特征件的尺寸任意地放大或缩小。在附图中包括以下各图。
图1.控制T细胞扩增的正交IL-2/IL-2受体对。
图2.用于工程化正交IL-2/IL-2Rβ对的工作流程。
图3.正交小鼠IL-2Rβ变体的序列。
图4.mIL-2RβH134D Y135F突变消除wt mIL-2结合。
图5.用于工程化正交IL-2/IL-2Rβ对的工作流程。
图6.表征的正交小鼠IL-2变体的序列。
图7.OrthoIL-2变体以类似于或大于野生型IL-2和IL-2Rβ相互作用的亲和力结合orthoIL-2Rβ。
图8.orthoIL-2变体在野生型CD25阳性和CD25阴性脾细胞上展现出钝化活性(磷酸STAT5)
图9.orthoIL-2R表达性小鼠CTLL-2T细胞的产生。
图10.第一组orthoIL-2变体对于ortho T细胞具有选择性。
图11.OrthoIL-2变体在orthoIL-2Rβ表达性CTLL-2细胞上诱导选择性STAT5磷酸化
图12.经工程化以表达orthoIL-2Rβ(H134D Y135F)的原代淋巴结来源的T细胞。
图13.OrthoIL-2变体在orthoIL-2Rβ表达性原代小鼠T细胞上诱导选择性STAT5磷酸化。
图14.与野生型T细胞相比,orthoIL-2变体诱导orthoIL-2Rβ表达性CTLL-2细胞的选择性细胞生长。
图15.小鼠和人参考IL-2Rβ/IL-2序列的比对。
图16.正交人IL-2对的酵母进化。(a)酵母展示的野生型人IL-2与野生型(蓝色直方图)而非ortho(红色直方图)人IL-2RβH133D Y134F突变体四聚体结合的FACS分析。(b)将随机化预测接近或接触人IL-2RβHY突变体的IL-2残基的人IL-2突变体(约18个突变体)的文库展示在酵母表面上。在连续轮次的阳性(针对ortho hIL-2Rβ)和阴性(针对野生型hIL-2Rβ)选择后,我们获得结合ortho(红色直方图)而非野生型(蓝色直方图)人IL-2Rβ四聚体的酵母展示的人IL-2突变体。(c,d)ortho hIL-2突变体随后从酵母文库中分离并测序。鉴定一组共有的突变,指示能够结合ortho hIL-2Rβ的ortho hIL-2序列的收敛性。
图17.体内小鼠模型用于证明小鼠中正交IL-2Rb表达性T细胞的选择性扩增或增加的存活。将供体细胞从表达CD45.2的野生型C57BL/6J小鼠的脾中分离,用CD3/CD28离体活化,用编码正交IL-2Rb-IRES-YFP的逆转录病毒转导,以100IU/mL mIL-2扩增2天,并使用小鼠CD8T细胞分离试剂盒(Miltenyi)来纯化。将野生型(CD45.2阳性,YFP阴性)和正交IL-2Rb表达性T细胞(CD45.2阳性,YFP阳性)的n~1:1混合物通过眶后注射过继性转移到接受者BL6.Rag2-/-x IL2rg-/-CD45.1小鼠中。在T细胞转移后(d0)立即开始每天IP注射PBS、野生型mIL-2(150,000IU/小鼠)或orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149(1,000,000IU/小鼠),并且以24h间隔进行连续5天(多至d4)。在d5和d7处死小鼠,并通过流式细胞术定量小鼠血液和脾脏中的总供体T细胞计数。
图18A-18B.用于量化接受者小鼠供体T细胞扩增的门控策略。制备来自小鼠血液和脾脏的单细胞悬浮液并在4C用CD45.2-太平洋蓝染色1小时以鉴定供体T细胞。在即将进行流式细胞术之前,将细胞与碘化丙啶(PI)的1:2000稀释液一起孵育以进行活/死排除。根据前向和侧向散射(SSC-A v FSC-A)、单峰(FSC-A v FSC-H)、活细胞(PI阴性)和野生型T细胞总数(CD45.2阳性,YFP阴性)来门控细胞,并且通过FACS来定量正交T细胞(CD45.2阳性,YFP阳性)。**p<0.01,***p<0.001,****p<0.0001,通过单向ANOVA使用Prism来测定。
图19.orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149在小鼠中选择性扩增正交但非野生型T细胞。如图18中所述,通过流式细胞术定量血液(103个细胞/uL)中和脾(每个脾的细胞总数)中的野生型和正交T细胞的数目。正交T细胞与野生型T细胞的比率通过将正交T细胞总数除以血液和脾脏中野生型T细胞的总数来确定。大于1的比率指示正交T细胞的选择性扩增,其通过orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149来实现。通过流式细胞术定量第5天(上)和第7天(下)的血液(左)和脾(右)中活细胞的总数。与PBS对照相比,用野生型IL-2处理导致野生型和ortho T细胞的扩增,而用orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149处理选择性扩增对野生型T细胞具有有限活性的ortho T细胞。
图20.正交IL-2对正交IL-2RβT细胞具有选择性活性。(a)从IL-2KO NOD小鼠中分离并且病毒转导以表达orthoIL-2Rβ的原代脾衍生的小鼠T细胞的FACS分析,其可使用IRES-YFP报告子和IL-2Rβ的表面染色来证实。T细胞也保留了野生型IL-2Rβ的表达,(b)orthoIL-2在orthoIL-2Rβ表达性T细胞上诱导了选择性STAT5磷酸化,而对野生型T细胞上非活性钝化。
图21.正交IL-2在体外选择性扩增正交IL-2RβT细胞。(a)经病毒转导以表达orthoIL-2Rβ的原代脾来源的小鼠T细胞的FACS分析,其可使用IRES-YFP来证实。将转导和未转导的T细胞的混合物在不同浓度的野生型、orthoIL-2克隆1G12或3A10中培养5天并通过FACS分析。IL-2扩增野生型和ortho T细胞,而在orthoIL-2 3A10中培养时仅ortho T细胞扩增,而orthoIL-2 1G12选择性扩增ortho T细胞,对野生型T细胞的活性显著降低。FACS图显示对应于100nM IL-2、64pM orthoIL-2 1G12和10uM orthoIL-2 3A10中的培养。(b)在渐增浓度的细胞因子中培养5天后,对野生型和orthoIL-2克隆1G12和3A10的野生型和ortho T细胞增殖剂量应答。IL-2以相同的效力扩增野生型和ortho T细胞,orthoIL-21G12选择性扩增ortho T细胞,并且orthoIL-2 3A10特异性扩增ortho T细胞。
实施方案的详述
为了更易于理解本公开,在下面以及在整个说明书中定义了某些术语和短语。本文提供的定义是非限制性的,并且应当鉴于本领域技术人员在发明时将知道的内容来阅读。定义
在描述本发明方法和组合物之前,应理解本发明不限于所述的特定方法或组合物,因而,当然也可有所变化。还应理解,本文所用的术语仅出于描述具体实施方案的目的,并且不意图具有限制性,因为本发明的范围将仅受限于所附权利要求书。
在提供数值范围的情况下,应理解,还明确公开了此范围的上下限之间的各中间值,其中除非上下文另外明确地指出,精确到下限单位的十分位一。在规定范围中的任何规定值或中间值与在此规定范围中的任何其它规定值或中间值之间的各个较小范围涵盖在本发明内。这些较小范围的上下限可被独立地包括在所述范围中或排除在所述范围外,并且当两个界限之一、都不或全都包括在所述较小范围中时各个范围也涵盖在本发明内,除非是所述规定范围中的任何明确排除的极限值。在所述规定范围包括所述极限值中的一个或两个的情况下,本发明中还包括排除那些所包括的极限值中的任一个或两个的范围。
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术和科学术语都具有与本发明所属领域中的普通技术人员通常所理解相同的含义。虽然在实践或测试本发明时可使用与本文所描述的那些类似或等效的任何方法和材料,但是现在描述一些可能和优选的方法和材料。为了公开和描述公布在引用时所相关的方法和/或材料,本文中提到的所有公布均以引用的方式并入本文。应理解,如果有矛盾,本公开取代所并入公布的任何公开内容。
必须指出,除非上下文明确地另外规定,否则如在本文和所附权利要求书中使用,单数形式“一个(a)”、“一种(an)”和“所述(the)”包括复数指示物。因此,例如,提及“一种细胞”包括多个此类细胞并且提及“所述肽”包括提及一种或多种肽及其为本领域的技术人员所知的等效物(例如多肽)等。
本文中讨论的出版物仅仅提供它们在本申请的提交日期之前的公开内容。本文中的任何内容均不应解释为承认由于先前发明而使本发明无权先于这些公布。此外,所提供的公布日期可不同于可能需要独立确认的实际公布日期。
细胞因子受体和配体对包括但不限于以下受体:
“直向同源物”或“直向同源细胞因子/受体对”是指通过氨基酸变化修饰为(a)缺乏对天然细胞因子或同源受体的结合;以及(b)特异性结合至对应的工程化(正交)配体或受体的经遗传工程化的蛋白质对。结合后,正交受体活化通过天然细胞元件转导的信号传导,以提供模拟此天然应答的生物活性,但是所述生物活性对表达正交受体的工程化的细胞是特异性的。正交受体不结合至内源对应细胞因子,包括正交细胞因子的天然对应物,而正交细胞因子不结合至任何内源受体,包括正交受体的天然对应物。在一些实施方案中,正交细胞因子对正交受体的亲和力与天然细胞因子对天然受体的亲和力相当,例如具有的亲和力是至少约1%的天然细胞因子受体对亲和力、至少约5%、至少约10%、至少约25%、至少约50%、至少约75%、至少约100%并且可能会更高,例如天然细胞因子对天然受体的2X、3X、4X、5X、10X或更大亲和力
