CN107500262A - Porous carbon materials and its preparation method and application - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a porous carbon material and its preparation method and application. The preparation method includes the preparation of the precursor: dissolving metal salt and organic acid in an organic solvent, adding additives, stirring and centrifuging to obtain the precursor, The molar ratio of the metal salt, organic acid and additive is 1-10:1-10:0-100; the preparation of porous carbon material: after mixing the precursor and proppant, under the protection of inert gas After carbonization, washing and drying, the porous carbon material is obtained, wherein the proppant includes inorganic salts. The preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the invention avoids the phenomenon of pore collapse in the carbonization process, and increases the specific surface area and porosity of the porous carbon material.

Description

Porous carbon material and its preparation method and application

technical field

The invention relates to a carbon material, in particular to a porous carbon material and its preparation method and application.

Background technique

Porous carbon materials have a wide pore size distribution, including micropores, mesopores and macropores, and have the advantages of extremely high chemical stability, excellent electrical conductivity and low price, making them widely used in gas separation, water purification, chromatography, etc. Analysis, catalysis and catalyst support, energy storage, electrochemistry and other fields.

At present, porous carbon materials mainly control the pore size of porous carbon materials after carbonization by designing the structure of organic precursors. However, the collapse of organic matter is unavoidable during the carbonization process. And in order to reduce the residue of impurities in porous carbon materials and obtain larger pore size and specific surface area, carbonization is usually carried out at a temperature above 600°C. Such a temperature is much higher than the decomposition temperature of organic matter, which will cause more pore collapse. On the contrary, it has a greater impact on the final pore structure.

Contents of the invention

The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a porous carbon material and its preparation method and application. The technical problem to be solved is to solve the problem of collapse in the carbonization process, so that the prepared porous carbon material can be used under the same conditions. , to obtain larger specific surface area and porosity, and then prepare more excellent hydrogen storage, loading phase change materials and carbon materials with higher catalytic activity.

The purpose of the present invention and the solution to its technical problems are achieved by adopting the following technical solutions.

According to the preparation method of a porous carbon material proposed by the present invention, it includes the preparation of a precursor: dissolving a metal salt and an organic acid in an organic solvent, adding additives, stirring, and centrifuging to obtain a precursor, the metal salt , the molar ratio of organic acid and additive is 1-10: 1-10: 0-100; the preparation of porous carbon material: after mixing the precursor and proppant, carbonize under the protection of inert gas, wash, After drying, the porous carbon material is obtained, wherein the proppant includes inorganic salts.

The purpose of the present invention and its technical problems can also be further realized by adopting the following technical measures.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the proppant includes zinc.

Preferably, in the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, the proppant includes zinc and inorganic salts.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the mass ratio of the precursor to the inorganic salt is 1:0.1-10.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the mass ratio of the precursor, inorganic salt and zinc is 1:0.1-10:0.1-10.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the inorganic salt is one or a combination of two or more of potassium chloride, sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 600-1200° C. at a rate of 3-10° C./min, and keep the temperature at this temperature for 1-8 hours.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein the metal salt is zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, chromium sulfate, chromium acetate, zirconium nitrate, Zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate, zirconium acetate, copper nitrate, copper chloride, copper sulfate, copper acetate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel acetate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, cobalt sulfate, cobalt acetate, nitric acid One of iron, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ferric acetate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, manganese acetate, titanium nitrate, titanium chloride, titanium sulfate or a combination of two or more; and/or, the organic acid is terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, trimesic acid, pyromellitic acid, mellitic acid, 2-sulfonic terephthalic acid One or a combination of two or more of formic acid, 2-nitroterephthalic acid, and 2-aminoterephthalic acid; and/or, the organic solvent is N, N dimethylformamide, N, One or a combination of two or more of N diethylformamide, absolute ethanol, absolute methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, and toluene; and/or, the additive is triethyl One or a combination of two or more of amines, hydrofluoric acid, sodium hydroxide, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and methanol.

Preferably, the aforementioned preparation method of a porous carbon material, wherein, when the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is greater than or equal to 800°C, the proppant includes sodium chloride; or, when the carbonization process When the maximum temperature is less than 800°C, the proppant includes potassium chloride and/or magnesium chloride.

