CN107406601A - 具有改进的热膨胀系数的聚合物基材及其制备方法 - Google Patents
具有改进的热膨胀系数的聚合物基材及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107406601A CN107406601A CN201680014629.9A CN201680014629A CN107406601A CN 107406601 A CN107406601 A CN 107406601A CN 201680014629 A CN201680014629 A CN 201680014629A CN 107406601 A CN107406601 A CN 107406601A
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- thermoplastic resin
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Abstract
一种用于提供具有嵌入在热塑性聚合物中的玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料基材和方法。玻璃纤维毡与热压接合方法相结合的特性使得相对于常规填充的热塑性基材或其它玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料而言,具有显著改进的和期望的热膨胀系数。
Description
技术领域
具有嵌入在热塑性聚合物内的玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料的基材及其制备方法。玻璃纤维毡与热压接合方法相结合的独特特性使得相对于常规填充的热塑性基材或其它玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料而言,具有显著改进的和期望的热膨胀系数。
背景技术
热塑性聚合物特别公知的是提供低密度、良好刚度、耐化学性的优点,具有形成各种形状和相对低成本的能力。不幸的是,这类聚合物也公知具有相对较高的热膨胀值。在常规热塑性塑料如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、PVC、聚酯和尼龙的文献中找到的值通常为50*10-6m/(m*℃)至250*10-6m/(m*℃)。塑料领域的技术人员在设计用于涉及温度变化应用的塑料制品时,充分认识到使用具有低热膨胀系数的材料的重要性。
降低热塑性塑料的热膨胀系数的常规努力包括通过掺入各种填料来制备复合材料。填料可以包括矿物填料如碳酸钙、滑石、粘土、火山灰或各种纳米颗粒。填料还可以包括有机填料,如木粉,稻壳或谷物副产物。还已知使用纤维如碳纤维,各种聚合物纤维,纤维素纤维或玻璃纤维,并将它们与聚合物熔融加工技术相结合以形成热塑性复合材料。这样的纤维可以作为松散纤维或定向纤维掺入至聚合物中或作为织造或非织造片材。织造或非织造片材通常首先制成相当薄的,具有掺入其中的热塑性或热固性聚合物的小基重的网状物。然后它们通常作为层施用以最终形成多层基材。不幸的是,为了实现较低的热膨胀系数而添加过量的填料或纤维可能会损害热塑性复合材料的其它性质。例如,所得的复合材料可能不期望地表现出其重量,整体柔韧性,成本或冲击强度中的一种或多种的降低。将大量填料混合至热塑性塑料中也可能变得非常困难。
热塑性复合材料的热膨胀系数非常依赖于所使用的热塑性树脂。具有高热膨胀系数的热塑性树脂如聚乙烯和聚丙烯更难以改性成具有非常低热膨胀系数的热塑性复合材料。诸如PVC和聚酯的热塑性塑料具有比聚烯烃更低的热膨胀系数,然而在市场上仍然需要具有甚至比目前可获得的热膨胀系数更低的热膨胀系数的热塑性复合材料。
发明内容
本公开涉及具有嵌入在热塑性聚合物中的玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料。玻璃纤维毡具有能够降低所得热塑性复合材料的热膨胀系数(TEC)的一些特性。TEC的降低代表了热塑性聚合物的TEC从其整齐形式的显着变化。本发明的热塑性复合材料可以表现出比衍生自热塑性聚合物的整体实施方案的基材小至少3倍的TEC,或者在某些实施方案中,TEC为50*10-6m/(m*℃)或更低。在其它应用中,热塑性复合材料可以具有比衍生自相同热塑性聚合物或热塑性配混物的未改性实施方案的基材小至少3倍的TEC。
在一些实施方案中,玻璃纤维毡的总重量,给定区域中毡的交叉点数或其组合可以使热塑性复合材料的TEC降低。玻璃纤维毡的实施方案可以描述为具有稀松组织(openweave)。玻璃纤维毡的稀松组织使得热塑性树脂易于掺入其中同时重量允许待制备的具有期望厚度的材料具有非常低的热膨胀系数。实施方案可以包括重量在76和1500g/m2之间,或者在某些应用中重量为150至600g/m2的玻璃纤维毡。此外,玻璃毡的稀松组织的特征可以在于在一平方厘米内具有在20和3000之间的玻璃交叉点。
用于形成热塑性复合材料的热塑性聚合物可以根据期望的最终应用用途而不同。实施方案可以包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃共聚物、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚酰胺,或它们的组合。还可以使用再生聚合物。例如,可以使用含有来自水力碎浆法的纤维素纤维的聚烯烃。