如本文所用,“不结合”或“不能结合”是指无可检测的结合或无意义的结合,即具有远低于天然配体的结合亲和力的结合亲和力。亲和力可用竞争性结合实验来测定,所述竞争性结合实验在不同浓度的未标记配体存在下测量受体与单一浓度的标记配体的结合。通常,未标记配体的浓度在至少六个数量级上变化。通过竞争性结合实验,可测定IC50。如本文所用,“IC50”是指50%抑制受体与标记配体的缔合所需的未标记配体的浓度。IC50是配体-受体结合亲和力的指标。低IC50代表高亲和力,而高IC50代表低亲和力。
白介素2(IL-2)是主要由活化的CD4+T细胞产生的多能细胞因子,并且在产生正常免疫应答中起关键作用。IL-2促进活化的T淋巴细胞的增殖和扩增,增强B细胞生长,并活化单核细胞和自然杀伤细胞。正是凭借这些活性,才测试IL-2并将其用作癌症的核准治疗(阿地白介素,)。在真核细胞中,人IL-2合成为153个氨基酸的前体多肽,从中去除20个氨基酸以产生成熟的分泌IL-2。
如本文所用,“IL-2”是指天然或野生型IL-2。如Fujita等人,PNAS USA,80,7437-7441(1983)所述,成熟人IL-2作为133个氨基酸序列(减去信号肽,由另外20个N端氨基酸组成)出现。人IL-2的氨基酸序列在Genbank中在登录定位NP_000577.2下找到。图15中提供了人和小鼠IL-2和IL-2Rβ的参考序列。
IL-2通过与IL-2受体(IL-2R)相互作用时启动细胞信号传导途径来支持T淋巴细胞的存活和分化。IL-2临床上用于治疗许多人疾病(包括癌症和自身免疫),并作为过继性T细胞治疗的佐剂以促进移植的T细胞的存活。然而,IL-2还可通过活化脱靶细胞类型来产生并列效应(apposing effect)。为了将IL-2的活性引导至特定的T细胞亚群,本发明提供了工程化的正交IL-2和IL-2受体对。正交IL-2通过诱导强力STAT5磷酸化和经工程化以表达正交IL-2Rβ的T细胞的体外增殖来重现野生型IL-2的活性。正交IL-2分别对离体培养的野生型CD25阳性或阴性小鼠T细胞具有有限活性或无活性。这些研究指示,重塑细胞因子受体界面以产生自然界不存在的相互作用是将混杂细胞因子的活性引导至目标T细胞亚群的可行策略,从而能够通过遗传工程精确控制T细胞功能。
除了IL-2之外,IL-15和IL-7也调控淋巴稳态,并且还被用作增强过继性T细胞疗法的佐剂。IL-2和IL-15共享相同的IL-2R-β链。可针对用于使IL-2正交化的相同正交IL-2R-β来选择正交IL-15。IL-7利用作为用于正交化的靶标的不同IL-7R-α链。
正交IL-2可例如通过如本领域已知的聚乙二醇化、糖基化等来融合到IgG的Fc结构域、白蛋白或其它分子融合以延长其半衰期。Fc融合物还可在体内赋予替代的Fc受体介导的特性。“Fc区”可为与通过用木瓜蛋白酶消化IgG产生的IgG C端结构域同源的天然存在的或合成的多肽。IgG Fc的分子量为约50kDa。直向同源物IL-2多肽可包含整个Fc区,或者保留延长其作为其一部分的嵌合多肽的循环半衰期的能力的较小部分。另外,全长或片段化的Fc区可为野生型分子的变体。也就是说,它们可含有可能或可能不影响多肽功能的突变;如以下进一步所述,在所有情况下天然活性不是必需的或期望的。
在其它实施方案中,直向同源多肽可包含充当抗原标签的多肽,诸如FLAG序列。如本文所述,FLAG序列由生物素化、高度特异性抗FLAG抗体识别(还参见Blanar等人,Science256:1014,1992;LeClair等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 89:8145,1992)。在一些实施方案中,嵌合多肽还包含C端c-myc表位标签。
如上所述,本发明的直向同源蛋白可作为嵌合多肽的一部分存在。除上述异源多肽之外或代替上述异源多肽,本发明的核酸分子可含有编码“标记”或“报告子”的序列。标记或报告子基因的实例包括β-内酰胺酶、氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶(neo1,G418r)、二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)、潮霉素-B-磷酸转移酶(HPH)、胸苷激酶(TK)、lacz(编码β-半乳糖苷酶)和黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶(XGPRT)。如同许多与本发明实践相关的标准程序一样,本领域技术人员将会意识到其它有用的试剂,例如可用作标记或报告子功能的其它序列。
正交细胞因子和受体还可包含细胞因子的其它位置处的保守修饰和取代(例如,除参与正交工程化的那些位置以外的位置)。此类保守取代包括由Dayhoff在The Atlas ofProtein Sequence and Structure 5(1978)以及由Argos在EMBO J.,8:779-785(1989)中所描述的那些取代。例如,属于以下组之一的氨基酸代表保守性变化:第I组:ala、pro、gly、gin、asn、ser、thr;第II组:cys、ser、tyr、thr;第IIII组:val、ile、leu、met、ala、phe;第IV组:lys、arg、his;第V组:phe、tyr、trp、his;以及第VI组:asp、glu。
术语“T细胞”是指哺乳动物免疫效应细胞,其特征可在于CD3和/或T细胞抗原受体的表达,所述细胞可经工程化以表达直向同源细胞因子受体。在一些实施方案中,T细胞选自初始CD8+T细胞、细胞毒性CD8+T细胞、初始CD4+T细胞、辅助T细胞例如TH1、TH2、TH9、TH11、TH22、TFH;调控性T细胞例如TR1、天然TReg、诱导型TReg;记忆T细胞例如中央记忆T细胞、效应记忆T细胞、NKT细胞、γδT细胞。
在一些实施方案中,使T细胞在体内与直向同源IL-2接触,即其中将工程化的T细胞转移到接受者,并将有效剂量的直向同源IL-2注射到接受者中并允许其与T细胞在其天然环境中在例如淋巴结等中接触。在其它实施方案中,接触在体外进行。
从受试者收集的T细胞可通过富集所需细胞的技术从细胞混合物中分离。适当的溶液可用于分散或悬浮。此种溶液将通常为方便地用胎牛血清或其它天然存在的因子补充、连同低浓度(通常5-25mM)可接受的缓冲液的平衡盐溶液,例如生理盐水、PBS、汉克平衡盐溶液(Hank’s balanced salt solution,)等。合宜的缓冲液包括HEPES、磷酸盐缓冲液、乳酸盐缓冲液等。
用于亲和分离的技术可包括磁性分离、使用抗体包被的磁珠、亲和色谱、与单克隆抗体结合或与单克隆抗体联合使用的细胞毒性剂,例如补体和细胞毒素,以及“淘选”附接至固体基质例如板的抗体,或其它方便的技术。提供精确分离的技术包括荧光激活细胞分类术,其可具有不同程度的复杂性,如多个颜色通道、低角度和钝角光散射检测通道、阻抗通道等。可通过采用与死细胞相关的染料来针对死细胞进行选择细胞。可采用任何不过分损害所选细胞存活力的技术。亲和试剂可为如以上所指示的细胞表面分子的特异性受体或配体。除抗体试剂外,可使用肽-MHC抗原和T细胞受体对;肽配体和受体;效应子和受体分子等。
可以收集分离的细胞于维持细胞存活力的任何适当的通常在收集管的底部具有血清缓冲垫的培养基中。各种培养基可商购获得并且可以根据细胞的性质加以使用,包括dMEM、HBSS、dPBS、RPMI、伊斯科夫培养基(Iscove’s medium)等,经常补充有胎牛血清。
收集的和任选富集的细胞群可立即使用,或者可在液氮温度下冷冻并储存,解冻并且能够重新使用。通常将细胞储存在10%DMSO、50%FCS、40%RPMI 1640培养基中。
可将经工程化的T细胞在任何生理上可接受的培养基中(通常血管内)输注到受试者,但是它们也可引入到任何其它方便的部位,其中所述细胞可找到适当的生长部位。通常,至少1x106个细胞/kg、至少1x107细胞/kg、至少1x108个细胞/kg、至少1x109个细胞/kg、至少1x1010个细胞/kg或更多,通常受到收集期间获得的T细胞数目限制。
表达构建体:在本发明的方法中,直向同源蛋白质,特别是直向同源细胞因子可通过重组方法产生。可将直向同源受体在表达载体上引入待工程化的细胞中。编码直向同源蛋白质的DNA可从工程过程期间设计的各种来源获得。
如本文所述,通过将适当的核苷酸变化引入编码序列中来制备氨基酸序列变体。此类变体代表如所指出的残基的插入、取代和/或指定的缺失。可进行插入、取代和/或指定插入的任何组合以得到最终构建体,前提条件是最终构建体具有如文本所定义的所需生物活性。
将编码直向同源蛋白质的核酸插入可复制载体中以进行表达。许多此类载体是可用的。载体组分通常包括但不限于以下一种或多种:复制起点、一种或多种标记基因、增强子元件、启动子和转录终止序列。载体包括病毒载体、质粒载体、整合载体等。
直向同源蛋白可不仅直接重组产生,而且也产生为与异源多肽的融合多肽,所述异源多肽是例如信号序列或在成熟蛋白质或多肽的N端上具有特定裂解位点的其它多肽。一般来说,信号序列可为载体的组分,或其可为插入载体中的编码序列的一部分。优选选择的异源信号序列是被宿主细胞识别并加工(即被信号肽酶切割)的序列。在哺乳动物细胞表达中,可使用天然信号序列,或其它哺乳动物信号序列可能为合适的,诸如来自相同或相关物种的分泌多肽的信号序列,以及病毒分泌性前导序列,例如单纯疱疹gD信号。
