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CN107927458B - Immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN107927458B
CN107927458B CN201711338023.3A CN201711338023A CN107927458B CN 107927458 B CN107927458 B CN 107927458B CN 201711338023 A CN201711338023 A CN 201711338023A CN 107927458 B CN107927458 B CN 107927458B
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CN107927458A (en
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梁键钧
胡浩
王婵尤
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Zhuhai Dehai Biotechnology Co ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

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Abstract

The invention provides an immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed and a preparation method thereof, wherein the feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of fish meal, 12-23 parts of soybean meal, 10-15 parts of peanut meal, 15-25 parts of flour, 1-5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 0-7 parts of beer yeast, 2-5 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-4 parts of fish oil, 0-1.5 parts of soybean oil, 0.5-3 parts of soybean lecithin, 0-0.5 part of cholesterol, 0.2-0.4 part of a compound immunopotentiator, 1-5 parts of compound vitamin, 1-3 parts of compound mineral salt, 0.6-1.0 part of compound amino acid and 0.8-1.2 parts of a bonding agent. The feed can effectively improve the immunity and disease resistance of the penaeus vannamei boone, and has the advantages of low feed coefficient, balanced and comprehensive nutrition, strong food calling property and good stability in water.

Description

Immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture feed, and particularly relates to an immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The south America white shrimps are important shrimps cultured in seawater and brackish water in China. Has wide market prospect due to delicious meat, high nutritional value and great economic benefit. With the continuous deterioration of the breeding environment, the unreasonable improvement of the breeding density, the damage to the germplasm resources of prawns and other factors, diseases are frequently generated in a large scale. In the culture, diseases often cause low survival rate of the prawns and high culture cost, and bring huge economic loss to the prawns. Meanwhile, the abuse of antibiotics can also cause drug resistance to bacteria, inhibit the immunity of the penaeus vannamei boone, indirectly bring influence to the environment and human health, and have non-trivial harm. The immunopotentiator can enhance the anti-stress capability and the resistance capability to pathogens of organisms by improving the nonspecific immunity function of the organisms, and because the immunopotentiator overcomes a plurality of defects of antibiotics, the immunopotentiator is more and more valued by people with the advantages of green and broad-spectrum antibiosis and the like.
However, the research of the immunopotentiator in the prawn culture is not complete at present, the immune regulation mechanism of different immunopotentiators has different influences on the growth of the penaeus vannamei, the immunopotentiator is influenced by different additive amounts when exerting the immune regulation and control effect of the immunopotentiator, and the phenomenon of immune fatigue possibly caused by the large-dose and long-term use of the immunopotentiator is avoided. Therefore, the immunopotentiator can be scientifically combined and reasonably matched in the feed for the penaeus vannamei boone to better exert the effect, and the safe and efficient improvement of the immunocompetence of the penaeus vannamei boone is achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides the immune enhanced penaeus vannamei feed which is scientific in compatibility, good in palatability, rapid in growth, good in water stability, low in feed coefficient, high in survival rate and remarkable in breeding benefit.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of fish meal, 12-23 parts of soybean meal, 10-15 parts of peanut meal, 15-25 parts of flour, 1-5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 0-7 parts of beer yeast, 2-5 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-4 parts of fish oil, 0-1.5 parts of soybean oil, 0.5-3 parts of soybean lecithin, 0-0.5 part of cholesterol, 0.2-0.4 part of a compound immunopotentiator, 1-5 parts of compound vitamin, 1-3 parts of compound mineral salt, 0.6-1.0 part of compound amino acid and 0.8-1.2 parts of a bonding agent.
Further, the compound immunopotentiator consists of 0.15 to 0.25 part of beta-glucan, 0.04 to 0.1 part of mannan oligosaccharide and 0.01 to 0.05 part of chitosan zinc.
Further preferably, the weight ratio of the beta-glucan, the mannan oligosaccharide and the chitosan zinc is 20: 5-10: 1-5.
More preferably, the weight ratio of the beta-glucan, the mannan oligosaccharide and the chitosan zinc is 20: 7: 3.
further, the compound vitamin comprises vitamin A acetate and vitamin B2Vitamin B12Pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, vitamin B1Vitamin K, vitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C, choline chloride, inositol and calcium pantothenate.
More preferably, the compound vitamin is prepared from 0.01-0.03 part of vitamin A acetate and 0.4-0.6 part of vitamin B20.010-0.015 part of vitamin B120.3-0.5 part of pyridoxine, 0.1-0.3 part of nicotinic acid and 0.01-0.03 part of vitamin B10.03-0.05 part of vitamin K, 0.08-0.12 part of vitamin D, 0.3-0.5 part of alpha-tocopherol, 0.008-0.012 part of biotin, 0.024-0.026 part of folic acid, 0.08-0.12 part of vitamin C, 0.4-0.6 part of choline chloride and 0.3-0.5 part of vitamin CInositol and 0.25-0.30 part of calcium pantothenate.
