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CN1082390A - 用于角膜曲率改变的方法 - Google Patents

用于角膜曲率改变的方法 Download PDF

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CN1082390A
CN1082390A CN93101724A CN93101724A CN1082390A CN 1082390 A CN1082390 A CN 1082390A CN 93101724 A CN93101724 A CN 93101724A CN 93101724 A CN93101724 A CN 93101724A CN 1082390 A CN1082390 A CN 1082390A
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diopters
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J·达文波特
B·卢马斯
M·马菲斯
T·施尔菲斯特尼
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Keravision Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61F2/147Implants to be inserted in the stroma for refractive correction, e.g. ring-like implants

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Abstract

一种为改善眼睛的视力而又不会对它原来的非 球面性产生不良影响的、用于眼睛屈光校正的方法, 该方法涉及确定所必需的校正量,选取合适厚度的基 质内角膜环(ICR),以从不同厚度的一些ICR的一 种选择中获得所必需的校正,并把所述ICR插入角 膜基质。所述方法可用于近视和过度散光的校正。

Description

本发明总的涉及医学技术领域,特别是涉及用于改变角膜曲率的方法,为了校正视力问题。
眼睛形状异常可以导致视觉失常。当眼球太短时出现远视。在这种情况下,来自20英尺之外的平行光线将聚焦在视网膜的后面。另一方面,当眼球太长时出现近视。在这种情况下,平行光线的焦点是在视网膜的前面。散光是这样一种情况,在这种情况下,平行的光线不能会聚到单独一个点上,而具有可变的焦点,这是由于角膜是非球面的,而且在一不同的子午线中在不同距离上折射光线这样的事实所致。稍微有一点散光是正常的,但是太大,通常就必须校正。
远视、近视和散光通常用眼镜或接触透镜来校正。用于这样一些失常校正的外科方法在文献中已经被引述,并包括幅射状的角膜切开术(例如,见美国专利US4815463和US4688570)和激光角膜扁圆化(oblation)(例如,见美国专利US4941093)。此外,为改变角膜的曲率半径,在角膜基质内植入环的一般方法是众所周知的。有许多资料证明了涉及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)环、同种异体移植角膜组织和水凝胶的先有技术。环装置之一涉及一种环结构,这种环结构使得能用一极小的切入的切口,把一分开的环插入在角膜基质层内的一个切开的通道中,通过该极小的切入的切口,造成用于移植物的通道,而且能通过该极小的切入的切口,插入并调正移植物。上述装置的调节一般涉及调正环的大小或直径。
在此整个地作为参考引用的美国专利US4452235说明了用于角膜曲率调正的方法和装置。所述的方法涉及把一个分开了的端部的调正环的一端插入眼睛的角膜内,并按圆形路线移动所述的环,直到它的各端相遇。之后,彼此相对调正各端部,直到眼睛的形状已呈现所需要的曲率,随后把上述各端固定连接,以保持上述角膜所需要的曲率。
本发明说明了一种使得能用于眼睛的屈光校正的方法,其中,通过把不同厚度的一些环插入角膜基质,改变该角膜的曲率。
本发明的一个方面是一种用于改进眼睛视力目的、而对它的本来的非球面性没有不良影响的、用于眼睛屈光校正的方法。确定了改进眼睛视力所必需的校正量。其次,从许多不同厚度的环中选取将提供所确定的屈光校正量的某个厚度的一个基质内的角膜环。(ICR)最后,把所述环插入眼睛的角膜基质内。