表达载体通常含有选择基因,还称为可选择标记。这种基因编码在选择性培养基中生长的转化的宿主细胞的存活或生长所必需的蛋白质。未用含有选择基因的载体转化的宿主细胞在培养基中将不会存活。典型选择基因编码以下蛋白质:(a)赋予对抗生素或其它毒素(例如氨苄青霉素、新霉素、甲氨蝶呤或四环素)的抗性,(b)弥补营养缺陷型缺陷,或(c)供应不可自复合培养基获得的关键养分。
表达载体将含有被宿主生物体识别并且可操作地连接至直向同源蛋白编码序列的启动子。启动子是位于结构基因起始密码子上游(5')(通常在约100至1000bp内)的非翻译序列,其控制它们所可操作地连接的特定核酸序列的转录和翻译。此类启动子通常分为两类,诱导型和组成型。诱导型启动子可响应于培养条件的某一变化(例如存在或不存在某一营养物或温度变化)来引发在它们的控制下自DNA的转录程度增加。许多由多种潜在宿主细胞识别的启动子是熟知的。
从哺乳动物宿主细胞中载体的转录可例如通过以下启动子来控制:获自病毒诸如多瘤病毒、禽痘病毒、腺病毒(诸如腺病毒2)、牛乳头瘤病毒、禽肉瘤病毒、巨细胞病毒、逆转录病毒(诸如鼠干细胞病毒)、乙型肝炎病毒以及最优选猿猴病毒40(SV40)的基因组,获自异源哺乳动物启动子,例如肌动蛋白启动子、PGK(磷酸甘油酸激酶)或免疫球蛋白启动子,获自热休克启动子,前提条件是此类启动子与宿主细胞系统相容。SV40病毒的早期和晚期启动子可方便地作为还含有SV40病毒复制起点的SV40限制片段来获得。
高等真核生物的转录通常通过将增强子序列插入载体中来增加。增强子是DNA的顺式作用元件,通常约10至300bp,其作用于启动子以提高其转录。增强子相对不依赖于定向和位置,已在转录单元的5'和3'、在内含子内以及在编码序列自身内发现。现在已知许多增强子序列来自哺乳动物基因(球蛋白、弹性蛋白酶、白蛋白、α-胎蛋白和胰岛素)。然而,通常将使用来自真核细胞病毒的增强子。实例包括复制起点的后侧上的SV40增强子、巨细胞病毒早期启动子增强子、复制起点的后侧上的多瘤增强子和腺病毒增强子。可剪接增强子至表达载体中编码序列的5'或3'位置处,但优选位于启动子的5'位点处。
用于真核宿主细胞中的表达载体还将含有终止转录和稳定mRNA所必需的序列。此类序列通常可从真核或病毒DNA或cDNA的5’和偶尔3'非翻译区中获得。含有一种或多种以上所列组分的适合载体的构建采用标准技术。
用于在本文的载体中克隆或表达DNA的适当的寄主细胞是上述原核生物、酵母或高等真核生物细胞。有用的哺乳动物宿主细胞系的实例为小鼠L细胞(L-M[TK-],ATCC#CRL-2648)、由SV40转化的猴肾CV1系(COS-7,ATCC CRL 1651);人胚肾系(293或被亚克隆以在悬浮培养物中生长的293细胞;幼仓鼠肾细胞(BHK,ATCC CCL10);中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/-DHFR(CHO);小鼠塞尔托利细胞(sertoli cell)(TM4);猴肾细胞(CV1ATCC CCL 70);非洲绿猴肾细胞(VERO-76,ATCC CRL-1 587);人宫颈癌细胞(HELA,ATCC CCL 2);犬肾细胞(MDCK,ATCCCCL 34);水牛大鼠肝细胞(BRL 3A,ATCC CRL 1442);人肺细胞(W138,ATCC CCL 75);人肝细胞(Hep G2,HB 8065);小鼠乳腺肿瘤(MMT 060562,ATCC CCL51);TRI细胞;MRC 5细胞;FS4细胞;以及人肝癌系(Hep G2)。
可用上述用于直向同源IL-2或IL-2R表达的表达载体转染宿主细胞(包括工程化的T细胞)。可在常规营养培养基中培养细胞,所述营养培养基被改良为适合于诱导启动子、选择转化体或扩增编码所需序列的基因。可在各种培养基中培养哺乳动物宿主细胞。如Ham's F10(Sigma)、最低必需培养基(Minimal Essential Medium)((MEM),Sigma)、RPMI1640(Sigma)和杜尔贝科氏改良依格尔氏培养基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)((DMEM),Sigma)的可商购获得的培养基适用于培养宿主细胞。必要时,这些培养基中的任一种都可补充有激素和/或其它生长因子(如胰岛素、转铁蛋白或表皮生长因子)、盐(如氯化钠、钙、镁、和磷酸盐)、缓冲剂(如HEPES)、核苷(如腺苷和胸苷)、抗生素、微量元素以及葡萄糖或等效能量来源。还可包括本领域技术人员所已知的适当浓度的任何其它必需补充剂。如温度、pH等的培养条件是先前与选择用于表达的宿主细胞一起使用的那些条件,且将为普通熟练技术人员显而易知。
核酸当放置成与另一核酸序列呈功能性关系时是“可操作地连接”的。例如,如果信号序列的DNA表达为参与多肽分泌的前蛋白,那么其可操作地连接至多肽的DNA;如果启动子或增强子影响序列的转录,那么其可操作地连接至编码序列;或如果核糖体结合位点被定位以便于翻译,那么其可操作地连接至编码序列。一般来说,“可操作地连接”意指所连接的DNA序列是连续的,并且在分泌性前导序列的情况下,是连续的并且处于阅读框中。然而,增强子不必是连续的。
重组产生的直向同源细胞因子可作为分泌性多肽从培养基中回收,但是其还可从宿主细胞裂解物中回收。蛋白酶抑制剂例如苯甲基磺酰氯(PMSF)还可用于抑制纯化过程中的蛋白水解性降解,并且可以包括抗生素以防止偶发污染物的生长。各种纯化步骤在本领域中是已知的并且可用于例如亲和色谱。亲和色谱利用通常存在于生物大分子中的高度特异性结合位点,根据其结合特定配体的能力分离分子。共价键以明显将配体呈递给蛋白质样品的方式将配体附接至不溶性多孔载体介质,由此使用一种分子种类的天然生物特异性结合来将第二种类从混合物中分离并纯化。抗体通常用于亲和色谱。还可使用尺寸选择步骤,例如凝胶过滤色谱(也称为尺寸排阻色谱法或分子筛色谱)用于根据其大小分离蛋白质。在凝胶过滤中,使蛋白质溶液穿过装有半透性多孔树脂的柱。半透性树脂的一系列孔径决定了可与柱分离的蛋白质的大小。另外感兴趣的是阳离子交换色谱。
最终直向同源细胞因子组合物可使用本领域已知的方法来浓缩、过滤、透析等。对于治疗性应用,可将细胞因子施用给包含适当的工程化直向同源受体的哺乳动物。施用可为静脉内的,作为团注或通过一段时间的连续输注来进行。替代的施用途径包括肌内、腹膜内、脑脊髓内、皮下、关节内、滑膜内、鞘内、口服、局部或吸入途径。直向同源细胞因子还适合通过瘤内、瘤周、病灶内或周围途径来施用或施用至淋巴,以发挥局部以及全身治疗效果。
此类剂型涵盖固有无毒和非治疗性的生理上可接受的载剂。此类载剂的实例包括离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、血清蛋白(如人血清白蛋白)、缓冲物质(如磷酸盐、甘氨酸、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐或电解质(如硫酸鱼精蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐、胶体二氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)、基于纤维素的物质和PEG。用于局部或基于凝胶形式的多肽的载剂包括多糖诸如羧甲基纤维素钠或甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯嵌段聚合物、PEG和木蜡醇。对于所有施用,适当使用传统的贮库形式。此类形式包括例如微胶囊、纳米胶囊、脂质体、膏药、吸入形式、鼻喷剂、舌下片剂和持续释放制剂。多肽通常将以约0.1μg/ml至100μg/ml的浓度配制在此类媒介物中。
在本公开的直向同源物IL-2多肽“基本上纯”的情况下,它们可为至少约60重量%(干重)的目标多肽,例如含有直向同源物IL-2氨基酸序列的多肽。例如,多肽可为至少约75重量%、约80重量%、约85重量%、约90重量%、约95重量%或约99重量%的目标多肽。可通过任何适当的标准方法例如柱色谱、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳或HPLC分析来测量纯度。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供了含有用于治疗以上所述的病状的材料的制品。所述制品包括容器和标签。适合容器包括例如瓶、小瓶、注射器和试管。容器可由多种材料诸如玻璃或塑料形成。容器容纳对治疗病状有效的组合物并且可具有无菌入口(sterileaccess port)(例如,容器可为具有可经皮下注射用注射针刺破的塞子的静脉输液袋或小瓶)。组合物中的活性剂为直向同源细胞因子。容器上或与容器相关的标签指示组合物用于治疗所选的病状。另外的一种或多种容器可与制品一起提供,所述制品可容纳例如药学上可接受的缓冲液诸如磷酸盐缓冲盐水、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)或右旋糖溶液。制品还可包括从商业和用户角度期望的其它材料,包括其它缓冲液、稀释剂、过滤器、针头、注射器以及带有使用说明书的包装插页。