Even more preferably, the multivitamin is composed of 0.02 part of vitamin A acetate and 0.5 part of vitamin B20.012 portion of vitamin B120.4 part of pyridoxine, 0.2 part of nicotinic acid and 0.02 part of vitamin B10.04 part of vitamin K, 0.1 part of vitamin D, 0.4 part of alpha-tocopherol, 0.01 part of biotin, 0.025 part of folic acid, 0.1 part of vitamin C, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.4 part of inositol and 0.28 part of calcium pantothenate.
Further, the compound mineral salt comprises monocalcium phosphate, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, zinc sulfate heptahydrate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, sodium chloride, copper sulfate pentahydrate, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate and cobalt chloride.
Further preferably, the compound mineral salt is composed of 0.8-1.2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.03-0.05 parts of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.008-0.012 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.3-0.5 parts of calcium carbonate, 0.14-0.16 parts of potassium chloride, 0.008-0.012 parts of potassium iodide, 0.06-0.10 parts of sodium chloride, 0.008-0.012 parts of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 0.006-0.010 parts of manganese sulfate, 0.2-0.4 parts of magnesium sulfate and 0.001-0.003 parts of cobalt chloride.
Still more preferably, the complex mineral salt consists of 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 0.04 part of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.01 part of zinc sulfate heptahydrate, 0.4 part of calcium carbonate, 0.15 part of potassium chloride, 0.01 part of potassium iodide, 0.08 part of sodium chloride, 0.01 part of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 0.008 part of manganese sulfate, 0.3 part of magnesium sulfate, and 0.002 part of cobalt chloride.
Further, the complex amino acid is composed of methionine, threonine, and lysine.
Further preferably, the compound amino acid is prepared from methionine, threonine and lysine in a weight ratio of 2: 1: 5, the chitosan-zinc complex can generate obvious synergistic effect when being matched with beta-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and chitosan zinc.
Further preferably, the binder is 1 part.
Further, the adhesive is sodium alginate.
The immune enhanced penaeus vannamei feed comprises the following nutritional components in percentage by weight: 36-45% of crude protein, 6.5-9% of crude fat, 28-37% of carbohydrate, 4-9% of crude fiber, 8-10% of ash and the balance of water.
A preparation method of an immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a premix of the basic feed: weighing 20-25 parts of fish meal, 12-23 parts of soybean meal, 10-15 parts of peanut meal, 15-25 parts of flour, 1-5 parts of shrimp shell meal, 0-7 parts of beer yeast, 2-5 parts of fermented soybean meal and 0-0.5 part of cholesterol, and mixing in advance to form a premix of a basic feed;
(2) crushing: carrying out ultrafine grinding on the premix of the basic feed prepared in the step (1), and then sieving by a sieve of 60-200 meshes to obtain the basic feed;
(3) preparing an additive premix: weighing 1-5 parts of compound vitamin, 1-3 parts of compound mineral salt, 0.6-1.0 part of compound amino acid and 0.8-1.2 parts of adhesive, and premixing to obtain an additive premix;
(4) mixing materials: uniformly mixing the basic feed prepared in the step (2), the additive premix prepared in the step (3), 0.2-0.4 part of composite immunopotentiator, 1-4 parts of fish oil, 0-1.5 parts of soybean oil and 0.5-3 parts of soybean lecithin;
(5) feeding the uniformly mixed materials in the step (4) into a bin to be granulated, introducing steam, and preparing the mixture into feed particles by using a granulator;
(6) and (3) further curing the feed particles obtained in the step (5) in a stable curing device, and sieving the cured feed particles with a standard sieve to obtain particles with the particle size of between 24 meshes and 12 meshes (or the particle size of the particles is between 0.8 and 1.6 mm), namely the immune enhanced penaeus vannamei feed.
The molecular signal generated by the beta-glucan stimulates the organism to generate new white blood cells, thereby promoting the growth and accelerating the wound healing. In the immune system of prawns, beta-glucan can be linked to the surface of the cell membrane of hemolymph granules by binding to the receptor beta-glucan binding protein (beta GBP) in the serum of prawns, and can induce the granules to release serine. Serine activates the proPO system to convert the proenzyme into active phenol oxidase (PO enzyme), which reacts to form high-activity substances such as melanin and quinone peroxide, thereby eliminating and killing foreign microorganisms. The beta-glucan is used for improving the immunity of prawns, and common methods comprise bath soaking, injection and addition in feed. However, the continuous addition of a large amount of beta-glucan for a long time can cause immune fatigue of prawns.
