CN107400913A - Electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printer and printing method - Google Patents
Electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printer and printing method Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 130
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- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 122
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 18
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
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- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/003—3D structures, e.g. superposed patterned layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/02—Heating or cooling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/12—Process control or regulation
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种3D金属打印机,具体涉及一种电化学金属针尖3D打印机。本发明还涉及一种电化学金属针尖3D打印方法。The invention relates to a 3D metal printer, in particular to an electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printer. The invention also relates to a 3D printing method for electrochemical metal needle points.
背景技术Background technique
3D打印技术是指在计算机控制下通过将材料一层一层堆积的方式制造三维物体。这种制造方法与传统的制造方法比较有许多优点,可以节约材料,不需要贵重设备就可以制造外形和内部构造复杂的部件。3D打印技术的发展将对未来制造业的生产模式及人类的生活方式产生重要影响。3D printing technology refers to the manufacture of three-dimensional objects by accumulating materials layer by layer under computer control. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, this manufacturing method has many advantages. It can save materials and can manufacture parts with complex shapes and internal structures without expensive equipment. The development of 3D printing technology will have an important impact on the production mode of the future manufacturing industry and the way of life of human beings.
3D打印有许多方法,包括高温熔接、激光打印、光化学等,材料可以是塑料、树脂、金属。其中,3D金属打印在工业中有广泛的应用,这是由于金属材料在耐高温和强度方面有特殊的优势。目前3D金属打印主要是高功率激光打印。在密闭的容器中,使金属粉末在高功率的激光下熔化堆积成形。但是,由于金属粉末在空气中容易氧化且易燃易爆,如果暴露在空气中会对人体有害,所以必须放在充满惰性气体的密闭容器中保存、运输和加工。同时,高功率激光器的要求高,3D激光打印设备都比较贵。另外,将金属材料制成微米级的粉末也增加了成本,所以目前3D激光金属打印的应用受到一定的限制。There are many methods of 3D printing, including high-temperature welding, laser printing, photochemistry, etc., and the materials can be plastic, resin, and metal. Among them, 3D metal printing is widely used in industry, which is due to the special advantages of metal materials in terms of high temperature resistance and strength. At present, 3D metal printing is mainly high-power laser printing. In a closed container, the metal powder is melted and piled up under a high-power laser. However, since metal powder is easily oxidized in the air and is flammable and explosive, it will be harmful to the human body if exposed to the air, so it must be stored, transported and processed in a closed container filled with inert gas. At the same time, the requirements for high-power lasers are high, and 3D laser printing equipment is relatively expensive. In addition, making metal materials into micron-scale powder also increases the cost, so the current application of 3D laser metal printing is limited.
为了开发低成本的3D金属打印技术,出现了一些用电化学金属沉积(电镀)作为3D金属打印机的方法。这些方法的共同特点是通过电化学的方法将溶液中的金属离子还原成金属并沉积在表面。这种方法的优点是低成本,缺点是难以控制沉积的位置以及沉积速度比较慢。In order to develop low-cost 3D metal printing technology, some methods using electrochemical metal deposition (electroplating) as 3D metal printers have emerged. The common feature of these methods is that the metal ions in the solution are reduced to metals by electrochemical methods and deposited on the surface. The advantage of this method is low cost, and the disadvantage is that it is difficult to control the deposition position and the deposition speed is relatively slow.
因为在这种方法中,电解液含有高溶度的金属沉积离子,有溶液的地方就有金属离子,就可能沉积金属原子。而溶液的接触面积不容易控制,当电解液接触到导电板时,电解液将湿润接触表面并扩散至滴管之外的区域。即使可以设计一个直径0.1毫米或者更小直径的滴管,电解液也不容易控制在一毫米直径的区域内。3D打印机一般要求平面精度控制在50微米以下,毫米级的精度是无法满足工业应用的要求。而且当电解液滴管离开沉积位置时,还会有电解液留在表面,这些电解液中还包含高溶度的金属离子,并且可能流到别的地方,继续沉积金属。结果是金属沉积完全失去控制。这种方法的另一个问题是金属离子在表面附近的溶度在打印过程中不断变少,沉积的速度受到金属离子在溶液中扩散速度的限制,所以很难提高沉积速度。Because in this method, the electrolyte contains highly soluble metal deposition ions, and where there is a solution, there are metal ions, and metal atoms may be deposited. However, the contact area of the solution is not easy to control. When the electrolyte touches the conductive plate, the electrolyte will wet the contact surface and spread to the area outside the dropper. Even if a dropper with a diameter of 0.1 mm or less can be designed, the electrolyte is not easy to control within a one mm diameter area. 3D printers generally require plane precision to be controlled below 50 microns, and millimeter-level precision cannot meet the requirements of industrial applications. Moreover, when the electrolyte dropper leaves the deposition position, there will be electrolyte left on the surface, which also contains highly soluble metal ions, and may flow to other places to continue to deposit metal. The result is that metal deposition is completely out of control. Another problem with this method is that the solubility of metal ions near the surface decreases during the printing process, and the deposition speed is limited by the diffusion speed of metal ions in the solution, so it is difficult to increase the deposition speed.
