CN108225552B - Method for measuring concentration energy flux density distribution of heliostat field in tower-type power station - Google Patents
Method for measuring concentration energy flux density distribution of heliostat field in tower-type power station Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method for measuring the concentration energy flux density distribution of a heliostat field of a tower-type power station comprises the following steps: (1) calculating the position angles of the sun at daytime and the moon at night at different moments, and recording the corresponding moments when the position angles of the sun and the moon are the same; (2) selecting the daytime, the moonlight and the clear moonlight with the same sun and moon position angle, arranging an illuminometer array on a heat absorber of a solar tower of the tower-type heliostat field, and measuring the energy flux density of the light condensing spots. Comparing the normal direct illumination of the moonlight measured by the moonlight measuring station to obtain the relative energy flux density of moonlight condensation spots, namely a condensation ratio function; and in the daytime with the same position angle as that of a clear moon and night, measuring the solar normal direct irradiation at a specific moment by using a solar metering station, multiplying the solar normal direct irradiation by a concentration ratio function to obtain the energy flux density distribution of the discrete tower type heliostat field to the sunlight condensing spots, and then obtaining the continuous energy flux density distribution of the sunlight condensing spots through data interpolation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for measuring the concentration energy flux density distribution of a heliostat field of a tower-type power station.
Background
The solar tower type power generation is a system for generating power by reflecting solar radiation to a heat absorber placed on a tower through a plurality of heliostats tracking the sun to obtain a high-temperature heat transfer medium, and the high-temperature heat transfer fluid directly or indirectly passes through a thermodynamic cycle.
In a tower type solar thermal power generation system, the measurement of the concentration energy flux density distribution on the lighting surface of a heat absorber has important significance for optimizing the photo-thermal performance of the whole system. The method not only is an important parameter for evaluating the performances of the heliostat field and the heat absorber, but also can optimize the tracking target point of each heliostat on the lighting surface, control the energy flow density distribution on the lighting surface and avoid the damage of the heat absorber due to overhigh temperature.
The efficiency of the heat absorber is the ratio of the total energy obtained by the heat transfer medium in the heat absorber to the total energy entering the light collecting port of the heat absorber in unit time. The total energy entering the light collecting opening of the heat absorber can be obtained by integrating the energy flow density distribution incident on the surface of the heat absorber. The heat energy absorbed by the heat-carrying fluid in the heat absorber is obtained by calculating the product of the flow rate of the fluid, the specific heat capacity and the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet. The performance of the heat absorber can be evaluated by measuring the power flow density.
The energy flow density distribution on the surface of the heat absorber is the only parameter closely related to the performance of the heliostat field. The concentration field efficiency refers to the ratio of the solar radiation energy reflected or transmitted by the concentration field to enter the light collecting port of the heat absorber to the total normal direct solar radiation energy incident on the light collecting area of the concentration field in unit time. The solar radiation energy which is reflected or transmitted into the light collecting port of the heat absorber in unit time through the light collecting field can be obtained through the energy flux density of the light collecting port of the heat absorber, and the efficiency of the light collecting field is further evaluated. By comparing the energy flux density calculated by the aiming algorithm with the actually measured energy flux density, the heliostat aiming model can be evaluated. By finding the energy flow peak area, the aiming accuracy of the heliostat can be evaluated. The tracking target point of the heliostat on the lighting surface is adjusted, so that the energy flux density distribution on the lighting surface is more uniform, and the heat absorber is prevented from being damaged due to overhigh local temperature.
The existing method for measuring the energy flux density of the focusing light spot of the solar thermal power generation system can be divided into three types: direct measurement, indirect measurement and simulation calculation using experimental data as support. The direct measurement method is to directly measure the energy flux density of the receiving surface by using an energy flux detector such as a heat flow meter and obtain the energy flux density of the focusing light spot through data interpolation. The indirect measurement method uses a camera system: and a CCD or CMOS camera, a thermal infrared imager and the like are used for shooting the light spot image on the receiving target, and then the energy flux density distribution on the receiving target is obtained through image processing. The simulation calculation method uses experimental data as a basis, and calculates the energy flux density of the light spot through a ray tracing method based on Monte Carlo, a cone optical method and the like.
The direct measurement method has long measurement time and low spatial resolution; the indirect measurement method needs a small number of detectors and is high in spatial resolution, but errors are introduced due to the fact that a camera is used for shooting and the non-Lambert characteristic of a reflecting surface; the simulation calculation method using experimental data as a support has the advantages that the precision of a simulation result mainly depends on the quality of an input parameter and depends on various prior actual measurement results, so that the method can be used for auxiliary measurement of the concentration energy flow density distribution, but cannot be used as a basic measurement method.