一种用于形成热塑性复合材料的方法包括热压接合。不同于其他熔融加工实践,热压接合不需要精确熔融状态并且在低压力和低剪切下运行。热压接合的一个实例是连续双压带机。连续双压带机制备选择的宽度和厚度以及无限长度的基材。根据本公开,连续双压带机在低压下运行从而能够使得热塑性聚合物熔融至玻璃纤维毡的稀松组织中而不会不适当地压缩玻璃纤维。这导致具有玻璃纤维网状物的塑料基材分散在热塑性复合材料的大部分厚度上。厚度的范围可以从基重为500至1500g/m2的薄网状物至基重大于1500g/m2的较厚板材。
可以获得较厚基材的另一种方法包括通过将两个或更多个本公开的热塑性复合材料层叠在一起制备总基重大于1500g/m2的板材。可选的实施方案包括在热塑复合材料的这些层之间放置附加量的热塑性树脂,或者通过在热塑性复合材料的一面或两面上放置附加量的热塑性树脂。可以获得较厚基材的另一种方法是通过采用单一含有玻璃纤维的热塑性复合材料并随后在含有玻璃纤维的热塑性复合材料的一面或两面上放置附加量的热塑性树脂来制备总基重大于1500g/m2的板材。
所得的热塑性复合材料可以单独使用或用作地板、天花板材、屋顶、墙壁覆盖物、台面,外部甲板材以及其他这种热塑性材料需要具有低热膨胀系数的片材应用的组分。
本应用中使用的以下术语定义如下:
“复合材料”是指聚合材料和一种或多种其它材料的混合物。
“填料”是指在用于熔融加工填充的聚合物基质的条件下不具有粘弹性特性的有机或无机材料。
“板材”是指基重至少为1500g/m2的基材。
“再生聚合材料”是指由循环或回收过程产生的材料,例如水力碎浆的废物流(其含有聚合物或聚合物混合物),以及在一些情况下,其它填料,纤维或添加剂或它们的组合。
“基材”是指具有选择的宽度和厚度和长度的物体。
“热塑性复合材料”是指热塑性聚合材料和一种或多种其它材料的混合物。
“热塑性配混物”是指衍生自热塑性树脂和一种或多种填料、纤维或添加剂或它们的组合的混合物。
“热塑性树脂”是指可以任选地含有附加添加剂的热塑性聚合物。
“网状物”是指基重小于1500g/m2的基材。
附图说明
图1是适用于实施本公开各种实施方案的热压工艺的示意图。
具体实施方式
具有低热膨胀系数的材料在许多市场中是非常需要的,包括地板、建筑和施工、工业、运输和汽车等等,因为低热膨胀系数允许材料在更宽的温度范围内使用而不引起诸如弯曲、变形、断裂或剥离的问题。塑料领域的技术人员在设计用于涉及温度变化应用的塑料制品时,充分认识到使用具有低热膨胀系数的材料的重要性。
地板,特别是豪华乙烯基瓷砖(“LVT”)应用是一个代表性的应用,其中低热膨胀系数(“TEC”)是期望和重要的。LVT应用在多层层压结构中使用聚合物基材作为基底层。由条件变化诸如环境空气温度变化、底层地板温度变化、辐射阳光加热地板的位置,或将地板安装在与其将被使用的温度显着不同的温度条件下引起的室温变化是本领域技术人员众所周知的当温度变化变得太大时,引起变形或收缩率或多层地板层压板从已被胶合至其的底层地板剥离的问题。每个问题都可能导致消费者期望的装饰性地板覆盖物的美学上不可接受的外观。在这种应用中,主要在工业中使用的聚合物基材是基于矿物填充的PVC并且具有相对低的TEC。
木材和木材树脂复合材料已知的是它们的非常低的热膨胀系数。然而,已知木材和木材树脂复合材料遭受对液态水或空气中湿气形式的潮湿的敏感。已知过多地暴露于水在木质地板中引起膨胀,并导致上述类似的美学问题。大多数塑料对于水引起的膨胀不敏感,因为它们本质上是非极性的,除非它们填充有能吸收水的天然填料。
用塑料如聚乙烯或聚丙烯代替PVC或木材是特别有挑战性的,因为这些聚合物树脂具有固有的较高的热膨胀系数,这需要被大大降低以满足或超过用于LVT,其它地板应用,和诸如天花板瓷砖、墙壁覆盖物、甲板材料的应用和其它这种应用的材料中发现的热膨胀系数。
尽管多年来全球市场由与PVC相关的环境问题或与木材相关的吸水挑战所引发的各种挑战,已经在包括地板在内的各种市场寻求PVC和木材的替代品。关于PVC的环境问题包括其寿命终了的性质,如果没有妥善处理,其可能会分解成HCl或二噁英。此外,经常用于软化硬质PVC使其在包括地板的许多应用中更有用的邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂也引起关注,因为它们已经与各种潜在的健康问题相关联,并被观察到迁移至人类中。此外,经常用于地板应用的高度填充的PVC难以回收和再利用。已知木材产品当随着时间暴露于过多水时会遭受腐朽、膨胀和腐烂。
已经试图解决PVC所面临的挑战,特别是在地板市场。例如,已经使用其它聚合物和聚合物复合材料来寻求各种可替代方案。聚烯烃诸如低密度聚乙烯(“LDPE”)、高密度聚乙烯(“HDPE”)、聚丙烯(“PP”)和其它类似的聚烯烃由于其可用性,优异的熔融加工性能,相对较低的成本以及它们的回收能力而提供了潜在的可替代方案。类似地,还考虑了基于从诸如地毯、塑料涂层纸、城市废物和工业废料的回收制品收集的塑料的回收塑料,以及类似地基于LDPE、HDPE、PP,其它类似的聚烯烃以及尼龙、聚酯和PVC及其混合物。
纯LDPE和HDPE的热膨胀系数通常约为纯PVC的热膨胀系数的三倍。纯PP具有取决于其分子取向的较低的热膨胀系数,并且可以是纯PVC的热膨胀系数的1.5至2.5倍。聚烯烃(如LDPE、HDPE和PP)的另一个挑战是,当与纯PVC相比时,没有一种可以如PVC一样高效地填充有效降低纯树脂热膨胀系数的填料。这种挑战也适用于再生聚合材料。