Preferably, the aforementioned method for preparing a porous carbon material, wherein, when the proppant includes zinc, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 420° C. at a rate of 3-10° C./min and hold the temperature for 20 minutes. Afterwards, continue to heat up to 600-1200°C, and keep warm at this temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes sodium chloride, the carbonization process is to increase the temperature at 3-10°C/min The speed is increased to 810°C, after 30 minutes of heat preservation, the temperature is continued to 810-1200°C, and the temperature is maintained at this temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes potassium chloride, the carbonization process is as follows: The heating rate of 3-10°C/min is raised to 770°C, and after holding for 30 minutes, the temperature is continued to rise to 770-1200°C, and the temperature is kept at this temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes magnesium chloride, the The carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 720°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep it warm for 30 minutes, then continue to heat it up to 720-1200°C, and keep it at this temperature for 1-8h.

The purpose of the present invention and the solution to its technical problems are also achieved by the following technical solutions.

According to a porous carbon material proposed by the present invention, the porous carbon material is prepared by any one of the above-mentioned preparation methods.

The purpose of the present invention and the solution to its technical problems are also achieved by the following technical solutions.

According to the application of the porous carbon material proposed by the present invention, it is applied in the fields of gas separation, water purification, chromatographic analysis, catalysis and catalyst carrier, energy storage or electrochemistry.

By virtue of the above technical solutions, the porous carbon material provided by the present invention and its preparation method and application have at least the following advantages:

1. In the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention, a proppant is added during the carbonization process to avoid the collapse of the pore diameter during the high-temperature carbonization process.

In the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention, a proppant is added in the process of carbonizing the obtained precursor. During the carbonization process, the proppant first enters the pores in the form of liquid to play a supporting role, and when the temperature is further raised, the proppant vaporizes and evaporates. The proppant is preferably a substance containing inorganic salts, or a mixture containing zinc and inorganic salts.

2. In the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention, the proppant added in the carbonization process has no residue in the porous carbon material.

The proppant provided by the present invention plays a supporting role in the carbonization process of the carbon material, and is removed by further temperature rise, that is, gasification and evaporation. While increasing the specific surface area and porosity of the carbon material, the proppant does not remain in the porous carbon material, which ensures the quality of the porous carbon material.

3. The present invention provides a porous carbon material with larger specific surface area and porosity.

The porous carbon material prepared by the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention has a larger specific surface area and porosity, and the distribution of the pore diameter is more uniform, which is more conducive to its use in gas separation, water purification, chromatographic analysis, Applications in catalysis and catalyst supports, energy storage or electrochemistry.

The above description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention. In order to understand the technical means of the present invention more clearly and implement them according to the contents of the description, the preferred embodiments of the present invention and accompanying drawings are described in detail below.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of IRMOF-3 prepared in Example 1 of the present invention;

The scanning electron microscope image of 3C-1000 that Fig. 2 comparative example 1 of the present invention prepares;

The X-ray diffraction spectrum of 3C-1000 (NaCl) prepared by the embodiment of the present invention 1 of Fig. 3;

Figure 4 is the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of IRMOF-3, 3C-1000 (NaCl) prepared in Example 1 of the present invention and 3C-1000 prepared in Comparative Example 1;

Fig. 5 is a pore size distribution diagram of 3C-1000 (3C-1000) prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.

detailed description

In order to further explain the technical means and effects of the present invention to achieve the intended purpose of the invention, the following in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, the specific implementation methods, Structure, characteristic and effect thereof are as follows in detail. In the following description, different "one embodiment" or "embodiment" do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics of one or more embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner.

The invention provides a preparation method of a porous carbon material.

The preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention includes the preparation of the precursor: dissolving the metal salt and the organic acid in the organic solvent, adding the additive, stirring and centrifuging to obtain the precursor, the metal salt, the organic acid, The molar ratio of the additives is 1-10:1-10:0-100; the preparation of the porous carbon material: after mixing the precursor and the proppant, carbonize it under the protection of an inert gas, wash and dry it to obtain The porous carbon material, wherein the proppant includes inorganic salts.

In the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention, a proppant is added during the carbonization process of the precursor, and the proppant is melted at a certain temperature, and enters the pores formed during the carbonization process, and acts as a skeleton support for the pores, avoiding The pore collapse phenomenon caused by the decomposition of organic substances in the precursor during the carbonization process has been eliminated, and the pores formed during the carbonization process have been stabilized, and a porous carbon material with a large specific surface area, large porosity, and uniform pore size distribution and size has been obtained. And due to the further high temperature action, the proppant is vaporized and evaporated, and no impurities remain in the porous carbon material, which ensures the quality of the carbon material.

Further, the proppant includes zinc and inorganic salts.