因此,现有的电化学3D金属打印技术在打印速度和精度都难以达到工业应用的标准,无法实现产业化应用。Therefore, the existing electrochemical 3D metal printing technology is difficult to meet the standards of industrial application in terms of printing speed and accuracy, and cannot realize industrial application.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种电化学金属针尖3D打印机,它可以实现电化学金属针尖沉积。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an electrochemical metal tip 3D printer, which can realize electrochemical metal tip deposition.
为解决上述技术问题,本发明电化学金属针尖3D打印机的技术解决方案为:In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution of the electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printer of the present invention is:
包括三维运动支架1,三维运动支架1能够沿X、Y、Z轴三个自由度作三维运动;还包括打印基板5,打印基板5的上方设置有至少一根金属线导管3,金属线导管3内穿设有金属线9,金属线9的前端形成金属裸露部分6,金属裸露部分6与打印基板距离小于10毫米;金属线9的后端连接电源控制器10的其中一极;打印基板5的导电部件连接电源控制器10的另一极;金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间有电解液4,电解液4内不包含或只包含少量金属沉积离子;金属线9卷绕于金属线控制器8上,金属线控制器8能够带动金属线9的金属裸露部分6沿金属线导管3向下运动;打印基板5或/和金属线9设置于三维运动支架1上,实现金属线9与打印基板5之间的相对运动。It includes a three-dimensional motion support 1, which can perform three-dimensional movement along the three degrees of freedom of the X, Y, and Z axes; it also includes a printing substrate 5, and at least one metal wire conduit 3 is arranged above the printing substrate 5, and the metal wire conduit 3. A metal wire 9 is threaded inside, and the front end of the metal wire 9 forms a metal exposed part 6, and the distance between the metal exposed part 6 and the printing substrate is less than 10 mm; the rear end of the metal wire 9 is connected to one pole of the power controller 10; the printing substrate The conductive part 5 is connected to the other pole of the power controller 10; there is an electrolyte 4 between the exposed metal part 6 and the printing substrate 5, and the electrolyte 4 does not contain or only contains a small amount of metal deposition ions; the metal wire 9 is wound on the metal On the wire controller 8, the metal wire controller 8 can drive the metal bare part 6 of the metal wire 9 to move downward along the metal wire conduit 3; the printing substrate 5 or/and the metal wire 9 are arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1 to realize the metal wire 9 and the relative movement between the printed substrate 5.
使所述金属线9与打印基板5之间作相对运动,当金属线9的裸露部分6接近打印基板5时,使金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的导电部件均浸没于电解液4内,通电后金属线9的金属裸露部分6在电压和电解液4的作用下发生电化学反应产生阳离子,该阳离子在打印基板5的导电部件与金属线9的金属裸露部分6之间电场的作用下向打印基板5方向移动,并沉积于打印基板5上;金属线9与打印基板5的导电部件之间的相对运动轨迹形成打印轨迹,从而实现电化学3D金属打印。Make relative movement between the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5, when the bare part 6 of the metal wire 9 is close to the printing substrate 5, the conductive parts of the metal bare part 6 and the printing substrate 5 are all immersed in the electrolyte 4, and energized The exposed metal part 6 of the rear metal wire 9 undergoes an electrochemical reaction under the action of the voltage and the electrolyte 4 to generate cations, and the positive ions flow toward The printing substrate 5 moves in the direction and is deposited on the printing substrate 5; the relative movement track between the metal wire 9 and the conductive part of the printing substrate 5 forms a printing track, thereby realizing electrochemical 3D metal printing.
所述金属线导管3固定设置于三维运动支架1上,金属线导管3内的金属线9随三维运动支架1一同运动;金属线控制器8固定设置于三维运动支架1,随三维运动支架1一同运动;打印基板5固定设置于电解液存贮容器2内,电解液存贮容器2通过电解液导管12连接电解液供应容器11;电解液供应容器11通过电解液导管12向电解液存贮容器2内供应电解液4,以使打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内。The metal wire conduit 3 is fixedly arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1, and the metal wire 9 in the metal wire conduit 3 moves together with the three-dimensional movement support 1; the metal wire controller 8 is fixedly arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1, move together; the printing substrate 5 is fixedly arranged in the electrolyte storage container 2, and the electrolyte storage container 2 is connected to the electrolyte supply container 11 through the electrolyte conduit 12; the electrolyte supply container 11 is stored in the electrolyte through the electrolyte conduit 12 The electrolyte solution 4 is supplied in the container 2 so that the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above are immersed in the electrolyte solution 4 .