本公开涉及针对节约成本的聚合物基材的市场需求的解决方案,所述聚合物基材具有特别低的热膨胀系数,用于例如地板,包括LVT、天花板覆盖物、墙壁覆盖物,外部甲板材料等需要特别低的热膨胀系数的应用,以及使得解决方案还能够提供所得产物所需的平整度的制造方法。此外,在某些实施方案中,再生塑料树脂特别期望地具有低制造成本和环境可持续性。
对于LDPE和HDPE,TEC的文献值通常为约195至250*10-6m/(m*℃)。PP报道的范围为100至180*10-6m/(m*℃)。PVC报道的TEC为约65至130*10-6m/(m*℃)。通常已经报道,使用矿物填料、玻璃纤维、玻璃织物和某些塑料毡可以减少聚烯烃和PVC的TEC。用于地板应用的PVC组合物通常具有约50至80*10-6m/(m*℃)的TEC。使用树脂如LDPE、HDPE、PP或其他类似的聚烯烃或使用它们的再生塑料,实现在此范围内的TEC已经被证明是非常困难的,并且很大程度上阻碍了非PVC地板材料向市场的广泛引入。
地板行业对塑料地板要求具有低的TEC,并且对潮湿引起的膨胀敏感性很小或不敏感,这也很大程度上阻碍了天然纤维填料的使用,因为天然纤维填料在暴露于水时易发生膨胀。这些要求的组合需要使用无机填料。在非常高的负荷水平下将无机填料装载到LDPE、HDPE、PP或其他类似的聚烯烃中,使得所得的热塑性复合材料具有高密度和通常差的机械性能。事实上,现在已经发现通过添加填料LDPE基树脂的TEC的降低仅可以降低至约80*10-6m/(m*℃)。
包括附加填料以进一步降低聚烯烃的TEC导致简单过低机械性能的材料广泛地使用,并且还发现添加另外的填料使得TEC几乎没有进一步降低。已经研究了许多有机填料和无机填料,无论是否有旨在降低TEC的玻璃纤维毡和各种塑料毡。本公开的一个实施方案提供了一种类型的玻璃纤维毡,当其与热塑性复合材料适当组合时可以在复合材料被允许通过在最终测量TEC之前加热至70℃至少一个小时的时间使其松弛之后将TEC驱动至小于10×10-6m/(m*℃)。在维持适当的机械性质(例如模量和冲击强度)的同时获得低的TEC值。
在本公开中具体化的基材包括具有玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料,当其与相同的不包括玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料相比显着地降低TEC。实施方案可以包括重量在76和1500g/m2之间,或者在某些应用中重量为150至600g/m2的玻璃纤维毡。在其它实施方案中,长的玻璃纤维,例如可得自Huntingdon的柔性玻璃,例如8610柔性玻璃,重量为150至460g/m2。当玻璃纤维毡的代表性20.3cm×20.3cm的部分放置在尺寸也为20.3cm×20.3cm的两张厚纸之间并装载有228克重时,这种玻璃纤维毡也具有高度约为1mm至10mm的特征。玻璃纤维毡的另一特征为其具有相对的稀松组织。确定玻璃纤维毡是否具有稀松组织的一个方法是通过计数特定区域上的玻璃纤维毡中的各个纤维之间的交叉点的数量。例如,在1cm×1cm方形截面中测量的玻璃纤维交叉点的数量通常在20和3000之间,并且在一些应用中在70和2000之间。
连续纤维薄毡(“CFM”)可用作本公开中描述的玻璃纤维毡。CFM是由连续纤维束组成的增强毡,所述连续纤维束被纺丝以产生随机纤维取向和体积。CFM使用连续长纤维而不是短切纤维。连续纤维薄毡通过以循环的方式将熔融的玻璃纤维束直接分配到移动的带上进行生产。当玻璃纤维冷却和硬化时,施加粘合剂以将长丝保持在适当位置。这种CFM可从Huntingdon,PA的Huntingdon Fiberglass Products,LLC商购得到。具有本公开内容的本领域技术人员能够选择特定的玻璃纤维毡或CFM以满足期望的成品特性。
本公开的玻璃纤维毡的这些特性提供了允许热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物填充或流入未被纤维占据的开放区域的体积特性。允许热塑性塑料填充玻璃纤维毡内开放空间的特性对于基重大于1500g/m2的塑料板材可能是特别有价值的。基重大于1500g/m2的塑料板材通常厚度至少为1mm,典型厚度为约1.5mm。对于这种厚度的塑料板材具有低的TEC,已经发现玻璃纤维毡期望被包括在尽可能多的板材厚度中,并且玻璃纤维很好地嵌入在热塑性塑料中。还已经发现,只要玻璃纤维毡很好地嵌入至热塑性复合材料中,增加所述特征的增强玻璃纤维毡的基重降低所得热塑性复合材料板材的TEC。
具有本公开知识的本领域技术人员将认识到,在某些实施方案中,应选择玻璃纤维毡的总厚度以及每平方厘米的玻璃交叉点的数量,以使玻璃纤维毡充分地嵌入至热塑性聚合物中。不能很好地嵌入在热塑性树脂中的玻璃纤维网状物将导致板材变弱,并且具有在玻璃纤维网状物内分裂的倾向。因此,本公开的另一方面是提供本发明的塑料板材的层压板材,以便能够实现具有低TEC的更高基重的板材。本公开的另一方面是使用本发明的塑料板材作为低TEC芯部,其上可以以不同的量将附加的热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物涂覆到顶侧,底侧或两侧上。然而,本公开的另一方面是使用本发明的塑料板材作为可以将装饰层添加至其中成为装饰性地板覆盖物、墙壁覆盖物、天花板覆盖物和其它这些制品的基材材料。本发明的塑料板材的各种其它组合可以用于选择性最终用途。