如本文所用的关于多肽或DNA序列的术语“同一性”是指两个分子之间的亚基序列同一性。当两个分子中的亚基位置被相同的单体亚基(例如,相同的氨基酸残基或核苷酸)占据时,则所述分子在此位置处是相同的。两条氨基酸或两条核苷酸序列之间的相似性为相同位置数目的直接函数。通常,序列为对齐的,以便获得最高阶匹配。如果需要,可使用公开的技术和广泛可用的计算机程序来计算同一性,诸如GCS程序包(Devereux等人,NucleicAcids Res.12:387,1984)、BLASTP、BLASTN、FASTA(Atschul等人,J.Molecular Biol.215:403,1990)。序列同一性可使用序列分析软件诸如威斯康星大学生物技术中心(Universityof Wisconsin Biotechnology Center,1710University Avenue,Madison,Wis.53705)的遗传计算机组的序列分析软件包(Sequence Analysis Software Package of theGenetics Computer Group)以其默认参数来测量。
术语“多肽”、“蛋白质”或“肽”是指任何氨基酸残基链,不论其长度或翻译后修饰(例如糖基化或磷酸化)如何。
本文中的“蛋白质变体”或“变体蛋白质”或“变体多肽”意指与野生型蛋白质的不同之处在于至少一个氨基酸修饰的蛋白质。亲本多肽可为天然存在的或野生型(WT)多肽,或者可为WT多肽的修饰形式。变体多肽可指多肽本身、包含多肽的组合物或编码所述多肽的氨基酸序列。优选地,与亲本相比,变体多肽具有至少一个氨基酸修饰,例如与亲本相比为约1至约10个氨基酸修饰并且优选为约1至约5个氨基酸修饰。
如本文所用的“亲本多肽”、“亲本蛋白质”、“前体多肽”、或“前体蛋白质”意指随后待修饰来产生变体的未被修饰的多肽。亲本多肽可为野生型(或天然)多肽,或野生型多肽的变体或工程化形式。亲本多肽可指多肽本身、包含亲本多肽的组合物、或编码其的氨基酸序列。
本文的“野生型”或“WT”或“初始”意指自然界中存在的氨基酸序列或核苷酸序列,包括等位变异。WT蛋白质、多肽、抗体、免疫球蛋白、IgG等具有未被有意修饰的氨基酸序列或核苷酸序列。
术语“接受者”、“个体”、“受试者”、“宿主”和“患者”在本文中可互换使用并且是指希望诊断、治疗或疗法的任何哺乳动物受试者,特别是人。“哺乳动物”出于治疗目的是指分类为哺乳动物的任何动物,包括人类、家禽和农场动物,以及动物园动物、运动项目用动物或宠物如狗、马、猫、牛、绵羊、山羊、猪等。优选地,哺乳动物为人。
如本文所用,“治疗有效量”是指足以治疗或管理疾病或病症的治疗剂(例如过继性T细胞和正交细胞因子组合)的量。治疗有效量可指治疗剂的量可指足以延迟或最小化疾病发作,例如延迟或最小化癌症扩散的治疗剂的量,或用于减少或增加目标受体的信号传导的量。治疗有效量还可指在治疗或管理疾病中提供治疗益处的治疗剂的量。此外,关于本发明的治疗剂的治疗有效量意指单独或与其它疗法组合的治疗剂的量,其在治疗或管理疾病中提供治疗益处。
本文所用术语“预防(prevent)”、“预防(preventing)”和“预防(prevention)”是指由于施用预防剂或治疗剂而预防受试者中病症的一种或多种症状的复发或发作。
如本文所用,术语“组合”是指使用多于一种预防剂和/或治疗剂。术语“组合”的使用不限制向患有病症的受试者施用预防剂和/或治疗剂的顺序。第一预防剂或治疗剂可在向患有病症的受试者施用第二预防剂或治疗剂之前(例如,之前5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周),同时,或之后(例如,之后5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周)施用。
如本文所用,术语“癌症”(或“癌性”)、“高度增殖”和“肿瘤性”是指具有自发生长能力(例如,有快速增殖性细胞生长表征的异常状态或症状)的细胞。高度增殖和肿瘤性疾病状态可被归类为病理学的(即,表征或构成疾病状态),或者其可被归类为非病理学的(例如,偏离正常的但不与疾病状态相关)。这些术语意指包括所有类型的癌性生长或致癌过程、转移性组织或恶性转化的细胞、组织或器官,不管组织病理学类型或侵袭阶段如何。“病理学高度增殖的”细胞发生在特征在于恶性肿瘤生长的疾病状态中。非病理学高度增殖的细胞的实例包括与伤口修复相关联的细胞增殖。术语“癌症”或“赘生物”用于指各种器官系统的恶性肿瘤,包括影响肺、乳腺、甲状腺、淋巴腺和淋巴组织、胃肠器官和泌尿生殖道的那些恶性肿瘤,以及腺癌,所述腺癌通常被认为包括恶性肿瘤,诸如大多数结肠癌、肾细胞癌、前列腺癌和/或睾丸肿瘤、非小细胞肺癌、小肠癌和食道癌。
术语“癌”是本领公认的并且是指上皮或内分泌组织的恶性肿瘤,包括呼吸系统癌、胃肠系统癌、生殖泌尿系统癌、睾丸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、内分泌系统癌和黑素瘤。“腺癌”是指来源于腺组织的癌或其中肿瘤细胞形成可辨认的腺结构的癌。
肿瘤细胞的实例包括但不限于AML、ALL、CML、肾上腺皮质癌、肛门癌、再生障碍性贫血、胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、骨转移、脑癌、中枢神经系统(CNS)癌、周围神经系统(PNS)癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、儿童期非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(childhood Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma)、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、食道癌、尤因氏肿瘤家族(Ewing's family of tumor)(例如尤因氏肉瘤(Ewing's sarcoma))、眼癌、胆囊癌、胃肠类癌瘤、胃肠道间质瘤、妊娠滋养细胞病、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、肾癌、喉癌和下咽癌、肝癌、肺癌、肺类癌瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、男性乳腺癌、恶性间皮瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓增生性病症、鼻腔癌及鼻窦癌、鼻咽癌、神经母细胞瘤、口腔癌及口咽癌、骨肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、阴茎癌、垂体瘤、前列腺癌、成视网膜细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、唾液腺癌、肉瘤、黑色素瘤皮肤癌、非黑色素瘤皮肤癌、胃癌、睾丸癌、胸腺癌、甲状腺癌、子宫癌(例如子宫肉瘤)、移行细胞癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、间皮瘤、鳞状细胞或表皮样癌、支气管腺瘤、绒毛膜癌、头颈癌、畸胎瘤或瓦尔登斯特伦氏巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia)。非癌细胞相比癌细胞展现出增加的CD47表达的任何癌症为通过主题方法和组合物治疗的适合的癌症。
在其它实施方案中,本发明的方法用于治疗感染。如本文所用,术语“感染”是指生物体(即受试者)的至少一个细胞中的任何状态被感染因子感染(例如,受试者具有细胞内病原体感染,例如慢性细胞内病原体感染)。如本文所用,术语“感染因子”是指诱导感染生物体的至少一个细胞中CD47表达增加的外来生物实体(即病原体)。例如,感染因子包括但不限于细菌、病毒、原生动物和真菌。细胞内病原体为特别感兴趣的。感染性疾病为由感染因子引起的病症。一些感染因子在某些条件下不会导致可识别的症状或疾病,但有可能在变化的条件下导致症状或疾病。主题方法可用于治疗慢性病原体感染,例如包括但不限于病毒感染,例如逆转录病毒、慢病毒、嗜肝DNA病毒、疱疹病毒、痘病毒、人乳头瘤病毒等;细胞内细菌感染,例如分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、嗜衣原体属(Chlamydophila)、埃立克体属(Ehrlichia)、立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)、布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)、军团菌属(Legionella)、弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)、李斯特菌属(Listeria)、柯克斯氏体属(Coxiella)、奈瑟氏菌属(Neisseria)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)、耶尔森菌属某种(Yersinia sp)、幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)等;以及细胞内原生动物病原体,例如疟原虫属某种(Plasmodium sp)、锥虫属某种(Trypanosoma sp.)、贾第鞭毛虫属某种(Giardia sp.)、弓形虫属某种(Toxoplasma sp.)、利什曼原虫属某种(Leishmania sp.)等。