所述金属线导管3固定设置于三维运动支架1上,金属线导管3内的金属线9随三维运动支架1一同运动;金属线控制器8固定设置于三维运动支架1,随三维运动支架1一同运动;三维运动支架1上还设置有电解液供应容器11,电解液供应容器11连接电解液导管12的入口端,电解液导管12的出口端位于正对金属裸露部分6的打印基板5的上表面;电解液供应容器11向电解液导管12供应的电解液能够将打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内。The metal wire conduit 3 is fixedly arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1, and the metal wire 9 in the metal wire conduit 3 moves together with the three-dimensional movement support 1; the metal wire controller 8 is fixedly arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1, move together; the three-dimensional motion support 1 is also provided with an electrolyte supply container 11, the electrolyte supply container 11 is connected to the inlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12, and the outlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12 is located at the print substrate 5 facing the exposed metal part 6 Upper surface: The electrolyte solution supplied from the electrolyte solution supply container 11 to the electrolyte solution conduit 12 can immerse the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above them in the electrolyte solution 4 .
所述金属线导管3及金属线控制器8均固定设置于Z轴支架13上,所述打印基板5固定设置于X、Y轴支架上;Z轴支架13上还设置有电解液供应容器11,电解液供应容器11连接电解液导管12的入口端,电解液导管12的出口端位于正对金属裸露部分6的打印基板5的上表面;电解液供应容器11向电解液导管12供应的电解液能够将打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内。The wire conduit 3 and the wire controller 8 are both fixedly arranged on the Z-axis support 13, and the printing substrate 5 is fixedly arranged on the X-axis and Y-axis supports; the Z-axis support 13 is also provided with an electrolyte supply container 11 , the electrolyte supply container 11 is connected to the inlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12, and the outlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12 is located on the upper surface of the printing substrate 5 facing the exposed metal part 6; the electrolyte supply container 11 supplies the electrolyte to the electrolyte conduit 12 The liquid can immerse the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the bare metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above them in the electrolyte 4 .
所述金属线导管3与打印基板5之间设置有一绝缘的隔离网。An insulating isolation net is provided between the metal wire conduit 3 and the printing substrate 5 .
所述打印基板5和金属线9连接温度加热装置;温度加热装置连接温度控制器,通过温度控制器控制金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度;金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度范围在电解液的熔点与沸点之间。The printing substrate 5 and the metal wire 9 are connected to a temperature heating device; the temperature heating device is connected to a temperature controller, and the temperature controller controls the working temperature of the metal exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5; the metal exposed part of the metal wire 9 6 and the working temperature range of the printing substrate 5 is between the melting point and the boiling point of the electrolyte.
所述打印基板5是表面具有导电膜或导电纸的绝缘基板,导电膜或导电纸连接电源控制器10的另一极;或者,所述打印基板5是导电基板,导电基板连接电源控制器10的另一极;导电基板的材料为导电材料、金属和金属合金、石墨或者半导体材料。The printing substrate 5 is an insulating substrate with a conductive film or conductive paper on the surface, and the conductive film or conductive paper is connected to the other pole of the power controller 10; or, the printing substrate 5 is a conductive substrate, and the conductive substrate is connected to the power controller 10 The other pole; the material of the conductive substrate is conductive material, metal and metal alloy, graphite or semiconductor material.
所述金属线9的材料为导电材料、金属和金属合金或者半导体材料。The material of the metal wire 9 is conductive material, metal and metal alloy or semiconductor material.
所述电解液4是水溶液电解液或者非水溶液电解液。The electrolyte 4 is an aqueous electrolyte or a non-aqueous electrolyte.
所述电解液4内含有电解质;电解质是可溶于电解液的盐和导电离子,导电离子不参与打印基板5上的电沉积,电解液4内不包含或只包含少量金属沉积离子。The electrolytic solution 4 contains an electrolyte; the electrolyte is a salt and conductive ions soluble in the electrolytic solution, and the conductive ions do not participate in the electrodeposition on the printing substrate 5, and the electrolytic solution 4 does not contain or only contains a small amount of metal deposition ions.
