CN107621934B - Evaluation index calculation method and device based on modular and graphical operators - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the field of command information system simulation training evaluation, and provides an evaluation index calculation method and device based on modular and graphical operators, wherein the method comprises the following steps: selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operators through the directional connecting lines to form the whole process logic of algorithm calculation implementation; configuring the attribute and the parameter of each basic processing operator; and automatically executing each basic processing operator in sequence, and outputting a final evaluation index. The evaluation algorithm flow can be designed more conveniently by carrying out logic connection and parameter design through a graphical interface, the evaluation algorithm flow is more friendly to operators, and complicated indexes and algorithms thereof can be designed more quickly and conveniently through a modular operator combination mode.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of command information system simulation training evaluation, and particularly relates to an evaluation index calculation method and device based on modular and graphical operators.
Background
The simulation training evaluation system of the command information system provides a common frame for training evaluation, realizes the integration function of a comprehensive evaluation function and a professional evaluation system, is mainly used for quantitative and qualitative analysis evaluation of the simulation training quality and effect of the command information system, and lays a foundation for scientifically developing the training evaluation and effectively improving the training effect.
The evaluation process of the current simulation training evaluation system is as follows: the method comprises the steps of establishing an evaluation index system, inputting scheme data, selecting an evaluation method, processing and analyzing data and displaying an evaluation result. In the step of selecting the evaluation method, the weight of each evaluation index and an evaluation index value calculation mode need to be set, and a comprehensive evaluation system is generally subjected to two modes of manual scoring and automatic calculation. And manually scoring, namely, selecting a specific numerical value of an evaluation index value by an evaluator through manual scoring, and calculating a comprehensive evaluation result according to an index system. And (4) automatic calculation, namely, an evaluator selects and sets a calculation operator and an index weight of each index, and automatically calculates a corresponding evaluation index according to the input scheme data to obtain an evaluation result.
The mode of automatically calculating the evaluation index is selected, and a plurality of optional operators (namely algorithms) are arranged in the evaluation operator modeling tool, and the algorithms can be operated independently or are combined to realize the evaluation calculation of the scheme data. In a general method, the calculation process of an operator needs to consider the specification of input and output data, and a script mode is usually used for combination to realize a complete algorithm flow. The combined method needs an evaluation process designer to have certain evaluation knowledge reserve and certain programming capability to realize the optimal evaluation algorithm process, and increases the design difficulty of evaluation index value calculation.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an evaluation index calculation method and apparatus based on a modular and graphical operator, in which a modular flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator are used, basic operators are combined by directional links, and corresponding attributes and parameters of the operators are set to implement the design of an index calculation method, so as to solve the technical problem of the existing evaluation index calculation design method that is difficult.
On one hand, the evaluation index calculation method based on the modular and graphical operator comprises the following steps:
selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operators through the directional connecting line to form overall process logic and a path for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm;
configuring the attribute and the parameter of each basic processing operator, wherein the attribute and the parameter comprise input parameters, output parameters, control conditions, algorithm functions, algorithm codes and exception handling of the operators;
and according to the whole process logic, automatically executing each basic processing operator according to the sequence specified by the directional connecting line, monitoring and recording the whole process, and outputting a final evaluation index according to an output parameter format specified by a user if an abnormal condition is met in the executing process.
Further, the basic processing operators include a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator, the flow control operator is a flow control related operator for indicating the start, condition jump and completion of evaluation index calculation, the data extraction operator is an operator for indicating data extraction from various different heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements, the data conversion operator is an operator for indicating conversion, calculation, combination and split operations on a data table, the common algorithm operator is an operator for indicating various mathematical calculations on data, the user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code according to requirements. I.e. custom operator scripts.
Further, the common algorithm operators are divided into a statistical calculation operator, a matrix operation operator, a mathematical operation operator, a variance analysis operator, a regression analysis operator, a sensitivity analysis operator, a cluster analysis operator and a fuzzy evaluation operator.
Furthermore, the process control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally an evaluation index is calculated;
all operators have universal and consistent interfaces and a user-defined processing method, the operators are connected in a matched mode through a directed connecting line, one end of the connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of the connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator are obtained, whether formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting line, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given.
In another aspect, the evaluation index calculation device based on the modular and graphical operator includes:
the operator selection unit is used for selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operator through the directional connecting line to form the overall process logic and path for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm;
the operator configuration unit is used for configuring the attributes and parameters of each basic processing operator, and comprises the input parameters, the output parameters, the control conditions, the algorithm functions, the algorithm codes and the exception handling of the operators;
and the operator execution unit is used for automatically executing each basic processing operator according to the sequence specified by the directional connecting line according to the whole process logic, monitoring and recording the whole process, and outputting a final evaluation index according to an output parameter format specified by a user if an abnormal condition occurs in the execution process.