此外,已经发现,本公开的玻璃纤维毡对不同类型的热塑性聚合物及其各自的配混物使得塑料板材具有低的TEC是有效的。本公开的实施方案可以使用任何热塑性聚合物。适用于本公开的热塑性聚合物的非限制性实例包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺、来自水力碎浆法的聚烯烃,或它们的组合。还包括由这些热塑性聚合物或其组合制成的热塑性树脂和热塑性配混物。
在可替代实施方案中,可以使用再生热塑性塑料,例如再生热塑性聚烯烃或热塑性聚烯烃配混物或热塑性PVC树脂或热塑性PVC配混物。例如,在一个实施方案中,再生塑料是可以含有填料的再生热塑性聚烯烃配混物。再生聚烯烃可以是由回收或再生过程产生含有聚烯烃(在某些实施方案中,具有高纵横比的纤维素材料)混合物的材料。一个实施例是主要用于从塑料涂层纸产品回收纤维素材料的水力碎浆法。水力碎浆法的一个实施例可以在美国专利No.5,351,895中找到,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。在某些实施方案中,再生聚合材料可以以高达99重量%的量包括在基材中。
在某些实施方案中,热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物具有允许其适当地流入玻璃纤维内的开放空隙空间的性质。具体地,热塑性塑料可以被研磨成较小的粒径,使得在热压接合之前其能够物理地渗入玻璃纤维毡内的一些开放区域中。通常地,热塑性树脂的粒径越小,其在玻璃纤维毡熔化之前就越能流入玻璃纤维毡内的开放空间。然而,太小的粒径可能导致过多的灰尘并且在制造环境中难以处理。具有本公开知识的本领域技术人员能够选择特定的粒径以匹配玻璃纤维毡的性质。
通常,丸粒尺寸为约0.25cm至0.5cm,而在其它实施方案中,粉末尺寸为0.05cm至0.2cm。可以使用各种范围和尺寸的组合。本领域技术人员知道被研磨成太小粒径的热塑性塑料或使用太大粒径的丸粒的极限。
在可选的实施方案中,可将各种添加剂添加至热塑性聚合物的粉末和丸粒中。这些添加剂可以用于赋予附加特性,例如颜色、阻燃性、更轻的重量、更低的成本等。填料本质上可以是有机或无机的。当添加至粉末或丸粒中时,优选填料与粉末或丸粒具有相似的尺寸,以帮助确保干混合物良好地混合。也可以添加液体至干混合物中以帮助减少灰尘并优化混合。
热塑性聚合物应具有适当的熔体流动指数,以确保热塑性聚合物在整个含有玻璃纤维的聚合物复合材料中充分分散和固结。熔体流动指数过低的材料在其变成液态时不能很好地流动。结果,这种材料在填充本公开的增强玻璃纤维毡内存在的开放空间中无效,并且玻璃纤维毡不能很好地嵌入在所得板材中。另外,如果发生不充分的流动,则增强玻璃纤维毡也不会嵌入在热塑性塑料中,并且不能使所得板材的TEC显着降低。MFI值可以为至少0.1至至少20.0g/10分钟,并且在某些应用中大于25g/10分钟。
热压接合能够产生含有本公开的玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料,其具有比纯热塑性聚合物更低的TEC。在某些实施方案中,在双压带机上的连续热压接合使得能够生产具有非常低的TEC的热塑性复合材料。与常规的聚合物热处理方法如挤出和注射成型不同,连续双压带机(“CDBP”)工艺不需要精确的熔融状态性质来产生所得的基材。
CDBP是能够以连续方式使用并且施加足以熔融热塑性聚合物所需的温度并同时施加相对低的压力和低剪切应力的热压缩制造工艺。在操作中,CDBP工艺可以将热塑性丸粒或粉末分散到玻璃纤维毡上,并使其能够以相对较小的压力或剪切力流入玻璃纤维毡中。在将玻璃纤维网状物放置在带上之前,CDBP也可用于将热塑性丸粒或粉末分散到连续不粘的带上。CDBP工艺产生非常平整的热塑性复合材料,其厚度在1米距离内的变化小于+/-0.1mm。CDBP工艺还可以在较小的距离上实现非常平整的材料,以达到地板工业中平整度的规格,在45cm距离内测得的间隙小于0.035cm。用于实现本公开的塑料板材的时间、温度和压力的实施例可以在实施例部分中找到。本领域技术人员将知道也可以使用能够与CDBP工艺实现类似结果的其它工艺条件。
图1中示出了连续双带工艺10的示意图。使用丸粒分散设备12将所需的聚合物复合材料作为丸粒14铺展到延伸的下部带16上并通过展开台(未示出)铺展到放置在带上的玻璃纤维毡(未示出)上。上部带18与靠近加热区域20的下部带16上的分散丸粒14接触。热熔融或部分熔化丸粒14并将它们与玻璃纤维毡(未示出)粘合在一起(未示出)。轧辊22施加压缩力以帮助丸粒14至具有不定长度的基材26的过程,并且可以帮助定向高纵横比填料以赋予有用的性质。退火区域24用于在基材从带16和18离开之前完成该过程。这种装置可从德国Goppingen的Sandvik-TPS获得。从连续双压带机中取出不定长度的板材时,基材被分成用于最终用途的较小基材。
使用CDBP允许将玻璃纤维毡的网状物展开到连续不粘的网状物或带上,随后可从中产生所得的热塑性复合材料。此外,在该过程中,可以在增强玻璃纤维毡被放置在连续不粘网状物上之后将热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物的粉末或丸粒分散在增强玻璃纤维毡的顶部上,并且不粘网状物可以基本上振动以帮助热塑性材料填充至玻璃纤维网状物中。