本发明的第二个方面是一种用于校正人眼近视的方法。确定了用于校正近视所必需的屈光校正量。其次,从许多不同厚度的环中选取将提供所确定的屈光校正量的某个厚度的一个ICR。最后,把所述的环插入眼睛的角膜基质内。
本发明的再一个方面是一种用于减轻人眼中过度散光的方法。确定了用于减轻过度散光所必需的屈光校正量。其次,从许多不同厚度的环中选取将提供所确定的屈光校正量的某个厚度的一个ICR。最后,把所述的环插入眼睛的角膜基质内。
图1是一幅眼睛的水平剖面的示意图。
图2是一幅显示角膜的各个层的眼睛的前部示意的图。
图3是一幅正常眼睛的示意图。
图4是一幅近视眼的示意图。
图5A是一幅本发明的ICR的平面图。
图5B是一幅本发明的ICR的剖面图。
图6显示了ICR厚度对屈光的影响。
图7A、7B、7C和7D显示了当把一个ICR植入一尸体的眼睛内时的非球面性的变化。
上述这些附图中的相同的元件用同样的参考标号。
图1显示了眼睛的一幅水平剖面图,该眼睛具有类似于一个球的该眼睛的眼球11,所述球具有一代表角膜12的前部凸出的球形部分。
眼球11由三个包围着各种透明介质的同心复盖物组成,光必须在到达传感的视网膜18之前穿过所述各种透明介质。最外面的复盖物是一纤维保护部分,这纤维保护部分后面的六分之五是白的且是不透明的,并被叫作巩膜13,有时叫作眼白,这眼白从前面可见到。这外层的前部的六分之一是透明的角膜12。
中间的复盖物主要是起导管和滋养的作用,并且是由脉络膜14、睫状体16和虹膜17组成。脉络膜14的主要功能是保持视网膜18。睫状体16与悬吊晶体21和调节晶状体的机能有关。虹膜17是眼睛的中间复盖物的最外边的部分,并被配置在前面的平面内。它是一个相应于照相机光阑的薄圆形盘,而且在接近它的中心,由称之为瞳孔19的圆形孔贯穿。该瞳孔大小变化,以调节到达视网膜18的光量。它也承担调节机能的作用,这调节机能的作用是通过减少球面像差来作到尖锐聚焦。虹膜17把角膜12和晶状体21之间的空间分为前房22和后房23。复盖物最里面的部分是视网膜18,视网膜18由一些神经元组成,这些神经元构成用于视觉印象的实际接收部分。
视网膜18是从前脑生长出一生长物的脑的一部分,用光神经24作为连接脑的视网膜部分和前脑的纤维束。恰好位于在视网膜的前壁上的一种成为有色了的上皮下面的杆状和锥状层,用作视觉细胞或光接收器,这视觉细胞或光接收器把物理能量(光)转换成为神经脉冲。
玻璃体26是一种充满了眼球11的后面的五分之四部分的、透明的胶状物质。在它的侧面,它支撑着睫状体16和视网膜18。前面的碟形凹陷装有晶状体21。
眼睛的晶状体21是位于虹膜17和玻璃体26之间的呈晶体状外观的、透明的双凸体。它的轴向直径随调节机能显著变化。由穿过睫状体16和晶状体21之间的透明纤维组成的睫状体的小区域27,用于保持晶体状21就位,并使睫状体的肌肉作用在它上面。
再来看角膜12,这个最外面的纤维透明复盖层类似于表面玻璃。它曲率稍大于眼球的其余部分,而且在自然状态下是理想的球面。然而,在一个子午线上,它常常比另一个产生散光的更弯曲。角膜中央的三分之一称之为光区域,因为角膜朝向它的边缘变厚,该光区域朝向它的外面出现稍许扁平。眼睛屈光的绝大部分是通过角膜发生的。
参考图2,眼球前面部分的更详细的附图显示了角膜12的各个层,角膜12包括上皮31。在它的表面上的上皮细胞起到保持角膜12透明的作用。这些上皮细胞含有丰富的糖原、酶和乙酰胆碱,而它们的功能是调节角膜小体并通过角膜12的基质32的薄层控制输送水和电介质。
前面的叫作Bowman膜或层的限制薄层33,位于角膜的上皮31和基质32之间。基质32由具有彼此平行的小纤维带且横过整个角膜的薄层组成。而绝大多数纤维带平行于表面,某些是倾斜的,特别是在前面的。后面的限制薄层34叫作Descemet薄膜。它是由基质32清晰确定的坚固的膜,并且抵抗角膜的病理过程。
内皮36是角膜最后面的一层,而且由一单一细胞组成。边缘37一方面是在结膜38和巩膜13之间的过渡区域,另一方面是在结膜38和角膜12之间的过渡区域。
图3显示了带有具有正常曲率41的角膜12的眼球。如果平行光线穿过图3的角膜表面,它们就被角膜表面折射,以最终会聚在眼睛的视网膜附近。为讨论方便起见,附图3的图忽视了眼睛的晶状体或其它部分的折射影响。图4中所画的眼睛是近视。角膜曲率43使光线折射进在玻璃体中某一点的焦点,该玻璃体离视网膜表面不远。如果把-ICR值入到角膜的腱上,这样使得该角膜的曲率半径均匀增加,那么就使该角膜的中央的曲率变平。被现在变平了的角膜表面所折射的光线,将以更小的角度折射,而且这样会聚在更远的点上,例如直接会聚在视网膜上。