Further, the basic processing operators include a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator, the flow control operator is a flow control related operator for indicating the start, condition jump and completion of evaluation index calculation, the data extraction operator is an operator for indicating data extraction from various different heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements, the data conversion operator is an operator for indicating conversion, calculation, combination and split operations on a data table, the common algorithm operator is an operator for indicating various mathematical calculations on data, the user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code according to requirements. I.e. custom operator scripts.
Further, the common algorithm operators are divided into a statistical calculation operator, a matrix operation operator, a mathematical operation operator, a variance analysis operator, a regression analysis operator, a sensitivity analysis operator, a cluster analysis operator and a fuzzy evaluation operator.
Further, the operator selection unit includes:
the flow control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally an evaluation index is calculated;
all operators have universal and consistent interfaces and a user-defined processing method, the operators are connected in a matched mode through a directed connecting line, one end of the connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of the connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator are obtained, whether formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting line, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: in the evaluation operator modeling tool of the command information system simulation training evaluation system, the modular basic operator is adopted, logical connection and parameter design are carried out through a graphical interface, the evaluation algorithm flow can be designed more conveniently, the graphical operation interface is more friendly to operators, and a complex index calculation algorithm can be designed simply and conveniently through the modular operator combination mode.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an evaluation flow diagram of a simulated training evaluation system directing an information system;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method of evaluation index design, testing and computation based on componentized, graphical operators;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a graphical evaluation index value calculation design operation interface;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of a graphical computational logic formed;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a structure of a design, test and computation apparatus based on evaluation metrics of componentized, graphical operators.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
In order to explain the technical means of the present invention, the following description will be given by way of specific examples.
The first embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 2, the evaluation index calculation method based on the componentization and graphical operator provided in this embodiment specifically includes the following steps:
and S101, selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operator through a directional connecting line to form overall process logic and a path for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm.
In this embodiment, the basic processing operator refers to software components of a common and general computing method and processing method, and mainly includes a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator, a user-defined operator, and the like.
The flow control operators are flow control related operators for indicating the start, conditional jump, completion and the like of the calculation of the evaluation index. The data extraction operator is an operator which expresses that data is extracted from various heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements. The data conversion operator is an operator for performing operations such as conversion, calculation, combination, splitting and the like on the data table. The common algorithm operators are operations representing various common mathematical calculations performed on data. The common algorithm operators can be further classified into statistical calculation operators (e.g., maximum, minimum, mean, median, variance, mean square, etc.), matrix operation operators (transpose, inversion, eigenvalue, eigen polynomial, QR decomposition, LU decomposition, etc.), mathematical operation operators (add, subtract, multiply, divide, power n, root n, difference, etc.), variance analysis operators, regression analysis operators, sensitivity analysis operators, cluster analysis operators, fuzzy evaluation operators, and the like. The user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code according to the requirement. I.e. custom operator scripts.
The flow control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally the evaluation index is calculated. All operators have universal and consistent interfaces and self-defined processing methods, so that reuse and transformation of the operators are greatly facilitated. The operators are connected in a matching mode through the directional connecting lines, one end of each connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of each connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operators and data input interface parameters of the inlet operators are obtained, whether the formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting lines, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given
In fig. 1, the construction of the evaluation index system is performed by an index system design tool in the evaluation system. The tool is used for describing the limit of a command information system simulation training management system and a lead-tone group on an evaluation index system required by simulation training, and establishing the index system based on a simulation training process and a thought result. The output of this process is an index system built from the evaluation goals. The input scheme data is completed through a data preprocessing tool in the evaluation system, the tool is used for receiving and preprocessing the input data, and the input data mainly comprises an Excel file, a text file, a SqlServer database, an Oracle database and a simulation scenario and playback file generated by the simulation training of the command information system. The output generated by the data preprocessing tool mainly comprises a processed data table, a derivable text and an Excel file. The data extraction operator of this embodiment is the data table processed by the data preprocessing tool.
The selection evaluation method shown in fig. 1 is completed by an evaluation operator modeling tool in the evaluation system. The tool is used for establishing a calculation rule from data to an evaluation index value, inputting an index system comprising the established index system and a processed data table, and outputting the calculation rule method of the index. The invention designs a modular and graphical evaluation index calculation design method by utilizing an evaluation operator modeling tool.
With reference to fig. 3, when designing an evaluation index value calculation algorithm, the left side of the graphical operation interface has a basic operator library, which includes a process control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator for selection, a common algorithm operator, and a user-defined operator, and can also expand the basic operator library.