Moreover, for solar tower-type thermal power generation systems with megawatts or more, the opening size of the heat absorber is 5 meters or more. As the first commercial solar tower thermal power plant in the world today, PS10, located in sevieria, spain, has a total power of 11MWe and the opening size of the cavity absorber at the top of the tower is 11 meters wide by 11 meters high. It is particularly difficult to install a heat flow distribution measuring device on the opening plane of a large heat absorber, and the device needs to be tested by high temperature, high heat flow density, large-size gravity deformation and the like. The existing heat absorber opening plane heat flow distribution measuring method, whether a direct measuring method or an indirect measuring method, cannot meet the requirement.
The moon and the sun have similar angular diameters, the opening angle of the moon and the sun relative to an observation point on the ground is about 0.5 degrees, and the sun and the moon are the same in size when viewed from the earth; the normal direct radiation of the lunar beam on the ground is about one millionth of the sun; the moonlight spot energy flow density distribution is approximately gaussian. Therefore, the prior condensation experiment is carried out by utilizing the night moonlight, and the energy flow density distribution of the heliostat field to the sunlight condensation light spots can be obtained.
Holmes et al, sandia laboratories, usa, performed full moon spot experiments on CRTF. Since the moon and the sun have the same angle with respect to the earth, the size of the moon image on the BCS target white target is similar to the sun. And when the position of the moon is equal to the position of the sun at 5 months, 7 days, 08:18MST, the 205-plane heliostat condenses the moonlight, and the moonlight is focused on a BCS target, so that the gravity center of the light spot is found out. A Heliostat face is simply adjusted by using a spot image focused by moonlight, but energy flux density is not measured, which is shown in moonlight condensation experiments in the literature "Heliostat operation at the Central-Receiver Test Facility (1978- & 1980) [ J ]" (Holmes J.T, Nasa Sti/recon Technical Report N, No. 82, No. 3, 133- & 138 in 1982).
The experimental method comprises the steps of carrying out condensation experiments on French materials and THEMIS power stations in France in 2009 by Adrien Salome' and the like in a solar laboratory at a round moon night, shooting condensation light spots of a diffuse reflection white board on a tower by using a CCD camera, processing and analyzing a light spot image, then comparing the processed light spot image with a simulated light spot image, and exploring a calculation method for optimizing light spot energy flow density distribution. See the literature "Control of the fluorine distribution on a Solar Energy receiver using and optimizing the air Energy target" ("Salom Wea, Chhel F, Flamant G et al, Solar Energy, vol. 94, vol. 4, 352. 366.").
The relative light-gathering energy flow density distribution of a large-scale paraboloid disc type light-gathering mirror with 500 square meters is measured by a light-gathering experiment of round moon in 2009 by the national university of Australia, and the surface shape error of the mirror surface is obtained by comparing a simulation value with an actual measurement value. See the moonlight concentration experiment in the document "Anew 500m2 paradoloid disc Solar concentrator [ J ]" (Lovegrove K., Burgess G., Pyre J, Solar Energy, 2011, Vol 85, fourth stage, 620-626).
In the experiments, the moonlight is subjected to condensation experiments, images of moonlight spots after condensation are obtained in a mode of using a CCD (charge coupled device) camera and a diffuse reflection white board, the images are used for measuring the surface type of a mirror surface, adjusting the surface type of a heliostat, and verifying the calculation method of the condensation energy flow density, and the condensation energy flow density distribution of a heliostat field or other condensers on the sun is not measured.
The existing method for measuring the concentration energy flow density distribution of heliostat field in 3 types of tower-type power stations cannot meet the measurement requirement of the actual power station, and other methods in which a 'CCD camera' + 'diffuse reflection white board' is used for moonlight cannot obtain the concentration energy flow density distribution of the heliostat field to the solar concentration.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the existing method for measuring the heliostat field condensation energy flow density distribution of the tower-type power station, and provides a method for measuring the heliostat field condensation energy flow density distribution of the tower-type power station.
The invention utilizes night moonlight to perform a condensation experiment. The illuminance distribution of moonlight spots after condensation is directly measured through an illuminometer array arranged on a plane of a light collecting opening of a heat absorber of the solar tower, and the energy flux density distribution of the heliostat field to the solar condensation spots is obtained through conversion. The condensation experiment process does not influence the working operation of the heliostat field in the daytime, and the measurement process does not influence the normal work of the heat absorber. And the moonlight is a cold light source, does not need high-temperature protection, does not need a complex cooling structure, and avoids the difficulty of directly measuring the high-intensity energy flux density solar facula after condensation.