在另一个实施方案中,在将增强玻璃纤维毡施加至网状物之前,还可以将热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物的粉末或丸粒分散到不粘连续网状物上,随后将热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物的粉末或丸粒分散在玻璃纤维网状物的顶部上。可以将不同量的热塑性粉末或丸粒添加至玻璃纤维毡的顶部或底部,以产生不同基重的塑料板材。用于各层的热塑性聚合物的性质和类型可以不同。基重的范围可以为500g/m2至15,000g/m2,并且在某些应用中为1500g/m2至7,000g/m2。
本领域技术人员认识到,在热压接合工艺过程中施加的压力是影响所得基材的性质的变量。在热塑性聚合物熔融或基本软化之后施加足够的压力,以将热塑性塑料固结成具有非常少的空隙的热塑性板材,并将玻璃纤维网状物嵌入在热塑性复合材料中。本领域技术人员还将认识到,太大的压力可能将玻璃纤维毡压缩成非常薄的状态,从而不利地影响期望的低TEC。
选择的热塑性聚合物可能影响在热压接合过程中将玻璃纤维充分嵌入在热塑性聚合物毡中的能力。例如,具有高TEC值的某些热塑性聚合物可以在热塑性复合材料的最终TEC值中获得比使用具有较低TEC值的填充的热塑性配混物更好的结果。人们认为未填充的热塑性聚合物具有增加的流入玻璃纤维网内的空隙的能力,因此可以更有效地在成品基材中获得较低的TEC值。在某些实施方案中,已经发现本公开的热塑性复合材料具有低至8*10-6m/(m*℃)的TEC。这值类似于木材的TEC。TEC这种显著的改进使得所得制品在许多市场(包括地板和LVT应用,特别是天花板覆盖物、声音阻尼器、墙壁覆盖物和其他这种应用)上具有更大的实用性。
在可替代实施方案中,制备了薄的热塑性复合材料基材,例如约1.5mm厚的上述玻璃纤维毡,其充分地嵌入在聚烯烃热塑性配混物中。具有相对表面的这种薄的热塑性复合材料基材随后用热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物在两个相对表面上进行涂覆或粘合。这种过程可能导致具有非常低的TEC和非常好的平整度的板材。或者,可以将两个或更多个薄的热塑性复合材料基材层压在一起。预制这样的薄片,随后用另外的热塑性树脂或热塑性配混物涂覆薄片,或者将薄片层压在一起,能够获得非常低的TEC值和非常好的平整度值的基材。
可以对所得的基材进行处理以使得能够粘合或附着其它层以产生多层制品。本领域已知的这种方法的非限制性实施例包括等离子体处理、电晕处理、硅烷处理、底漆材料的使用或热处理。
本公开的基材显示出本领域技术人员以前未意识到或未获得的期望的低TEC性质。所得的热塑性复合材料的TEC范围可以是未改性热塑性板材TEC的大约一半至未改性热塑性板材TEC的大约十分之一。根据热膨胀系数测试测量基材的TEC。测试通过切割标称125cm平方的样品,用千分尺测量其长度和宽度,加热至70℃达1小时,然后使其冷却至室温达至少1小时来进行。再用千分尺测量其长度和宽度,以确定任何收缩。然后将样品再次加热至70℃,一小时后,它们的长度和宽度在将其从烘箱中取出后立即测量以确定它们的TEC。某些实施方案证实了35*10-6m/(m*℃)或更低的TEC。其他实施方案证实了比衍生自热塑性配混物的整体实施方案的基材小至少3倍的TEC。
实施例
对比实施例#1。使用CDBP处理可以丸粒形式使用并具有2.6g/10分钟的MFI的可得自United Plastics Recycling of Montgomery,Alabama的再加工LDPE,涂层级产品LDPE-W-5。MFI测量根据ASTM D1238-10程序A使用Tinius Olsen挤出塑性计进行。设定TiniusOlsen挤出塑性计的机筒温度为190℃,并施加2.16kg负荷。连续双压带机由德国Goppingen的Sandvik-TPS制造,具有三个加热区域和三个冷却区域,每个加热区域的长度约为5米,每个冷却区域的长度约为5米。组合加热区域和冷却区域的总长度约为27米,所述总长度包括轧辊和其他机械装备的长度。在加热区域和冷却区域之前放置两个能够在高达1.5米的距离上施加精确量的粉末或丸粒的分散单元。
材料被分散到以4m/分钟移动的特氟隆涂覆带上。在该实施例中仅使用一个分散单元。设置CDBP使得加热区域一的温度对于顶部和底部加热器都为250℃,将第二加热区域对于顶部和底部加热器设置为240℃的温度,将第三加热区域对于顶部和底部加热器设置为180℃。在加热区域之后,立即将3巴的压力设置于61cm动力轧辊上。在施加压区压力之后,样品立即进入第一冷却区域,对于顶部和底部冷却器都设置为40℃,而第二冷却区域对于顶部和底部冷却器都设置为20℃。
所得塑料板材的厚度为3.2mm,基重为2895g/m2。样品的TEC根据上述热膨胀系数测试进行测试。测量两个样品,并使用所有测量的平均值来确定表1中报道的数据。
对比实施例#2。使用与对比实施例#1相同的LDPE,但在这种情况下,将其粉碎成粉末形式,然后分散到CDBP的特氟隆涂覆带上。所有的CDBP工艺条件和测试方法与对比实施例#1中描述的相同。所得塑料板材的厚度为3.1mm,基重为2763g/m2。使用热膨胀系数测试来测量两个样品的TEC,并且使用所有测量的平均值来确定表1中报道的数据。
实施例#1。使用与对比实施例#2所描述的相同的LDPE。在该实施例中使用两个分散单元。第一分散单元将经粉碎的LDPE粉末直接施加至特氟隆涂覆带上。对于这种分散的粉末,应用可商购自Huntingdon,PA的Huntingdon Fiberglass Products,LLC的产品8610,来自连续线卷305g/m2的柔性玻璃纤维。随后,第二分散单元施加另一层经粉碎的LDPE。CDBP的振动台在第二个分散单元之后打开。经粉碎的LDPE的施用量大致相同但是被优化,以便能够形成相对平整的所得的塑料板材。所有的CDBP工艺条件和测试方法与对比实施例#1中描述的相同。所得的塑料板材的厚度约为3.05mm,基重为2956g/m2。使用热膨胀系数测试来测量两个样品的TEC,并且使用所有测量的平均值来确定表1中报道的数据。