The existence of coordination bonds in the chitosan metal complex enables intermolecular acting force and certain bonds in the chitosan to be changed, and a weak structure beneficial to the breakage of chitosan molecular chains is formed. The zinc chitosan can improve the efficiency of chitosan in removing free radicals in animal bodies. The effects of inhibiting bacteria and improving the immunity of prawns of the complex of chitosan and Zn are obviously higher than the effects of chitosan and Zn acting independently respectively.
The mannan oligosaccharide not only improves the intestinal mucosa shape of the prawn, increases the height and density of villi and enlarges the absorption area of the intestinal tract, thereby promoting the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances; but also can promote the reproduction of beneficial bacteria and form a good microbial flora in the intestinal tract by regulating the intestinal microbial flora of aquatic animals, thereby improving the growth efficiency of the prawns. The mannooligosaccharide can be combined with bacteria, viruses, toxins and eukaryotes, and can relieve the absorption of antigens and enhance the humoral immunity and cellular immunity of organisms by serving as an auxiliary agent of the exogenous antigens.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the feed can comprehensively meet the nutritional requirements of the penaeus vannamei boone;
(2) the feed provided by the invention overcomes the problem of unbalanced amino acid in a single protein source, and is beneficial to improving the utilization rate of the feed, reducing ammonia nitrogen emission and reducing environmental pollution. The feed contains proper crystalline amino acid, so that on one hand, the adverse effect caused by the fact that excessive crystalline amino acid cannot be used is reduced, and on the other hand, the adopted crystalline amino acid has a feeding attraction effect on the penaeus vannamei boone.
(3) The feed disclosed by the invention does not contain any toxic and harmful components, and the raw materials are reasonably proportioned and synergistically acted, so that the immunity and disease resistance of the penaeus vannamei boone can be effectively improved, the growth of the penaeus vannamei boone is promoted, the survival rate is improved, and the culture economic benefit is improved;
(4) the feed has good palatability, the production process is similar to that of common granulated feeds, and the large-scale popularization is facilitated.
Detailed Description
For better explanation of the present invention, the following specific examples are further illustrated, but the present invention is not limited to the specific examples.
The feeds of the examples and comparative examples were subjected to feeding tests, based on the weight of the air-dried material.
Table 1: the feed formulations of the examples and comparative examples.
Figure BDA0001504642460000041
Figure BDA0001504642460000051
Specific growth rate SGR (% d)-1) 100 × (ln final average weight-ln initial average weight)/day of experiment;
weight gain WG (%) (final weight-initial weight) x 100/initial weight;
the survival rate SR (%) (residual shrimp tail number is multiplied by 100/shrimp tail number when the experiment is ended);
feed Factor (FCR) — feed feeding amount/(final weight-initial weight);
protein Efficiency (PER) — (end weight-initial weight)/protein feed.
According to the formula feed of table 1, the penaeus vannamei boone is fed for 60 days, the feed coefficient of 1.18 of example 1 is lower than that of 1.3 of comparative example 1, the specific growth rate of 4.57 of example 1 is significantly higher than that of 4.17 of comparative example 1, the growth rate of 1356.67% of example 1 is significantly higher than that of 1228.9% of comparative example 1, and the survival rate of 97.8% of example 1 is significantly higher than that of 73.67% of comparative example 1. From the immune index, compared with the comparative example 1, the phenol oxidase (PO enzyme) activity and the lysozyme activity of the embodiment of the invention are obviously improved, and the SOD enzyme activity is obviously enhanced. The survival rate of the example 2 is 96.9%, and the survival rate of the example 3 is 96.6%.
Compositional analysis of example 1: 42% of protein, 7.6% of fat, 8.5% of ash, 9% of water, part of carbohydrate, minerals and the like.
The survival rate of comparative example 2 was 83.9%, the survival rate of comparative example 3 was 81.9%, the survival rate of comparative example 4 was 81.2%, and the survival rate of comparative example 5 was 89.8%.
In the embodiment 1, the beta-glucan, the mannan oligosaccharide and the chitosan zinc are mixed according to a specific ratio, and the synergistic effect of the methionine, the threonine and the lysine is added, so that the immunity and the disease resistance of the penaeus vannamei boone are effectively improved, the growth of the penaeus vannamei boone is promoted, the survival rate is obviously improved, the survival rate of the penaeus vannamei boone in the embodiment 1 is obviously higher than that in the comparative examples 1-5, and the culture economic benefit is effectively improved.