Firstly, selecting a proper modular operator from a basic operator library according to algorithm design requirements, selecting a proper user-defined operator if the user-defined operator is needed, displaying the selected operator in a graphical design interface, and moving the position of the operator to carry out reasonable layout. Generally speaking, the process control operators are used as a start operator and a finish operator, the start operator is connected with a data extraction operator, and data calculation processing is performed between the data extraction operator and the finish operator for each connected data conversion operator, common algorithm operator and user defined operator. In the operator connection process, for two operators needing connection, one operator is an exit operator, the other operator is an entrance operator, the exit operator is at the upstream, and the entrance operator is at the downstream. The data conversion operator is provided with a data input interface and a data output interface, the interfaces comprise interface parameters, and the data operator also has a data output interface. And acquiring data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator, judging whether the formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched, if so, connecting the two operators through a connecting line, and if not, giving a prompt that the two operators cannot be connected.
Because any two operators can not be connected, for the two operators to be connected, whether the two operators can be connected or not is judged by detecting whether the data output interface parameters of the outlet operator are matched with the data input interface parameters of the inlet operator or not. The interface parameters are the types, the quantity and the like of input/output data of the operator interface. For example, the data output interface parameter of the exit operator a has a data type X, while the data input interface parameter of the entry operator B has only a data type Y, and the two operators cannot be connected, otherwise, even after connection, the operator execution will be wrong.
Step S102, configuring the attribute and the parameter of each processing operator, wherein the attribute and the parameter comprise input parameters, output parameters, control conditions, algorithm functions, algorithm codes and exception handling of the operators.
The attribute and the parameter of the data conversion operator are mainly set. If the filter operator is used, the filter condition needs to be set, and the expression operator needs a user to define a calculation expression. After the steps of graphical logic connection and configuration of attribute parameters are completed, a flow chart of the evaluation index value calculation method can be obtained, and the flow chart is also a calculation rule of the evaluation index value.
And S103, automatically executing each basic processing operator according to the whole process logic in a sequence specified by the directional connecting line, monitoring and recording the whole process, and outputting a final evaluation index according to an output parameter format specified by a user if an abnormal condition is met in the executing process.
The evaluation index is calculated according to the designed calculation logic, and after the evaluation index is obtained, a comprehensive result table is displayed through a comprehensive evaluation display system, and the evaluation result is displayed.
To give an example, as shown in fig. 4, the process starts, one process control operator is selected as the start operator, and then two data extraction operators, namely, the data tables TAB _ FA _ command and TAB _ FA _ horizontal, need to be selected. And (3) deleting qualified data, namely a filter operator 1 and a filter operator 2 in the graph by applying a filter operator to each data table. And connecting the results of the two data tables by using a connection operator for the filtered data, grouping and combining by using an aggregation operator, wherein the two filter operators, the connection operator and the aggregation operator are selected data conversion operators, then obtaining a result to finish a calculation process by a graphical script, namely a user-defined operator, and finally obtaining a result to finish the calculation process by a C # script self-defined calculation mode, and selecting a process control operator as a finishing operator to show that the process is finished.
It can be seen from the above example that an openers only needs to select a proper operator, and then connects the operators together through a connecting line, so that a complete evaluation index value calculation method can be formed, and the writing of a bottom code does not need to be considered, so that various complex evaluation index value calculation methods can be quickly designed according to requirements, and the development difficulty is reduced.
The invention provides a logic connection and parameter configuration operation of a graphical interface, a complex index calculation algorithm can be simply and conveniently designed by a modular operator combination mode, and the specific process of calculating the evaluation index value is not concerned by the invention. And the graphical logic connection relation can more clearly and directly understand the frame structure of the calculation algorithm of the evaluation index value, the logic relation is clearer, the code requirement on development designers is not high, various complex logic codes are not required to be written, and the design difficulty of evaluation index value calculation is reduced.
Example two:
as shown in fig. 5, the evaluation index calculation apparatus based on the componentized and graphical operator provided in this embodiment includes:
the operator selection unit 51 selects a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and the basic processing operators are subjected to graphical logical connection through the directional connecting lines to form overall process logic and paths for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm;
the operator configuration unit 52 is used for configuring the attributes and parameters of each basic processing operator, including input parameters, output parameters, control conditions, algorithm functions, algorithm codes and exception handling of the operators;
and the operator execution unit 53 is used for automatically executing each basic processing operator according to the sequence specified by the directional connecting line according to the whole process logic, monitoring and recording the whole process, and outputting a final evaluation index according to an output parameter format specified by a user if an abnormal condition occurs in the execution process.
The functional units 51 to 53 provided in this embodiment correspondingly implement steps S101 to S103 in the first embodiment, select an appropriate basic processing operator through the operator selection unit, then perform graphical logic connection, configure attributes and parameters of the individual operators through the operator configuration unit, and finally execute the calculation process through the operator execution unit to obtain the final evaluation index. The basic processing operators comprise a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator, wherein the flow control operator is a flow control related operator for expressing the start, condition jump and completion of evaluation index calculation, the data extraction operator is an operator for expressing data extraction from various heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements, the data conversion operator is an operator for expressing the operations of conversion, calculation, combination and splitting on a data table, the common algorithm operator is an operator for expressing the operations of performing various mathematical calculations on the data, the user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code according to the requirements. I.e. custom operator scripts. The common algorithm operators are divided into a statistical calculation operator, a matrix operation operator, a mathematical operation operator, a variance analysis operator, a regression analysis operator, a sensitivity analysis operator, a cluster analysis operator and a fuzzy evaluation operator.