实施例#2。使用与实施例#1中所描述的相同的LDPE和将其施加至CDBP的方法。在这种情况下,使用可商购自Huntingdon,PA的Huntingdon Fiberglass Products,LLC的产品8635D2,来自连续线卷229g/m2的半刚性玻璃纤维。所有的CDBP工艺条件和测试方法与对比实施例#1中描述的相同。所得的塑料板材的厚度约为3.05mm,基重为2823g/m2。使用热膨胀系数测试来测量两个样品的TEC,并且使用所有测量的平均值来确定表1中报道的数据。
表1
对比实施例#3。使用含有纤维素纤维填料的再加工LDPE,产品编号为3000282的致密颗粒并且具有0.3g/10分钟的MFI。将致密颗粒通过初始粉碎颗粒转化成丸粒形式,然后使用孔径约为3.6mm的冲模,通过Pallmann Palltruder PF250处理经粉碎的粉末。CDBP的加热区域#1对于顶部和底部烘箱设置为230℃,加热区域#2对于顶部和底部烘箱设置为210℃,加热区域3对于顶部和底部烘箱设置为150℃,冷却条件与对比实施例#1中所描述的相同。位于加热区域内部的三个直径15cm的轧辊都设置为3巴的压力。加热区域之后直径为61cm的动力轧辊设置为2巴的压力并且带速设置为3米/分钟。所得塑料片材的厚度为6.1mm,基重为7975g/m2。所得热塑性复合材料的性质可以在表2中找到。
对比实施例4-11。对比实施例4-11研究了各种填料对降低TEC的影响。这些实施例使用与对比实施例#3相似的方法进行。然而在这种情况下,将不同量的填料与经粉碎的LDPE混合,然后将其置于Pallmann Palltruder中以转化成丸粒。碳酸钙从得自威斯康星州格林湾的大湖钙矿的GLC 1012d中获得。木粉是来自威斯康星州Schofield的美国木纤维产品4010枫木。滑石,产品Silverline 002和火山灰可从Imerys Corporation商购获得。填料的量和所得热塑性复合材料的性质示于表2中。
表2
对比实施例12-24。对比实施例12-25研究了不同玻璃在降低TEC方面的能力。这些实施例使用与实施例#2相似的方法进行。然而,在这种情况下,使用含有纤维素纤维,产品编号为3000282,致密颗粒并具有0.3g/10分钟MFI的经粉碎的LDPE代替实施例#2的LDPE。所研究的不同类型的玻璃纤维包括来自罗德岛州西沃维克Dryvit公司的产品:标准(102g/m2)、标准加(142g/m2)、中间级(284g/m2)。还包括来自Cross Country Supply分别为165、237、284和474g/m2的玻璃纤维材料。还研究了来自Fiber Glast DevelopmentsCorporation的玻璃纤维网状物,并且包括产品241-B 47g/m2织物,产品262-C 95g/m2织物,产品259-A 142g/m2织物,产品246-C 39g/m2玻璃平纹棉麻织物,产品573-C 71g/m2紧密编织玻璃织物,产品1094-C,213g/m2斜纹织造玻璃织物。当根据本公开测量时,对比实施例12-24,20在每平方厘米不具有20至约3000个玻璃纤维交叉点范围内的玻璃交叉点或厚度为约1mm至10mm的高度。对于这些实施例,将对比实施例3中所描述的LDPE丸粒粉碎,使得可以使用如实施例#1中所描述的两个分开的分散单元随后分散粉末。设置CDBP的条件使得第一加热区域在顶部和底部都设置为190℃,加热区域二在顶部和底部都设置为190℃,加热区域3在顶部和底部都设置为150℃。两个冷却区域在顶部和底部都设置为20℃。将CDBP中第一个直径为15cm的轧辊设置为0.1巴,第二个直径为15cm的轧辊设置为1巴,第三个直径为15cm的轧辊设置为2巴,并将紧跟在加热区域之后的直径为61cm的动力轧辊设置为1.5巴,线速度为3m/min。使用如实施例#1所描述的CDBP上的两个分散单元来分散LDPE粉末。所得热塑性复合材料的性质示于表3中。
表3
实施例3-7。在实施例3-7中,结合连续玻璃纤维毡和连续热接合方法研究了各种热塑性树脂配混物。HDPE配混物包括可从怀俄明州夏延Wyocomp商购获得的混合色且MFI为0.5g/10分钟的再生HDPE。PP是具有4.6g/10分钟的MFI可从南卡罗来纳的Johnsonville的Wellmann Recycled Plastics商购获得的再生PP。PVC是可从印度尼西亚弗农山的Jamplast商购获得的再生细胞棕褐色PVC。膨胀的灰分是可从伊利诺伊州霍奇金斯的Silbrico Corporation商购获得的Sil 35BC。LDPE是对比实施例12-24中所描述的回收源。木粉是与对比实施例3-11中描述的相同的木粉。