The above description is only exemplary of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the claims appended hereto, as well as the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. The immunity-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of fish meal, 12-23 parts of soybean meal, 10-15 parts of peanut meal, 15-25 parts of flour, 1-5 parts of shrimp shell powder, 0-7 parts of beer yeast, 2-5 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-4 parts of fish oil, 0-1.5 parts of soybean oil, 0.5-3 parts of soybean lecithin, 0-0.5 part of cholesterol, 0.2-0.4 part of a composite immunopotentiator, 1-5 parts of composite vitamin, 1-3 parts of composite mineral salt, 0.6-1.0 part of composite amino acid and 0.8-1.2 parts of a bonding agent;
the compound immunopotentiator consists of 0.15 to 0.25 part of beta-glucan, 0.04 to 0.1 part of mannan oligosaccharide and 0.01 to 0.05 part of chitosan zinc;
the compound amino acid consists of methionine, threonine and lysine.
2. The immune enhanced penaeus vannamei feed according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the beta-glucan, the mannan oligosaccharide and the chitosan zinc is 20: 5-10: 1-5.
3. The immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed according to claim 1, wherein the compound vitamins comprise vitamin A acetate and vitamin B2Vitamin B12Pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, vitamin B1Vitamin K, vitamin D, alpha-tocopherol, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C, choline chloride, inositol and calcium pantothenate.
4. The immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed according to claim 3, wherein the compound vitamins comprise 0.01-0.03 part of vitamin A acetate and 0.4-0.6 part of vitamin B20.010-0.015 part of vitamin B120.3-0.5 part of pyridoxine, 0.1-0.3 part of nicotinic acid and 0.01-0.03 part of vitamin B10.03-0.05 part of vitamin K, 0.08-0.12 part of vitamin D, 0.3-0.5 part of alpha-tocopherol, 0.008-0.012 part of biotin, 0.024-0.026 part of folic acid, 0.08-0.12 part of vitamin C, 0.4-0.6 part of choline chloride, 0.3-0.5 part of inositol and 0.25-0.30 part of calcium pantothenate.
5. The immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed according to claim 1, wherein the compound mineral salts comprise monocalcium phosphate, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, zinc sulfite heptahydrate, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, sodium chloride, copper sulfate pentahydrate, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and cobalt chloride.
6. The immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed as claimed in claim 5, wherein the compound mineral salt is composed of 0.8-1.2 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.03-0.05 parts of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.008-0.012 parts of zinc sulfite heptahydrate, 0.3-0.5 parts of calcium carbonate, 0.14-0.16 parts of potassium chloride, 0.008-0.012 parts of potassium iodide, 0.06-0.10 parts of sodium chloride, 0.008-0.012 parts of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 0.006-0.010 parts of manganese sulfate, 0.2-0.4 parts of magnesium sulfate and 0.001-0.003 parts of cobalt chloride.
7. The immune-enhanced penaeus vannamei feed according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of methionine, threonine and lysine is 2: 1: 5.
8. a method for preparing an immune-enhanced Penaeus vannamei feed according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparing a premix of the basic feed: weighing 20-25 parts of fish meal, 12-23 parts of soybean meal, 10-15 parts of peanut meal, 15-25 parts of flour, 1-5 parts of shrimp shell meal, 0-7 parts of beer yeast, 2-5 parts of fermented soybean meal and 0-0.5 part of cholesterol, and mixing in advance to form a premix of a basic feed;
(2) crushing: carrying out ultrafine grinding on the premix of the basic feed prepared in the step (1), and then sieving by a sieve of 60-200 meshes to obtain the basic feed;
(3) preparing an additive premix: weighing 1-5 parts of compound vitamin, 1-3 parts of compound mineral salt, 0.6-1.0 part of compound amino acid and 0.8-1.2 parts of adhesive, and premixing to obtain an additive premix;
(4) mixing materials: uniformly mixing the basic feed prepared in the step (2), the additive premix prepared in the step (3), 0.2-0.4 part of composite immunopotentiator, 1-4 parts of fish oil, 0-1.5 parts of soybean oil and 0.5-3 parts of soybean lecithin;
(5) feeding the uniformly mixed materials in the step (4) into a bin to be granulated, introducing steam, and preparing the mixture into feed particles by using a granulator;
(6) and (3) further curing the feed particles obtained in the step (5) in a stable curing device, and screening the cured feed particles through a standard sieve to obtain particles between 24 meshes and 12 meshes, namely the immune enhanced penaeus vannamei feed.
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CN103385353A (en) * 2013-07-24 2013-11-13 中山大学 Penaeus vannamei compound feed special for high salinity cultivation and preparation method of compound feed
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