The invention utilizes the characteristic that the moon and the sun have similar angular diameters, the field angle of the round moon and the sun relative to an observation point on the ground is about 0.5 degrees, and the sun and the moon are the same in size when viewed from the earth; the normal direct radiation of the lunar beam on the ground is about one millionth of the sun; the moonlight spot energy flow density distribution is approximately gaussian. Therefore, the prior condensation experiment is carried out by utilizing the night moonlight, and the energy flow density distribution of the heliostat field to the sunlight condensation light spots can be obtained.
Therefore, it is assumed that ① the sun and moon are consistent, the spectral characteristics are consistent in addition to shape and position angle, the heliostat field concentration of the solar tower plant adopts the same operation mode at the test time, ② the heliostat field concentration to the sun light and the moon light concentration to the target plane relative to the current density distribution, i.e. concentration ratio function, is the same.
The ideal case under assumption is:
the relative energy flux density distribution of the moonlight condensation light spot is directly measured, namely, the condensation ratio function:
CR(x，y)moon＝I(x，y)/DNImoon(1.1)
wherein, I is discrete sampling of the illumination of each position of the light spot in an xy plane, and DNImoonFor normal, direct illumination of the moon, CR (x, y)moonThe relative fluence of the moonlight spot is determined.
From the above ideal hypothetical conditions ① and ②, it can be derived:
CR(x，y)moon＝CR(x，y)sun(1.2)
the fluence at the discrete points of the sunlight condensation spots is:
F(x，y)＝CR(x，y)sun·DNIsun＝CR(x，y)moon·DNIsun(1.3)
f (x, y) is the energy flux density of the sunlight condensation light spot at the discrete point, and x and y are the xy plane discrete sampling of the light spot.
Continuous energy flow density distribution of the sunlight condensing light spots can be obtained through interpolation. Each of the above parameters is a function of time, and changes with time.
The method comprises the following steps:
1. calculating the position angles of the sun at daytime and the moon at night at different moments: and recording the corresponding time when the sun and the moon are at the same position and angle according to the altitude angle and the azimuth angle.
2. Selecting a day and a moonlight night with the same sun and moonlight position angle, carrying out a moon condensation experiment in a tower type heliostat field at a clear moonlight night, arranging an illuminometer array on a heat absorber of a solar tower, measuring energy flux density of condensation light spots, transmitting experiment data to a PC (personal computer), and comparing normal and direct illumination of moonlight measured by a moonlight measurement station to obtain relative energy flux density of the moonlight condensation light spots, namely a condensation ratio function, wherein the condensation ratio function is a discrete value.
And in the daytime with the same position angle as that of a clear moon and night, measuring the solar normal direct irradiation at a specific moment by using a solar photometry station, and multiplying the solar normal direct irradiation by a concentration ratio function to obtain the energy flux density distribution of the discrete tower type heliostat field to the solar concentrating light spots. And continuous energy flow density distribution of the sunlight condensation light spots is obtained through data interpolation.
The invention has the following characteristics:
firstly, the energy flow density distribution measuring method of the invention is to use night moonlight to carry out prior condensation experiment, convert to obtain energy flow density distribution of heliostat field to sunlight condensation light spots, and the experiment process does not influence the working operation of the heliostat field in the daytime;
secondly, the normal work of the heat absorber is not influenced in the measuring process of the energy flow density measuring method;
thirdly, in the heat flux density measuring method, the moonlight is a cold light source, high-temperature protection is not needed, a complex cooling structure is not needed, and the difficulty of large area and direct measurement of central high-intensity energy flux density is avoided;
fourthly, the method for measuring the light-gathering energy flux density does not relate to a water-cooling heat flux density sensor arranged on a traditional CCD camera, a diffuse reflection white board or the diffuse reflection white board; in the measurement process, an illuminometer array is temporarily installed at a lighting port of a heat absorber, a moonlight metering station mainly composed of a double-shaft moonlight tracker and a reference illuminometer is installed on the ground, and an existing sunlight metering station mainly composed of a double-shaft solar tracker and a direct solar radiation meter of a tower-type power station is installed or shared on the ground.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a measuring device for light-gathering energy flux density distribution at a light-collecting opening of a heat absorber, wherein: 1, an illuminometer array, 2 a PC and 3 a data acquisition instrument;
fig. 2 is a moonlight metering station, in which: 4 reference illuminometer, 5 two-axis moon tracker;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a tower heliostat field with an array of illuminometers installed, wherein: 6 cavity type heat absorbers, 7 solar towers, 8 heliostat fields and 1 illuminometer array.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description.