In the preparation method of the porous carbon material provided by the present invention, the proppant may include zinc and inorganic salts. The simple metal zinc begins to melt at 400°C, forming a liquid that enters the pores to play a supporting role; at the same time, the inorganic salt begins to melt at a high temperature section of about 800°C, and enters the porous carbon material to play a supporting role in the high temperature section, and then follows As the carbonization temperature rises, the proppant evaporates to form gas, which acts as a pore-forming agent during the carbonization process, ensuring that the obtained porous carbon material has a higher pore volume and specific surface area. It can be seen that the mixture of elemental metal zinc and inorganic salt as a proppant can increase the temperature range of its support function, and further improve the stability, specific surface area and pore volume of the pores of porous carbon materials.

Further, the mass ratio of the precursor to the inorganic salt is 1:0.1-10.

When the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is greater than 1000°C, the carbonization time is greater than 8 hours, and the pore size of the desired porous carbon material is less than 10nm, the mass ratio of the precursor to the inorganic salt is 1:2-10.

Further, the mass ratio of the precursor to zinc is 1:0.1-10.

When the heating rate of the carbonization process is less than 5°C and the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is less than 800°C, the mass ratio of the precursor to the zinc powder is 1:2-10.

Further, the mass ratio of the precursor, inorganic salt and zinc is 1:0.1-10:0.1-10.

Further, the inorganic salt is one or a combination of two or more of potassium chloride, sodium chloride or magnesium chloride.

The decomposition of organic matter is completed at 300-400°C, and at a higher temperature, the residual impurities of the product can be reduced, and a larger pore volume and specific surface area can be obtained, but above 600°C, the temperature is much higher than the decomposition temperature of organic matter. Will cause more holes to collapse. The selected metal zinc element can start to melt at 400°C, forming a liquid and entering the porous carbon to play a supporting role. At about 800°C, the zinc powder completely becomes gaseous, while the inorganic salt begins to melt at a high temperature range of 700-800°C. Into the porous carbon material, it plays a supporting role in the high temperature section, and then evaporates to form gas as the carbonization temperature increases, and acts as a pore-forming agent in the carbonization process to ensure that the obtained porous carbon material has higher pores. volume and specific surface area.

Further, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 600-1200° C. at a rate of 3-10° C./min, and keep the temperature at this temperature for 1-8 hours.

It should be noted that "the temperature" here is the temperature at which the gradient temperature rises to the highest. That is, if the temperature rises to 1000°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep the temperature at 1000°C for 1-8h.

Further, when the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is greater than or equal to 800°C, the proppant includes sodium chloride; or, when the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is less than 800°C, the proppant Include Potassium Chloride and/or Magnesium Chloride.

In order to ensure that the proppant provided by the present invention plays a more effective propping effect, the present invention further limits the selection of proppant at different carbonization temperatures. It should be noted that the "maximum temperature" here refers to the highest temperature reached by gradient heating during the carbonization process.

Further, when the proppant includes zinc, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 420°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep warm for 20 minutes, continue to heat up to 600-1200°C, and Insulate at high temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes sodium chloride, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 810°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, and continue to heat up to 810-1200°C, and keep warm at this temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes potassium chloride, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 770°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min , after 30 minutes of heat preservation, continue to heat up to 770-1200°C, and keep heat at this temperature for 1-8h; or, when the proppant includes magnesium chloride, the carbonization process is at a rate of 3-10°C/min Raise the heating rate to 720°C, keep warm for 30 minutes, then continue to heat up to 720-1200°C, and keep warm at this temperature for 1-8h.

In order to ensure the stability of the propping effect of the proppant during the carbonization process, the present invention further limits that different proppants need to be maintained at different temperatures for a certain period of time during use, so that the distribution of the proppant in the pores is more uniform, and further improves The supporting effect of the proppant is improved, and the pore size and distribution uniformity of the prepared porous carbon material are improved.

Example 1

This embodiment provides a method for preparing a porous carbon material and the prepared porous carbon material.

Weigh 3.33g (18.4mmol) of 2-aminoterephthalic acid and 14.42g (48.5mmol) of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and dissolve in DMF (360mL), add 20mL (143.5mmol) of triethylamine, and stir at room temperature for 30 minutes . Centrifuge and wash the resulting solid with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and chloroform (CHCl ₃ ) three times each, and finally dry it in an oven at 80°C for 24 hours to obtain a light yellow IRMOF-3 material .

Mix 3 grams of Zn and 6 grams of NaCl with the IRMOF-3 material obtained above, put it into a tube furnace, and raise the temperature to 1000 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min under the protection of _N2 , keep it for 6 hours and then cool it naturally to room temperature, the obtained porous carbon material was named 3C-1000(NaCl).