本发明的方法涉及一种用于调正角膜的环状腱的装置,以增加角膜的曲率半径,而对它本来的非球面性无不良影响。此处有严重的散光的话,那么本来的非球面性将不会改变,以至于会显著增加散光。然而,此处有导致损害视力的显著散光的话,那么本发明的方法可以实际上改善上述非球面性,以减少这样的散光,并改善视力。参考图2,显示了具有如图5B所示剖面形状的一基质内角膜环(ICR)47,该基质内角膜环(ICR)47被植入角膜的基质层。通过根据校正所必需的量来选择上述环的厚度,可把被角膜和其它眼睛组成部分所折射的光线直接聚焦在视网膜18上。上述环的厚度可在0.05毫米和0.60毫米之间。放置在角膜的腱的近似于8毫米处的这样的一个环提供了用于进行这柆种校正调节的装置。
图5A显示了本发明的一种优选的ICR。ICR由具有一些分开的端部的通常圆形部件组成。环是由具有足够刚性的材料制成,以保持它的通常的圆形形状。所述材料应具有这样一些性质,这些性质使得它与角膜组织生理上相容。一种典型的材料是以PLEXIGLASSTM的商品名称出售的塑料类型的材料,不过,许多其它生物适应的聚合物在本发明中是有用的。上述环的剖面形状是图5B的形状,而且一般尺寸在各点约为1毫米(尺寸x),而厚度(尺寸y)为约0.05毫米到0.60毫米。
甚至对于眼睛不是近视的情况,也可用本发明的方法,以减轻过度的散光。
在本发明的方法中,医生将确定为改善病人视力所必需的校正的屈光量。由确定所必需的校正的屈光度,医生将从不同的厚度的一组ICR中选择一个ICR。一组典型的ICR由具有下列厚度的5个ICR组成:0.25毫米、0.30毫米、0.35毫米、0.40毫米及0.45毫米。对于这些ICR的校正的屈光度如下:对于0.25毫米的ICR在1.0和2.0屈光度之间,对0.30毫米的ICR在2.0和4.0屈光度之间,对0.35毫米的ICR在4.0和8.0屈光度之间,对0.40毫米的ICR在6.0和10.0屈光度之间,而对0.45毫米的ICR在8.0和15.0屈光度之间。应该注意,这些值是对于图5B中所示剖面形状的ICR而言的。对于不同剖面形状的那些环的ICR的各种厚度的校正的屈光量,可以与这些值不同。
在医生已选择了适当的ICR后,他/她将着手把ICR插进眼睛的角膜基质。穿过一个置于周围的2.5毫米的斜的角膜切开术的切口,把ICR插进角膜基质内。在插进环之前,把一槽路刀片插到上述切口的深度上,并在角膜基质中切割出一圆形通道。通过采用一个对准槽路刀片的对中装置,来完成上述切割的合适对准中心。然后插入上述环,并通过把一端固定到另一端来固定各端。
打算用下面的实施例来进一步说明,但并不是以任何方式来限制本发明。
例1
为了确定由ICR厚度影响引起的角膜外形,把厚度为0.26、0.31、0.36、0.41和0.46毫米的ICR植入非肿胀的(deturgesced)尸体的眼内。用KerametricsⅡ类角膜表面分析器测量曲率的平均球面半径,该KerametricsⅡ类角膜表面分析器采用激光全息干涉测量法以测量角膜外形。图6显示了这项研究的结果。除了0.41ICR的数据外(其中发现气泡人工制品),角膜的矫平关系接近于直线。也就是说,对于给定的ICR尺寸范围,ICR厚度每增加0.02毫米,就有近似于1个屈光度的矫平。
例2
为了确定ICR对角膜原来的非球面性的影响,在ICR植入之前和之后,用KerametricsⅡ类角膜表面分析器测量眼睛的角膜外形。所述分析器采用激光全息干涉测量法,以测量角膜外形。对于0.30毫米厚度的ICR,图7A、7B、7C和7D中,以偏离球形的波数为单位,给出了这些测量的结果。这些曲线夸大了偏离球形表面的外形偏差,还以高精度测量了整个角膜表面。在ICR植入之前和之后角膜的测量表明,角膜原来的非球面性并没有消除,而角膜的中心部分变得更对称,就如同在0°(角膜的顶点)和在移到了90°的一点上测得的外形所表明的那样。图7A和7B示出了在植入ICR之前一具尸体的角膜。图7C和7D显示了在植入了0.30毫米厚的一个ICR之后的同一个角膜。
例3
给4个病人植入了0.30毫米的基质内角膜环。在外科手术前所测得的这些病人的视力为:20/400、20/400、20/200和20/400。紧接外科手术后12小时时,视力改善到:20/15、20/30、20/40和20/30。对于这4个病人的任何一个的眼睛,没有严重的损伤。
对于医学、眼科学、视力测定领域和/或相关领域中的普通技术人员来说,对于实现本发明,上述方法的一些改进是显而易见的,打算使这些改进包括在下面的权利要求书的范围内。