所述电解液4内还含有电解液添加剂;电解液添加剂是用于减少气泡、改变表面湿润、提高电沉积速度和质量的添加剂。The electrolyte 4 also contains an electrolyte additive; the electrolyte additive is an additive used to reduce air bubbles, change surface wetting, and improve electrodeposition speed and quality.
本发明还提供一种电化学金属针尖3D打印方法,其技术解决方案为,包括如下步骤:The present invention also provides an electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printing method, the technical solution of which includes the following steps:
第一步,控制三维运动支架1运动,使金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5相互接近,并使金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的距离小于10毫米;The first step is to control the movement of the three-dimensional motion support 1, so that the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 are close to each other, and the distance between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 is less than 10 mm;
金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的距离通过Z轴轨道和/或金属线控制器8控制。The distance between the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 is controlled by the Z-axis track and/or the metal wire controller 8 .
第二步,使电解液供应容器11通过电解液导管12向金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间供应电解液,以使打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内;The second step is to make the electrolyte supply container 11 supply electrolyte between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 through the electrolyte conduit 12, so that the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the metal wire 9 above The bare metal parts 6 are all immersed in the electrolyte 4;
第三步,开启电源控制器10,控制电源控制器10的输出电压,和输出电流,以控制电沉积速度;金属线9的金属裸露部分6在电压作用下电离产生阳离子,这些阳离子被还原并沉积在打印基板5的表面,实现电化学沉积;The third step is to turn on the power controller 10, control the output voltage and output current of the power controller 10, to control the electrodeposition speed; the metal exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 is ionized under the action of voltage to generate positive ions, and these positive ions are reduced and Deposit on the surface of the printing substrate 5 to realize electrochemical deposition;
第四步,开启温度控制器,控制金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度,以控制这些阳离子在溶液中的运动速度,提高打印速度;金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度范围在电解液的熔点与沸点之间;The fourth step is to turn on the temperature controller to control the working temperature of the metal exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5, so as to control the movement speed of these cations in the solution and increase the printing speed; the metal exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 and The working temperature range of the printing substrate 5 is between the melting point and the boiling point of the electrolyte;
第五步,控制三维运动支架1的运动轨迹,使金属线9的金属裸露部分6作三维运动,从而打印出三维产品。The fifth step is to control the movement track of the three-dimensional movement support 1, so that the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 moves three-dimensionally, so as to print a three-dimensional product.
本发明可以达到的技术效果是:The technical effect that the present invention can reach is:
本发明能够降低激光3D金属打印机的成本和体积,同时解决了传统电化学金属沉积3D打印技术在打印速度及精确度方面存在的问题。The invention can reduce the cost and volume of the laser 3D metal printer, and at the same time solve the problems in printing speed and accuracy of the traditional electrochemical metal deposition 3D printing technology.
本发明中电化学沉积的金属离子直接从金属线前端的金属裸露部分电离产生,从而实现电化学金属针尖沉积3D打印,通过控制产生金属离子的金属裸露部分与沉积金属离子的表面之间的距离,以减少金属离子从金属裸露部分(即金属针尖)到沉积表面的传输距离,使得从金属裸露部分产生的离子直接被沉积在打印基板表面。由于在电解液中没有可沉积的金属离子,所以不存在传统电化学3D打印金属沉积位置不可控制的问题。In the present invention, the metal ions deposited by electrochemical deposition are directly ionized from the bare metal part at the front end of the metal wire, so as to realize the 3D printing of electrochemical metal tip deposition, by controlling the distance between the bare metal part where the metal ions are generated and the surface on which the metal ions are deposited , in order to reduce the transmission distance of metal ions from the exposed metal part (that is, the metal tip) to the deposition surface, so that the ions generated from the exposed metal part are directly deposited on the surface of the printing substrate. Since there are no depositable metal ions in the electrolyte, there is no problem of uncontrollable metal deposition positions in traditional electrochemical 3D printing.
当金属裸露部分距离沉积表面小于50微米时,沉积面积主要取决于针尖的直径大小。如果需要精度高的打印部件,就使用直径小的金属线。When the exposed metal part is less than 50 microns from the deposition surface, the deposition area mainly depends on the diameter of the tip. If you need a high-precision printed part, use a small-diameter wire.
本发明还解决了传统电化学3D打印金属沉积速度的问题。因为金属针尖可以距离沉积表面很近(在微米量级),溶液的电阻对离子运动的影响狠小,金属离子的沉积速度完全由电极电流控制,而不是由溶液中的离子溶度扩散速度决定,只要提高电极电流就可以提高沉积速度。The invention also solves the problem of metal deposition speed in traditional electrochemical 3D printing. Because the metal tip can be very close to the deposition surface (on the order of microns), the resistance of the solution has little effect on the ion movement, and the deposition rate of the metal ion is completely controlled by the electrode current, not by the ion solubility and diffusion rate in the solution. , as long as the electrode current is increased, the deposition rate can be increased.