实施例3-7的所有热塑性配混物通过首先将塑料粉碎成粉末来制备。当使用填料时,填料随后与经粉碎的塑料粉末混合以获得均匀的混合物。然后将粉末或粉末混合物进料至Pallmann Palltruder中以制备丸粒,随后将其粉碎成CDBP使用的粉末形式。来自连续线卷的柔性玻璃纤维是457g/m2的Huntingdon产品8610,可从Huntingdon,PA的HuntingdonFiberglass Products,LLC商购获得。如实施例1所述,将热塑性树脂粉末施加至CDBP并与柔性玻璃纤维结合。对于实施例3-6,CDBP线速度为3米/分钟。对于实施例3,所有的烘箱温度在顶部和底部都设置为205℃。冷却炉如对比实施例1所描述的进行设置。将第三个直径为15cm的轧辊设置4.3巴,将直径为61cm的动力轧辊设置为1.8巴,紧接在动力轧辊之后的第四个直径为15cm轧辊设置为4.3巴。对于实施例4,第一加热区域烘箱对于顶部和底部都设置为225℃。第二加热区域烘箱对于顶部和底部都设置为180℃。第三加热区域顶部和底部设置为140℃。冷却区域设置为与实施例3相同。在加热区域1至3中装备的所有直径为15cm的三个轧辊都设置为3.5巴。对于实施例5,第一加热区域烘箱对于顶部和底部都设置为225℃。第二加热区域烘箱对于顶部和底部都设置为165℃。第三加热区域顶部和底部设置为130℃。冷却区域顶部和底部都设置为20℃。第二和第三直径为15cm的轧辊都设置为3巴,直径为61cm的动力轧辊设置为3.5巴。
对于实施例6,除了将第三加热区域的顶部和底部设置为120℃以外,所有条件都是相同的。调整分散量以获得表4中所示的厚度并且连续玻璃纤维毡在板材厚度的中间大致居中。对于实施例7,将PVC粉碎成粉末并与膨胀的灰分粉末混合。4%的环氧化豆油也添加至混合物中。随后将其分散到CDBP上,不同于其它样品在粉碎之前不先制成丸粒。在实施例7中,使用可商购自Huntingdon,PA的Huntingdon Fiberglass Products,LLC,305g/m2的Huntingdon产品8610的连续线卷的柔性玻璃纤维。所得热塑性复合材料的性质示于表4中。
表4
实施例8-11。在实施例8-11中,使用与对比实施例12-24中所描述相同的LDPE。首先将LDPE粉碎,随后使用先前描述的Pallmann Paltruder制成丸粒。然后将丸粒随后在分散至CDBP之前粉碎成粉末。在所有情况下,除非另有说明,使用可商购自Huntingdon,PA的Huntingdon Fiberglass Products,LLC,305g/m2的Huntingdon产品8610的连续线卷的柔性玻璃纤维。如实施例1所述,除非另有说明,将LDPE粉末分散至CDBP不粘带以及连续线玻璃纤维上。对于实施例8,CDBP加热区域1顶部和底部设置为245℃。加热区域2顶部和底部设置为220℃,加热区域3顶部和底部设置为180℃,而冷却区域顶部和底部均设置为20℃。将第一个直径为15cm的轧辊设置0.1巴,将第二个直径为15cm的轧辊设置为2巴,将第三个直径为15cm的轧辊设置为2巴,将直径为61cm的动力轧辊设置为1.5巴。线速度为3m/分钟。对于实施例9,将来自实施例8的两个塑料板材放置在彼此的顶部,并贯穿CDBP,两个加热区域一和二的顶部和底部设置为210℃。加热区域三的顶部和底部设置为150℃。两个冷却区域的顶部和底部设置为20℃。第一个直径为15cm的轧辊施加0.1巴的压力。线速度为3m/分钟。不使用分散单元,并且没有进一步添加LDPE至样品中。也没有添加附加的玻璃纤维。对于实施例10,将来自实施例8的塑料板材代替玻璃纤维用作芯部材料。没有添加附加的玻璃纤维。将附加的LDPE树脂分散至板材的顶部和底部两侧。CDBP设置与实施例9相同。对于实施例11,将来自实施例10的两个塑料板材放置在彼此的顶部,并贯穿CDBP,两个加热区域一和二的顶部和底部设置为210℃,加热区域3的顶部和底部设置为150℃,两个冷却区域的顶部和底部设置为20℃。第一个直径为15cm的轧辊施加0.1巴。所得热塑性复合材料的性质示于表5中。
表5
虽然为了描述优选的实施方案已经对这些具体的实施方案进行了说明和描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,为实现相同目的的各种各样的可替代或等效形式在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下可以代替示出和描述的具体实施方案。本申请旨在覆盖本文所讨论的优选实施方案的任何修改或变化。因此,明显的意图在于,本发明仅由权利要求及其等同方案来进行限制。
Claims (20)
1.一种基材,其包括具有嵌入在热塑性树脂中的玻璃纤维毡的热塑性复合材料,其中所述玻璃纤维毡的重量为76至1500g/m2且每平方厘米具有约20至约3000个玻璃纤维交叉点,并且其中所述热塑性复合材料具有(i)比衍生自纯热塑性树脂的实施方案的基材小至少3倍的热膨胀系数,或者(ii)50*10-6m/m*℃或更小的热膨胀系数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中所述热塑性复合材料具有40*10-6m/m*℃或更小,30*10-6m/m*℃或更小,20*10-6m/m*℃或更小,或者10*10-6m/m*℃或更小的热膨胀系数。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中所述热塑性复合材料满足地板工业中平整度的规格,在45cm跨度内测得的间隙小于0.35cm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其在热塑性复合材料中进一步包括一种或多种填料。
5.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中填料包括矿物填料或有机填料。
6.根据权利要求4所述的基材,其中填料包括纤维素、碳酸钙、火山灰、膨胀的火山灰、木粉或稻壳。