在另一些实施方案中,调控性T细胞被工程化以治疗自身免疫疾病。炎性疾病以及与炎症相关的疾病谱较宽,并且包括自身免疫疾病,诸如类风湿性关节炎(RA)、全身性红斑狼疮(SLE)、多发性硬化(MS)和自身免疫肝炎;胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、退行性疾病诸如骨关节炎(OA)、阿尔茨海默氏病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和黄斑变性。
许多(若非大多数)自身免疫和炎性疾病涉及多种类型的T细胞,例如TH1、TH2、TH17等。自身免疫疾病的特征在于异常靶向自身蛋白质、自身多肽、自身肽和/或其它自身分子的T和B淋巴细胞,导致体内器官、组织或细胞类型(例如,胰腺、脑、甲状腺或胃肠道)的损伤和/或机能失常,从而导致疾病的临床表现。自身免疫疾病包括影响特定组织的疾病以及可影响多种组织的疾病,这可能部分取决于应答是涉及局限于特定组织的抗原还是涉及广泛分布于体内的抗原。
组合物和方法
提供了工程化的正交细胞因子受体/配体对及其使用方法。工程化(正交)细胞因子特异性结合至对应的工程化(正交)受体。结合后,正交受体活化通过天然细胞元件转导的信号传导,以提供模拟此天然应答的生物活性,但是所述生物活性对表达正交受体的工程化的细胞是特异性的。正交受体不结合至内源对应细胞因子,包括正交细胞因子的天然对应物,而正交细胞因子不结合至任何内源受体,包括正交受体的天然对应物。在一些实施方案中,正交细胞因子对正交受体的亲和力与天然细胞因子对天然受体的亲和力相当。
正交细胞因子和受体对可选自任何目的细胞因子。用于工程化正交细胞因子受体对的方法可包括以下步骤:(a)将氨基酸变化工程化到天然受体中以破坏与天然细胞因子的结合;(b)在用于受体结合的接触残基处将氨基酸变化工程化到所述天然细胞因子中,(c)选择结合至直向同源受体的细胞因子直向同源物;(d)舍弃结合至天然受体的直向同源物细胞因子,或(e)选择结合直向同源物细胞因子的受体直向同源物;(f)舍弃结合至天然细胞因子的直向同源物受体。在优选的实施方案中,细胞因子/受体复合物结构的知识用于选择用于定点或易错诱变的氨基酸位置。便利地,酵母展示系统可用于选择过程,但是其它展示和选择方法也是有用的。
在一些情况下,氨基酸变化通过亲和力成熟来获得。“亲和力成熟的”多肽是在一个或多个残基中具有一个或多个改变的多肽,其与不具有那些改变的亲本多肽相比导致直向同源多肽对同源直向同源受体的亲和力改善或反之亦然。与“亲本”多肽相比,可进行亲和力成熟以使结合亲和力增加至少约10%至50-100-150%或更多,或1至5倍。
本发明的工程化的直向同源细胞因子特异性结合至直向同源受体中的一个或多个残基或区域,但也不与野生型受体交叉反应。通常,没有交叉反应性意指当在适合的测定条件下使用足够量的分子通过ELISA和/或FACS分子评估时,分子之间存在小于约5%的相对竞争性抑制作用。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,正交受体为IL-2受体的链,即选自以下的多肽:白介素2受体α(IL-2Rα;CD25)、白介素2受体β(IL-2Rβ;CD122)和白介素2受体γ(IL-2Rγ;CD132;普通γ链)。在一些具体实施方案中,正交受体为CD132,其参与来自IL-2、IL-4、IL-7和IL-15的信号传导。在其它具体实施方案中,正交受体为CD122,其参与来自IL-2和IL-15的信号传导。正交受体通常与对应的正交细胞因子(例如,IL-2、IL-4、IL-7、IL-15等)配对。
在一些具体的实施方案中,正交受体为CD122。在一些此类实施方案中,将正交受体引入到也可表达CD25和/或CD132的T细胞或NK细胞中。提供了修饰的CD122蛋白的核酸编码序列和蛋白质组合物。在本发明中,CD122经工程化以在参与结合至天然IL-2的位置处通过用非天然氨基酸取代天然序列的氨基酸或通过缺失天然氨基酸,来破坏天然细胞因子的结合。在一些实施方案中,将氨基酸用非保守性变化取代。用于取代或缺失的目标位置包括但不限于人CD122(hCD122)R41、R42、Q70、K71、T73、T74、V75、S132、H133、Y134、F135、E136、Q214。用于取代或缺失的目标位置包括但不限于小鼠CD122(mCD122)R42、F67、Q71、S72、T74、S75、V76、S133、H134、Y135、I136、E137、R215。
在一些实施方案中,将CD122在选自小鼠蛋白质中的Q71、T74、H134、Y135;或人蛋白质中的Q70、T73、H133、Y134的位置中的一个或组合处被取代。在一些实施方案中,工程化的蛋白包含mCD122H134和Y135;或hCD122H133和Y134处的氨基酸取代。在一些实施方案中,氨基酸取代为酸性氨基酸,例如天冬氨酸和/或谷氨酸。具体氨基酸取代包括但不限于mCD122取代Q71Y;T74D;T74Y;H134D、H134E;H134K;Y135F;Y135E;Y135R;以及hCD122变化Q70Y;T73D;T73Y;H133D、H133E;H133K;Y134F;Y134E;Y134R。直向同源细胞因子的选择可随着直向同源受体的选择而变化。
在一些实施方案中,在直向同源受体为CD122时,直向同源细胞因子为IL-2或IL-15。可例如通过酵母展示进化、易错或靶向诱变等选择细胞因子的结合至直向同源受体。代表性的所选直向同源序列组示于图6中。
在一些实施方案中,正交细胞因子为IL-2。在一些实施方案中,以下氨基酸残基中的一个或多个被不同于天然蛋白质的氨基酸取代,或在此位置处缺失:对于小鼠IL-2(mIL-2),为H27、L28、E29、Q30、M33、D34、Q36、E37、R41、N103中的任一个;对于人IL-2(hIL-2),为Q13、L14、E15、H16、L19、D20、Q22、M23、G27、N88中的任一个。在一些此类实施方案中,氨基酸取代组选自以下中的一个或多个:(对于mIL-2)E29、Q30、M33、D34、Q36和E37;以及对于hIL-2,E15、H16、L19、D20、Q22、M23。
在一些实施方案中,氨基酸取代对于mIL-2为以下中的一个或多个:[H27W]、[L28M、L28W]、[E29D、E29T、E29A]、[Q30N]、[M33V、M33I、M33A]、[D34L、D34M]、[Q36S、Q36T、Q36E、Q36K、Q36E]、[E37A、E37W、E37H、E37Y、E37F、E37A、E37Y]、[R41K、R41S]、[N103E,N103Q];并且对于hIL-2为以下中的一个或多个:[Q13W]、[L14M、L14W]、[E15D、E15T、E15A]、[H16N]、[L19V、L19I、L19A]、[D20L、D20M]、[Q22S、Q22T、Q22E、Q22K、Q22E]、[M23A、M23W、M23H、M23Y、M23F、M23A、M23Y]、[G27K、G27S]、[N88E、N88Q]。在一些实施方案中,氨基酸取代组包括以下取代组中的一个或多个:(对于mIL-2),[Q30N、M33V、D34N、Q36T、E37H、R41K];[E29D、Q30N、M33V、D34L、Q36T、E37H];[E29D、Q30N、M33V、D34L、Q36T、E37A]和[E29D、Q30N、M33V、D34L、Q36K、E37A],以及(对于hIL-2):[H16N、L19V、D20N、Q22T、M23H、G27K];[E15D、H16N、L19V、D20L、Q22T、M23H];[E15D、H16N、L19V、D20L、Q22T、M23A]和[E15D、H16N、L19V、D20L、Q22K、M23A];或其保守变体。
在一些实施方案中,氨基酸取代对于hIL-2为以下中的一个或多个:[E15S、E15T、E15Q、E15H];[H16Q];[L19V、L19I];[D20T、D20S、D20M、D20L];[Q22K、Q22N];[M23L、M23S、M23V、M23T]。在一些实施方案中,共有的突变组对于hIL-2为[E15S、H16Q、L19V、D20T/S/M;Q22K;M23L/S]。在一些实施方案中,氨基酸取代组包含以下取代组(对于hIL-2)中的一个:[E15S;H16Q;L19V,D20T/S;Q22K,M23L/S];[E15S;H16Q;L19I;D20S;Q22K;M23L];[E15S;L19V;D20M;Q22K;M23S];[E15T;H16Q;L19V;D20S;M23S];[E15Q;L19V;D20M;Q22K;M23S];[E15Q;H16Q;L19V;D20T;Q22K;M23V];[E15H;H16Q;L19I;D20S;Q22K;M23L];[E15H;H16Q;L19I;D20L;Q22K;M23T];[L19V;D20M;Q22N;M23S]。
治疗方法