The examples of the invention are as follows:
the moonlight metering station as shown in fig. 2 is installed to measure the normal direct illuminance of moonlight, in which a dual-axis moonlight tracker 5 tracks the moonlight, a reference illuminometer 4 fixed to the dual-axis moonlight tracker by a bracket measures the normal direct illuminance of moonlight, and the existing sunlight metering station of the tower type power station, which mainly consists of a dual-axis solar tracker and a direct solar radiation meter, is installed or shared on the ground. The measurement steps are as follows:
1. calculating the sun position angles at different moments in the day: elevation angle and azimuth, and moon position angle at different times at night: and recording the corresponding time when the sun and the moon are at the same position and angle according to the altitude angle and the azimuth angle.
2. The daytime and the full moon and night with the same sun and moon position angle are selected, such as the moon of 23 points on 5, 2 and 2017 and the sun of 25 points on 5, 17 and 25 points on 5, 5 and 4.6 degrees in azimuth and 18.6 degrees in altitude. In sunny moonnight, a moon condensation experiment is carried out in a tower type heliostat field as shown in fig. 3, an illuminometer array 1 is arranged on a cavity type heat absorber 6 of a solar tower 7, and moonlight is reflected by a heliostat in a heliostat field 8 which tracks the moon in real time and then is thrown into the illuminometer array 1 arranged on the heat absorber. Next, as shown in fig. 1, the illuminometer array 1 measures the illuminance value of each sampling point, transmits the experimental data to the PC 2 through the data acquisition instrument 3, and obtains the relative energy flux density of the moonlight condensation spot, i.e., the concentration ratio function, which is a discrete value, by comparing the normal direct illuminance of the moonlight measured by the reference illuminometer 4 of the moonlight measurement station. The illuminometer array was arranged at 9 x 9, resulting in a total of 81 discrete values.
3. In the daytime with the same angle of the moon position at clear moon night, the solar photometry station is used for measuring the solar normal direct irradiance at a specific moment, and the solar normal direct irradiance is multiplied by the concentration ratio function, and the final measurement result is as follows: obtaining the discrete energy flux density distribution of the tower heliostat field to the sunlight condensing light spots, and obtaining the continuous energy flux density distribution of the sunlight condensing light spots through data interpolation. The adopted interpolation method is segmented bilinear interpolation: the illuminometer array is 9 rows and 9 columns, F (x, y) is the energy flux density of a sunlight condensation light spot discrete point, x and y are the discrete sampling of the light spot on an xy plane respectively, four adjacent points are selected randomly and are (x, y) respectivelyi，yj)、(xi，yj+1)、(xi+1，yj)、(xi+1，yj+1) The energy flux density values of the scattered points of the sunlight condensation light spots corresponding to the energy flux density values are respectively F (x)i，yj)、F(xi，yj+1)、F(xi+1，yj)、F(xi+1，yj+1) Then the area formed by the four pointsFluence value at any point in the domain (x, y) is:
F(x，y)＝(F(xi，yj)(xi+1-x)(yi+1-y)+F(xi+1，yj)(x-xi)(yi+1-y)+F(xi，yj+1)(xi+1-x)(y-yi)+F(xi+1，
yj+1)(x-xi)(y-yi))/((xi+1-xi)(yi+1-yi)) (1.4)
and continuously executing the formula (1.4) to obtain continuous energy flow density distribution of the sunlight condensation light spots.
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| CN108958229B (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2024-05-17 | 首航高科能源技术股份有限公司 | Method and device for rapidly and qualitatively detecting tracking accuracy of heliostat |
| CN110108326B (en) * | 2019-06-06 | 2023-10-10 | 中国能源建设集团陕西省电力设计院有限公司 | Trapezoidal heat collection light spot energy and heat flux density measurement system and method |
| CN110793628B (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2020-08-18 | 西安交通大学 | Irradiation intensity distribution measuring method based on photodiode array |
| CN111459194B (en) * | 2020-04-10 | 2023-09-12 | 中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司 | Solar thermal power generation aiming point determining method based on heliostat actually measured light spots |
| CN112923589B (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2022-09-30 | 中国科学院电工研究所 | Real-time measurement method for surface heat flux density distribution of external solar heat absorber |
| CN114636468A (en) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-06-17 | 中国科学院电工研究所 | Indirect measurement method of concentrated moonlight for heliostat field concentration ratio distribution of tower power station |
| CN118565757B (en) * | 2024-08-05 | 2025-02-18 | 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Experimental test device and test method for the effect of wind and sand activities on heliostat focusing |
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