7.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中热塑性树脂包括聚烯烃并且热塑性复合材料的厚度为2mm至7mm,热膨胀系数为50*10-6m/m*℃或更小。
8.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中热塑性树脂包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺、来自水力碎浆法的聚烯烃,或它们的组合。
9.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其中热塑性复合材料的基重在500g/m2至10,000g/m2之间。
10.根据权利要求1所述的基材,其进一步包括至少一个附加层,所述附加层结合至热塑性复合材料以形成多层制品。
11.一种包括基材的制品,所述基材衍生自热压接合的具有玻璃纤维毡和任选的一种或多种填料的热塑性树脂,其中所述玻璃纤维毡的重量为76至1250g/m2且每平方厘米具有约20至约3000个玻璃纤维交叉点,并且其中热塑性复合材料具有比衍生自纯热塑性树脂的实施方案的基材小至少3倍的热膨胀系数,或者(ii)50*10-6m/m*℃或更小的热膨胀系数。
12.一种方法,其包括:
(a)将具有任选的一种或多种填料的热塑性树脂分散至位于第一旋转带上的玻璃纤维毡上,其中玻璃纤维毡的重量为76至1250g/m2,每平方厘米具有20至3000个玻璃纤维交叉点,
(b)将第一旋转带与第二旋转带之间的热塑性树脂、任选的填料和玻璃纤维毡热压接合以形成基材,其中所述基材具有(i)比衍生自纯热塑性树脂的实施方案的基材小至少3倍的热膨胀系数,或者(ii)50*10-6m/m*℃或更小的热膨胀系数。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述基材具有40*10-6m/m*℃或更小、30*10-6m/m*℃或更小、20*10-6m/m*℃或更小、或10*10-6m/m*℃或更小的TEC。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其进一步包括首先将附加的热塑性树脂层与任选的一种或多种填料分散至旋转带上,然后将玻璃纤维网状物放置在带上。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中热压接合在连续双压带机上进行。
16.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中热塑性树脂包括聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚烯烃共聚物、聚氯乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺、来自水力碎浆法的聚烯烃,或它们的组合。
17.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其进一步包括处理基材的表面。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中处理包括等离子体处理、电晕处理、硅烷处理、底漆材料的使用或热处理。
19.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其进一步包括将至少一个附加层结合至基材以形成多层制品。
20.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中具有任选的一种或多种填料的热塑性树脂具有0.05cm至0.5cm的粒径。
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US (1) | US10479057B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3245251A4 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR102422191B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN107406601A (zh) |
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EP3245251A4 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
US10479057B2 (en) | 2019-11-19 |
KR20180002590A (ko) | 2018-01-08 |
KR102422191B1 (ko) | 2022-07-15 |
US20180043666A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
EP3245251A1 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
WO2016115556A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
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