现有技术中三维运动支架的三维运动精度已经能够实现微米级,因此能够控制金属裸露部分与沉积表面的距离在微米量级。本发明通过微米级近距离的电解和电沉积,实现了电化学金属针尖沉积3D打印,能够减少电源电压,提高电沉积速度以及沉积精度,可以极大地降低3D金属打印机的成本和体积,同时解决了传统电化学金属沉积3D打印技术在打印速度及精确度方面存在的问题。The three-dimensional motion accuracy of the three-dimensional motion support in the prior art has been able to achieve the micron level, so the distance between the exposed metal part and the deposition surface can be controlled at the micron level. The present invention realizes 3D printing of electrochemical metal tip deposition through micron-level short-distance electrolysis and electrodeposition, which can reduce power supply voltage, improve electrodeposition speed and deposition accuracy, and can greatly reduce the cost and volume of 3D metal printers, while solving the problem of It solves the problems of traditional electrochemical metal deposition 3D printing technology in terms of printing speed and accuracy.
附图说明Description of drawings
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明:Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment the present invention will be described in further detail:
图1是本发明电化学金属针尖3D打印机的第一实施例的示意图;Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the first embodiment of the electrochemical metal tip 3D printer of the present invention;
图2是本发明的第二实施例的示意图;Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the second embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明的第三实施例的示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of the present invention.
图中附图标记说明:Explanation of the reference signs in the figure:
1为三维运动支架, 2为电解液存贮容器,1 is a three-dimensional motion support, 2 is an electrolyte storage container,
3为金属线导管, 4为电解液,3 is the wire conduit, 4 is the electrolyte,
5为打印基板或导电薄膜, 6为金属裸露部分,5 is the printed substrate or conductive film, 6 is the exposed metal part,
7为计算机, 8为金属线控制器,7 is a computer, 8 is a wire controller,
9为金属线, 10为电源控制器,9 is a metal wire, 10 is a power controller,
11为电解液供应容器, 12为电解液导管,11 is an electrolyte supply container, 12 is an electrolyte conduit,
13为Z轴支架。13 is a Z-axis support.
具体实施方式detailed description
本发明电化学金属针尖3D打印机,包括三维运动支架1,三维运动支架1在计算机7的控制下能够沿X、Y、Z三个自由度作三维运动;The electrochemical metal tip 3D printer of the present invention includes a three-dimensional motion support 1, and the three-dimensional movement support 1 can perform three-dimensional movement along three degrees of freedom of X, Y, and Z under the control of a computer 7;
还包括打印基板5,打印基板5的上方设置有至少一根金属线导管3,金属线导管3内穿设有金属线9,金属线9的前端伸出金属线导管3,形成金属裸露部分6;金属线9的后端连接电源控制器10的其中一极(如正极);打印基板5的导电部件连接电源控制器10的另一极(如负极);金属线9卷绕于金属线控制器8上,金属线控制器8能够带动金属线9的金属裸露部分6沿金属线导管3向下运动;It also includes a printing substrate 5, at least one metal wire conduit 3 is arranged above the printing substrate 5, and a metal wire 9 is pierced in the metal wire conduit 3, and the front end of the metal wire 9 extends out of the metal wire conduit 3 to form a metal exposed part 6 The rear end of the metal wire 9 is connected to one pole (such as the positive pole) of the power controller 10; the conductive part of the printed substrate 5 is connected to the other pole (such as the negative pole) of the power controller 10; the metal wire 9 is wound around the metal wire control On the device 8, the metal wire controller 8 can drive the metal bare part 6 of the metal wire 9 to move downward along the metal wire guide 3;
打印基板5或金属线9设置于三维运动支架1上,实现金属线9与打印基板5之间的相对运动;The printing substrate 5 or the metal wire 9 is arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1 to realize the relative movement between the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5;
当金属线9的裸露部分6接近打印基板5时,使金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的导电部件均浸没于电解液4内,通电后金属裸露部分6发生电离并沉积于打印基板5上,金属线9与打印基板5之间的相对运动轨迹形成打印轨迹,从而实现电化学3D金属打印;When the exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 is close to the printing substrate 5, the conductive parts of the exposed metal part 6 and the printing substrate 5 are all immersed in the electrolyte 4, and the exposed metal part 6 is ionized and deposited on the printing substrate 5 after electrification, The relative movement trajectory between the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 forms a printing trajectory, thereby realizing electrochemical 3D metal printing;
打印过程中,金属线9的金属裸露部分6逐渐被消耗,驱动金属线控制器8,金属线控制器8带动金属线9的前端沿金属线导管3向下运动,实现对金属的补充。During the printing process, the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 is gradually consumed, and the metal wire controller 8 is driven, and the metal wire controller 8 drives the front end of the metal wire 9 to move downward along the metal wire guide 3 to realize replenishment of metal.