Comparative example 1

The IRMOF-3 material prepared in Example 1 was carbonized without adding a proppant to obtain a porous carbon material named 3C-1000.

The phase composition and component analysis of the sample were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD, SmartLab) and energy spectrometer (EDS, INCA X-MAX50); the morphology and structure of 3C-1000 (NaCl) were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Quanta250FEG) for characterization; thermal analysis (Netzsch STA449F1/F3) is measured under an Ar atmosphere with a temperature program of 10°C/min; by measuring _N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm (Micromeritics ASAP2420 absorption analyzer), calculate the specific surface area; The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model yields branches of the adsorption isotherm to obtain the pore size distribution.

Compared with the solvothermal synthesis method, the method for preparing IRMOF-3 provided in Example 1 of the present invention is simpler and more efficient, and can rapidly synthesize IRMOF-3 template materials in large quantities at room temperature. SEM showed that IRMOF-3 (Fig. 1) was approximately 200-300 nm in diameter. The 3C-1000 obtained after carbonization in Comparative Example 1 (Figure 2) still retains a certain grain shape and surface structure of its precursor, but the particles shrink significantly, and the pore structure is due to the formation, migration and reduction of ZnO during the carbonization process After volatilization, it acts as a pore-forming agent in porous carbon materials.

The results of EDS and XRD show that after carbonization at 1000°C, the obtained products are mainly porous carbon materials and a small amount of NaCl crystals (see Table 1). At the same time, there are two broad diffraction peaks at 20°-30° and 40°-45°, indicating the formation of tiny graphite fragments, and the product composition is mainly ^sp2 hybridized carbon (Fig. 3).

Table 1 Elemental analysis of products after carbonization

The specific surface area, pore size, and pore size distribution of IRMOF-3, 3C-1000(NaCl), and 3C-1000 were obtained from _N2 adsorption isotherms (Table 2 and Fig. 4, Fig. 5). The curves of 3C-1000 and 3C-1000(NaCl) fit the characteristics of type IV isotherms, indicating the existence of micropores, mesopores and macropores. The pore size distribution measured by 3C-1000 includes micropores, mesopores and macropores, but the pore size is mainly distributed between 1-20nm. The specific surface area of IRMOF-3 obtained by BET and t-diagram method is 687.52m ² /g, and the specific surface area and total pore volume of the product increase significantly after carbonization. Although the specific surface area of the porous carbon prepared by blending IRMOF-3 and NaCl is not as high as that of the direct carbonization product of IRMOF-3, the total pore volume is greatly improved, reaching as high as 2.83cm ³ /g. This is because NaCl is in a molten state at 1000 °C, which can play a certain role in supporting the shrinkage of particles during the carbonization process, reducing the probability of material collapse and increasing the volume of mesopores in porous carbon.

Table 2 Structure parameters of IRMOF-3 and 3C

Example 2

This embodiment provides a method for preparing a porous carbon material and the prepared porous carbon material.

The proppant used in this example is 9 grams of Zn simple substance, and other preparation processes are the same or similar to Example 1.

The physical properties of the porous carbon material prepared in this example are the same as those in Example 1.

Example 3

This embodiment provides a method for preparing a porous carbon material and the prepared porous carbon material.

The proppant used in this example is 9 grams of NaCl, and other preparation processes are the same or similar to Example 1.

The physical properties of the porous carbon material prepared in this example are the same as those in Example 1.

It should be noted that the physical properties and implementation of porous carbon materials prepared by using other metal salts, organic acids, additives, proppant components and contents provided by the present invention, and other carbonization processes provided by the present invention. Example 1 is the same and will not be repeated here.

In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have their own emphases, and for parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference may be made to relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

It can be understood that related features in the above devices can refer to each other. In addition, "first", "second" and so on in the above embodiments are used to distinguish each embodiment, and do not represent the advantages and disadvantages of each embodiment.

In the description provided herein, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the foregoing description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, in order to streamline this disclosure and to facilitate an understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or its description. This disclosed device, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention.

Those skilled in the art can understand that the components in the device in the embodiment can be adaptively changed and arranged in one or more devices different from the embodiment. The components in the embodiments may be combined into one component, and furthermore may be divided into a plurality of subcomponents. All features disclosed in this specification (including accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) and all parts of any apparatus so disclosed may be combined in any combination, unless at least some of such features are mutually exclusive. Each feature disclosed in this specification (including accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise.

Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that although some embodiments described herein include some features included in other embodiments but not others, combinations of features from different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention. and form different embodiments. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments may be used in any combination. The various component embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, or in a combination thereof.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of parts or components not listed in a claim. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element or component does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements or components. The invention can be implemented by means of an apparatus comprising several different components. In a claim enumerating several components, several of these components may be embodied by the same component item. The use of the words first, second, and third, etc. does not indicate any order. These words can be interpreted as names.

The numerical range stated in the present invention includes all the numerical values in this range, and includes the range value composed of any two numerical values in this range. For example, "and keep warm at this temperature for 1-8h", this numerical range includes all numerical values between 1-8, and includes the range value (2- 5); Different numerical values of the same index appearing in all embodiments of the present invention can be combined arbitrarily to form range values.

The technical features in the claims of the present invention and/or the description can be combined, and the combination is not limited to the combination obtained by reference in the claims. The technical solution obtained by combining the technical features in the claims and/or the description is also within the protection scope of the present invention.

The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention in any form. Any simple modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention still belong to the present invention. within the scope of the technical solution of the invention.

Claims (11)

1. A preparation method of porous carbon material, characterized in that: comprising, Preparation of precursor: dissolving metal salt and organic acid in an organic solvent, adding additives, stirring, and centrifuging to obtain a precursor. The molar ratio of the metal salt, organic acid, and additive is 1-10:1-10 : 0-100; Preparation of porous carbon material: After mixing the precursor and proppant, carbonization under the protection of inert gas, after washing and drying, the porous carbon material is obtained, wherein the proppant includes inorganic salt . 2. the preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: The proppant includes zinc and inorganic salts. 3. the preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: The mass ratio of the precursor to the inorganic salt is 1:0.1-10. 4. The preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 2, is characterized in that: The mass ratio of the precursor, inorganic salt and zinc is 1:0.1-10:0.1-10. 5. The preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: The inorganic salt is one or a combination of two or more of potassium chloride, sodium chloride or magnesium chloride. 6. the preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: The carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 600-1200° C. at a rate of 3-10° C./min, and keep the temperature at this temperature for 1-8 hours. 7. the preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: The metal salts are zinc nitrate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, chromium sulfate, chromium acetate, zirconium nitrate, zirconium chloride, zirconium sulfate, zirconium acetate, copper nitrate, chloride Copper, copper sulfate, copper acetate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel acetate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, cobalt sulfate, cobalt acetate, iron nitrate, iron chloride, iron sulfate, iron acetate, aluminum nitrate, One or a combination of two or more of aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum acetate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, manganese acetate, titanium nitrate, titanium chloride, titanium sulfate; and/or, Described organic acid is terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, trimesic acid, pyromellitic acid, mellitic acid, 2-sulfonic terephthalic acid, 2-nitroterephthalic acid, 2 - one or a combination of two or more of aminoterephthalic acids; and/or, Described organic solvent is N, one in N dimethylformamide, N, N diethyl formamide, dehydrated alcohol, dehydrated methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, toluene or A combination of two or more; and/or, The additive is one or a combination of two or more of triethylamine, hydrofluoric acid, sodium hydroxide, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid and methanol. 8. the preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: When the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is greater than or equal to 800°C, the proppant includes sodium chloride; or, When the maximum temperature of the carbonization process is less than 800°C, the proppant includes potassium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. 9. The preparation method of a kind of porous carbon material according to claim 1, is characterized in that: When the proppant includes zinc, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 420°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep warm for 20 minutes, continue to heat up to 600-1200°C, and keep warm at this temperature 1-8h; or, When the proppant includes sodium chloride, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 810°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep warm for 30 minutes, continue to heat up to 810-1200°C, and Keep warm for 1-8h; or, When the proppant includes potassium chloride, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 770°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep warm for 30 minutes, continue to heat up to 770-1200°C, and Keep warm for 1-8h; or, When the proppant includes magnesium chloride, the carbonization process is to raise the temperature to 720°C at a rate of 3-10°C/min, keep warm for 30 minutes, continue to heat up to 720-1200°C, and keep warm at this temperature 1-8h. 10. A porous carbon material, characterized in that: The porous carbon material is prepared by any one of the preparation methods in claims 1-9. 11. An application of a porous carbon material, characterized in that: The porous carbon material according to claim 10, which is applied in the fields of gas separation, water purification, chromatographic analysis, catalysis and catalyst carrier, energy storage or electrochemistry.