Claims (10)

1、一套用于眼睛屈光校正的用具,用于改善所述眼睛的视力的目的而不会对它原来的非球面性有不良影响,所述用具包括:在包装组合中,有许多不同厚度的基质内膜环(ICRs),其特征是,所述这些ICR之一具有的厚度提供了为改善所述眼睛的视力所必需的屈光校正量。
2、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述ICR的厚度在0.05毫米和0.60毫米之间。
3、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述屈光校正在1.0屈光度和18.0屈光度之间。
4、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述屈光校正在1.0屈光度和2.0屈光度之间,而上述ICR为0.25毫米厚。
5、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,所述屈光校正在2.0屈光度和4.0屈光度之间,而上述ICR为0.30毫米厚。
6、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述屈光校正在4.0屈光度和8.0屈光度之间,而所述ICR为0.35毫米厚。
7、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述屈光校正在6.0屈光度和10.0屈光度之间,而所述ICR为0.40毫米厚。
8、如权利要求1所述的用具,其特征是,上述屈光校正在8.0屈光度和15.0屈光度之间,而所述ICR为0.45毫米厚。
9、用于人眼近视校正的一套用具,所述用具包括:在包装组合中,有许多不同厚度的基质内角膜环(ICRs),其特征是,所述这些ICR之一具有的厚度提供了要校正所述眼睛中的所述近视所必需的屈光校正量。
10、用于减轻人眼中过度散光的一套用具,所述用具包括:在包装组合中,有许多不同厚度的基质内角膜环(ICRs),其特征是,所述这些ICR之一具有的厚度提供了要校正所述眼睛中所述过度散光所必需的屈光校正量。
CN93101724A 1992-01-14 1993-01-13 用于角膜曲率改变的方法 Pending CN1082390A (zh)

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EP0621763A4 (en) 1995-01-18
US5318047A (en) 1994-06-07
ES2155448T3 (es) 2001-05-16
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AU3433693A (en) 1993-08-03
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JP3341058B2 (ja) 2002-11-05
BR9305734A (pt) 1997-01-28
SG85138A1 (en) 2001-12-19
EP0621763A1 (en) 1994-11-02
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WO1993013724A1 (en) 1993-07-22
USRE35974E (en) 1998-12-01

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