优选地,可以在金属线导管3与打印基板5之间设置有一绝缘的隔离网;隔离网与打印基板5之间的距离为金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的最短距离;Preferably, an insulating isolation net can be arranged between the metal wire conduit 3 and the printing substrate 5; the distance between the isolation net and the printing substrate 5 is the shortest distance between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 ;
本发明的隔离网不仅能够避免金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5直接接触,而且能够控制金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的距离。The isolation net of the present invention can not only avoid direct contact between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 , but also control the distance between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 .
打印基板5可以是表面具有导电膜或导电纸的绝缘基板,导电膜或导电纸连接电源控制器10的另一极(如负极);The printing substrate 5 can be an insulating substrate with a conductive film or conductive paper on the surface, and the conductive film or conductive paper is connected to the other pole (such as the negative pole) of the power controller 10;
打印基板5也可以是导电基板,导电基板连接电源控制器10的另一极(如负极);导电基板的材料可以是各种导电材料、金属和金属合金、石墨或者半导体材料。The printing substrate 5 can also be a conductive substrate, which is connected to the other pole of the power controller 10 (such as the negative pole); the material of the conductive substrate can be various conductive materials, metals and metal alloys, graphite or semiconductor materials.
金属线9的材料可以为各种导电材料、金属和金属合金或者半导体材料,包括但不限于铜、铁、铝、银、铂、金、钼、钯、钛等;The material of the metal wire 9 can be various conductive materials, metals and metal alloys or semiconductor materials, including but not limited to copper, iron, aluminum, silver, platinum, gold, molybdenum, palladium, titanium, etc.;
金属线9的截面可以为圆形、长方形、正方形或其他形状;The cross section of metal wire 9 can be circular, rectangular, square or other shapes;
电源控制器10具有恒电流控制和恒电压控制功能,能够控制打印基板5的导电部件与金属线9的金属裸露部分6之间的电压和电流;The power controller 10 has constant current control and constant voltage control functions, and can control the voltage and current between the conductive part of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9;
电解液4可以是水溶液电解液或者非水溶液电解液;电解液4内含有电解质,还可以含有电解液添加剂;The electrolyte solution 4 can be an aqueous electrolyte solution or a non-aqueous solution electrolyte; the electrolyte solution 4 contains an electrolyte, and may also contain electrolyte additives;
电解质可以是各种可溶于电解液的盐和导电离子,导电离子不参与电沉积(即导电离子不包括用于电沉积的离子,或者只包括少量用于电沉积的离子,打印基板5上的电沉积主要从金属线9的金属裸露部分6电解产生);Electrolyte can be various salts and conductive ions soluble in electrolytic solution, and conductive ions do not participate in electrodeposition (that is, conductive ions do not include ions for electrodeposition, or only include a small amount of ions for electrodeposition, on the printing substrate 5 The electrodeposition of is mainly produced from the electrolysis of the metal bare part 6 of the metal wire 9);
电解液添加剂可以是各种用于减少气泡、改变表面湿润、提高电沉积速度和质量的添加剂;Electrolyte additives can be various additives used to reduce air bubbles, change surface wetting, and improve electrodeposition speed and quality;
如金属线9的材料是铜,电解液可以是蒸馏水加高纯度硫酸钠或硫酸钾饱和溶液以及提高电沉积速度和质量的添加剂。If the material of metal wire 9 is copper, the electrolytic solution can be distilled water plus saturated solution of high-purity sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate and additives to improve the speed and quality of electrodeposition.