提供了用于通过工程化来自接受者或供体的细胞通过引入本发明的直向同源受体来增强细胞应答,以及通过使工程化细胞与同源直向同源细胞因子接触来刺激直向同源受体的方法。主题方法包括获得靶细胞(例如T细胞、造血干细胞等)的步骤,其可分离自生物样品或可在体外来源于祖细胞来源。用包含编码直向同源受体的序列的表达载体转导或转染细胞,所述步骤可在任何合适的培养基中进行。
在一些实施方案中,提供了工程化的细胞,其中细胞已经通过引入本发明的直向同源受体来修饰。任何细胞均可用于此目的。在一些实施方案中,所述细胞为T细胞,包括但不限于初始CD8+T细胞、细胞毒性CD8+T细胞、初始CD4+T细胞、辅助T细胞例如TH1、TH2、TH9、TH11、TH22、TFH;调控性T细胞例如TR1、天然TReg、诱导型TReg;记忆T细胞例如中央记忆T细胞、效应记忆T细胞、NKT细胞、γδT细胞等。在其它实施方案中,工程化细胞为干细胞,例如造血干细胞或NK细胞。在一些实施方案中,在转移到受试者中之前,将细胞在离体程序中遗传修饰。工程化的细胞可以用于疗法的单位剂量来提供,并且相对于预期的接受者可为同种异体的、自体的等。
在一些实施方案中,提供了包含编码正交受体的编码序列的载体,其中编码序列可操作地连接至在所需细胞中有活性的启动子。各种载体为本领域中已知的并可用于此目的,例如病毒载体、质粒载体、微环载体,所述载体可整合到靶细胞基因组中或可以游离基因方式维持。编码受体的载体可在试剂盒中提供,与编码结合至并活化受体的直向同源细胞因子的载体组合。在一些实施方案中,直向同源细胞因子的编码序列可操作地连接至高表达启动子,并且可被优化针以进行生产。在其它实施方案中,提供了试剂盒,在所述试剂盒中编码直向同源受体的载体与直向同源细胞因子的纯化组合物一起,例如以包装用于向患者施用的单位剂量来提供。
在一些实施方案中,提供了治疗方法,所述方法包括将工程化的细胞群引入到有需要的接受者中,其中所述细胞群已经通过引入编码本发明的直向同源受体的序列来修饰。细胞群可被离体工程化,并且通常相对于接受者为自体同源的或同种异体的。在一些实施方案中,在施用工程化细胞后,使引入的细胞群在体内与同源直向同源细胞因子接触。本发明的优势为在直向同源细胞因子与天然受体之间缺乏交叉反应性。
当使细胞在体外与直向同源细胞因子接触时,将细胞因子以一定剂量加入到工程化细胞中并持续足以活化来自受体的信号传导的一段时间,所述受体可利用天然细胞机制,例如辅助蛋白、共受体等。可使用任何合适的培养基。如此活化的细胞可用于任何所需目的,包括与确定抗原特异性、细胞因子谱分析等相关的实验目的,并且用于体内递送。
在体内进行接触时,将有效剂量的工程化细胞与直向同源细胞因子组合或在施用直向同源细胞因子之前输注到接受者。剂量和频率可根据药剂;施用方式;细胞因子性质等而变化。本领域技术人员将理解,此类指导方针将针对各种情况进行调整。对于局部施用(例如鼻内、吸入等)或对于全身施用(例如i.m.、i.p.、i.v.等),剂量也可变化。通常施用至少约104个工程化细胞/kg、至少约105个工程化细胞/kg;至少约106个工程化细胞/kg,至少约107个工程化细胞/kg或更多。
在工程化细胞为T细胞时,增强的免疫应答可能表现为T细胞对接受者中存在的靶细胞(例如对消除肿瘤细胞、感染细胞)的细胞溶解应答增加;自身免疫疾病症状减少;等。
细胞组合物。工程化T细胞可以适于治疗用途(例如人治疗)的药物组合物提供。包含此类细胞的治疗性制剂可经冷冻或制备用于与生理学上可接受的载剂、赋形剂或稳定剂(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences第16版,Osol,A.编辑(1980))一起以水溶液的形式施用。细胞将以符合良好的医学实践的方式配制、给药及施用。在此情形下的考虑因素包括所治疗的特定病症、所治疗的特定哺乳动物、各个患者的临床病状、病症的病因、药剂递送部位、施用方法、施用排程和医学从业者已知的其它因素。
细胞可通过任何合适的手段(通常为肠胃外)施用。胃肠外输注包括肌肉内、静脉内(团注或缓慢滴注)、动脉内、腹膜内、鞘内或皮下施用。
优选形式取决于意图施用方式和治疗应用。所述组合物还可根据所要制剂而包括药学可接受的无毒载剂或稀释剂,它们定义为通常用于配制用于动物或人类施用的药物组合物的媒介物。选择该稀释剂以免影响组合的生物活性。所述稀释剂的实例是蒸馏水、生理磷酸盐缓冲盐水、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)、右旋糖溶液和汉克氏溶液(Hank'ssolution)。此外,药物组合物或制剂也可包含其它载剂、佐剂或无毒非治疗性非免疫原性稳定剂等。
在另一些其它实施方案中,药物组合物还可包含大型缓慢代谢的大分子,诸如蛋白质、多糖(诸如壳聚糖)、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸和共聚物(诸如乳胶官能化SepharoseTM、琼脂糖、纤维素等)、聚合氨基酸、氨基酸共聚物和脂质聚集体(诸如油滴或脂质体)。
可接受的载剂、赋形剂或稳定剂在所采用的剂量和浓度下对接受者无毒性,并且包括缓冲剂,诸如磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐和其它有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸和甲硫氨酸;防腐剂(诸如十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、氯化六甲双铵(hexamethonium chloride)、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵;苯酚、丁醇或苄醇;对羟苯甲酸烷酯,诸如对羟苯甲酸甲酯或丙酯;儿茶酚;间苯二酚;环己醇;3-戊醇和间-甲酚);低分子量(小于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白质,诸如血清白蛋白、凝胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水性聚合物,诸如聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮;氨基酸,诸如甘氨酸、谷酰氨酸、天冬酰胺、组氨酸、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、双糖以及其它碳水化合物,包括葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂,诸如EDTA;糖,诸如蔗糖、甘露糖醇、海藻糖或山梨糖醇;成盐反离子,诸如钠;金属络合物(例如,Zn-蛋白质络合物);和/或非离子表面活性剂,诸如TWEENTM、PLURONICSTM或聚乙二醇(PEG)。待用于体内施用的制剂必须为无菌的。这易于通过无菌过滤膜过滤来实现。
通常,组合物被制备成呈液体溶液或混悬液形式的可注射物;也可制备适于在注射之前溶解或混悬于液体媒介物中的固体形式。如上所述,所述制剂还可乳化或包封在脂质体或微粒诸如聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯或共聚物中以增强佐剂效果。Langer,Science 249:1527,1990以及Hanes,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 28:97-119,1997。本发明药剂可以可允许活性成分持续或脉动释放的方式配制的贮库注射液或植入制剂形式施用。药物组合物通常配制呈无菌、基本上等渗并且完全遵循美国食品药品管理局的所有良好生产规范(GMP)条例(Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP)regulations of the U.S.Food andDrug Administration)。
试剂盒
还提供用于所述方法的试剂盒。主题试剂盒包括编码直向同源细胞因子受体的表达载体或包含表达载体的细胞。试剂盒还可包含同源直向同源细胞因子。在一些实施方案中,所述组分以液体或固体形式的剂型(例如治疗有效剂型)以任何便利包装(例如棒包装、剂量包装等)来提供。还可提供用于细胞的选择或体外衍生的试剂,例如生长因子、分化剂、组织培养试剂等。
除了上述组分之外,主题试剂盒还可包括(在某些实施方案中)用于实践主题方法的说明书。这些说明书可以各种形式存在于主题试剂盒中,所述形式中的一种或多种可存在于所述试剂盒中。这些说明书可存在的一种形式如在合适的介质或基片(例如,在其上打印信息的一张纸或多张纸)上打印的信息、在试剂盒的包装中、在包装插页中等。这些说明书的又一种形式为在其上记录信息的计算机可读介质,例如软盘、光盘(CD)、闪存驱动器等。可能存在的这些说明书的又一种形式为网站地址,其可通过互联网使用来访问被移除的站点的信息。
在一些实施方案中,主题组合物、方法和试剂盒用于增强T细胞介导的免疫应答。在一些实施方案中,免疫应答涉及期望缺失或调控靶细胞(例如癌细胞、感染细胞、参与自身免疫疾病的免疫细胞等)的病况。
在一些实施方案中,所述病状为慢性感染,即未由宿主免疫系统在多至1周、2周等期间内清除的感染。在一些情况下,慢性感染涉及将病原体遗传元件整合到宿主基因组中,例如逆转录病毒、慢病毒、乙型肝炎病毒等。在其它情况下,慢性感染例如某些细胞内细菌或原生动物病原体由存在于宿主细胞内的病原体细胞产生。另外,在一些实施方案中,感染处于潜伏期,正如疱疹病毒或人乳头瘤病毒一样。