Furthermore, the process control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally an evaluation index is calculated;
all operators have universal and consistent interfaces and a user-defined processing method, the operators are connected in a matched mode through a directed connecting line, one end of the connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of the connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator are obtained, whether formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting line, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given.
The functional units and functional modules of the embodiments of the present invention have corresponding execution steps in the first embodiment, and are not described herein again.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An evaluation index calculation method based on a modular and graphical operator is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operators through the directional connecting line to form overall process logic and a path for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm;
configuring the attribute and the parameter of each basic processing operator, wherein the attribute and the parameter comprise input parameters, output parameters, control conditions, algorithm functions, algorithm codes and exception handling of the operators;
according to the whole process logic, each basic processing operator is automatically executed according to the sequence specified by the directional connecting line, the whole process is monitored and recorded, and if an abnormal condition is met in the execution process, a final evaluation index is output according to an output parameter format specified by a user;
the basic processing operators comprise a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator, wherein the flow control operator is a flow control related operator for indicating the start, condition jump and completion of evaluation index calculation, the data extraction operator is an operator for indicating data extraction from various heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements, the data conversion operator is an operator for indicating conversion, calculation, combination and split operations on a data table, the common algorithm operator is an operator for indicating various mathematical calculations on data, the user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code, namely a user-defined operator script, according to requirements;
the common algorithm operators are divided into a statistical calculation operator, a matrix operation operator, a mathematical operation operator, a variance analysis operator, a regression analysis operator, a sensitivity analysis operator, a cluster analysis operator and a fuzzy evaluation operator;
the flow control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally an evaluation index is calculated;
all operators have universal and consistent interfaces and a user-defined processing method, the operators are connected in a matched mode through a directed connecting line, one end of the connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of the connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator are obtained, whether formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting line, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given.
2. An evaluation index calculation apparatus based on a modular and graphical operator, the apparatus comprising:
the operator selection unit is used for selecting a proper basic processing operator according to the algorithm design requirement of the evaluation index, and carrying out graphical logic connection on the basic processing operator through the directional connecting line to form the overall process logic and path for calculation and implementation of the evaluation index algorithm;
the operator configuration unit is used for configuring the attributes and parameters of each basic processing operator, and comprises the input parameters, the output parameters, the control conditions, the algorithm functions, the algorithm codes and the exception handling of the operators;
the operator execution unit is used for automatically executing each basic processing operator according to the sequence specified by the directional connecting line according to the whole process logic, monitoring and recording the whole process, and outputting a final evaluation index according to an output parameter format specified by a user if an abnormal condition occurs in the execution process;
the basic processing operators comprise a flow control operator, a data extraction operator, a data conversion operator, a common algorithm operator and a user-defined operator, wherein the flow control operator is a flow control related operator for indicating the start, condition jump and completion of evaluation index calculation, the data extraction operator is an operator for indicating data extraction from various heterogeneous data sources according to different requirements, the data conversion operator is an operator for indicating conversion, calculation, combination and split operations on a data table, the common algorithm operator is an operator for indicating various mathematical calculations on data, the user-defined operator is an operator for providing a general code frame and an interface, and a user directly writes a special operator processing code, namely a user-defined operator script, according to requirements;
the common algorithm operators are divided into a statistical calculation operator, a matrix operation operator, a mathematical operation operator, a variance analysis operator, a regression analysis operator, a sensitivity analysis operator, a cluster analysis operator and a fuzzy evaluation operator;
the flow control operator comprises a start operator, a finish operator and a conditional jump operator, a starting point and an end point of algorithm calculation implementation are specified, a branch selection mode of jumping according to specific conditions is specified, and therefore a complete path of algorithm calculation implementation can be planned; the starting operator is connected with the data extraction operator, so that when the algorithm is started to execute, related data are obtained from a specified data source, necessary preprocessing is carried out through the data conversion operator, then the data are processed through the common algorithm operator, and finally an evaluation index is calculated;
all operators have universal and consistent interfaces and a user-defined processing method, the operators are connected in a matched mode through a directed connecting line, one end of the connecting line is an outlet operator, the other end of the connecting line is an inlet operator, data output interface parameters of the outlet operator and data input interface parameters of the inlet operator are obtained, whether formats of the two groups of interface parameters are matched or not is judged, if yes, the two operators are connected through the connecting line, and if not, a prompt that the operators cannot be connected is given.
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