如图1所示为本发明的第一实施例,金属线导管3固定设置于三维运动支架1上,金属线导管3内的金属线9随三维运动支架1一同运动;金属线控制器8固定设置于三维运动支架1,随三维运动支架1一同运动;As shown in Figure 1, it is the first embodiment of the present invention, the wire conduit 3 is fixedly arranged on the three-dimensional motion support 1, and the metal wire 9 in the wire conduit 3 moves together with the three-dimensional motion support 1; the wire controller 8 is fixed Set on the three-dimensional movement support 1, and move together with the three-dimensional movement support 1;
三维运动支架1通过X轴轨道、Y轴轨道和Z轴轨道活动连接打印机框架2,通过步进电机或其它电机能够驱动三维运动支架1相对于打印基板5沿X、Y、Z三个自由度作三维运动;The three-dimensional motion support 1 is movably connected to the printer frame 2 through the X-axis track, the Y-axis track and the Z-axis track, and the three-dimensional movement support 1 can be driven by a stepping motor or other motors along the three degrees of freedom of X, Y, and Z relative to the printing substrate 5 for three-dimensional movement;
打印基板5固定设置于电解液存贮容器2内,电解液存贮容器2通过电解液导管12连接电解液供应容器11;电解液供应容器11通过电解液导管12向电解液存贮容器2内供应电解液,以使打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内(由于金属线9穿设于金属线导管3内,因此只有金属裸露部分6浸没于电解液4内);The printing substrate 5 is fixedly arranged in the electrolyte storage container 2, and the electrolyte storage container 2 is connected to the electrolyte supply container 11 through the electrolyte conduit 12; the electrolyte supply container 11 flows into the electrolyte storage container 2 through the electrolyte conduit 12 Electrolyte is supplied so that the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above are all submerged in the electrolyte 4 (because the metal wires 9 pass through the metal wire conduit 3, only the metal exposed parts 6 immersed in the electrolyte 4);
电解液存贮容器2采用化学性质稳定的材料,如塑料、玻璃、不锈钢、陶瓷等;The electrolyte storage container 2 adopts chemically stable materials, such as plastics, glass, stainless steel, ceramics, etc.;
当电源控制器10开启时,打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6通电,金属线9的金属裸露部分6在电解液4的作用下发生电化学反应产生阳离子,该阳离子在打印基板5的导电部件与金属线9的金属裸露部分6之间电场的作用下向打印基板5方向移动,并沉积于打印基板5上;通过计算机7控制三维运动支架1及金属线9的金属裸露部分6的运动轨迹,使金属线9的金属裸露部分6以离子形式沉积于打印基板5上,得到3D打印产品;When the power controller 10 is turned on, the conductive part of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 above it are energized, and the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 undergoes an electrochemical reaction under the action of the electrolyte 4 to generate cations, The positive ions move toward the direction of the printing substrate 5 under the action of the electric field between the conductive part of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9, and are deposited on the printing substrate 5; the three-dimensional motion support 1 and the metal wire are controlled by the computer 7 The movement trajectory of the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 makes the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 be deposited on the printing substrate 5 in the form of ions to obtain a 3D printed product;
如图2所示为本发明的第二实施例,与第一实施例的区别在于:电解液供应容器11设置于三维运动支架1上,随三维运动支架1一同运动;电解液供应容器11连接电解液导管12的入口端,电解液导管12的出口端位于正对金属裸露部分6的打印基板5的上表面;电解液供应容器11向电解液导管12供应的电解液能够将打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内;As shown in Figure 2, it is the second embodiment of the present invention. The difference from the first embodiment is that the electrolyte supply container 11 is arranged on the three-dimensional motion support 1 and moves together with the three-dimensional motion support 1; the electrolyte supply container 11 is connected to The inlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12, the outlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12 is positioned at the upper surface of the printing substrate 5 facing the exposed metal part 6; The conductive parts and the exposed metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above are all immersed in the electrolyte 4;
由于电解液供应容器11设置于三维运动支架1上,金属线9的金属裸露部分6在作三维运动的同时,电解液导管12的出口端随金属线9的金属裸露部分6一同运动,实现电化学金属针尖沉积。Since the electrolyte supply container 11 is arranged on the three-dimensional movement support 1, while the metal bare part 6 of the metal wire 9 is moving three-dimensionally, the outlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12 moves together with the metal bare part 6 of the metal wire 9 to realize electric Chemical metal tip deposition.
本实施例在打印过程中,仅需要少量电解液在金属线9的金属裸露部分6附近,能够节省电解液的用量。In this embodiment, during the printing process, only a small amount of electrolyte solution is required near the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 , which can save the amount of electrolyte solution used.