目标病毒病原体包括但不限于逆转录病毒和慢病毒病原体,例如HIV-1;HIV-2、HTLV、FIV、SIV等。乙型肝炎病毒等。目标微生物包括但不限于以下,包括:耶尔森菌属某种(Yersinia sp.)例如鼠疫耶尔森菌(Y.pestis)、假结核耶尔森菌(Y.pseudotuberculosis)、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Y.enterocolitica);弗朗西斯氏菌属某种(Franciscella sp.);巴斯德菌属某种(Pasturella sp.);弧菌属某种(Vibrio sp.),例如霍乱弧菌(V.cholerae)、副溶血性弧菌(V.parahemolyticus);军团菌属某种(Legionella sp.),例如嗜肺军团菌(L.pneumophila);李斯特菌属某种(Listeria sp.),例如单核细胞增生李斯特菌(L.monocytogenes);支原体属某种(Mycoplasma sp.),例如人支原体(M.hominis)、肺炎支原体(M.pneumoniae);分支杆菌属某种(Mycobacterium sp.),例如结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis)、麻风分枝杆菌(M.leprae);立克次氏体属某种(Rickettsia sp.),例如立氏立克次氏体(R.rickettsii)、伤寒立克次氏体(R.typhi);衣原体属某种(Chlamydia sp.),例如沙眼衣原体(C.trachomatis)、肺炎衣原体(C.pneumoniae)、鹦鹉热衣原体(C.psittaci);螺杆菌属某种(Helicobacter sp.),例如幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)等。还包括细胞内原生动物病原体,例如疟原虫属某种(Plasmodiumsp)、锥虫属某种(Trypanosoma sp.)、贾第鞭毛虫属某种(Giardia sp.)、弓形虫属某种(Toxoplasma sp.)、利什曼原虫属某种(Leishmania sp.)等。
用本发明的方法治疗的感染通常涉及在宿主细胞内具有至少一部分自我生命周期(即细胞内阶段)的病原体。本发明的方法提供了通过宿主生物体的T效应细胞更有效地杀死受感染的细胞,相对于在不存在治疗的情况下的去除,因此涉及病原体生命周期的细胞内阶段。所述方法还可包括监测患者的治疗效果。监测可测量临床感染标记,例如发热、白细胞计数等,并且/或者直接监测病原体的存在。
治疗可与其它活性剂组合。抗生素的种类包括青霉素,例如青霉素G、青霉素V、甲氧西林、苯唑西林、羧苄青霉素、萘夫西林、氨苄西林等;与β-内酰胺酶抑制剂、头孢菌素例如头孢克洛、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、拉氧头孢等组合的青霉素;碳青霉烯类;单酰胺菌素;氨基糖苷类;四环素类;大环内酯类;林可霉素;多粘菌素;磺胺类药物;喹诺酮类药物;氯霉素(cloramphenical);甲硝唑;大观霉素;甲氧苄啶;万古霉素等。还可包括细胞因子,例如干扰素γ、肿瘤坏死因子α、白介素12等。抗病毒剂,例如阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦等也可在治疗中使用。
在一些实施方案中,所述病状为癌症。如本文所用,术语“癌症”是指由异常、不受控制的细胞生长引起的各种病状。称为“癌细胞”的能够引起癌症的细胞具有特征性质(诸如不受控制的增殖、永生性、转移潜能、快速生长和增殖速率)和/或某些典型形态特征。癌症可以多种方式中的任一种来检测,所述方式包括但不限于检测一种或多种肿瘤的存在(例如,通过临床或放射学手段)、检查肿瘤内或来自另一生物样品(例如,来自组织活检)的细胞、测量指示癌症的血液标记,以及检测指示癌症的基因型。然而,一种或多种上述检测方法的阴性结果并不一定指示不存在癌症,例如,如随后的复发所证明对癌症治疗展现出完全应答的患者可能仍然患有癌症。
如本文所用的术语“癌症”包括癌(例如原位癌、侵袭性癌、转移性癌)和恶变前病状,即与其组织学起源无关的新形态变化。术语“癌症”不限于受影响组织或细胞聚集的任何阶段、等级、组织形态学特征、侵袭性、攻击性或恶性肿瘤。特别包括0期癌症、I期癌症、II期癌症、III期癌症、IV期癌症、I级癌症、II级癌症、III级癌症、恶性癌症和原发性癌症。
现在已经充分描述了本发明,将为本领域普通技术人员显而易见,可在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下进行各种变化和修改。
实验
直向同源IL-2和IL-2Rβ
在本文中,我们描述了涉及工程化细胞因子和受体的发明,其能够在离体过继性细胞疗法的环境中选择性扩增所需细胞亚群。针对细胞因子白介素-2(IL-2)及其受体IL-2Rβ链(IL-2Rβ)描述了具体发明,这使得过继性细胞疗法中T细胞的特异性扩增成为可能,因此解决了免疫疗法中未满足的需要。本文描述的方法可推广到其中细胞由特定受体-配体对刺激过继性细胞疗法的任何环境,包括骨髓和干细胞移植以及许多其它形式。
特别描述的为正交IL-2和IL-2Rβ配体-受体对。直向同源形式的IL-2和直向同源形式的IL-2Rβ彼此特异性结合,但是不与其野生型对应物结合。提供了多种正交IL-2变体序列,其对正交IL-2Rβ具有不同程度的亲和力。显示了经工程化以表达正交IL-2Rβ的T细胞的正交IL-2依赖性信号传导和T细胞增殖。
由于IL-2能分别促进效应T细胞和调控性T细胞的扩增,因此IL-2为治疗癌症和自身免疫的有吸引力的生物制品。然而,IL-2的这种多效性质以及脱靶毒性限制了其在临床中的使用。使IL-2的免疫刺激性和免疫抑制性分开的能力可提供优越形式的IL-2免疫疗法。
本文证明了工程化的T细胞表达正交IL-2Rβ的能力。显示这些工程化的T细胞响应正交IL-2,导致下游信号转导分子(例如STAT5)的磷酸化和T细胞增殖。与野生型IL-2活性相比,野生型T细胞上正交IL-2的活性完全消失或显著钝化。因此,证明了使用正交IL-2/IL-2受体对的选择性T细胞扩增。
正交IL-2/IL-2受体对的应用包括但不限于用于癌症疗法的肿瘤反应性细胞毒性T细胞、用于感染性疾病和/或癌症的NK细胞和用于自身免疫病症的调控性T细胞的选择性扩增。
由于破坏但不完全消除与IL-2Rβ的结合的突变而对中间体(IL-2Rβ和IL-2Rγ)或高亲和力野生型IL-2受体(IL-2Rα、Rβ、Rγ)具有钝化亲和力的IL-2变体也可用于例如在治疗自身免疫疾病中选择性靶向直向同源物IL-2至IL-2Rα高细胞的活性。对IL-2Rβ链具有消除的亲和力但保留与IL-2Rα的结合并因此通过抑制高亲和力IL-2R形成而相较于野生型用作IL-2的竞争性拮抗剂的IL-2变体可用于治疗自身免疫或移植物抗宿主病。
产生和利用正交IL-2/IL-2受体对以控制T细胞扩增的总体概念示于图1的示意图中。图2提供了一个工作流程,包括使用结构指导诱变产生缺乏与野生型IL-2结合的IL-2Rβ直向同源物的步骤。经预测破坏IL-2Rβ与野生型IL-2结合的突变使用基于酵母的筛选测定以实验方式证实,并且使用纯化的重组蛋白通过表面等离子体共振来进一步验证。使用这种方法,描述了破坏与野生型IL-2结合的许多IL-2Rβ点突变,并且这些受体变体中的每一个均可用作直向同源受体。单点突变还可与一个、两个或更多个另外点突变组合,以产生较大的IL-2Rβ直向同源物文库。
正交小鼠IL-2Rβ变体的序列示于图3中。只要组合突变破坏野生型IL-2结合,则这些突变可用作单点突变或其任何组合,以产生具有1、2、3或更多个点突变的IL-2Rβ直向同源物。
图4示出了包含消除野生型mIL-2结合的氨基酸变化H134D、Y135F的mIL-2Rβ变体的表征。这两个残基为已知的IL-2相互作用热点(Ring A等人,Nat Immunol(2012)13:1187-95),并且我们证实了突变通过表面等离子体共振(SPR)破坏野生型IL-2结合。
图5示出了用于工程化正交IL-2/IL-2Rβ对的工作流程。产生IL-2的直向同源物文库,其使与IL-2Rβ正交直向同源氨基酸残基接近或接触的残基随机化。使用酵母展示,选择结合直向同源物IL-2Rβ的IL-2变体,舍弃结合野生型IL-2Rβ的克隆。可使用定点或易错诱变来重复此过程,以产生具有与直向同源物但是不与野生型IL-2Rβ的差别结合特性的IL-2变体。使用此方法,我们产生了一个IL-2直向同源物文库,其:1)保留与IL-2Rα链的结合(绿色曲线),指示酵母展示的正交IL-2变体的完整结构完整性,2)结合至正交IL-2Rβ(橙色曲线),但是3)不结合至野生型IL-2Rβ(蓝色曲线)。
表征的正交小鼠IL-2变体的序列示于图6中。小鼠IL-2和IL-2Rβ以及人类对应物的比对示于图15中。这4条序列提供了用于天然或野生型序列的参考。改变以产生正交小鼠IL-2/IL-2Rβ对的氨基酸残基主要在人中保守。因此,正交小鼠IL-2和IL-2Rβ序列可容易地翻译成人IL-2和IL-2Rβ蛋白。
如图7中所示,orthoIL-2变体以类似于或大于野生型IL-2和IL-2Rβ相互作用的亲和力结合orthoIL-2Rβ。使可溶性正交IL-2或野生型IL-2蛋白质流过涂覆有野生型或orthoIL-2Rβ的传感器芯片。通过表面等离子体共振(SPR)确定结合并使用1:1结合模型来拟合曲线。如图8中所示,orthoIL-2变体在野生型CD25阳性和CD25阴性脾细胞上展现出钝化活性(磷酸STAT5)。
orthoIL-2Rβ表达性小鼠CTLL-2T细胞的产生示于图9中。我们用编码全长正交受体的基因通过慢病毒转导产生表达正交IL-2Rβ(orthoCTLL-2)的永生化小鼠T细胞系(CTLL-2)。将转导的细胞用作为未转导细胞的毒素的嘌呤霉素选择,产生表达野生型和正交IL-2Rβ的稳定CTLL-2细胞系。此细胞系对CD25和CD132也是阳性的,因此代表表达高亲和力IL-2受体复合物的T细胞。用于检测细胞表面IL-2Rβ(CD122)的抗体不区分野生型与orthoIL-2Rβ。因此,野生型与orthoIL-2RβCTLL-2细胞之间平均荧光强度的增加表明这些细胞表达正交受体。这通过其对嘌呤霉素的抗性来进一步支持,其由用于表达orthoIL-2Rβ的同一载体编码。
如图10中所示,第一组orthoIL-2变体对于orthoT细胞为选择性的。为了询问正交IL-2信号传导,我们利用我们的CTLL-2细胞模型(未经操作的(野生型)或转导的)以另外表达正交IL-2Rβ(ortho)。然后我们确定了野生型或各种正交IL-2克隆诱导STAT5磷酸化(IL-2依赖性信号转导的定量读出)的能力。我们鉴定了与野生型细胞相比在正交IL-2Rβ表达性细胞上诱导选择性STAT5磷酸化的许多正交IL-2变体。所选克隆的剂量-响应曲线示于图11中。
经工程化以表达orthoIL-2Rβ(H134D Y135F)的原代淋巴结来源的T细胞。除了我们的永生化小鼠T细胞模型外,我们还通过分离小鼠淋巴结和脾细胞、用CD3/CD28活化、然后进行逆转录病毒转导编码全长正交受体的基因来产生orthoIL-2Rβ表达性原代小鼠T细胞。此构建体还含有IRES,随后为荧光蛋白YFP,其允许通过由FACS分析YFP表达来确认转导。如图12中所示,小鼠T细胞还表达高亲和力IL-2受体复合物(例如CD25、CD122和CD132)
如图13中所示,OrthoIL-2变体在orthoIL-2Rβ表达性原代小鼠T细胞上诱导选择性STAT5磷酸化。
与野生型CTLL-2细胞相比(图14),通过orthoIL-2Rβ(图11)进行选择性信号传导的orthoIL-2变体还诱导表达orthoIL-2Rβ的CTLL-2细胞的选择性扩增。
正交IL-2工程化方法还应用于人IL-2和人IL-2Rβ。我们将用于产生小鼠orthoIL-2Rβ的H133D Y134F突变引入到人IL-2Rβ中,因为这些残基在小鼠与人之间高度保守。事实上,野生型hIL-2Rβ结合酵母展示的野生型IL-2,而hIL-2RβH133DY134F突变体(ortho-hIL-2Rβ)缺乏与野生型IL-2的可检测结合(图15)。我们通过随机化预测接触或接近H133DY134F突变的残基来产生酵母表面上展示的人IL-2突变体文库,并且选择结合ortho但非野生型人IL-2Rβ的IL-2变体。此方案与用于工程化小鼠IL-2正交对的方案相同,并且成功用于人类对。所述策略示于图16中。如图16C中所示,鉴定一组共有的突变,表明能够结合ortho hIL-2Rβ的ortho hIL-2序列的收敛性。
本发明的多肽在体内也是有活性的。如图17-19中所示,使用小鼠模型来证明小鼠中正交IL-2Rb表达性T细胞的选择性扩增或增加的存活。显示orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149在小鼠中选择性扩增正交但非野生型T细胞。与PBS对照相比,用野生型IL-2处理导致野生型和ortho T细胞的扩增,而用orthoIL-2克隆1G12/149处理选择性扩增对野生型T细胞具有有限活性的ortho T细胞。
Claims (33)
1.一种用于选择性活化细胞中的受体的系统,所述系统包括:
(a)正交受体,其未结合至其天然配体;和
(b)正交细胞因子,其(i)未结合至其天然受体,并且(ii)结合至并活化所述正交受体。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述正交受体由哺乳动物细胞表达。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述细胞为免疫细胞或干细胞。
4.如权利要求3所述的系统,其中所述免疫细胞为T细胞。
5.如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的系统,其中所述细胞为人或小鼠细胞。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的系统,其中所述正交受体和正交细胞因子来源于人或小鼠蛋白质。
7.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的系统,其中所述正交受体为IL-2受体。
8.如权利要求7所述的系统,其中所述IL-2受体为IL-2Rβ。
9.如权利要求7或权利要求8所述的系统,其中直向同源细胞因子为IL-2。
10.如权利要求7或权利要求8所述的系统,其中所述细胞因子为IL-15。
11.如权利要求7或权利要求8所述的系统,其中所述IL-2受体为在选自以下的一个或多个残基处修饰的人CD122:R41、R42、Q70、K71、T73、T74、V75、S132、H133、Y134、F135、E136、Q214。
12.如权利要求7或权利要求8所述的系统,其中所述IL-2受体为在选自以下的一个或多个残基处修饰的小鼠CD122:R42、F67、Q71、S72、T74、S75、V76、S133、H134、Y135、I136、E137、R215。
13.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中所述直向同源IL-2为在选自以下的一个或多个残基处修饰的人IL-2:Q13、L14、E15、H16、L19、D20、Q22、M23、G27和N88。
14.如权利要求13所述的系统,其中所述人IL-2在选自以下的一个或多个残基处修饰:E15、H16、L19、D20、Q22和M23。
15.如权利要求9所述的系统,其中所述直向同源IL-2为在选自以下的一个或残基处修饰的小鼠IL-2:H27、L28、E29、Q30、M33、D34、Q36、E37、R41和N103。
16.如权利要求15所述的系统,其中所述小鼠IL-2在选自以下的一个或多个残基处修饰:E29、Q30、M33、D34、Q36和E37。
17.一种组合物,其包含根据权利要求1-16中任一项所述的直向同源细胞因子受体。
18.一种核酸,其编码如权利要求17所述的直向同源受体。
19.一种表达载体,其包含如权利要求18所述的核酸。
20.一种经遗传工程化以包含如权利要求19所述的载体的细胞。
21.一种组合物,其包含根据权利要求1-16中任一项所述的直向同源细胞因子。
22.一种核酸,其编码如权利要求21所述的直向同源细胞因子。
23.一种表达载体,其包含如权利要求22所述的核酸。
24.一种经遗传工程化以包含如权利要求23所述的载体的细胞。
25.一种治疗个体的方法,所述方法包括将根据权利要求20所述的细胞引入到所述个体中,和通过与根据权利要求21所述的直向同源细胞因子接触来根据所述直向同源受体选择性地活化所述细胞。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述细胞为T细胞。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中治疗所述个体的癌症。
28.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中治疗所述个体的自身免疫疾病。
29.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中治疗所述个体的感染。
30.一种试剂盒,其包含如权利要求1-16中任一项所述的系统。
31.如权利要求30所述的试剂盒,其包含如权利要求18或19所述的载体或核酸和如权利要求21所述的细胞因子组合物。
32.一种获得根据权利要求1-16中任一项所述的系统的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将氨基酸变化工程化到天然受体中以破坏与天然细胞因子的结合;
在用于受体结合的接触残基处将氨基酸变化工程化到所述天然细胞因子中,
选择结合至直向同源物受体的细胞因子直向同源物;
舍弃结合至所述天然受体的直向同源物细胞因子。
33.一种获得根据权利要求1-16中任一项所述的系统的方法,其包括以下步骤:
将氨基酸变化工程化到天然受体中以破坏与天然细胞因子的结合;
在用于受体结合的接触残基处将氨基酸变化工程化到所述天然细胞因子中,
选择结合直向同源物细胞因子的受体直向同源物;
舍弃结合至所述天然细胞因子的直向同源物受体。
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