如图3所示为本发明的第三实施例,包括打印机框架2,打印机框架2内固定设置有Z轴支架13,Z轴支架13上固定设置有至少一根金属线导管3,金属线导管3内穿设有金属线9,金属线9的前端伸出金属线导管3,形成金属裸露部分6;金属线9的后端连接电源控制器10的其中一极(如正极);金属线9卷绕于金属线控制器8上,金属线控制器8能够带动金属线9的前端沿金属线导管3向下运动;金属线控制器8固定设置于Z轴支架13上;As shown in Figure 3, the third embodiment of the present invention includes a printer frame 2, a Z-axis bracket 13 is fixedly arranged in the printer frame 2, and at least one metal wire conduit 3 is fixedly arranged on the Z-axis bracket 13, and the metal wire conduit 3 is threaded with a metal wire 9, and the front end of the metal wire 9 extends out of the metal wire conduit 3 to form a metal exposed part 6; the rear end of the metal wire 9 is connected to one pole (such as the positive pole) of the power controller 10; the metal wire 9 Wound on the wire controller 8, the wire controller 8 can drive the front end of the wire 9 to move downward along the wire guide 3; the wire controller 8 is fixed on the Z-axis support 13;
金属线导管3的下方设置有打印基板5;打印基板5的导电部件连接电源控制器10的另一极(如负极);打印基板5固定设置于三维运动支架1上,三维运动支架1在计算机7的控制下能够沿X、Y、Z三个自由度作三维运动;The bottom of the metal wire conduit 3 is provided with a printing substrate 5; the conductive part of the printing substrate 5 is connected to the other pole (such as the negative pole) of the power controller 10; Under the control of 7, it can make three-dimensional movement along the three degrees of freedom of X, Y and Z;
Z轴支架13上还设置有电解液供应容器11,电解液供应容器11连接电解液导管12的入口端,电解液导管12的出口端位于正对金属裸露部分6的打印基板5的上表面;电解液供应容器11向电解液导管12供应的电解液能够将打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内。An electrolyte supply container 11 is also provided on the Z-axis support 13, and the electrolyte supply container 11 is connected to the inlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12, and the outlet end of the electrolyte conduit 12 is located on the upper surface of the printing substrate 5 facing the exposed metal part 6; The electrolyte supplied from the electrolyte supply container 11 to the electrolyte conduit 12 can immerse the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the exposed metal parts 6 of the metal wires 9 above them in the electrolyte 4 .
本实施例在打印过程中,金属线9的金属裸露部分6位置固定在Z轴运动支架上,打印基板5随X,Y运动支架1一同运动,从而实现二者之间的相对运动。In this embodiment, during the printing process, the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 is fixed on the Z-axis movement support, and the printing substrate 5 moves together with the X, Y movement support 1, thereby realizing the relative movement between the two.
本发明电化学金属针尖3D打印方法,包括如下步骤:The electrochemical metal needle tip 3D printing method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
第一步,清洗打印基板5的表面;The first step is to clean the surface of the printing substrate 5;
第二步,通过计算机7控制三维运动支架1运动,使金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5相互接近,并使金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的距离小于10毫米;The second step is to control the movement of the three-dimensional motion support 1 by the computer 7, so that the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printed substrate 5 are close to each other, and the distance between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printed substrate 5 is less than 10 mm;
金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间的距离可以通过Z轴轨道和金属线控制器8共同控制;The distance between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 can be jointly controlled by the Z-axis track and the metal wire controller 8;
第三步,使电解液供应容器11通过电解液导管12向金属线9的金属裸露部分6与打印基板5之间供应电解液,以使打印基板5的导电部件及其上方的金属线9的金属裸露部分6均浸没于电解液4内;The third step is to make the electrolyte supply container 11 supply electrolyte between the exposed metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 through the electrolyte conduit 12, so that the conductive parts of the printing substrate 5 and the metal wire 9 above The bare metal parts 6 are all immersed in the electrolyte 4;
第四步,开启电源控制器10,控制电源控制器10的最高输出电压不超过1伏,输出电流为200毫安到4000毫安之间,以控制电沉积速度;金属线9的金属裸露部分6在电压作用下电离产生阳离子,这些阳离子被还原并沉积在打印基板5的表面,实现电化学沉积;The fourth step is to turn on the power controller 10, and control the maximum output voltage of the power controller 10 to be no more than 1 volt, and the output current is between 200 milliamperes and 4000 milliamperes to control the electrodeposition speed; the metal exposed part 6 of the metal wire 9 Under the action of voltage, ionization produces cations, and these cations are reduced and deposited on the surface of the printing substrate 5 to realize electrochemical deposition;
第五步,开启温度控制器,控制金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度,以控制阳离子在溶液中的运动速度,从而提高打印速度;The fifth step is to turn on the temperature controller to control the working temperature of the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5, so as to control the movement speed of the positive ions in the solution, thereby increasing the printing speed;
金属线9的金属裸露部分6及打印基板5的工作温度范围在电解液的熔点与沸点之间;The working temperature range of the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 and the printing substrate 5 is between the melting point and the boiling point of the electrolyte;
第六步,通过计算机7控制三维运动支架1的运动轨迹,使金属线9的金属裸露部分6作三维运动,从而打印出三维产品。In the sixth step, the computer 7 controls the movement trajectory of the three-dimensional movement support 1, so that the bare metal part 6 of the metal wire 9 moves three-dimensionally, thereby printing a three-dimensional product.
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